Journal articles: 'Extraction for solvent'

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Roy, J. L., and W. B. McGill. "Flexible conformation in organic matter coatings: An hypothesis about soil water repellency." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 80, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s98-093.

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Some soils develop severe water repellency several years or decades following oil contamination. We previously reported that soil water repellency is completely eliminated by extraction with amphiphilic solvents, but barely reduced by extraction with nonpolar solvents. We report here on solvent-induced reversible soil water repellency. Our results indicate that: (i) water repellency is completely eliminated following extraction with amphiphilic solvent, but partially restored following subsequent exposure to nonpolar, non-H-bonding solvent; (ii) extraction with nonpolar, non-H-bonding solvent generates water repellency in readily wettable control wettable soils, but not in pristine wettable soils, and (iii) repeated sequential extractions alternating between amphiphilic and nonpolar, non-H-bonding solvent increase extractable material and reduce the magnitude of solvent-induced soil water repellency with time.We attribute reversible soil water repellency to solvent-induced changes in the conformation of causative agents of soil water repellency. Recent literature reports on the structural flexibility of "insoluble" organic macromolecules are discussed for supporting evidence. We propose that exposure to nonpolar, non-H-bonding solvents induces stretching of surface-exposed, nonpolar moieties (i.e. alkyl chains), whereas exposure to polar, H-bonding solvents induces their coiling. These solvent-induced conformational changes are retained upon solvent removal. Our results indicate that the wettability of oil-contaminated soils depends on both the interfacial conformation and the fractional coverage of their surface-exposed nonpolar moieties. Key words: Soil water repellency, crude oil, hydrophobic soil, conformational flexibility, swelling, solvents

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Muthusamy, Kalaiarasan, and Mimi Sakinah Abdul Munaim. "Determination of Factors Affecting Extraction of Rebaudioside A & Stevioside from Stevia Leaves." International Journal of Engineering Technology and Sciences 6, no. 1 (July 12, 2019): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijets.v6i1.1938.

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Solid-liquid extraction is a recovery process in which the extracting solvent will recover certain components from a solid material. In this study, three extracting solvents were used which are absolute ethanol, acetone and distilled water. These solvents extracted two sweet components, Rebaudioside A and stevioside from Stevia rebaudiana. These two components can be converted into natural sweetener with zero calorie which does not affect blood glucose level. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum value of parameters to extract the highest amount of steviol glycosides. The extraction was done in 3 phases. First phase was to determine the best ratio between stevia and extracting solvent, second phase determined the best extracting time and third phase was to obtain the optimum temperature. From this study, ethanol proved to be the best extracting solvent. Ethanol extraction of Rebaudioside A and stevioside in the most suitable condition (ratio 1:25, 1 hour and 40℃) produced 12.48% of stevioside and 0.57% of Rebaudioside A.

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Sravan Kumar P, Akila CR, Vinaya B, and Dinesh Babu J. "Variation of the antioxidant activity with the extraction method and solvent selection." International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (December 14, 2020): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/irjpas.v10i4.1383.

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Extraction is a significant step in the processing of the crude drug to get its chemical constituents out and keep them of high and exportable quality. The plants have various chemical constituents that are responsible for various activities in which antioxidant activity is the important one. There is another step that is crucial in the extraction process that is the selection of the suitable for extraction. Various solvents are used for extraction. They too range from the highly non-polar solvents like benzene and chloroform to the highly polar solvents like Ethanol and distilled water. So, in this work, the focus has been put on to find the effect of the extraction method and the extraction solvent on the antioxidant profile of the guava leaves. The extracts of the solvent Water in the method of ultrasound showed the highest inhibition of the free radicals and the least was with the extracts of the pet ether and using soxhlation. This is indicative that the method of extraction is critical, and the solvent of extraction played a vital role in the content of chemical constituents and the pharmacological activity too. The results showed that the ultrasound method was beneficial in extracting the soft drugs like leaves, and the distilled water was effective in extracting the chemicals from the guava leaves.

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Afandi, Asrul, Shazani Sarijan, and Ranajit Kumar Shaha. "Optimization of Rebaudioside A Extraction from Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) and Quantification by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 1, no. 1 (August 15, 2021): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v1i1.671.

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A solid-liquid extraction and an HPLC method for determination of rebaudioside A from the leave parts of Stevia rebaudiana were developed. Separation method consisted of solvent extraction of leaf powder using various solvents like petroleum ether, methanol, diethyl ether and butanol followed by its purification using high performance liquid chromatography in order to obtain bioactive compound rebaudioside A. This solvent selection is very important prior to alternative extraction methods since it can be used as a pre-extraction solvents, main solvents, or co-solvents. The problem of hydrolysable components and solvent removal difficulties in the conventional extraction led us to study further the effects of solvent properties on the conventional extraction using Soxhlet method in order to determine the best solvent or solvent mixture for high extraction yield of S. rebaudiana. The chromatographic separation was realized using a C18 column, mobile phase consisting of methanol: water with UV detection at 210 nm. Based on the yield of extraction and glycosides content, methanol was found to be best solvent.

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Tan, Yeong Hwang, Mee Kin Chai, and Ling Shing Wong. "The Effects of Parameters on the Efficiency of DLLME in Extracting of PAHs from Vegetable Samples." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (November 30, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.22313.

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An effective analytical method based on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) was developed for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetable samples. In most cases, the details of the parameters influencing the efficiency of DLLME in extraction are not well studied. Understanding the reactions of solvents in extraction is the important task on selecting of an appropriate solvent in the process. The effects of parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of DLLME, including extraction solvent and dispersive solvent, extraction time and MAE, such as solvent, microwave power and irradiation time, were studied and explained. The impacts of physiochemical properties of the selected extraction solvents on the extraction efficiency were also investigated. The results indicated that extraction solvents with low viscosity and low polarity have better extraction efficiency in extraction of PAHs from vegetable sample. No significant difference was observed for the effects of selected dispersive solvents and extraction time on extraction efficiency. In MAE, the types of solvent, microwave power and irradiation time implied some critical effects on the extraction efficiency of DLLME.

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Souza, Ana Luísa S., Julia S. Miranda, Rita C. S. Sousa, Bruno B. Vieira, and Jane S. R. Coimbra. "EXTRACTION OF BARU ALMOND OIL USING ALTERNATIVE SOLVENTS TO HEXANE: ETHANOL AND ISOPROPANOL." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 8 (September 10, 2020): 356–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i8.2020.1197.

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The baru oil has a high degree of unsaturation and relevant amount of oleic and linoleic acids content, which favors its use for food and pharmaceutical industries. Hexane is the most widely used solvent for oil extraction. However, its flammability, cost, and polluting potential justify the study of alternatives solvents such as ethanol and isopropanol that are less toxic and flammable and efficient in the extraction of other oils, as already reported in literature. This work represents the extraction of baru almond oil with the solvents hexane, ethanol, isopropanol, and isopropanol: ethanol (1:1) to compare their extraction yields. The parameters solid: solvent ratio, temperature and time were optimized using a central composite design. The higher yields were found in lower solid: solvent ratios and higher temperatures (ethanol - 29.12 %, isopropanol - 39.66 %, isopropanol: ethanol - 41.13 % and hexane - 36.59 %). Isopropanol and isopropanol: ethanol (1:1) mixture presented satisfactory results when compared to hexane, becoming alternatives for its replacement. In the extractions which the time was significant, the adjustment of the kinetic models indicated that the extraction is described by a second order model. The solvents researched showed to be promising for hexane replacement in the oil extraction from baru almond.

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De Brabander, Pieter, Evelien Uitterhaegen, Ellen Verhoeven, Cedric Vander Cruyssen, Karel De Winter, and Wim Soetaert. "In Situ Product Recovery of Bio-Based Industrial Platform Chemicals: A Guideline to Solvent Selection." Fermentation 7, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7010026.

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In situ product recovery (ISPR), in the form of an extractive fermentation process, can increase productivity and product titers in the sustainable production of platform chemicals. To establish a guideline for the development of industrially relevant production processes for such bio-based compounds, a wide screening was performed, mapping the potential of an extensive range of solvents and solvent mixtures. Besides solvent biocompatibility with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, distribution coefficients of three organic acids (protocatechuic acid, adipic acid and para-aminobenzoic acid) and four fragrance compounds (2-phenylethanol, geraniol, trans-cinnamaldehyde and β-ionone) were determined. While for highly hydrophobic fragrance compounds, multiple pure solvents were identified that were able to extract more than 98%, reactive extraction mixtures were proven effective for more challenging compounds including organic acids and hydrophilic alcohols. For example, a reactive mixture consisting of 12.5% of the extractant CYTOP 503 in canola oil was found to be biocompatible and showed superior extraction efficiency for the challenging compounds as compared to any biocompatible single solvent. This mapping of biocompatible solvents and solvent mixtures for the extraction of various classes of industrial platform chemicals can be a tremendous step forward in the development of extractive fermentations.

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Lancaster, Sarah, Scott Senseman, and Katherine Carson. "Accelerated Solvent Extraction of Fluometuron from Selected Soils." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 90, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 1142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/90.4.1142.

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Abstract Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) is a recently developed extraction technique that is more rapid and produces less waste than do conventional liquid/liquid extraction methods. Optimal conditions were determined for ASE of fluometuron from 2 Weswood clay loam soils. Two solvents (acetonitrile and methanol), 2 temperatures (50 and 100C), and the number of static cycles (1, 2, and 3) were evaluated. The most efficient and reproducible extractions were obtained when methanol was combined with a 50C extraction temperature and the static cycle was repeated 3 times. These experiments indicated that existing extraction methods for fluometuron can easily be adapted for ASE.

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Lawrence, James F., Barbara Niedzwiadek, and Peter M. Scott. "Effect of Temperature and Solvent Composition on Extraction of Fumonisins B1 and B2 from Corn Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 83, no. 3 (May 1, 2000): 604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/83.3.604.

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Abstract Fumonisins B1 and B2 were extracted from naturally contaminated corn products by using different extraction solvent compositions (methanol–water, acetonitrile–methanol–water, ethanol–water, and 100% water) and a range of temperatures from ambient to 150°C. Ground samples of several corn products and 1 rice sample were mixed with an adsorbent material (Hydromatrix™), and the fumonisins were extracted in 2 sequential 5 min static extractions at various temperatures. The combined extracts were cleaned up and analyzed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection after o-phthaldialdehyde–mercaptoethanol derivatization. The results showed a clear influence of temperature and solvent composition on recovery of fumonisins from some matrixes. With acetonitrile–methanol–water (1 + 1 + 2) the quantity of fumonisins extracted from naturally contaminated taco shells almost tripled in going from 23° to 80°C, and increased by another 30% when ethanol–water (3 + 7) was used as extraction solvent at 80°C. Similar results were obtained with nacho chips. These effects were less pronounced with cornmeal, and small differences due to temperature and solvent composition were observed for corn flakes and rice. The ethanol–water extraction solvent combinations were specifically evaluated in an effort to use the cheapest, least toxic, and most environmentally friendly solvents for organic residue analysis. At 80°C, ethanol–water combinations performed equally or better than methanol–water (8 + 2) or acetonitrile–methanol–water (1 + 1 + 2), combinations which are commonly used for fumonisin extractions. Even 100% water was successful for extracting fumonisins from the products, except for rice. However, increased amounts of water created technical problems and required an increased amount of Hydromatrix in the samples prior to extraction.

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Getachew, Bezuayehu, Kemal Ahmed, Mahmud Endris, Manale Zebene, Tsegay Hiwot, Birhane Haile, Mebratu Meresa, and Medhanit Amanu. "Determination of Oil Content and Physicochemical Properties of Oil Extracted from Niger Seed Oil Grown in Gamo Gofa, Southern Ethiopia." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 63 (January 2016): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.63.141.

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The Niger seed oil was collected from gamo-gofa, southern part of Ethiopia for oil extraction. The collected seed were oven dried and crushed in to powder by mortar and pestle. A soxhlet and maceration extractions were used for extraction of the oil. The solvents used for both extractions were n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The main reason two different types of solvents and two different type of extraction methods used in this project were to check which type of solvent and extraction method were effective for extraction of oil from Niger seed. From both extraction methods the extracted oil was separated from the solvents by simple distillation. The oil content and the physico-chemical parameters of the oil were determined and an oil content of 23.45% and 21.35% were obtained by maceration and 33.02% and 22.7% by soxhlet extraction method from n-hexane and ethyl acetate respectively. The physico-chemical parameters of the seed and oil were determined and the result shows that moisture content of the seed was (8.3%) and acid value of the oil (1.7391), saponification value (6.0308), Kinematic viscosity (0.561 m2/s), Density of oil (0.9788 g/ml) and Specific gravity of (0.9947). From the result obtained we conclude that n-hexane is an effective solvent and soxhlet extraction is an effective extraction method for extraction of oil from Niger seed.

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Rapinel, Vincent, Aziadé Chemat, Cyrille Santerre, Justine Belay, Farnaz Hanaei, Nadine Vallet, Laurence Jacques, and Anne-Sylvie Fabiano-Tixier. "2-Methyloxolane as a Bio-Based Solvent for Green Extraction of Aromas from Hops (Humulus lupulus L.)." Molecules 25, no. 7 (April 9, 2020): 1727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071727.

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The potential of using the bio-based solvent 2-methyloxolane, also known as 2-methyltetrahydrofuran or 2-MeTHF, as an alternative to petroleum solvents such as hexane, was investigated for the extraction of volatile compounds from hop cones (Humulus lupulus L.). Lab scale extractions were coupled with in silico prediction of solutes solubility to assess the technical potential of this bio-based solvent. The predictive approach was performed using the simulation software COSMO-RS (conductor like screening model for real solvants) and showed that the 2-methyloxolane is as good as or better than hexane to solubilize the majority of aromas from hop cones. The experimental results indicated that the highest aroma yield was obtained with 2-methyloxolane with 20.2% while n-hexane was only able to extract 17.9%. The characterization of aromas extracted by the two solvents showed a similar composition, where lupulone was the main component followed by humulone. No selectivity of the solvents was observed for any of the major analytes. Finally, a sensory analysis was performed on the extracts, showing that both concretes using 2-methyloxolane and hexane have similar olfactory profiles. The results indicate that 2-methyloxolane could be a promising bio-based extraction solvent for hexane substitution.

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Oliveira, Rosilene Dos Santos, Juliana Da Silva Rocha, Keren Hapuque Pinheiro, Matheus Mendonça Pereira, and Carlos Eduardo Barão. "Application of an ultrasound process to extract catechins from green tea wastes." Brazilian Journal of Food Research 7, no. 3 (September 19, 2016): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3895/rebrapa.v7n3.3724.

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There is increasing need for industries to develop innovative technologies that in addition to being low cost, are also fast and provide high yields and efficiency, while at the same time avoiding adverse effects in the environment. One technique that conforms to these requirements is the use of ultrasound, which also offers ease of application and can be used in the extraction of compounds from leaves. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the efficiency of ultrasound in extracting catechins from green tea wastes, employing solvents with different polarities: water, acetone, ethanol, methanol, and isopropanol. The best extraction results were achieved using water as the solvent. Comparison was then made of extractions using water in the presence or absence of ultrasonication. The cavitation in the liquid medium, induced by the sound waves, acted to increase the permeability of the cell walls, leading to increased penetration of the solvent and greater extraction efficiency.

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Yang, Ling, and Cheng Zheng. "Optimization of the Technology of Extracting Dihydromyricetin from Ampelopsis by Orthogonal Experimental Design." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 1709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.1709.

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The optimum extracting condition of dihydromyricetin from ampelopsis was studied. The MAE conditions, such as the extraction solvent volume, extraction temperature, and the period of extraction, were all studied in the orthogonal test. The most suitable conditions for the extractions were showed as follows: the extracting temperature was 95°C,the extracting time was 15min,and the solid-liquid leaching ration was 1:20.

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Maheshwari, R. K., Shruti Jain, Anjali Padria, Pawan Mulani, Jaydeep Singh Baghel, and Neelesh Maheshwari. "''Eco-friendly extraction using solids'' - A novel application of mixed solvency concept." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 2 (March 15, 2019): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i2.2409.

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As per the mixed solvency concept (proposed by Dr. R.K. Maheshwari), each and every substance present on the earth has got solubilizing property i.e. all the liquids, gases and solids possess solubilizing power. In the mixed solvency concept, each substance is a solubilizer. We know that all the liquids (matter in liquid state at room temperature) are known as solvents. No solvent is universal solvent. We can say that all the solvents are good solvents for some solutes and bad solvents for other solutes. Similarly, all gases and solids have good solubilizing power for some solutes and bad solubilizing power for other solutes. Organic solvents have innumerous adverse effects. Such organic solvents should be replaced by other eco-friendly alternative sources. The main objective of this research work is to provide a novel idea to the researchers that solids can also be employed for extraction of active constituents from powders of roots, leaves, seeds, fruits, bark of plants etc. In the present investigation, sesame oil has been extracted from powdered seeds of sesame using solubilizing powers of two solids, thymol and menthol using different methods. Melted thymol (temperature about 50°C), melted menthol (temperature about 45°C) were observed to have very good solubility for sesame oil. Therefore, they were used for extraction of sesame oil. Ethanol was found to be bad solvent for sesame oil. Thymol and menthol improved the solubility of sesame oil in ethanol and helped in extraction. Thymol and menthol are easily removed at about 80°C. Organic solvents are removed from extracts by suitable methods like heating, vacuum distillation etc. These solids (menthol and thymol) are also removable. Also, they can be recollected using suitable methods for recycling purposes. Keywords: Extraction, mixed solvency concept, sesame oil, menthol, thymol, eutectic liquid, solubilizer

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Guerdouh, Amel, and Djamel Barkat. "Experimental study of the extraction of chromium (III) from nitrate medium by lauric acid." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 24, no. 3 (October 19, 2018): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/385.

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The solvent extraction of chromium (III) with lauric acid (HL) at 25°C is studied as a function of various parameters: pH of the aqueous phase, the concentration of lauric acid and the nature of the solvent. The solvent effects on the extraction of chromium (III) using polar and nonpolar solvents has been observed. It was shown that extracted species of the [Cr(OH)L2·2HL] formula are formed in cyclohexane, dichloromethane, chloroform, and toluene. However, in 1- -octanol or methyl isobutyl ketone, it was found a complex of the type [Cr(OH)L2]. The extraction constants and extraction yield (%E) are also calculated for different solvents. It was found that cyclohexane is the preferred solvent for this extraction system, The maximum extraction yield is accomplished using the cyclohexane as a solvent on 1:1 L/L ratio, and pH value of 4.73.

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Chen, Ning, Yu Bin Ji, Dong Xue Song, Chang Ru Xu, Hui Song, and Jun Li. "Effects of Dauricine Concentration in Asiatic Moonseed by Different Extraction Solvents and Methods." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 3162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.3162.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of different extraction solvents and extraction methods on Dauricine concentrations in Asiatic Moonseed. Dauricine was extracted from Asiatic Moonseed by ultrasonic method with sulfuric acid and ethanol as solvents; then the comparative study was undertaken in the three extraction methods (warm immersion, percolation, ultrasonic) for Dauricine. The results showed that the extracting effect was best in the ultrasonic method with sulfuric acid as a solvent.

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Lončarić, Ante, Maria Celeiro, Antun Jozinović, Josip Jelinić, Tihomir Kovač, Stela Jokić, Jurislav Babić, Tihomir Moslavac, Sandra Zavadlav, and Marta Lores. "Green Extraction Methods for Extraction of Polyphenolic Compounds from Blueberry Pomace." Foods 9, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 1521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9111521.

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In this study, green extraction methods—high voltage electrical discharges (HVED), pulsed electric field (PEF), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)—were compared in terms of extraction yield of total and individual polyphenolic compounds, as well as the antioxidant capacity of blueberry pomace extracts. All extractions were performed with methanol- and ethanol-based solvents. The highest total polyphenols content (TPC) (10.52 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g of dry weight (dw)) and antioxidant activity (AA) (0.83 mmol TE/g dw) were obtained by PEF-assisted extraction in the ethanol-based solvent after 100 pulses and 20 kV/cm, which corresponds to an energy input of 41.03 kJ/kg. A total of eighteen individual polyphenols were identified in all investigated blueberry pomace extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography with the diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (LC-(HESI)-MS/MS). The highest anthocyanin (1757.32 µg/g of dw) and flavanol (297.86 µg/g of dw) yields were obtained in the methanol-based solvent, while the highest phenolic acid (625.47 µg/g of dw) and flavonol (157.54 µg/g of dw) yields were obtained in the ethanol-based solvent by PEF-assisted extraction at the energy input of 41.03 kJ/kg. These results indicated that PEF is a promising green extraction method which can improve the blueberry pomace’s polyphenol extraction yield.

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Azhari, Azhari, Nilva Mutia, and Ishak Ishak. "PROSES EKSTRAKSI MINYAK DARI BIJI PEPAYA (CARICA PAPAYA) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT n-HEKSANA." Jurnal Teknologi Kimia Unimal 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/jtku.v9i1.3073.

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Papaya is the most beneficial fruit for human health. In addition to the fruit that can be consumed, it turns out papaya seeds can also be used. In addition to the seeds used to be planted as well as only being waste, oil can also be obtained from papaya seeds. One method for obtaining papaya seed oil is a method of extracting heat (requires installation in the process), in general the notion of reflux is extraction with a solvent at its boiling temperature point, for a certain time and the amount of solvent adjusted to air temperature. In this research, papaya seed extraction was carried out, percent yield analysis was carried out, and heavy type analysis of papaya seed oil extraction was carried out. The purpose of this study was to study the variation in extraction time of papaya seeds with solvents on the yield of oil produced. This research was carried out by reacting papaya seeds with hexane solvents at 65 ℃. Where the weight of papaya seeds is 50 gr, and the volume of solvents varied by 300 ml, 400 ml, and 500 ml and the reaction time is 120 minutes, 150 minutes, and 180 minutes. The results showed that the largest papaya seed oil was 34.2% at a volume of 500 ml solvent for 180 minutes and a high density of 0.87 gr / ml at a volume of 500 ml solvent for 180 minutes.Keywords: Extraction, hexane, papaya seed oil, reflux

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Lai, Rong Hui, Xing Fei Lai, Wen Xia Zhao, and Ya Hui Huang. "Influence of Different Extraction Methods of Tea Polyphenols on Proportions of Catechins." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 2114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.2114.

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The catechins composition of tea polyphenols with different extracted methods was analysed by HPLC. The aim is to compare the extraction effect of water-extracting and alcohol-extracting method, the purification effect of solvent extraction and ionic precipitation method. The results indicated that organic solvent extraction method can improve the extraction rate of catechins, especially can increase the content of estered catechins. In the technic of organic solvent extraction, the total content of catechins can effectively be increased by using alcohol extraction. Ion precipitation can enhance the content of gallocatechins，while organic solvent extraction can raise the contents of catechins，EC and estered catechins.

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Rozi, Fachrul, Paulus Hengky Abram, and Anang Wahid M. Diah. "Pengaruh Kombinasi dan Rasio Pelarut Terhadap Hasil Ekstraksi Minyak dari Serabut Kelapa Sawit." Jurnal Akademika Kimia 7, no. 3 (August 30, 2018): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24775185.2018.v7.i3.11913.

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This study aimed to determine the combinations and ratios of appropriate solvents to obtain the optimal mass of palm oil. Extracting the oil from palm fibers was conducted using soxletation method. Extraction is a way to get oil in a high amount and good quality by using an appropriate solvent. The weight of oils obtained from the volume ratios variable of solvents at 100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, and 0:100 were 0.446 ± 0.063 g, 0.379 ± 0.022 g, 0.295 ± 0.012 g, 0.276 ± 0.045 g, and 0.183 ± 0.054 g, respectively. This study showed the combination of the types and ratios of solvents toward extraction of oil, and the optimal oil mass was produced from n-hexane solvent.

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Seiler, M., D. Köhler, and W. Arlt. "Hyperbranched polymers: new selective solvents for extractive distillation and solvent extraction." Separation and Purification Technology 29, no. 3 (December 2002): 245–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5866(02)00163-6.

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Seiler, M., D. Köhler, and W. Arlt. "Hyperbranched polymers: new selective solvents for extractive distillation and solvent extraction." Separation and Purification Technology 30, no. 2 (February 2003): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5866(02)00197-1.

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Sahad, Naimah, Ayub Md Som, and Alawi Sulaiman. "Review of Green Solvents for Oil Extraction from Natural Products Using Different Extraction Methods." Applied Mechanics and Materials 661 (October 2014): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.661.58.

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This paper provides an overview of the use of green solvents for oil extraction from natural product using soxhlet extraction and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methods. In terms of qualitative and quantitative determinations on the extracted oils, the use of green solvents was comparable with n-hexane. For soxhlet extraction method, the integration of microwave application into the soxhlet at their optimum conditions has shown improvement in oil yield, oil quality, solvent consumption and extraction time. SFE using CO2also revealed promising results as soxhlet extraction but apparently it involved high operating cost and difficult to control. Despite of that, all the studies successfully demonstrated the suitability of green solvent as an alternative to petroleum driven solvents for extraction of oils from natural products.

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Li, Tan, Zhu Ming, Ye Shen, Gang Lv, and Xin Sun. "Effects of Solvents and Extraction Methods to Extraction of Fructus Leonuri." Advanced Materials Research 790 (September 2013): 539–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.790.539.

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Effects of solvent types and extraction methods were investigated for effective recovery of fatty oils from Fructus Leonuri fruit . Among the five solvents tested, dichloromethane gave the highest recovery with Soxhlet extract ion (SE) , and ethanol gave the highest recovery with microwave assisted extraction (MAE) . In addition, the fatty oil content of the MAE extract was found to be only slightly lower than that of SE, but MAE was shown to permit comparable extract ion efficiency with 30 fold reduction in extraction time and 2 fold reduction in solvent consumption.

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Zakaria, F., B. A. Talip, E. E. M. Kahar, N. Muhammad, N. Abdullah, and H. Basri. "Solvent used in extraction process of agarwood: a systematic review." Food Research 4, no. 3 (January 4, 2020): 731–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(3).333.

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The method of extraction of Agarwood is usually dependent on the purpose of the extract. This systematic review aims to look at the number of studies that use different types of solvents in the process of extraction. There are 3 types of solvents commonly used in the extraction of agarwood essential oils namely methanol, ethanol and water. Each solvent produces different extracts in terms of quantity and quality of the final product. However, there is controversy over the use of solvents as it may cause a cytotoxic effect on the user. Another common type of solvent is water. Although water is a cheap solvent and relatively safe, aqueous extracts have more impurities that make isolating the desired compound difficult. After the extraction process, the crude extract was fractionated into the desired compounds and this technique is widely applied, especially in the whole process of extraction of the agarwood. In conclusion, extraction solvents have certain advantages and disadvantages, and this is one of the reasons why this extraction method depends on the purpose of using the final product such as agarwood essential oil.

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Kholkin, A. I., V. V. Belova, G. L. Pashkov, I. Yu Fleitlikh, and V. V. Sergeev. "Solvent binary extraction." Journal of Molecular Liquids 82, no. 1-2 (September 1999): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7322(99)00047-1.

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Sebba, Felix. "Predispersed Solvent Extraction." Separation Science and Technology 20, no. 5-6 (July 1985): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496398508060684.

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Fitriyani, Lely, Edwan Karadena, and Sukandar Sukandar. "Solid Concentration Effect for Solvent Extraction Process of Oily Contaminated Soil." Reaktor 19, no. 2 (August 11, 2019): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.19.2.84-88.

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Solvent extraction has been used as a method to wash oil content of oily contaminated soil in industry for years. Some solvents and temperature ranges has been chosen to increase the oil recovery rate of extraction process, however only few studies reported that it has been able to reach remaining Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) less than 0.5% in less than 30 minutes. During the experiments, acetone and toluene chosen to extract oil content from contaminated soil by using solvent extraction process. Temperature selected were between 24°C up to 70°C. Mixing apparatus which has been utilized was centrifugation machine with 1000 rpm (1570 g) operational speed. Duration of treatment process was 10 minutes with some variations of solid to solvent ratio. During the experiments, it was observed that by using toluene and acetone as solvents, the optimum Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) removal obtained at temperature 50°C. In the other hand, optimum solid to solvent ratio toluene ratio was 1:6. As a solvent acetone observed capable to reduce TPH content until below 0.5% as threshold limit for TPH of contaminated soil regulated by environmental regulation in Indonesia. During the experiments it was also observed the dependency of solid concentration (Cs) with dissociation coefficient (KD). In the other hand, heavy metal at the remaining extracted soil after soil washing was observed available in safe concentration to be discharged to the environment base on regulation in Indonesia. Keywords: solvent extraction, soil washing, contaminated soil, TPH, centrifugation, oil sludge, acetone, toluene, solid treatment.

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Tan, Hui Teng, Nicholas M. H. Khong, Yam Sim Khaw, Siti Aqlima Ahmad, and Fatimah M. Yusoff. "Optimization of the Freezing-Thawing Method for Extracting Phycobiliproteins from Arthrospira sp." Molecules 25, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 3894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173894.

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The freezing–thawing method had been reported to be the best phycobiliprotein extraction technique. However, optimum parameters of this extraction method for Arthrospira sp. (one of the major phycobiliprotein sources) still remained unclear. Hence, this study aimed to optimize the freezing–thawing parameters of phycobiliprotein extraction in Arthrospira sp. (UPMC-A0087). The optimization of the freezing–thawing method was conducted using different solvents, biomass/solvent ratios, temperatures, time intervals and freezing–thawing cycles. The extracted phycobiliproteins were quantified using a spectrophotometric assay. Double distilled water (pH 7) with a 0.50% w/v biomass/solvent ratio was the most efficient solvent in extracting high concentrations and purity of phycobiliproteins from Arthrospira sp. In addition, the combination of freezing at −80 °C (2 h) and thawing at 25 °C (24 h) appeared to be the optimum temperature and extraction time to obtain the highest amount of phycobiliproteins. A minimum of one cycle of freezing and thawing was sufficient for extracting high concentrations of phycobiliproteins. The findings from this study could reduce the cost and labor needed for extracting high quality phycobiliproteins. It also allowed the harvesting of large amounts of valuable phycobiliproteins.

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Sampaio, Paula Beatriz Rocha, Andressa Sousa Pereira, Caroline Roberta Freitas Pires, Rodolfo Castilho Clemente, and Guilherme Nobre Lima do Nascimento. "Optimization of the antioxidants extraction process from the bacaba (oenocarpus distichus mart.) using response surface methodology." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 8 (July 1, 2020): e229985427. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i8.5427.

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Bacaba (Oenocarpus distichus Mart) is a fruit that comes from palm trees native from the Arecaceae family and presents important nutritional and socioeconomic value for rural communities. Although being very popular, this fruit has very few cataloged chemical characteristics. The present study aimed to optimize the bacaba antioxidant extraction process by investigating the most efficient extraction interval and the best rotation time, using ethanol and methanol/acetone solvents, with the content of total phenolics and antioxidant activity. Methanol acetone solvent mixture was the most efficient solvent for extracting antioxidants from bacaba, with an extraction time of 90 minutes and 20 minutes of rotation interval at 5,000 rpm.

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Sun, Chen, Guang Yu Liu, and Pei Xia Zhao. "Focused Microwave-Assisted Extraction Versus Conventional Solvent Extraction of Glycyrrhizic Acid from Licorice Root." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 1659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.1659.

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Conventional solvent extraction and microwave-assisted techniques were used to extract glycyrrhizic acid (GA) from licorice root, using different solvents including polar and non-polar solvents. For both extraction techniques, higher glycyrrhizic acid yields were consistently obtained with water than with other solvents from the same samples. Solubility of glycyrrhizic acid or salts in water is the major cause of this observation. For microwave assisted extraction (MAE) with water, glycyrrhizic acid yield increased to 3.10% in 7min. Similar observations were made with conventional solvent extraction, glycyrrhizic acid yield was raised to 3.12% in 90min. The extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with an ultraviolet detector. The kinetic studies were supplemented by scanning electron micrographs (SEM), and a mechanism based on the mass transfer between the solvents and matrix had been proposed to account for the acceleration extraction made with MAE.

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Cikoš, Ana-Marija, Stela Jokić, Drago Šubarić, and Igor Jerković. "Overview on the Application of Modern Methods for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Macroalgae." Marine Drugs 16, no. 10 (September 23, 2018): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md16100348.

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Marine macroalgae represent a rich source of bioactive compounds that can be implemented in various food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products for health improvement. It has been proven that these bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, carotenoids, and ω-3 fatty acids possess bioactivity. For the extraction of these compounds, modern methods (Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE), Subcritical Water Extraction (SWE), Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)) have been used due to their advantages over the conventional methods. The process parameters of each method must be optimized for obtaining the extracts with the targeted bioactive compounds. In distinction from the existing reviews, the present review provides novelty with respect to: (a) presenting systematically the selected process parameters of SFE (temperature, time, pressure, use of co-solvents), SWE (temperature, time, pressure, solid-solvent ratio), UAE (temperature, time, frequency, power, solid-solvent ratio), and MAE (temperature, time, frequency, power, solvent type) applied for the extractions of marine macroalgae; (b) reporting the major groups or individual compounds extracted with their biological activities (if determined); and, (c) updating available references.

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Osman, Rozita, and Norashikin Saim. "Selective Extraction of Organic Contaminants from Soil Using Pressurised Liquid Extraction." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/357252.

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This study focuses on the application of sorbents in pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) cell to establish a selective extraction of a variety of organic contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorpyrifos, phenol, pentachlorophenol, and sterols) from soil. The selectivity and efficiency of each sorbent depend on the properties of the material, extracting solvent, capacity factor, organic compounds of interest, and PLE operating parameters (temperature, pressure, and extraction time). Several sorbents (silica, alumina, and Florisil) were evaluated and with the proper choice of solvents, polar and nonpolar compounds were successfully separated in two fractions. Nonpolar compounds (PAHs, chlorpyrifos, and pentachlorophenol) were recovered in the first fraction using a polar sorbent such as Florisil or alumina, andn-hexane as eluting solvent, while more polar compounds (phenol and sterols) were recovered in the second fraction using methanol. Silica (5 g) was found to be effective for selective extraction with the satisfactory recoveries for all compounds (PAHs from 87.1–96.2%, chlorpyrifos 102.9%, sterols from 93.7–100.5%, phenol 91.9%, and pentachlorophenol 106.2%). The efficiency and precision of this extraction approach and the existing EPA Method 3545 were compared.

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He, Zhi Peng, Zan Min Wu, and Yu Yang Han. "Reflux Extraction of Aloetic Anthraquinone." Advanced Materials Research 441 (January 2012): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.441.522.

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Using ethanol as solvent, reflux extraction of aloetic anthraquinone compounds was studied. The single-factor orthogonal experiments were conducted to optimize extraction process and the extractive was identified using infrared spectroscopy. The results suggested the best extraction conditions: ethanol concentration 70%, extraction temperature 333.15K, extraction time 25 min, bath ratio 1:1.5. This simple and effective extracting method is in accord with current energy-saving, environmental protecting trends, and its product has wide application prospects for preparation of health-care textiles.

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Fang, Xinsheng, Shubo Gu, Zongyuan Jin, Mingqian Hao, Zhenzhen Yin, and Jianhua Wang. "Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Simultaneous Extraction of Three Active Compounds from the Fruits of Forsythia suspensa and Comparison with Conventional Extraction Methods." Molecules 23, no. 9 (August 23, 2018): 2115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092115.

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An efficient ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method was developed for simultaneous extraction of three active compounds, forsythiaside A (FSA), phillyrin (PHI) and rutin (RT), from the fruits of Forsythia suspensa. The effects of various factors including a binary mixed solvent of methanol/water and ethanol/water, the pH of the solvent, particle size, temperature, solvent to material ratio, ultrasonic input power and extraction time on UAE were investigated in detail. The mass transfer mechanism of UAE using different mixed solvents was further explained by comparison with the maceration extraction method. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the experimental variables including ethanol concentration, solvent to material ratio and extraction time. The optimized conditions for the simultaneous extraction of RT, FSA and PHI were: particle size 60–80 mesh, temperature 30 °C, ultrasonic power 200 W, ethanol concentration 50%, solvent to material ratio 32 mL/g and extraction time 37 min. Compared to conventional extraction methods, UAE provided the highest extraction efficiency and offered many advantages including the reduction of solvent, temperature and time for extraction.

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Wang, Xi Ping, Sheng Xiong Dong, and Feng Chen. "Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Gardenia Yellow from Fructus Gardeniae." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 1075–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.1075.

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Gardenia yellow was extracted from fructus Gardeniae using water as extracting solvent by means of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). The effects of ratio of water to raw material, exaction time and temperature were investigated by single factor and orthogonal experiments. The results showed that the optimal extraction parameters were the extraction temperature of 40°C, ratio of water to raw material of 6:1, and time of 40 min. Under the conditions, the yield of gardenia yellow was 95.15% and the OD value was 1.51. The ratio of water to raw material had the most prominent effect on the process of UAE, followed by the time and then the temperature according to the statistical analysis of orthogonal experiments. Compared with traditional methods, UAE showed a better effect on the extraction efficiency of gardenia yellow from fructus Gardeniae at lower temperature as well as in a shorter time with higher yield when using water instead of organic solvents as extracting solvent.

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Yang, Mei, and Zheng Gui Gu. "Study on Technic Condition of Extracting Solanesol from Abandon Tobacco." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 1623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.1623.

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Solanesol is an important pharmaceutical intermediate. In this paper, organic solvent is used to extract solanesol from the abandoned tobacco. The conditions of extracting the solanesol are optimized, such as extraction solvent, solvent ratio, extraction temperature and time. The extraction times are also identified. L9(34) design is selected to investigate the factors above. Finally, the optimal extraction conditions are proposed. The petroleum ether is used as solvent, the solvent ratio is 15:1(volume of solvent is 15ml, quality of leaves is 1g), the extraction temperature is 50°C and the time is 4h. The purity of solanesol reaches to 57.56% and the total yield reaches to 6.39%.

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STĂNILĂ, Andreea, Zoriţa DIACONEASA, Rodica SIMA, Sorin STĂNILĂ, and Nicușor SIMA. "Effects of Extraction Solvents on the Quantification of Free Amino Acids in Lyophilised Brewer’s Yeast." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Food Science and Technology 75, no. 1 (May 17, 2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-fst:2017.0037.

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The aim of this work was to test some solvents in order to improve the free amino acids extraction from lyophilised brewer’s yeast. The brewer’ yeast was treated with four types of extraction solvents: Solvent I – acetonitrile 25%/HCl 0.01M (ACN); Solvent II – ethanol 80%; solvent III – HCl 0.05M/deionized water (1/1 volume); Solvent IV – HCl 0.05M/ethanol 80% (1/1 volume). The supernatants were analysed by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS method. Acetonitrile provided the less quantities and number of amino acids extracted due to its weaker polarity. Solvent II and IV (ethanol, respectively acidified ethanol), which have an increased polarity, extracted 15 amino acids due to the addition of HCl in solvent IV. Solvent III (acidified water) proved to be the best extraction solvent for the amino acids from brewer’s yeast providing the separation of 17 compounds: GLN, ASN, SER, GLY, ALA, ORN, PRO, HIS, LYS, GLU, TRP, LEU, PHE, ILE, AAA, HPHE, TYR.

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Jaiswal, Swapnil Ganesh, Madhumita Patel, Devesh K. Saxena, and Satyanarayan Naik. "Comparison of Measurements of Antioxidant Activity in the Selected Leafy Vegetables Depending on Extraction Solvent." Journal of Horticultural Research 25, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johr-2017-0023.

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Abstract Four leafy vegetable species, spinach (Spinacia oleracea), amaranthus (Amaranthus viridis), fenu-greek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and bathua (Chenopodium album), were extracted with three different solvents (80% ethanol, 80% acetone and water) for maximum recovery of phenol and antioxidant compounds in the extract. The results of extraction were compared with extraction from moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves that is known as a very rich source of antioxidants. The study showed that, it is very difficult to justify a single solvent for extraction of antioxidant compounds from different plants. Results from different solvents used for extracting the bioactive compounds mostly depend on the type of compound extracted (polar/medium polar/non-polar) present in leafy matrices. Here, 80% acetone extract showed highest total phenol content in moringa leaves but the overall antioxidant activity in the leaves of four vegetables was observed to be better after extraction with 80% ethanol. Nevertheless, in most assays, independent of solvent used for extraction, the moringa leaves were the richest source of polyphenols and antioxidants.

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Dwamena, Amos K. "Recent Advances in Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction." Separations 6, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations6010009.

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In the over 1,800 articles published since their inception in 2001, most deep eutectic solvents (DES) synthesized have been hydrophilic. The low cost, low toxicity, and bioavailability of DES make the solvent ‘green’ and sustainable for diverse applications. Conversely, the hydrophilicity of DES limits their practical application to only polar compounds, which is a major drawback of the solvent. For the past three years, hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) have emerged as an alternative extractive media capable of extracting non-polar organic and inorganic molecules from aqueous environments. Due to the infancy of HDES, for the first time, this mini-review summarizes the recent developmental advances in HDES synthesis, applications, challenges, and future perspectives of the solvent. In the future, it is believed HDES will replace the majority of toxic organic solvents used for analytical purposes.

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Wejnerowska, Grażyna, and Anna Ciaciuch. "Optimisation of oil extraction from quinoa seeds with supercritical carbon dioxide with co-solvents." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 36, No. 1 (February 28, 2018): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/122/2017-cjfs.

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In the present work supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide was performed to obtain oil from quinoa seeds. The effects of extraction variables – namely pressure, temperature, time, particle size, and co-solvent, on supercritical carbon dioxide extraction are investigated. Total extraction yields and compositions using pure CO<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> + selected co-solvents are compared. The maximum recovery for quinoa oil is found to be about 89%, and is obtained when extractions are carried out at 25 MPa, 40°C for 80 minutes. A significant effect on the oil recovery is exerted by size reduction of seeds to a particle size ≤ 0.50 mm and addition of co-solvent to seed in an amount of 20% – methanol/ethanol (1 : 1, w/w). Irrespective of the extraction method and conditions, the fatty acid composition is not substantially changed.

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Lezoul, Nour El Houda, Mohamed Belkadi, Fariborz Habibi, and Fabián Guillén. "Extraction Processes with Several Solvents on Total Bioactive Compounds in Different Organs of Three Medicinal Plants." Molecules 25, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 4672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204672.

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The extraction of secondary metabolites by water, MeOH:water (8:2) containing NaF, methanol, ethanol and acetone (all of them diluted (7:3) in water)from the different parts (leaves, flowers, stems and roots) of Passiflora caerulea L., Physalis peruviana L. and Solanum muricatum Aiton via decoction and maceration methods was studied. The highest extraction yields were recorded by methanol for decoction and acetone for maceration. The total polyphenol content (TPC) obtained by decoction had the highest TPC contents, and MeOH containing NaF was the best solvent for the extraction of TPC. Maceration was suitable for flavonoid extractions, with ethanol and acetone being the best solvents. In general, the highest levels of TPC and flavonoids were obtained from Passiflora leaves regardless of the solvent or extraction method applied. Furthermore, the roots of Physalis and Solanum showed important levels of these compounds in consonance with the total antioxidant activity (TAA) evaluated in the different organs of the plant in the three species. In this study, the solvents and extraction methods applied were tools that determined significantly the level of extraction of bioactive compounds, showing a different impact on plant organs for each medicinal species studied.

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Cole, Richard J., and Joe W. Dorner. "Extraction of Aflatoxins from Naturally Contaminated Peanuts with Different Solvents and Solvent/Peanut Ratios." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 77, no. 6 (November 1, 1994): 1509–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.6.1509.

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Abstract A study was conducted to compare the extraction efficiencies of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) from low, medium, and high concentrations (approximately 10,100, and 1000 ppb, respectively) of naturally contaminated peanut samples by using different solvents and solvent-to-peanut sample ratios. Solvents used were 80:20 methanol/water at 2:1,3:1, and 5:1 solvent to sample ratios; 60:40 methanol/water at 5:1 solvent to sample ratio; and 90:10 acetonitrile/water at 2:1 and 4:1 solvent to sample ratios. The solvents 80:20 methanol/water at a 3:1 ratio of solvent to sample and 90:10 acetonitrile/water at a 2:1 ratio were consistently more efficient than all other solvents, regardless of the aflatoxin concentration. The solvent 90:10 acetonitrile/water at a 4:1 solvent-to-sample ratio was consistently the least efficient regardless of aflatoxin concentration based on analytical results with liquid chromatography (LC). The results are relevant in selecting an appropriate extraction solvent for use at peanut grading points.

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Chemat, Abert Vian, Ravi, Khadhraoui, Hilali, Perino, and Tixier. "Review of Alternative Solvents for Green Extraction of Food and Natural Products: Panorama, Principles, Applications and Prospects." Molecules 24, no. 16 (August 19, 2019): 3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24163007.

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In recent years, almost all extraction processes in the perfume, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food ingredients, nutraceuticals, biofuel and fine chemical industries rely massively on solvents, the majority of which have petroleum origins. The intricate processing steps involved in the industrial extraction cycle makes it increasingly difficult to predict the overall environmental impact; despite the tremendous energy consumption and the substantial usage of solvents, often the yields are indicated in decimals. The ideal alternative solvents suitable for green extraction should have high solvency, high flash points with low toxicity and low environmental impacts, be easily biodegradable, obtained from renewable (non-petrochemical) resources at a reasonable price and should be easy to recycle without any deleterious effect to the environment. Finding the perfect solvent that meets all the aforementioned requirements is a challenging task, thus the decision for the optimum solvent will always be a compromise depending on the process, the plant and the target molecules. The objective of this comprehensive review is to furnish a vivid picture of current knowledge on alternative, green solvents used in laboratories and industries alike for the extraction of natural products focusing on original methods, innovation, protocols, and development of safe products.

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Ibrahim, Salis, Regina Santos, and Steve Bowra. "Optimisation of Organic Solvent Mediated Solubilisation of Apple Pomace Polyphenolic Compounds Using Response Surface Methodologies." International Journal of Chemistry 11, no. 2 (May 8, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v11n2p1.

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Polyphenolic compounds extraction from industrial apple pomace was optimised by applying design of experiments (DoE) and surface response methodology using the Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). The degree solubilisation and the yield of total phenolic content from the apple pomace using organic solvents was shown to be influenced by process parameters including solvent type, solvent concentration, temperature, apple pomace to solvent ratio, and extraction time (residency time). Optimal conditions of extracting phenolic compounds were as follows: acetone concentration, 65 % (v/v); solid to solvent ratio 1 %; extraction time 30 minutes and temperature 60oC. Optimum condition for solubilisation was as follows: acetone concentration 78 % (v/v); solid to solvent ratio 4.7 %; extraction time 54 minutes and temperature 21oC. Under these conditions, the total phenolic content and solubilisation were 21.70 ± 0.2 mg GAE/g dw and 19.20 ± 0.1g/100g of the dried apple pomace respectively and largely agreed with those predicted by the Stat-Ease software. Independent variables for optimisation of total phenolic content and solubilisation were completely different. The reverse phase HPLC analysis of the extract revealed the major polyphenolic compounds were chlorogenic acid, procyanidin B2, caffeic acid, epicatechin, ferulic acid, quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-glucoside and phloridzin.

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Saw, Nay Min Min Thaw, Pipob Suwanchaikasem, Rogelio Zuniga-Montanez, Guanglei Qiu, Ezequiel M. Marzinelli, Stefan Wuertz, and Rohan B. H. Williams. "Influence of Extraction Solvent on Nontargeted Metabolomics Analysis of Enrichment Reactor Cultures Performing Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR)." Metabolites 11, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11050269.

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Metabolome profiling is becoming more commonly used in the study of complex microbial communities and microbiomes; however, to date, little information is available concerning appropriate extraction procedures. We studied the influence of different extraction solvent mixtures on untargeted metabolomics analysis of two continuous culture enrichment communities performing enhanced biological phosphate removal (EBPR), with each enrichment targeting distinct populations of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs). We employed one non-polar solvent and up to four polar solvents for extracting metabolites from biomass. In one of the reactor microbial communities, we surveyed both intracellular and extracellular metabolites using the same set of solvents. All samples were analysed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). UPLC-MS data obtained from polar and non-polar solvents were analysed separately and evaluated using extent of repeatability, overall extraction capacity and the extent of differential abundance between physiological states. Despite both reactors demonstrating the same bioprocess phenotype, the most appropriate extraction method was biomass specific, with methanol: water (50:50 v/v) and methanol: chloroform: water (40:40:20 v/v/v) being chosen as the most appropriate for each of the two different bioreactors, respectively. Our approach provides new data on the influence of solvent choice on the untargeted surveys of the metabolome of PAO enriched EBPR communities and suggests that metabolome extraction methods need to be carefully tailored to the specific complex microbial community under study.

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Bao, Huiwei, Yang Xu, Yuejie Wang, Tao Zhang, Enpeng Wang, Xin Huang, Changbao Chen, and Fangxin Liu. "Optimization of Extraction Process of Methyl Eugenol and Asarinin in Asarum with Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on the Response Surface Methodology." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (September 16, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2069986.

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To explore a green and efficient extraction technology for the extraction of active ingredients of Asarum, the deep eutectic solvent combined with ultrasonic was applied to compare the extraction efficiency of 10 kinds of deep eutectic solvents, taking the extraction rate of methyl eugenol and asarinin as indices. Single-factor experiments were adopted to investigate the influence of molar ratio, liquid-to-solid ratio, eddy time, ultrasonic time, and temperature of the deep eutectic solvent on the extraction rate of methyl eugenol and asarinin. Based on single-factor experiments, the surface response methodology was used to optimize the extraction process conditions. The results showed that the optimum extracting process conditions of methyl eugenol and asarinin in Asarum consisted of a ratio of choline chloride to glycerol of 1 : 3, a DES volume of 2 mL, an ultrasonic temperature of 60°C, an ultrasonic time of 30 min, and a vortex oscillation of 7 min. Under the optimum extracting process conditions, the contents of methyl eugenol and asarinin were 1.9428 mg/g and 0.9989 mg/g, respectively, and the comprehensive index was 2.3280 (RSD of 1.91%). The results were close to the predicted values of the response surface model, demonstrating the applicability of the model. The extraction rate of methyl eugenol and asarinin in Asarum by this method was higher than that of water extraction and alcohol extraction, which fully indicated the high efficiency of ultrasonic-assisted green deep eutectic solvent extraction technology. The results provide data support for further development and utilization of Asarum.

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Mohammad Azmin, Siti Nuurul Huda, Nor Alafiza Yunus, Sharifah Rafidah Wan Alwi, and Mohd Shukri Mat Nor. "Stability Analysis of Binary Solvent Mixtures for Herbal Phytochemical Extraction." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2017): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v5i3.657.

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Most of the extraction processes of herbal phytochemicals use solvent mixtures as a phytochemical transfer mediums. It is very important to predict the stability of solvent mixtures before it is used to extract herbal phytochemicals. In order to prevent any disturbance in the herbal extraction, the solvent mixtures must be in a single liquid phase (miscible to each other). In this study, the stabilities of five binary solvents (methanol-water, methanol-ethyl acetate, methanol-acetic acid, methanol-n-propionaldehyde, and methanol-isobutyraldehyde mixtures) that could be used in the current extraction processes are evaluated. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate these binary solvents in terms of their stability using Gibbs energy of mixing. The value of the function ?Gmix/RT is calculated for each solvent mixture. Then, the graph for ?Gmix/RT versus solvent molar fraction x is plotted. From this plot and the value of function ?Gmix/RT, it can be concluded whether the solvent mixtures are stable or unstable. From the analysis, all five binary mixtures are stable within the selected molar fraction making all mixtures are suitable to be applied in herbal extraction.

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Dranca, Florina, and Mircea Oroian. "Kinetic Improvement of Bioactive Compounds Extraction from Red Grape (Vitis vinifera Moldova) Pomace by Ultrasonic Treatment." Foods 8, no. 8 (August 17, 2019): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8080353.

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Grape pomace from a red grape variety (Vitis vinifera Moldova) cultivated in the northeastern region of Romania has been studied as a source for the extraction of total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) and total phenolic content (TPC) using ultrasonic treatment. The method of extraction described here uses two different solvents, namely 2-propanol and methanol. For each of the extraction solvents, we evaluated the singular influence and the impact of interactions between process parameters (solvent concentration, ultrasonic frequency, temperature, and extraction time) on the extraction yields of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds. Response surface methodology was implemented via a Box–Behnken design to optimize the extraction of TMA and TPC from grape pomace. According to the optimization, in order to achieve the highest yield of TPC (62.487 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g (d = 1.0)), the following conditions are necessary: solvent—2 propanol, solvent concentration 50%, temperature −50 °C and extraction time 29.6 min.

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Boyko, Nikolay, Elena Zhilyakova, Anastasiya Malyutina, Oleg Novikov, Dmitriy Pisarev, Rimma Abramovich, Olga Potanina, Simon Lazar, Praskovia Mizina, and Rita Sahaidak-Nikitiuk. "Studying and Modeling of the Extraction Properties of the Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent and Sorbitol-Based Solvents in Regard to Biologically Active Substances from Glycyrrhizae Roots." Molecules 25, no. 7 (March 25, 2020): 1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071482.

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The purpose of this work was the studying and modeling of the extraction properties of the sorbitol-based natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) and sorbitol-based solvents in regard to biologically-active substances (BASs) from Glycyrrhizae roots using theoretical fundamentals based on the laws of statistical physics, thermodynamics, and physical chemistry previously developed by us. In our studies, we used Glycyrrhizae roots, simple maceration, plant raw material:solvent ratio 1:10 w/v, temperature 25 °C, extraction time 24 h; standards of licuroside and glycyram; RP HPLC, differential scanning calorimetry, integral dielectric, impedance and conductivity spectroscopy method of analysis; the following solvents: sorbitol-based NADES sorbitol:malic acid:water (1:1:3 in molar ratio), a modified solvent based on NADES sorbitol:malic acid:water:glycerin (1:1:1:1 in molar ratio) and sorbitol-based solvents sorbitol:ethanol:water at different ratios. It has been found that regression equations for sorbitol-based solvents in coordinates predicted by the theory have a high value of determination coefficient that equals to R2e = 0.993 for glycyram and R2e = 0.976 for licuroside. It has been found that the extraction properties of sorbitol-based NADES with a dielectric constant (ε) equal to 33 ± 2 units are equivalent to those of the sorbitol:ethanol:water solvent with ε = 34 units, and the extraction properties of modified solvent based on NADES with ε = 41 ± 2 units are inferior to those of the sorbitol-ethanol-water solvents with maximum value of BASs yield with the dielectric constant range 40 ÷ 50 units. The theoretical fundamentals suggested provide a possibility for an explanation of the mechanism, quantitative description of the extraction properties of the solvent, and target search of the optimal solvent by its dielectric constant.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Extraction for solvent'

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