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Journal articles on the topic 'Extraposition'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Lenardič, Jakob, and Gašper Ilc. "English Raising Predicates and (Non-)Finite Clauses." Fluminensia 31, no. 1 (2019): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/f.31.1.11.

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In this paper, we present a diachronic and synchronic analysis of raising and extraposition constructions in the historical Brown Corpus and the more contemporary English Web Corpus 2015. We begin by establishing two diachronic facts: first, raising constructions are used much more frequently than their semantically equivalent extraposition variants, and second, the distribution of raising and extraposition remains – rather exceptionally in comparison to other structures allowing for finite/non-finite variation – diachronically consistent from the beginning of the 20th century to 2015. We then

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2

Kaltenböck, Gunther. "It-extraposition in English." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 10, no. 2 (2005): 119–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.10.2.02kal.

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This paper investigates the communicative use ofit-extraposition (e.g.It is surprising that John went to London) in texts, based on a corpus analysis of 1,701 instances in the British component of theInternational Corpus of English. Contrary to the wayit-extraposition is often treated in the literature, it does not represent a uniform functional category whose communicative purpose arises mainly from its status as the stylistically unmarked counterpart of non-extraposition. An analysis of the information status of the extraposed subject shows that it is possible to distinguish two basic types

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3

Sapp, Christopher. "Word order patterns in the Old High German right periphery and their Indo-European origins." Diachronica 33, no. 3 (2016): 367–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.33.3.03sap.

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I investigate deviations from the OV order in the OHG texts Isidor and Tatian. Abstracting away from cases of verb-second, post-verbal constituents tend to be heavy or focused. OHG thus has a head-final VP with extraposition of NPs and PPs. Likewise, verbal complexes with the order finite before non-finite are derived by Verb (Projection) Raising. Ancient Indo-European languages are also underlyingly OV with evidence for extraposition. This suggests that OHG inherited the head-final VP, extraposition and even V(P)R from Proto-Indo-European. Because extraposition and V(P)R are at the periphery

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4

Hunter, Tim, and Robert Frank. "Eliminating Rightward Movement: Extraposition as Flexible Linearization of Adjuncts." Linguistic Inquiry 45, no. 2 (2014): 227–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00154.

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We propose an account of adjunct extraposition that does not invoke rightward movement. Instead, the noncanonical placement of adjuncts at the right edge of a sentence arises from the very same mechanisms that allow adjuncts to behave flexibly with respect to basic constituency tests and to avoid reconstruction. The system we propose naturally explains the locality restrictions on extraposition and certain interactions between extraposition and movement, and dovetails with an analysis of how adjuncts semantically compose with their hosts.

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5

Huck, Geoffrey J., and Younghee Na. "Extraposition and Focus." Language 66, no. 1 (1990): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415279.

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6

김성종. "Extraposition in English." Studies in Linguistics ll, no. 16 (2010): 67–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17002/sil..16.201004.67.

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7

Wallenberg, Joel C. "Extraposition is disappearing." Language 92, no. 4 (2016): e237-e256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2016.0079.

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8

Collins, Peter. "Extraposition in English." Functions of Language 1, no. 1 (1994): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.1.1.03col.

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This paper, which is based on a corpus of contemporary Australian English, investigates the structural and communicative properties of extraposed clause constructions. Such constructions will often be superficially similar to right-dislocated constructions, but are generally distinguishable from these on structural, communicative and prosodie grounds. If there are no grammatical factors impeding extraposition (such as a matrix predicate containing a subordinate clause or an identified complement), then finite and infinitival clauses may be freely extraposed. Present-participials, which are mor

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9

Huck, Geoffrey J., and Younghee Na. "Extraposition and focus." Language 66, no. 1 (1990): 51–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.1990.0023.

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10

Sheehan, Michelle. "Extraposition and antisymmetry." Linguistic Variation Yearbook 2010 10 (December 31, 2010): 201–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/livy.10.06she.

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‘Extraposition’ is a cover term for two distinct phenomena (cf. also Fox & Nissenbaum 1999; Kiss 2005). The first, which I assume to be derived by parallel construal (following Koster 2000), targets only RCs, blocks reconstruction of the extraposed constituent to the base position of the source, and as such has the effect of bleeding condition C. The second, which I claim is derived via scattered deletion, targets post-head complements/modifiers, triggers obligatory reconstruction of the source+complement/modifier to base-position and leaves extraposed complements open to subextraction, al

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11

Grosu, Alexander, and Julia Horvath. "Reply to Bhatt and Pancheva's “Late Merger of Degree Clauses”: The Irrelevance of (Non)conservativity." Linguistic Inquiry 37, no. 3 (2006): 457–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling.2006.37.3.457.

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According to Bhatt and Pancheva (2004), two effects they attribute to degree constructions (obligatory extraposition effects and scope rigidity effects determined by the superficial position of degree phrases/clauses) can be given a unified analysis in terms of an extension of Fox and Nissenbaum's (1999) analysis of extraposition in conjunction with the nonconservativity of (certain) degree words. We show that, under full preservation of Bhatt and Pancheva's theoretical assumptions, their account faces at least three problems: (a) one of the phenomena they propose to unify, the one involving s

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12

Wood, Jim. "Icelandic Object Extraposition Is Still a Problem for the Movement Theory of Control: A Reply to Drummond and Hornstein." Linguistic Inquiry 48, no. 3 (2017): 513–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00252.

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In Wood 2012 , I argued that object extraposition of infinitive clauses in Icelandic reveals a problem for the movement theory of control (MTC). Object extraposition involves a pronoun that, when present, prevents any movement out of the extraposed clause, but allows the control dependency. Drummond and Hornstein (2014) claim that the facts discussed in Wood 2012 are compatible with the MTC. In this reply, I show that their response is based on a misunderstanding of how Icelandic object extraposition works and that the problem observed in Wood 2012 remains. I also present a novel argument agai

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13

MIZUGUCHI, MANABU. "EXTRAPOSITION AND CYCLIC SYNTAX." ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 26, no. 2 (2009): 293–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.9793/elsj.26.2_293.

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14

HIRATA, ICHIRO. "EXTRAPOSITION AND VP-SHELL." ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 13 (1996): 93–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.13.93.

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15

TOURATIER, Christian. "Extraposition et structuration informative." Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 93, no. 1 (1998): 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/bsl.93.1.2002489.

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16

Neeleman, Ad, and Amanda Payne. "PP-Extraposition and the Order of Adverbials in English." Linguistic Inquiry 51, no. 3 (2020): 471–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00352.

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In English, adverbials may intervene between the verb and a selected PP. We consider three analyses of this fact: the traditional account, that the PP shifts rightward across a right-adjoined adverbial ( Stowell 1981 ); an alternative account, that the verb moves leftward across a left-adjoined adverbial ( Pesetsky 1989 , Johnson 1991 ); and a hybrid account that assumes both extraposition and verb raising. We argue that the order of postverbal adverbials favors the extraposition analysis, provided this analysis is combined with the hypothesis that certain adverbials can directly modify other

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17

Ebrahimi, Seyed Foad, and Reza Moghaddam. "SUBJECT IT-EXTRAPOSITION IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS RESEARCH ARTICLES: SEMANTIC AND SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS." Discourse and Interaction 12, no. 1 (2019): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/di2019-1-29.

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During the last two decades, numerous studies have focused on linguistic features of academic writing. One of these features, which appears frequently in academic writing and which writers need to improve their use of, is the it-extraposition construction. The existing literature on subject it-extraposition has focused on syntactic analysis (types and patterns) of this construction and little attention has been paid to semantic analysis (meanings); thus, this study aims to explore the types, patterns and meanings of subject it-extraposition used in Applied Linguistics research articles. The st

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18

Laporte, Samantha, Tove Larsson, and Larissa Goulart. "Testing the Principle of No Synonymy across levels of abstraction." Constructions and Frames 13, no. 2 (2021): 230–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.00052.lap.

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Abstract This corpus-based study tests the Principle of No Synonymy across levels of abstraction by examining the syntactic realizations of subject extraposition (e.g., it is important to, it seems that), and by investigating at which level(s) of formal description a difference in form also entails a difference in function. The results show that distinct pairs of form and function, i.e. constructions, can be found at different levels of abstraction, but that these constructions also subsume formal realization patterns that do not encode a difference in function. This suggests that the Principl

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19

Collard, Camille, Heike Przybyl, and Bart Defrancq. "Interpreting into an SOV Language: Memory and the Position of the Verb. A Corpus-Based Comparative Study of Interpreted and Non-mediated Speech." Meta 63, no. 3 (2019): 695–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1060169ar.

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In Dutch and German subordinate clauses, the verb is generally placed after the clausal constituents (Subject-Object-Verb structure) thereby creating a middle field (or verbal brace). This makes interpreting from SOV into SVO languages particularly challenging as it requires further processing and feats of memory. It often requires interpreters to use specific strategies (for example, anticipation) (Lederer 1981; Liontou 2011). However, few studies have tackled this issue from the point of view of interpreting into SOV languages. Producing SOV structures requires some specific cognitive effort

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20

Cho, Wooyoung. "Extraposition from Subjects & Specificity." Journal of Mirae English Language and Literature 24, no. 4 (2019): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.46449/mjell.2019.11.24.4.57.

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21

TOURATIER, Christian. "Sujet et extraposition en berbère." Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 81, no. 1 (1986): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/bsl.81.1.2013706.

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22

Overfelt, Jason. "Extraposition of NPIs from NP." Lingua 164 (September 2015): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2015.06.006.

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23

Farrokh, Parisa. "The translating of english extraposition constructions into azeri." Limbaj şi context = Speech and Context : Rev. de lingvistică, semiotică şi şt. literară 2011 (2) (April 26, 2017): 269–80. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.569233.

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Abstract The aim of the research is to run the gamut of English extraposition constructions involving copular verbs, followed by “that-clause” and infinitive. Providing some evidence of the use of these constructions and comparing their translation in Azeri and investigating of linguistic properities are the purposes of this study. To this aim, the English fictions and their Azeri translations considered as sources of the data. The researcher classifies the data into two main categories:the extraposition constructions followed by “that”-clause and the extraposition constructions followed by “i

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24

Dolatian, Hossep, and Tom Meadows. "Prosodically-conditioned relative clause extraposition in Armenian." Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 8 (December 7, 2023): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/xw9svp45.

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Armenian is an SOV language that has post-nominal finite relative clauses (RCs). These clauses are typically immediately post-nominal: N+RC. But in various contexts, the relative clause is extraposed to the right edge of the sentence: N+V+RC instead of *N+RC+V. The various contexts are united by how the modified noun is prosodically phrased with an immediately following verb. We argue that extraposition is conditioned by prosodic phrasing. A host of syntactic factors (definiteness, subject/object, valency) are indirectly involved in extraposition, but these factors are tied directly to prosodi

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25

이주은. "Extraposition from Subject and Locative Syntax." Studies in Generative Grammar 21, no. 2 (2011): 265–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15860/sigg.21.2.201105.265.

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26

Jong-Bok Kim. "Grammatical Interfaces in English Object Extraposition." Linguistic Research 25, no. 3 (2008): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17250/khisli.25.3.200812.007.

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27

Lee, Kyoungmi, and Gwangrak Son. "Specificity and Extraposition in Phase Theory." Journal of Linguistics Science 82 (September 30, 2017): 261–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21296/jls.2017.09.82.261.

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28

Kappus, Martin, Uli Lutz, and Jurgen Pafel. "On Extraction and Extraposition in German." Language 74, no. 2 (1998): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417894.

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29

Bergh, Gunnar. "Vacuous extraposition from object in English." Studia Neophilologica 69, no. 1 (1997): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00393279708588194.

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30

Göbbel, Edward. "Extraposition of relative clauses: Phonological solutions." Lingua 136 (November 2013): 77–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2013.07.010.

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31

Larsson, Tove, and Henrik Kaatari. "Extraposition in learner and expert writing." International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 5, no. 1 (2019): 33–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijlcr.17014.lar.

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Abstract Subject extraposition (e.g. it is important to remember) is generally considered to be a formal construction that learners, whose writing is often said to be overly informal, have been found to struggle with. This study investigates to what extent register and text type can be used to explore learners’ reportedly “informal” use of this construction. Learner writing is compared to expert writing from several different registers and to native-speaker student writing. The results show that there are important differences across both registers and text types. Furthermore, while the learne

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32

Michaelis, Laura A., and Knud Lambrecht. "On Nominal Extraposition: A Constructional Analysis." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 20, no. 1 (1994): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v20i1.1457.

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33

Reeve, Matthew, and Glyn Hicks. "Adjunct Extraposition: Base Generation or Movement?" Syntax 20, no. 3 (2017): 215–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/synt.12136.

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34

Kiss, Tibor. "Semantic Constraints on Relative Clause Extraposition." Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 23, no. 2 (2005): 281–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11049-003-1838-7.

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35

Schwabe, Kerstin. "Extraposition and ellipsis in coordinative structures." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 9 (November 1, 1997): 106–44. https://doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.9.1997.717.

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36

KONDO, RYOICHI. "TWO TYPES OF EXTRAPOSITION CONSTRUCTION IN ENGLISH." ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 32, no. 2 (2015): 346–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.9793/elsj.32.2_346.

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37

이은경 and 이혜영. "Functional Analysis of Extraposition from Subject NPs." Studies in English Language & Literature 35, no. 3 (2009): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.21559/aellk.2009.35.3.015.

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38

Cruschina, Silvio. "Syntactic Extraposition and clitic resumption in Italian." Lingua 120, no. 1 (2010): 50–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2009.04.002.

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39

Sapp, Christopher D. "Extraposition in Middle and New High German." Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 17, no. 2 (2014): 129–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10828-014-9066-6.

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40

Herriman, Jennifer. "The functions of extraposition in English texts." Functions of Language 7, no. 2 (2000): 203–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.7.2.03her.

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41

Poschmann, Claudia, and Michael Wagner. "Relative clause extraposition and prosody in German." Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 34, no. 3 (2015): 1021–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11049-015-9314-8.

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42

Stroik, Thomas S. "Extraposition and expletive-movement: A minimalist account." Lingua 99, no. 4 (1996): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(96)00020-4.

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43

Hartmann, Jutta M. "Freezing in it-clefts." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 58, no. 3 (2013): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000841310000267x.

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Freezing is the cover term for the restriction on extraction from constituents in a derived position. The traditional Freezing cases are illustrated here with topicalization in (1a), heavy-NP shift in (1b), and extraposition in (1c).

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44

Kunets, Khrystyna. "UKRAINIAN EQUIVALENTS TO ENGLISH SENTENCES: WHAT THEY REVEAL ABOUT DATIVE EXPERIENCER AND EXPLETIVE CONSTRUCTION." Inozenma Philologia, no. 135 (December 15, 2022): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/fpl.2022.135.3804.

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This paper presents a comparative study of Ukrainian sentences with Dative experiencer and their English equivalents. While Ukrainian allows null-subject sentences, in English there is a structural subject it. Moreover, in Ukrainian, there are sentences with Dative experiencers in the sentence initial position. Interestingly, the same kind of predicates that licenses Dative experiencer construction in Ukrainian, licenses the it-extraposition in English. Thus, the objective of this research is to establish what predicates belong to this category and what there is in the structure of the predica

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45

KALTENBÖCK, GUNTHER. "On the syntactic and semantic status of anticipatory it." English Language and Linguistics 7, no. 2 (2003): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674303001096.

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So-called anticipatory it has been variously classified as a semantically empty prop it, as a referential pronoun, and as a category with an inherently cataphoric function. This article, which is based on a corpus study of actually occurring instances of anticipatory it, examines some of the arguments put forward for each of these classifications and – following Bolinger (1977) – argues for an analysis as ‘definite nominal’ with some referential force which can establish a referential link with a clausal constituent in the immediate context. As such, anticipatory it takes an intermediate posit

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46

Brandner, Ellen. "Bare Infinitives in Alemannic and the Categorial Status of Infinitival Complements." Linguistic Variation Yearbook 2006 6 (December 31, 2006): 203–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/livy.6.09bra.

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This article deals mainly with the distribution and function of the infinitival marker in Standard German and in Alemannic, a dialect spoken in Southern Germany.* At first sight both form and distribution differ in these two variants to a great extent. The most important difference is that Alemannic generally lacks the infinitival marker zu (to in English, te in Dutch) in the environments where it occurs in SG. Instead, bare infinitives are used to a much greater extent than in SG. A detailed comparison shows how these Alemannic data can shed some new light on SG infinitival constructions — wh

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47

LEE SEUNG HAN. "English Sentential Subject Extraposition: A Constraint-Based Approach." Linguistic Association of Korea Journal 26, no. 3 (2018): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24303/lakdoi.2018.26.3.71.

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48

Bolinger, Dwight. "The Role of Accent in Extraposition and Focus." Studies in Language 16, no. 2 (1992): 265–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.16.2.03bol.

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49

Van de Velde, Freek. "PP extraction and extraposition in Functional Discourse Grammar." Language Sciences 34, no. 4 (2012): 433–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2012.02.007.

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50

Hesson, Ashley. "Medically speaking: Mandative adjective extraposition in physician speech." Journal of Sociolinguistics 18, no. 3 (2014): 289–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josl.12084.

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