Journal articles: 'Extraordinary transport'

1

Abeyratne, Ruwantissa. "Extraordinary rendition—the air transport perspective." Journal of Transportation Security 2, no. 3 (May 13, 2009): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12198-009-0026-3.

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Popkowski, Tadeusz, and Dmytro Bugayko. "Modern challenges of dangerous and extraordinary goods transportations." Electronic Scientific Journal Intellectualization of Logistics and Supply Chain Management #1 2020 1, no. 3 (October 30, 2020): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.46783/smart-scm/2020-3-5.

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Dangerous goods - goods which, by the nature of their physical characteristics, chemical composition, dimensions, or other specific features and nature (live animals or fish), for some reason endanger human life or health, the environment natural or general order or material goods, including those with features of the principles of humanitarianism. The transport of dangerous and oversize goods is one of the most difficult specialties in the field of goods transport in public transport, in particular in road and rail transport. Such transport is regulated by a number of legal acts that do not apply to companies carrying out tasks related to the transport of loads, the so-called neutral. The United Nations has created a closed TN directory, giving everyone a four-digit "UN number", at the same time dividing them into classes depending on the threat or the predominant threat. The provisions of the ADR agreement relate, inter alia, to the rules (requirements) for TN transport in terms of limiting the possible effects of a potential release of hazardous substances (e.g. as a result of road or rail collisions), as well as, above all, the forms and principles of preventing the possibility of such events. The transport of dangerous goods is a special type of transport and it is subject to specific legal provisions, meeting and observing a number of specific requirements. The safety of this type of transport depends on the proper organization of its transport and the maximum involvement of participants in the entire process. The organization of the transport of hazardous materials requires a comprehensive, comprehensive view of the vehicle, packaging and cargo (means of transport and packaging should be adapted to the transported goods) as well as people involved in the preparation of transport, drivers with appropriate authorizations and training, setting the route, securing this routes in terms of maintaining safety in the event of an emergency. The article offers the author's approaches to the investigation of modern challenges of dangerous and extraordinary goods transportations.

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Scarchilli, Claudio, Massimo Frezzotti, Paolo Grigioni, Lorenzo De Silvestri, Lucia Agnoletto, and Stefano Dolci. "Extraordinary blowing snow transport events in East Antarctica." Climate Dynamics 34, no. 7-8 (June 11, 2009): 1195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0601-0.

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Song, Qixiang, Ning Liu, Guoqing Yan, Wei Tong, and Yong Sun. "Extraordinary Transport Behaviors of La0.67Sr0.33Mn1-xCrxO3(0.00≤x≤0.30)." Journal of Rare Earths 24, no. 3 (June 2006): 332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0721(06)60119-1.

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Zhou, Yu, Ying-Qin Zhao, Zhao-Yi Zeng, Xiang-Rong Chen, and Hua-Yun Geng. "Anisotropic thermoelectric properties of Weyl semimetal NbX (X = P and As): a potential thermoelectric material." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 27 (2019): 15167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp02020a.

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Lou, Phing-How, Birgit S. Hansen, Preben H. Olsen, Søren Tullin, Michael P. Murphy, and Martin D. Brand. "Mitochondrial uncouplers with an extraordinary dynamic range." Biochemical Journal 407, no. 1 (September 12, 2007): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20070606.

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We have discovered that some weak uncouplers (typified by butylated hydroxytoluene) have a dynamic range of more than 106in vitro: the concentration giving measurable uncoupling is less than one millionth of the concentration causing full uncoupling. They achieve this through a high-affinity interaction with the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase that causes significant but limited uncoupling at extremely low uncoupler concentrations, together with more conventional uncoupling at much higher concentrations. Uncoupling at the translocase is not by a conventional weak acid/anion cycling mechanism since it is also caused by substituted triphenylphosphonium molecules, which are not anionic and cannot protonate. Covalent attachment of the uncoupler to a mitochondrially targeted hydrophobic cation sensitizes it to membrane potential, giving a small additional effect. The wide dynamic range of these uncouplers in isolated mitochondria and intact cells reveals a novel allosteric activation of proton transport through the adenine nucleotide translocase and provides a promising starting point for designing safer uncouplers for obesity therapy.

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Duan, Ping, Wen Jing Duan, J. Y. Wang, Q. Wang, L. Chang, and L. Kong. "Study on Extraordinary Transport Behaviors of Polycrystalline La-Sb-Mn-O Ceramic." Advanced Materials Research 746 (August 2013): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.746.234.

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The transport properties of polycrystalline La0.9Sb0.1MnO3(LSMO) bulk prepared by the solid-state reaction were investigated. We find that transport behaviors heavily depend on the synthesis process. The resistivity of LSMO1 for less rubbing time shows one metal-insulator transition (MIT) peak at temperature of 201 K, while the resistivity of LSMO2 for more rubbing time shows a MIT and a shoulder at about 240 and 140 K, respectively. The magnetoresistance (MR) ratio of LSMO2 reaches 41% under magnetic field of 2 T. Moreover, the MR ratio keeps significant value within broad temperature range. The infrared (IR) absorption spectra of LSMO2 show that the stretch-mode peak split into two Gaussian peaks with the gap about 70 cm-1. This large splitting indicates there are strong distortion and disorder in LSMO2 sample. The results are interpreted in terms of the disorder system and phase separation in perovskite manganites.

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Wang, Tongshuai, Junyoung Han, Kihyun Kim, Andreas Münchinger, Yuechen Gao, Alain Farchi, Yoong-Kee Choe, Klaus-Dieter Kreuer, Chulsung Bae, and Sangil Kim. "Suppressing vanadium crossover using sulfonated aromatic ion exchange membranes for high performance flow batteries." Materials Advances 1, no. 7 (2020): 2206–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ma00508h.

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Novel ion exchange membrane with just the right width of selective aqueous ionic domain (<0.6 nm) and unique functionalities show extraordinary ion selectivity. These unique ion transport properties of our membrane is reflected in a remarkable flow battery performance.

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Chang, Cheng, Gangjian Tan, Jiaqing He, Mercouri G. Kanatzidis, and Li-Dong Zhao. "The Thermoelectric Properties of SnSe Continue to Surprise: Extraordinary Electron and Phonon Transport." Chemistry of Materials 30, no. 21 (October 12, 2018): 7355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b03732.

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Konečný, Vladimír, and Mária Brídziková. "The Impact of the State of Emergency on the Supply of Services and Passenger Demand for Public Transport." LOGI – Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics 11, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logi-2020-0015.

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AbstractThe paper deals with the research of the demand and supply of public passenger transport services in the state of emergency caused by the COVID-19 disease. The extraordinary situation has been affecting the behaviour and decision-making of passengers and their demand for public transport not only in the Slovak Republic but globally. The situation has caused a significant decline in passenger transport as well as changes in the structure of passengers who still use the public transport system. Several operators have responded to declining demand by reducing the transport services supply, to reduce operating costs. The declining demand is reflected in a decrease in transport revenues and an increase in the demonstrable loss of operators providing public passenger transport services.

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Čamaj, Juraj, Ján Ponický, Lumír Pečený, Pavol Meško, and Karel Zeman. "Current Problems in Extraordinariness Situations with the Impact on the Management of Rail Transport Under the Conditions of Slovak Railways." MATEC Web of Conferences 235 (2018): 00024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823500024.

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Rail transport is a dynamic and progressive process. It is important that the requirements of individual carriers be meet as efficiently as possible in accordance with the current train schedule. In the case of extraordinariness situations (delay, reconstructions activities, different routing of a train, etc.), which affect the fulfilment of train schedule, are applying so called “operational traffic management according to the applicable internal regulations”. In the event of the occurrence of these extraordinary situations, it is necessary to compile a written injunction in order to inform the train drivers about these extraordinary circumstances. The introduction of an electronic injunction system causes the opposite effect in selected situations, such as rapid, accurate, and effective delivering this paper injunction. The article focuses on the current problem of introducing a new information system for the compilation and creation of written injunctions in relation to selected types of injunctions and situations in the railway transport.

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Guedes-Dias, Pedro, and Erika L. F. Holzbaur. "Axonal transport: Driving synaptic function." Science 366, no. 6462 (October 10, 2019): eaaw9997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw9997.

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The intracellular transport system in neurons is specialized to an extraordinary degree, enabling the delivery of critical cargo to sites in axons or dendrites that are far removed from the cell center. Vesicles formed in the cell body are actively transported by kinesin motors along axonal microtubules to presynaptic sites that can be located more than a meter away. Both growth factors and degradative vesicles carrying aged organelles or aggregated proteins take the opposite route, driven by dynein motors. Distance is not the only challenge; precise delivery of cargos to sites of need must also be accomplished. For example, localized delivery of presynaptic components to hundreds of thousands of “en passant” synapses distributed along the length of a single axon in some neuronal subtypes provides a layer of complexity that must be successfully navigated to maintain synaptic transmission. We review recent advances in the field of axonal transport, with a focus on conceptual developments, and highlight our growing quantitative understanding of neuronal trafficking and its role in maintaining the synaptic function that underlies higher cognitive processes such as learning and memory.

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Fu, Ywu-Jang, Cheng-Lee Lai, Chien-Chieh Hu, Yi-Ming Sun, Shuan-Ying Wu, Jung-Tsai Chen, Shu-Hsien Huang, Wei-Song Hung, and Kueir-Rarn Lee. "Extraordinary transport behavior of gases in isothermally annealed poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) membranes." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 54, no. 22 (August 18, 2016): 2368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.24150.

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14

Myrow, P. M., N. C. Hughes, J. W. Goodge, C. M. Fanning, I. S. Williams, S. Peng, O. N. Bhargava, S. K. Parcha, and K. R. Pogue. "Extraordinary transport and mixing of sediment across Himalayan central Gondwana during the Cambrian-Ordovician." Geological Society of America Bulletin 122, no. 9-10 (May 20, 2010): 1660–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b30123.1.

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15

Morton, S. R., and A. J. Emmott. "Lizards of the Australian Deserts: Uncovering an Extraordinary Ecological Story." Historical Records of Australian Science 25, no. 2 (2014): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr14017.

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For 150 years after European settlement of Australia there were no indications that the lizards of the Australian deserts might be exceptional in their species diversity and ecology. However, from the 1950s to the present, and especially from the 1970s, there has been acceleration in the rate of description of new species, a process likely to push the number known from the deserts past 400. Systematic work led rapidly to ecological research showing that the most diverse assemblages of lizards on Earth occur in the spinifex deserts, a phenomenon leading to considerable debate among ecologists on causal mechanisms. Appreciation of the extraordinary nature of the Australian desert lizards has come about through four developments: a cadre of dedicated systematists; explosive expansion in technologies for molecular analysis of species relationships; opening-up of the spinifex country to four-wheel-drive transport; and the vigorous efforts of a few dedicated ecologists.

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Putzke, Carsten, Maja D. Bachmann, Philippa McGuinness, Elina Zhakina, Veronika Sunko, Marcin Konczykowski, Takashi Oka, et al. "h/e oscillations in interlayer transport of delafossites." Science 368, no. 6496 (June 11, 2020): 1234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay8413.

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Microstructures can be carefully designed to reveal the quantum phase of the wave-like nature of electrons in a metal. Here, we report phase-coherent oscillations of out-of-plane magnetoresistance in the layered delafossites PdCoO2 and PtCoO2. The oscillation period is equivalent to that determined by the magnetic flux quantum, h/e, threading an area defined by the atomic interlayer separation and the sample width, where h is Planck’s constant and e is the charge of an electron. The phase of the electron wave function appears robust over length scales exceeding 10 micrometers and persisting up to temperatures of T > 50 kelvin. We show that the experimental signal stems from a periodic field modulation of the out-of-plane hopping. These results demonstrate extraordinary single-particle quantum coherence lengths in delafossites.

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Vichova, MSc, Katerina, and Martin Hromada, MD. "The risk mapping for hospitals and the impact for the transport in the Zlín Region." Journal of Emergency Management 18, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2020.0456.

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The authors have witnessed an increase in crisis, resulting in significant loss of life and impact on the economy of a given country in recent years. In spite of the efforts and measures of each country’s government to reduce the impact of the crisis, this trend has not been avoided. This trend is observed at all levels—in municipalities, in the Czech Republic, but also the world. Extraordinary events or a crisis ordinarily have the so-called cascade effect that causes other extraordinary events. An example of this may be windstorm, resulting in a power outage. Significant power supply outages are observed in hospitals. Here, it is essential for acute care clients to have a regular intake of electrical energy to ensure their life functions. The introduction of this article refers to the authors, which describes the situation with the increasing number of emergencies. Second, there are described possible cascade effect of the crises. The third part of this article is focused on the flood risk affecting hospitals. The aim of this article is to carry out risk mapping for selected hospitals in the Czech Republic, specifically in the Zlín Region.

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Zhang, Liwen, Guang Liu, Huawei Chen, Xiaolin Liu, Tong Ran, Yi Zhang, Yang Gan, and Deyuan Zhang. "Bioinspired Unidirectional Liquid Transport Micro-nano Structures: A Review." Journal of Bionic Engineering 18, no. 1 (January 2021): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42235-021-0009-z.

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AbstractUnidirectional liquid transport without any need of external energy has drawn worldwide attention for its potential applications in various fields such as microfluidics, biomedicine and mechanical engineering. In nature, numerous creatures have evolved such extraordinary unidirectional liquid transport ability, such as spider silk, Sarracenia’s trichomes, and Nepenthes alata’s peristome, etc. This review summarizes the current progresses of natural unidirectional liquid transport on 1-Dimensional (1D) linear structure and 2-Dimensional (2D) surface structure. The driving force of unidirectional liquid transport which is determined by unique structure exist distinct differences in physics. The fundamental understanding of 1D and 2D unidirectional liquid transport especially about hierarchical structural characteristics and their transport mechanism were concentrated, and various bioinspired fabrication methods are also introduced. The applications of bioinspired directional liquid transport are demonstrated especially in fields of microfluidics, biomedical devices and anti-icing surfaces. With newly developed smart materials, various liquid transport regulation strategies are also summarized for the control of transport speed, direction guiding, etc. Finally, we provide new insights and future perspectives of the directional transport materials.

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Wang, Ridong, Tianyu Wang, Hamidreza Zobeiri, Dachao Li, and Xinwei Wang. "Energy and Charge Transport in 2D Atomic Layer Materials: Raman-Based Characterization." Nanomaterials 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 1807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10091807.

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As they hold extraordinary mechanical and physical properties, two-dimensional (2D) atomic layer materials, including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and MXenes, have attracted a great deal of attention. The characterization of energy and charge transport in these materials is particularly crucial for their applications. As noncontact methods, Raman-based techniques are widely used in exploring the energy and charge transport in 2D materials. In this review, we explain the principle of Raman-based thermometry in detail. We critically review different Raman-based techniques, which include steady state Raman, time-domain differential Raman, frequency-resolved Raman, and energy transport state-resolved Raman techniques constructed in the frequency domain, space domain, and time domain. Detailed outlooks are provided about Raman-based energy and charge transport in 2D materials and issues that need special attention.

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Ahmed, M. A., N. Okasha, and R. M. Kershi. "Extraordinary role of rare-earth elements on the transport properties of barium W-type hexaferrite." Materials Chemistry and Physics 113, no. 1 (January 2009): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.07.032.

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Sehrawat, Poonam, Abid, S. S. Islam, and Prabhash Mishra. "Reduced graphene oxide based temperature sensor: Extraordinary performance governed by lattice dynamics assisted carrier transport." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 258 (April 2018): 424–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.11.112.

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Zhang, Wei, Dong-Hwa Seo, Tina Chen, Lijun Wu, Mehmet Topsakal, Yimei Zhu, Deyu Lu, Gerbrand Ceder, and Feng Wang. "Kinetic pathways of ionic transport in fast-charging lithium titanate." Science 367, no. 6481 (February 27, 2020): 1030–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aax3520.

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Fast-charging batteries typically use electrodes capable of accommodating lithium continuously by means of solid-solution transformation because they have few kinetic barriers apart from ionic diffusion. One exception is lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12), an anode exhibiting extraordinary rate capability apparently inconsistent with its two-phase reaction and slow Li diffusion in both phases. Through real-time tracking of Li+ migration using operando electron energy-loss spectroscopy, we reveal that facile transport in Li4+xTi5O12 is enabled by kinetic pathways comprising distorted Li polyhedra in metastable intermediates along two-phase boundaries. Our work demonstrates that high-rate capability may be enabled by accessing the energy landscape above the ground state, which may have fundamentally different kinetic mechanisms from the ground-state macroscopic phases. This insight should present new opportunities in searching for high-rate electrode materials.

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Rogalski, Tomasz, and Boguslaw Dołęga. "ALGORITHMS IMPROVING FLYING QUALITIES OF GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT." Aviation 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2006): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16487788.2006.9635930.

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The dynamic growth of general aviation as a mean of transport over medium distances means that people having no extraordinary qualifications or extraordinary physical or mental abilities more often pilot such types of airplanes. This phenomenon creates the necessity of giving planes flying qualities that allow them to be safely piloted by ordinary people. One way of solving this problem is equipping airplanes with fly‐by‐wire control systems that modify their handling qualities. Then the computer included into such control systems modifies the actions taken by the pilot, making the airplane both easier and more comfortable to control. This paper presents sample software tools – control algorithms that allowing an airplane's handling qualities to be improved. They are prepared by the authors and tested on board an experimental plane. That plane was equipped with a prototypical fly‐by‐wire control system, which can modify a plane's responses to a pilot's actions.

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Huang, Shizhi, Lingli Zhang, Jinliang Zhu, San Ping Jiang, and Pei Kang Shen. "Crumpled nitrogen- and boron-dual-self-doped graphene sheets as an extraordinary active anode material for lithium ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 37 (2016): 14155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta05623g.

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25

van Hellemond, J. J., F. R. Opperdoes, and A. G. M. Tielens. "The extraordinary mitochondrion and unusual citric acid cycle in Trypanosoma brucei." Biochemical Society Transactions 33, no. 5 (October 26, 2005): 967–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0330967.

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African trypanosomes are parasitic protozoa that cause sleeping sickness and nagana. Trypanosomes are not only of scientific interest because of their clinical importance, but also because these protozoa contain several very unusual biological features, such as their specially adapted mitochondrion and the compartmentalization of glycolytic enzymes in glycosomes. The energy metabolism of Trypanosoma brucei differs significantly from that of their hosts and changes drastically during the life cycle. Despite the presence of all citric acid cycle enzymes in procyclic insect-stage T. brucei, citric acid cycle activity is not used for energy generation. Recent investigations on the influence of substrate availability on the type of energy metabolism showed that absence of glycolytic substrates did not induce a shift from a fermentative metabolism to complete oxidation of substrates. Apparently, insect-stage T. brucei use parts of the citric acid cycle for other purposes than for complete degradation of mitochondrial substrates. Parts of the cycle are suggested to be used for (i) transport of acetyl-CoA units from the mitochondrion to the cytosol for the biosynthesis of fatty acids, (ii) degradation of proline and glutamate to succinate, (iii) generation of malate, which can then be used for gluconeogenesis. Therefore the citric acid cycle in trypanosomes does not function as a cycle.

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Naranjo, David, Hans Moldenhauer, Matías Pincuntureo, and Ignacio Díaz-Franulic. "Pore size matters for potassium channel conductance." Journal of General Physiology 148, no. 4 (September 12, 2016): 277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201611625.

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Ion channels are membrane proteins that mediate efficient ion transport across the hydrophobic core of cell membranes, an unlikely process in their absence. K+ channels discriminate K+ over cations with similar radii with extraordinary selectivity and display a wide diversity of ion transport rates, covering differences of two orders of magnitude in unitary conductance. The pore domains of large- and small-conductance K+ channels share a general architectural design comprising a conserved narrow selectivity filter, which forms intimate interactions with permeant ions, flanked by two wider vestibules toward the internal and external openings. In large-conductance K+ channels, the inner vestibule is wide, whereas in small-conductance channels it is narrow. Here we raise the idea that the physical dimensions of the hydrophobic internal vestibule limit ion transport in K+ channels, accounting for their diversity in unitary conductance.

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Łopatecki, Karol. "The Introduction of the Transport Service Tax and Transport Service Treasury in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania." Lithuanian Historical Studies 24, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-02401001.

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The article analyses actions taken and normative acts issued that formed the basis for the functioning of the transport service tax (podwoda tax) (1546–1578). The impact of Lithuanian solutions on the system introduced in the Polish Crown (1564–1565) is assessed. The tax base and characteristics of rules and collection are presented in the article. The resistance of the nobility to the introduction of this tribute is described. The resistance was much stronger than that observed for even extraordinary (one-off ) taxes several dozen times higher. Reasons for the marginalisation of this tribute and the ever smaller amounts going into the Land Treasury of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania are also shown. The article stresses that the only permanent annual tax in force in Lithuania was introduced in 1558. This state of affairs lasted until the reign of Władysław IV. He donated the quarterly tax (kwarta) to the treasury as income. The potential annual revenues resulting from the introduced tax ranged between 2,700 and 4,400 zlotys, and were allocated to the transport system based on transport service provision. The Transport Service Treasury (Podwoda Treasury) was to be supervised by the treasury guardian (skarbny), together with the treasury writer (pisarz skarbowy). Both were expected to pay the calculated amounts to messengers, envoys, and other people travelling for state purposes.

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Liu, Jiayi, Jiaxin Wu, Changpeng Chen, Lu Han, Ziqing Zhu, and Jinping Wu. "Negative differential resistance and magnetoresistance in zigzag borophene nanoribbons." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 04 (February 2018): 1850033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218500339.

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Since borophene has been grown experimentally, its extraordinary characteristics have attracted more and more attentions. In this paper, we construct pristine zigzag-edged borophene nanoribbons (ZBNRs) of different widths to study the transport properties, using the first-principles calculations. The differences of the quantum transport properties are discussed, where even-N ZBNRs and odd-N ZBNRs have different current–voltage relationships. Especially, the negative differential resistance (NDR) can be observed within certain bias range in 5-ZBNR and 7-ZBNR, while 6-ZBNR behaves like a metal whose current rises with the increase of the voltage. Moreover, borophene nanoribbon shows interesting magnetic transport properties. The spin-filtering effect can be revealed when the two electrodes have opposite magnetization directions. Besides, the magnetoresistance effect appears to exist in even-N ZBNRs and the maximum value can reach 70%. The mechanisms of these phenomena are proposed in detail.

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Movaghar, B. "Physics of microstructures." Canadian Journal of Physics 67, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p89-053.

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A brief review is presented of the novel physics associated with submicrometre structures produced by molecular beam epitaxy and electron beam lithography. In low-temperature transport, the most important effect is the achievement of extraordinary long coherence lengths (10 μm) or high mobilities for carriers moving in two dimensions and constructed topologies. Ballistic motion, fractional quantum Hall effect, and Bohm–Aharonov interference are direct consequences. When barriers are present in multiple quantum well and superlattice structures, we have resonant tunnelling, Stark localization, and magneto-Stark transport. In optics, the main novelty is the consequence of the quantum well confinement, giving rise to sharp inter-subband transitions and excitonic effects. The strongly wavelength-dependent absorption can be of considerable importance in photodiodes, wavelength demultiplexers, and infrared detectors.

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Ji, Kate Mingjie, Ying Zhao, Jiaming Wang, and Xiaoting Huang. "Consuming the mundane and extraordinary: hospitality facilities and transport in the spatiotemporal behaviour of theme park visitors." Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 26, no. 9 (June 30, 2021): 953–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2021.1925318.

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Sahinbegovic, Hana, Tomas Jelinek, Matous Hrdinka, Juli R. Bago, Marcello Turi, Tereza Sevcikova, Amina Kurtovic-Kozaric, Roman Hajek, and Michal Simicek. "Intercellular Mitochondrial Transfer in the Tumor Microenvironment." Cancers 12, no. 7 (July 4, 2020): 1787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12071787.

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Cell-to-cell communication is a fundamental process in every multicellular organism. In addition to membrane-bound and released factors, the sharing of cytosolic components represents a new, poorly explored signaling route. An extraordinary example of this communication channel is the direct transport of mitochondria between cells. In this review, we discuss how intercellular mitochondrial transfer can be used by cancer cells to sustain their high metabolic requirements and promote drug resistance and describe relevant molecular players in the context of current and future cancer therapy.

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Martínez-Menárguez, José A. "Intra-Golgi Transport: Roles for Vesicles, Tubules, and Cisternae." ISRN Cell Biology 2013 (February 24, 2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/126731.

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The Golgi complex is considered the central station of the secretory pathway where cargo proteins and lipids are properly modified, classified, packed into specific carriers and delivered to their final destinations. Early electron microscope studies showed the extraordinary structural complexity of this organelle. However, despite the large volume of incoming and outgoing traffic, it is able to maintain its architecture, although it is also flexible enough to adapt to the functional status of the cell. Many components of the molecular machinery involved in membrane traffic and other Golgi functions have been identified. However, some basic aspects of Golgi functioning remain unsolved. For instance, how cargo moves through the stack remains controversial and two classical models have been proposed: vesicular transport and cisternal maturation. Since neither of these models explains all the experimental data, a combination of these models as well as new models have been proposed. In this context, the specific role of the cisternae, vesicles and tubules needs to be clarified. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the Golgi organization and function, focusing on the mechanisms of intra-Golgi transport.

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Krivda, Vladislav, Jan Petru, David Macha, and Jakub Novak. "Use of Microsimulation Traffic Models as Means for Ensuring Public Transport Sustainability and Accessibility." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052709.

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This article deals with the issue of a partial problem in the sustainability and availability of public transport using the example of a specific transit node. In every public transport network, it is the transit nodes that can be a threat to the entire transport system in case of a bad design. The article presents a microsimulation traffic model of a transit node, which was created in the PTV VISSIM/VISWALK program. This model was tested by various traffic loads (i.e., normal loads, loads taking into account the extension of the tram network and loads at extraordinary sports or cultural events). As part of the evaluation of the monitored node, the movement of passengers on pedestrian areas, escalators and staircases was analysed. The obtained results demonstrate the importance of monitoring, for example, the Level of Service, average travel times and pedestrian speeds and other parameters, to ensure the functionality of this construction. The use of traffic models can be crucial, as they can be an invaluable aid and a suitable tool in finding the optimal transport solution that respects the requirements for sustainable and accessible public transport.

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Cetean, V. "INFORMATION CONCERNING BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES OF GETO-DACS IN THE 1ST MILLENNIUM B.C." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 3 (January 1, 2004): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16455.

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Spread according to an amazing plan of defense, at the foot of stately heights, at the blunted peaks or on their oblong ridges, the Dacian fortifications and the villages of some blooming communities are proof of an extraordinary technique of space planning and of setting up of construction works, proved by their variety, richness and monumental character. Raised of large and averagesize limestone blocks, these fortified areas impress not only by the chosen position, by the extraordinary building techniques, in accordance with the most up-to-date principles of strength, equilibrium and waterproofing, but also by iron processing workshops and time measuring devices. This type of buildings implies today, as it did then, specialists in designing, skillful workers for the execution, but more especially experience in construction works. The discovered fortifications and walls totalize at each of the cities about 200,000 m3 of stone, which indicates vast building rock mining, opening-up and rock stripping, splitting of the blocks out of the mother-rock, shaping workshops, efficient ways of transport and an advanced organization of the "building site".

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Schüler, Dirk, and Edmund Baeuerlein. "Dynamics of Iron Uptake and Fe3O4 Biomineralization during Aerobic and Microaerobic Growth of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.1.159-162.1998.

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ABSTRACT Iron uptake and magnetite (Fe3O4) crystal formation could be studied in the microaerophilic magnetic bacteriumMagnetospirillum gryphiswaldense by using a radioactive tracer method for iron transport and a differential light-scattering technique for magnetism. Magnetite formation occurred only in a narrow range of low oxygen concentration, i.e., 2 to 7 μM O2 at 30°C. Magnetic cells stored up to 2% iron as magnetite crystals in intracytoplasmic vesicles. This extraordinary uptake of iron was coupled tightly to the biomineralization of up to 60 magnetite crystals with diameters of 42 to 45 nm.

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Alper, Mark. "The Biological Membrane." MRS Bulletin 17, no. 11 (November 1992): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400046674.

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All living cells, and many of the structures within these cells (mitochondria, nuclei, chloroplasts) are surrounded by biological membranes which serve to separate the cell contents from the surrounding environment. The biological membrane is an extraordinary material. It controls the highly selective transport of molecules into and out of the cell. It senses the environment outside the cell and transmits information about it to the intracellular machinery. It reports information about the cell to the outside world—its identity and its state of function. It transports electrons, converts sunlight to chemical and electrical energy, pumps small molecules against a concentration gradient, and uses that gradient as a source of energy. The membrane is a generally robust structure, and one that can be modified in a controlled manner, making it adaptable for use in nonbiological applications. It has served as a model for sensors and detectors, for surface modification agents, for drug delivery systems, and for information storage and delivery, as well as other optoelectronic functions.

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Stohl, A., H. Huntrieser, A. Richter, S. Beirle, O. Cooper, S. Eckhardt, C. Forster, et al. "Rapid intercontinental air pollution transport associated with a meteorological bomb." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 3, no. 2 (April 16, 2003): 2101–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-3-2101-2003.

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Abstract. Intercontinental transport (ICT) of trace substances normally occurs on timescales ranging from a few days to several weeks. In this paper an extraordinary episode in November 2001 is presented, where pollution transport across the North Atlantic took only about one day. The transport mechanism, termed here an intercontinental pollution express highway, was exceptional, as it involved an explosively generated cyclone, a so-called meteorological "bomb". To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study describing pollution transport in a bomb. The discovery of this event was based on transport model calculations and satellite measurements of NO2, a species with a relatively short lifetime in the atmosphere, which could be transported that far only because of the high wind speeds produced by the bomb. A 15-year transport climatology shows that intercontinental express highways are about four times more frequent in winter than in summer, in agreement with bomb climatologies. The climatology furthermore reveals that intercontinental express highways may be important for the budget of short-lived substances in the remote troposphere. For instance, for a substance with a lifetime of 1 day, express highways may be responsible for about two thirds of the total ICT. A rough calculation suggests that express highways connecting North America with Europe enhance the average NOx mixing ratios over Europe, due to North American emissions, by about 2–3 pptv in winter.

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Yang, Heechan, Jonghyun Baek, and Hyung Gyu Park. "Architecture and mass transport properties of graphene-based membranes." JMST Advances 2, no. 3 (August 20, 2020): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42791-020-00032-6.

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Abstract A recently rising question of the applicability of two-dimensional (2D) materials to membranes of enhanced performance in water technology is drawing attention increasingly. At the center of the attention lies graphene, an atom-thick 2D material, for its readiness and manufacturability. This review presents an overview of recent research activities focused on the fundamental mass transport phenomena of two feasible membrane architectures from graphene. If one could perforate pores in a pristine impermeable graphene sheet with dimensional accuracy, the perforated 2D orifice would show unrivaled permeation of gases and liquids due to the 0D atomic barrier. If possibly endowed with selectivity, the porous graphene orifice would avail potentially for membrane separation processes. For example, it is noteworthy that results of molecular dynamics simulations and several early experiments have exhibited the potential use of the ultrathin permeable graphene layer having sub-nanometer-sized pores for a water desalination membrane. The other membrane design is obtainable by random stacking of moderately oxidized graphene platelets. This lamellar architecture suggests the possibility of water treatment and desalination membranes because of subnanometric interlayer spacing between two adjacent graphene sheets. The unique structure and mass transport phenomena could enlist these graphene membrane architectures as extraordinary membrane material effective to various applications of membrane technology including water treatment. Graphic abstract

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Basu, Tuhin Shuvra, and Mallar Ray. "Extraordinary electron and phonon transport through metal-semiconductor hybrid nanocomposite: decoupling electrical and thermal conductivities for thermoelectric application." International Journal of Nanotechnology 11, no. 9/10/11 (2014): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijnt.2014.063797.

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Chudzinski, P. "Contribution of 1D topological states to the extraordinary thermoelectric properties of Bi 2 Te 3." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 476, no. 2239 (July 2020): 20200088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2020.0088.

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Topological insulators are frequently also one of the best-known thermoelectric materials. It has been recently discovered that in three-dimensional (3D) topological insulators each skew dislocation can host a pair of one-dimensional (1D) topological states—a helical Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid (TLL). We derive exact analytical formulae for thermoelectric Seebeck coefficient in TLL and investigate up to what extent one can ascribe the outstanding thermoelectric properties of Bi 2 Te 3 to these 1D topological states. To this end we take a model of a dense dislocation network and find an analytic formula for an overlap between 1D (the TLL) and 3D electronic states. Our study is applicable to a weakly n -doped Bi 2 Te 3 but also to a broader class of nano-structured materials with artificially created 1D systems. Furthermore, our results can be used at finite frequency settings, e.g. to capture transport activated by photo-excitations.

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Markiewicz, PhD, Assoc Prof Telesfor Marek. "AIR TRAFFIC CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN EUROPEAN AIRSPACE – THE LEGAL CONTEXT AND THE EXPERIENCE OF THE NETWORK MANAGER." Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Sztuki Wojennej 116, no. 3 (June 3, 2020): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3305.

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The article looks at the genesis and evolution of Network Manager (NM) activities in terms of responding to disturbances and crisis situations and mitigating their effects on the European air traffic management network. The objective of these activities, carried out in coordination with the operational stakeholders and other relevant stakeholders, is to ensure the maximum continuity and safety of air navigation services for aircraft operators and airports. The review, analysis and evaluation of how to respond to extraordinary and unforeseen events that have a negative impact on the functioning of the air transport sector in Europe covers the period 2010-2019.

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Markiewicz, Telesfor Marek. "Crisis management in the European Air Traffic Management Network." WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 130 (September 1, 2020): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5243.

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The article presents the genesis and evolution of Network Manager (NM) activities in terms of responding to disturbances and crisis situations and mitigating their effects on the European air traffic management network. The objective of these activities, carried out in coordination with the operational stakeholders and other relevant stakeholders, is to ensure maximum continuity and safety of air navigation services for aircraft operators and airports. The review, analysis and evaluation of how to respond to extraordinary and unforeseen events with a negative impact on the functioning of the air transport sector in Europe covers the period 2010-2018.

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43

John Chelliah, Cyril R. A., and Rajesh Swaminathan. "Current trends in changing the channel in MOSFETs by III–V semiconducting nanostructures." Nanotechnology Reviews 6, no. 6 (November 27, 2017): 613–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2017-0155.

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AbstractThe quest for high device density in advanced technology nodes makes strain engineering increasingly difficult in the last few decades. The mechanical strain and performance gain has also started to diminish due to aggressive transistor pitch scaling. In order to continue Moore’s law of scaling, it is necessary to find an effective way to enhance carrier transport in scaled dimensions. In this regard, the use of alternative nanomaterials that have superior transport properties for metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) channel would be advantageous. Because of the extraordinary electron transport properties of certain III–V compound semiconductors, III–Vs are considered a promising candidate as a channel material for future channel metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor devices. In this review, the importance of the III–V semiconductor nanostructured channel in MOSFET is highlighted with a proposed III–V GaN nanostructured channel (thickness of 10 nm); Al2O3 dielectric gate oxide based MOSFET is reported with a very low threshold voltage of 0.1 V and faster switching of the device.

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Hutchinson, Harry. "To Get to the Other Side." Mechanical Engineering 128, no. 04 (April 1, 2006): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2006-apr-4.

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This paper discusses engineering design ideas employed by P. Wirzius Heavy Assembly GmbH of Hinden, Germany, to transport heavy loads across states. In order to find a safe way to cross its bridges, Wirzius enlisted a specialist in getting heavy objects safely to their destinations, Greiner Vehicle Technology, an engineering company based in Neuenstein, Germany. Greiner says it designs systems for transporting large machinery by road or rail. Working with Wirzius, the Greiner company devised a plan to transfer some of the extraordinary vehicle weight to a temporary track system that would channel that part of the load directly to the bridge piers. Engineers working in 3D simulated the system in motion and avoided problems, like collisions, that would otherwise have needed correction later. Crews from Greiner and Wirzius tested the system at the former Butzweilerhof Airport in Ossendorf. A transport vehicle had to transport 295 tons of ballast across a 14S-meter track. The next day, they repeated the test as a demonstration for French motorway authorities.

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45

Stohl, A., H. Huntrieser, A. Richter, S. Beirle, O. R. Cooper, S. Eckhardt, C. Forster, et al. "Rapid intercontinental air pollution transport associated with a meteorological bomb." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3, no. 4 (July 9, 2003): 969–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-969-2003.

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Abstract. Intercontinental transport (ICT) of trace substances normally occurs on timescales ranging from a few days to several weeks. In this paper an extraordinary episode in November 2001 is presented, where pollution transport across the North Atlantic took only about one day. The transport mechanism, termed here an intercontinental pollution express highway because of the high wind speeds, was exceptional, as it involved an explosively generated cyclone, a so-called meteorological "bomb''. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study describing pollution transport in a bomb. The discovery of this event was based on tracer transport model calculations and satellite measurements of NO2, a species with a relatively short lifetime in the atmosphere, which could be transported that far only because of the high wind speeds produced by the bomb. A 15-year transport climatology shows that intercontinental express highways are about four times more frequent in winter than in summer, in agreement with bomb climatologies. The climatology furthermore suggests that intercontinental express highways may be important for the budget of short-lived substances in the remote troposphere. For instance, for a substance with a lifetime of 1 day, express highways may be responsible for about two thirds of the total ICT. We roughly estimate that express highways connecting North America with Europe enhance the average NOx mixing ratios over Europe, due to North American emissions, by about 2-3 pptv in winter.

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Riuttanen, L., M. Dal Maso, G. de Leeuw, I. Riipinen, L. Sogacheva, V. Vakkari, L. Laakso, and M. Kulmala. "Long-range transport of biomass burning smoke to Finland in 2006." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 2 (February 15, 2013): 4289–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-4289-2013.

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Abstract. Finland experienced extraordinary smoke episodes in 2006. The smoke was measured at the three SMEAR measurement network stations in Finland after it had been transported several hundreds of kilometers from burning areas in Eastern Europe. A trajectory method combining MODIS fire detections and HYSPLIT trajectories enabled us to separate the effect of biomass burning smoke from the measured concentrations and also study the changes in the smoke during its transport. The long-range transported smoke included at least NOx, SO2, CO2, CO, black carbon and fine aerosol particles, peaking at 100 to 200 nm size. The most reliable smoke markers were CO and SO2, especially when combined with particle data, for which black carbon or the condensation sink are very effective parameters separating the smoke episodes from no-smoke episodes. Signs of fresh secondary particles was observed based on the particle number size distribution data. While transported from south to north, particles grew in size, even after transport of tens of hours and several hundreds of kilometres. No new aerosol particle formation events were observed at the measurement sites during the smoke periods.

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Ruiz-Montañez, Miguel. "Financing public transport: a spatial model based on city size." European Journal of Management and Business Economics 26, no. 1 (July 3, 2017): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejmbe-07-2017-007.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationships between public transport services and the financial needs. Cities require to be equipped with public transport networks as they are primarily responsible for creation of wealth for countries and to ensure sustainability of urbanization. Once decisions have been taken to design, build and operate such networks, it is equally important to set rules for urban transport financing. Depending on the city size and other factors, authorities allocate resources. Nonetheless, is there a relationship between the size of the city and its public transport financial needs? This paper develops a model to explain such relationships. Design/methodology/approach The study develops a spatial model, while providing intuition through the use of graphs, to solve the question of the amount of resources allocated for financing the transport services. Findings It is verified that those financial needs are more than proportional to the size of the city; when a city grows in its number of boroughs, economic funds needed to support public transport have to increase in a greater proportion in comparison to the growth of boroughs growth. The model states a formula valid for explaining the financial needs. Originality/value The model is interesting as it explains why large metropolitan areas need special financial aid from authorities. Real life shows that big cities like Paris, Berlin or Madrid need extraordinary funds for this purpose, and in most of the cases, specific national laws are required for financing public transport networks in these large metropolitan areas.

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Cox, Rónadh, Kalle L. Jahn, Oona G. Watkins, and Peter Cox. "Extraordinary boulder transport by storm waves (west of Ireland, winter 2013–2014), and criteria for analysing coastal boulder deposits." Earth-Science Reviews 177 (February 2018): 623–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.12.014.

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Bai, Yunlong, Tailin Xu, and Xueji Zhang. "Graphene-Based Biosensors for Detection of Biomarkers." Micromachines 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11010060.

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The development of biosensors with high sensitivity and low-detection limits provides a new direction for medical and personal care. Graphene and graphene derivatives have been used to prepare various types of biosensors due to their excellent sensing performance (e.g., high specific surface area, extraordinary electronic properties, electron transport capabilities and ultrahigh flexibility). This perspective review focuses on graphene-based biosensors for quantitative detection of cancer-related biomarkers such as DNA, miRNA, small molecules and proteins by integrating with different signal outputting approaches including fluorescent, electrochemistry, surface plasmon resonance, surface enhanced Raman scattering, etc. The article also discussed their challenges and potential solutions along with future prospects.

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Dai, Xinghong, and Z. Hong Zhou. "Structure of the herpes simplex virus 1 capsid with associated tegument protein complexes." Science 360, no. 6384 (April 5, 2018): eaao7298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aao7298.

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Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) rely on capsid-associated tegument complex (CATC) for long-range axonal transport of their genome-containing capsids between sites of infection and neuronal cell bodies. Here we report cryo–electron microscopy structures of the HSV-1 capsid with CATC up to 3.5-angstrom resolution and atomic models of multiple conformers of capsid proteins VP5, VP19c, VP23, and VP26 and tegument proteins pUL17, pUL25, and pUL36. Crowning every capsid vertex are five copies of heteropentameric CATC, each containing a pUL17 monomer supporting the coiled-coil helix bundle of a pUL25 dimer and a pUL36 dimer, thus positioning their flexible domains for potential involvement in nuclear capsid egress and axonal capsid transport. Notwithstanding newly discovered fold conservation between triplex proteins and bacteriophage λ protein gpD and the previously recognized bacteriophage HK97 gp5–like fold in VP5, HSV-1 capsid proteins exhibit extraordinary diversity in forms of domain insertion and conformational polymorphism, not only for interactions with tegument proteins but also for encapsulation of large genomes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Extraordinary transport'

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