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1

de Oliveira-Souza, Ricardo. "The human extrapyramidal system." Medical Hypotheses 79, no. 6 (2012): 843–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2012.09.004.

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2

Sano, H. "Biochemistry of the extrapyramidal system." Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 6, no. 1 (2000): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-8020(99)00046-2.

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3

Barbanti, P., and G. Fabbrini. "Migraine and the Extrapyramidal System." Cephalalgia 22, no. 1 (2002): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2002.00313.x.

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This review explores a large series of observations from clinical and experimental studies on the interactions between migraine and the extrapyramidal system (EPS). A critical appraisal of these data suggests that the EPS is somehow involved in migraine. However, primary involvement of the EPS in the pathophysiology of migraine, as hinted at by the apparent concomitance of migraine, extrapyramidal symptoms and diseases, as well as by the common involvement of neurotransmitters and pathways, cannot as yet be proven. On the other hand, the involvement of EPS in migraine may reflect its more general role in the processing of nociceptive information and/or may be part of the complex behavioural adaptive response that characterizes migraine.
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4

&NA;, &NA;. "Neuropharmacology of the extrapyramidal system." Pain 35, no. 2 (1988): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(88)90244-8.

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5

Kirkpatrick, Brian, and Carol A. Tamminga. "The Endocrinology of Extrapyramidal System Disorders." Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 17, no. 1 (1988): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8529(18)30439-0.

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6

Kirkpatrick, Brian, and Carol A. Tamminga. "The Endocrinology of Extrapyramidal System Disorders." Neurologic Clinics 6, no. 1 (1988): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8619(18)30890-9.

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7

Rosse, Richard B., and Jon Peters. "Depression Dependent Parkinsonism: Case Report." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 16, no. 1 (1987): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ghrn-7rwe-lpd8-rfp7.

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With increasing depression a patient's Parkinsonian tremors increased. With successful treatment of the patient's depression with Imipramine, the tremors disappeared, but slowly began again after drug noncompliance resulted in recurrence of depression. Evidence suggesting a relationship between depression and extrapyramidal dysfunction is discussed. The need for a greater understanding of the role of the extrapyramidal system in emotion and behavior and the connections between the extrapyramidal system to limbic and cortical structures are noted.
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8

Arya, Dinesh K. "Extrapyramidal Symptoms with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors." British Journal of Psychiatry 165, no. 6 (1994): 728–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.165.6.728.

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BackgroundSeveral case reports in the literature suggest that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors can produce extrapyramidal symptoms.MethodComputerised literature searches were used to identify reports on extrapyramidal symptoms and serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Subsequently, manual searches were made for articles in which there was any indication of the mechanisms responsible for these extrapyramidal symptoms.ResultsOnly a few reports could be identified in which serotonin reuptake inhibitors were implicated in extrapyramidal symptoms in some patients.ConclusionsEvidence is discussed from preclinical and clinical studies suggesting the interaction between serotoninergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitter system, as a possible mechanism for production of extrapyramidal symptoms.
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9

Drobný, Michal, and Egon Kurča. "Possible extrapyramidal system degradation in Parkinson’s disease." Brain Research Bulletin 53, no. 4 (2000): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00367-1.

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10

de Oliveira-Souza, Ricardo, and Fernanda Tovar-Moll. "The Unbearable Lightness of the Extrapyramidal System." Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 21, no. 3 (2012): 280–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0964704x.2011.595652.

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11

Hasegawa, Kazuko, Hisayuki Kowa, and Saburo Yagishita. "Extrapyramidal system involvement in motor neuron disease." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 108, no. 2 (1992): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-510x(92)90044-l.

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12

Kudrevatykh, Anastasiya V., and Irina V. Miliukhina. "Diagnostic capabilities of posturological methods in extrapyramidal disorders." Medical academic journal 20, no. 1 (2020): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/maj26249.

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The posture is the position of the body in space, the ultimate goal of which is to maintain balance in static and dynamic conditions. The balance of the body is due to a complex system of regulation. The field of knowledge that studies balance maintenance processes is posturology. For over 20 years, stabilometry as a method of diagnosing postural balance has been widely used in clinical practice. This method has found its application in patients with pathologies of central and peripheral nervous systems. In this review we present modern concepts of postural balance formation and mechanisms of postural balance maintenance, as well as diagnostic capabilities of stabilometry in patients with diseases of extrapyramidal system.
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13

Girling, D. M., and G. E. Berrios. "Extrapyramidal Signs, Primitive Reflexes and Frontal Lobe Function in Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type." British Journal of Psychiatry 157, no. 6 (1990): 888–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.157.6.888.

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Of 146 elderly subjects suffering from Alzheimer-type dementia, 44% were found to have significant extrapyramidal signs. Although extrapyramidal signs were more common in those who had taken neuroleptic drugs in the preceding six months, 22 subjects (15%) who were drug free also had extrapyramidal signs. Scores for cognitive function and for ‘frontal lobe’ signs (verbal fluency, evidence of perseveration, and primitive reflexes) were found to correlate well with scores for extrapyramidal signs, suggesting that they reflect changes in a common substratum. It is tentatively suggested that this might be an abnormality in the dopamine system.
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14

Oczkowska, Anna, Wojciech Kozubski, Margarita Lianeri, and Jolanta Dorszewska. "Genetic Variants in Diseases of the Extrapyramidal System." Current Genomics 15, no. 1 (2014): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389202914666131210213327.

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15

Meara, R. J. "Serotonin and the extrapyramidal system — A neurological perspective." European Psychiatry 11 (January 1996): 254s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-9338(96)88765-7.

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16

Meara, Jolyon. "Serotonin and the extrapyramidal system ? a neurological perspective." Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 11, S2 (1996): S95—S102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1077(199606)11:2+3.0.co;2-c.

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17

Senanayake, N., and PS Sanmuganathan. "Extrapyramidal manifestations complicating organophosphorus insecticide poisoning." Human & Experimental Toxicology 14, no. 7 (1995): 600–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719501400708.

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Six patients who developed extrapyramidal manifesta tions following poisoning with the organophosphorus (OP) insecticide fenthion are reported. The extrapyramidal fea tures, in order of frequency, were dystonia, rest tremor, cog-wheel rigidity, and choreo-athetosis. The delay in onset of these signs, following poisoning, varied from 4 to 40 days, and they disappeared spontaneously in about 1 to 4 weeks in those who survived. The human extrapyrami dal system is rich in cholinergic neurons and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE). Inhibition of AChE by fenthion, which has ready access to central neurons on account of its lipid solubility, is postulated as the mechanism under lying the extrapyramidal manifestations.
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18

Zalyalova, Z. A., E. I. Bogdanov, G. R. Latypova, and L. A. Yakovleva. "Clinical-epidemiological aspects of Kazan Center for Extrapyramidal Pathology." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 7, no. 5-1 (2008): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2008-5-1-150-155.

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Pathology of extrapyramidal nervous system (EP) is one of the most complex sections of clinical neurology. Specificity of EP disorders accounts for the necessity of specialized assistance to patients with parkinsonism, tremor, dystonias, tics and other hyperkinesias. The article gives an account of a 4-year experience of Center for Extrapyramidal pathology work, as well as its problems and achievements. A total of 1 738 patients with different motor disorders (total of 4 301 consultations) were examined in the center for the whole period of its existence. Scientific research work is carried on as well. On the basis of the experience it was found out that neurologists. Сome across considerable difficulties in making diagnosis and choice of extrapyramidal diseases treatment. We are planning to expand the use of modern techniques in diagnosis and treatment (including botulotoxin injections, deep brain stimulation), identification of epidemiology of some extrapyramidal disorders in Kazan city.
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19

Oliveira-Souza, R. "Motor hemiplegia and the cerebral organization of movement in man: II. The myth of the human extrapyramidal system." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 47, no. 1 (1989): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x1989000100003.

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Following a brief review of the concept of extrapyramidal system, clinical and anatomic evidence is presented against its relative prominence in man. It is proposed that the greatest part of those structures traditionally labeled as extrapyramidal effects its respective functional activities by way of the pyramidal tracts themselves. Such structures, centered around the basal nuclei, the cerebellum and possibly, the limbic areas of the prosencephalon are, according to the present suggestion, indeed, pre pyramidal. This model is based upon the clinical analysis of patients and agrees with more than one century of anatomic verifications in human brains, favoring the notion of the singularity of the human brain.
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20

Neuhäuser, G. "Degenerative Erkrankungen des extrapyramidalen und des spinozerebellären Systems - Differentialdiagnostische Hinweise*." Klinische Pädiatrie 198, no. 02 (1986): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1026860.

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21

Filloux, Francis M. "Neuropathophysiology of Movement Disorders in Cerebral Palsy." Journal of Child Neurology 11, no. 1_suppl (1996): S5—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073896011001s02.

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Recent developments in understanding the pathophysiology of disordered motor control in cerebral palsy are reviewed. In spastic cerebral palsy, evidence for abnormal segmental as well as supraspinal control of motor neuron output exists. Impaired Ia inhibition of antagonist muscles has been suggested but recently contested. Evidence also supports the role of decreased presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents and decreased nonreciprocal Ib inhibition. Furthermore, early cerebral injury results in reorganization of supraspinal (corticospinal) inputs to motor neuron pools. In extrapyramidal cerebral palsy, injury of basal ganglia or thalamus has been demonstrated. A scheme for understanding the neurochemical circuitry of the extrapyramidal system is discussed. Animal models and certain specific human diseases provide examples of how this circuitry may be disturbed, thereby resulting in an imbalance between the direct and indirect striatal output systems and in impaired motor control. Future studies employing postmortem neurochemical analysis, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomographic scanning may foster progress in this area. (J Child Neurol 1996;11(Suppl 1):S5-S 12).
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22

Loonen, Anton J. M., and Svetlana A. Ivanova. "Consider Role of Glutamatergic Habenula-projecting Globus Pallidus in OCD." Pharmacopsychiatry 52, no. 04 (2019): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0835-6447.

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AbstractRecently, in a review article in this journal, Vlček and colleagues described the putative role played by the glutamatergic system in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and how this might explain the effects of certain treatments. They describe a neuroanatomical model, which includes a specific role of the amygdala-hippocampus complex (AHC) and would complete the classic cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) mechanism of OCD. The role of the AHC can perhaps be better understood when considering its ancient relationship to the rest of the forebrain of mammals. This leads to distinguishing between primary (lamprey-like), secondary (amphibian-like) and tertiary (mammal-like) parts of the forebrain including amygdaloid, ventral extrapyramidal and dorsal extrapyramidal systems, respectively. A specific role in OCD may be played by the habenula-projecting part of the pallidum, which evaluated the result of behaviour in human’s earliest vertebrate ancestors. The addition of these primary relationship to the authors’ description could be fruitful when planning the future research, as suggested by them.
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23

Kulkarni, Gajanan P., and Lokesh V. Patil. "ANALYSIS OF ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS SPONTANEOUSLY REPORTED TO ADVERSE DRUG MONITORING CENTRE OF A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL–PROSPECTIVE STUDY." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 10, no. 1 (2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2018v10i1.24403.

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Objective: To assess ADRs with reference to causative drugs, organ systems involved and seriousness of reactions.Methods: A prospective study conducted over a period of 1 y. The spontaneous adverse drug reactions reported between July 2016 and July 2017 at AMC centre BRIMS, Bidar were analyzed using Naranjo’s scale. Causality assessment of suspected drugs involved, system affected, and seriousness of reactions was assessed.Results: GIT system was most commonly involved, followed by generalized features, skin and appendages, CNS i. e, extrapyramidal system and dizziness, hearing and vestibular systems.Conclusion: Majority of the ADRs reported were mild to moderate severity and 20% can be categorized as severe reactions, which needed to treat under hospitalization
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24

Ohno, Yukihiro, Saki Shimizu, and Kentaro Tokudome. "Pathophysiological Roles of Serotonergic System in Regulating Extrapyramidal Motor Functions." Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 36, no. 9 (2013): 1396–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b13-00310.

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25

Goto, S., Y. Matsukado, Y. Mihara, N. Inoue, and E. Miyamoto. "Calcineurin in human brain and its relation to extrapyramidal system." Acta Neuropathologica 72, no. 2 (1986): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00685977.

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26

Clementi, G., M. Grassi, C. Valerio, A. Prato, C. E. Fiore, and F. Drago. "Effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on extrapyramidal motor system." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 42, no. 3 (1992): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(92)90153-7.

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27

Nesic, Nada, Marina Svetel, Tatjana Pekmezovic, Ksenija Ribaric, Natasa Dragasevic, and Vladimir Kostic. "Clinical characteristics of multiple system atrophy in Serbian population." Vojnosanitetski pregled 63, no. 10 (2006): 861–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp0610861n.

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Background/Aim. Mulstiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative central nervous system disorder, characterized by any combination of extrapyramidal, cerebellar, pyramidal or autonomic disturbance. The aims of our study were to define clinical characteristics of MSA patients in our population, to account for neuroradiological and electrophysiological profile of the disease and to evaluate one-dose levodopa response. Methods. We have diagnosed 29 patients as MSA, with disease duration from the first symptom 5 years on average on examination. The examinating procedure included an anamnesis and complete neurological investigations, as well as neurootological and neuroradiological examinations. The study included the patients of the Institute of Neurology of the Clinical Center of Serbia in the period of 1996-2001, who completed both clinical and diagnostic criteria for a possible and probable MSA. Results. Autonomic disturbances were documented in 93.1%, whereas extrapyramidal symptoms were seen in additional 89.3% with symmetrical onset in 60%. Levodopa response was poor or moderate. Cerebellar signs were present in 63%, while pyramidal signs occured in 78.7%. There was no a cognitive deterioration (MMSE > 24). CT scan and MRI showed cerebellar and brainstem atrophy, as well as diffuse cortical atrophy. Conclusion. Failure of additional diagnostic procedures to distinguish MSA patients required a precise understanding of their clinical specificities. Our results support this statement.
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Major, Zoltán Zsigmond, Calin Vaida, Kinga Andrea Major, et al. "The Impact of Robotic Rehabilitation on the Motor System in Neurological Diseases. A Multimodal Neurophysiological Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (2020): 6557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186557.

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Motor disability is a key feature of many neurological diseases, influencing the social roles of affected patients and their ability to perform daily life activities. Current rehabilitation capacities are overwhelmed by the age-related increase of motor dysfunctions seen, for example, in stroke, extrapyramidal or neuromuscular diseases. As the patient to rehabilitation personnel ration increases, robotic solutions might establish the possibility to rapidly satisfy the increasing demand for rehabilitation. This paper presents an inaugural exploratory study which investigates the interchangeability of a novel experimental robotic rehabilitation device system with classical physical therapy, using a multimodal neurophysiological assessment of the motor system—quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG), motor conduction times and turn/amplitude analysis. Preliminary results show no significant difference between the two methods; however, a significant effect of the therapy was found on different pathologies (beneficial for vascular and extrapyramidal, or limited, and only on preventing reduction of joint movements in neuromuscular).
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29

Vaiman, E. E., N. A. Shnayder, N. G. Neznanov, and R. F. Nasyrova. "Antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia as a serious adverse effect in the psychopharmacotherapy of schizophrenia." Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics 11, no. 4 (2019): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2019-4-4-13.

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Schizophrenia is a socially significant disorder with a high prevalence among young and middle-aged people. Movement disorders, or extrapyramidal syndrome, are potentially reversible antipsychotic-induced adverse effects (AEs) that stigmatize patients and worsen quality of life. Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a neurological AE in the extrapyramidal system, which is accompanied by abnormal involuntary non-rhythmic choreiform or athetoid movements (hyperkinesis) that occur during the long-term use of antipsychotics. The reversible and persistent forms of TD are identified. The article analyzes the prevalence and predictors of TD, as well as the issues of its diagnosis.
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30

Sandroni, Paola, J. Eric Ahlskog, Robert D. Fealey, and Phillip A. Low. "Autonomic involvement in extrapyramidal and cerebellar disorders." Clinical Autonomic Research 1, no. 2 (1991): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01826212.

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31

Antkiewicz-Michaluk, Lucyna, Anna Krygowska-Wajs, Jerzy Michaluk, Irena Roma?ska, Andrzej Szczudlik, and Jerzy Vetulani. "Plasticity of extrapyramidal dopamine system in Parkinson's disease - A postmortem study." Neuroscience Research Communications 25, no. 2 (1999): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6769(199909/10)25:2<97::aid-nrc5>3.0.co;2-k.

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32

BRANDT, SVEN. "THE CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF LESIONS TO THE EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM IN CHILDREN." Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 39, S4 (2009): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1963.tb01827.x.

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33

Hanson, Glen R., Leonora P. Midgley, Lloyd G. Bush, and James W. Gibb. "Response of extrapyramidal and limbic neurotensin systems to phencyclidine treatment." European Journal of Pharmacology 278, no. 2 (1995): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(95)00127-7.

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34

MATOBA, Togo, Kazunori HASE, Yuichiro HAYASHI, and SungHyek KIM. "OS1406 Neuro-musculo-skeletal model considering extrapyramidal system for evaluation of spasticity." Proceedings of Conference of Kanto Branch 2016.22 (2016): _OS1406–1_—_OS1406–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekanto.2016.22._os1406-1_.

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35

Samanta, M. K., R. Dube, and B. Suresh. "Transdermal Drug Delivery System of Haloperidol to Overcome Self-Induced Extrapyramidal Syndrome." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 29, no. 4 (2003): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ddc-120018376.

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36

Loonen, Anton JM, and Svetlana A. Ivanova. "Neurobiological mechanisms associated with antipsychotic drug-induced dystonia." Journal of Psychopharmacology 35, no. 1 (2020): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881120944156.

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Dystonia is by far the most intrusive and invalidating extrapyramidal side effect of potent classical antipsychotic drugs. Antipsychotic drug-induced dystonia is classified in both acute and tardive forms. The incidence of drug-induced dystonia is associated with the affinity to inhibitory dopamine D2 receptors. Particularly acute dystonia can be treated with anticholinergic drugs, but the tardive form may also respond to such antimuscarinic treatment, which contrasts their effects in tardive dyskinesia. Combining knowledge of the pathophysiology of primary focal dystonia with the anatomical and pharmacological organization of the extrapyramidal system may shed some light on the mechanism of antipsychotic drug-induced dystonia. A suitable hypothesis is derived from the understanding that focal dystonia may be due to a faulty processing of somatosensory input, so leading to inappropriate execution of well-trained motor programmes. Neuroplastic alterations of the sensitivity of extrapyramidal medium-sized spiny projection neurons to stimulation, which are induced by the training of specific complex movements, lead to the sophisticated execution of these motor plans. The sudden and non-selective disinhibition of indirect pathway medium-sized spiny projection neurons by blocking dopamine D2 receptors may distort this process. Shutting down the widespread influence of tonically active giant cholinergic interneurons on all medium-sized spiny projection neurons by blocking muscarinic receptors may result in a reduction of the influence of extrapyramidal cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical regulation. Furthermore, striatal cholinergic interneurons have an important role to play in integrating cerebellar input with the output of cerebral cortex, and are also targeted by dopaminergic nigrostriatal fibres affecting dopamine D2 receptors.
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HANSON, GLEN R., NANDA SINGH, KALPANA MERCHANT, MICHEL JOHNSON, LLOYD BUSH, and JAMES W. GIBB. "Responses of Limbic and Extrapyramidal Neurotensin Systems to Stimulants of Abuse." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 668, no. 1 The Neurobiol (1992): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb27348.x.

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38

Alburges, Mario E., Paul S. Frankel, Amanda J. Hoonakker, and Glen R. Hanson. "Responses of limbic and extrapyramidal substance P systems to nicotine treatment." Psychopharmacology 201, no. 4 (2008): 517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-008-1316-3.

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39

Grubor, Mirko, Maja Zivkovic, Marina Sagud, et al. "HTR1A, HTR1B, HTR2A, HTR2C and HTR6 Gene Polymorphisms and Extrapyramidal Side Effects in Haloperidol-Treated Patients with Schizophrenia." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7 (2020): 2345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072345.

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Schizophrenia is a serious, chronic psychiatric disorder requiring lifelong treatment. Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) are common adverse reactions to antipsychotic medications. In addition to the dopaminergic system, serotonergic mechanisms, including serotonin (5-HT) receptors, might be involved in EPS development. This study aimed to examine molecular associations of HTR1A, HTR1B, HTR2A, HTR2C and HTR6 gene polymorphisms with acute EPS in 229 male schizophrenia patients, following two weeks of haloperidol monotherapy. The Simpson–Angus Rating Scale for Extrapyramidal Side Effects (SAS), Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) and Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) were used to evaluate EPS severity. Genotyping was performed using real-time PCR, following extraction of blood DNA. Significant acute EPS appeared in 48.03% of schizophrenia patients. For the rs13212041 HTR1B gene polymorphism, affecting microRNA regulation of HTR1B gene expression, a higher frequency of TT carriers was found among haloperidol-treated patients with akathisia when compared to the group without akathisia symptoms. In comparison to C-allele carriers, patients carrying the TT genotype had higher akathisia severity, as determined by the SAS, BARS and ESRS scales. These molecular findings suggest potential involvement of 5-HT1B receptors in akathisia development following haloperidol treatment, as well as possible epigenetic mechanisms of serotonergic modulation associated with antipsychotic-induced EPS.
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40

Orsini, A., N. A. Fragassi, L. Chiacchio, A. M. Falanga, C. Cocchiaro, and D. Grossi. "Verbal and Spatial Memory Span in Patients with Extrapyramidal Diseases." Perceptual and Motor Skills 65, no. 2 (1987): 555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.65.2.555.

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Spatial span (Corsi's block-tapping test) and verbal span (Wechsler's Digits Forward test) were measured in 651 normal subjects and in three groups of extrapyramidal patients (Progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson, and Huntington's Chorea). Analysis showed Huntington's Chorea patients scored lower on both tests than did controls and other groups.
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41

Konagaya, M., Y. Konagaya, and M. Iida. "Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study of extrapyramidal symptoms in multiple system atrophy." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 57, no. 12 (1994): 1528–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.57.12.1528.

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42

BRODAL, ALF. "SOME DATA AND PERSPECTIVES ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SO-CALLED “EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM”." Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 39, S4 (2009): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1963.tb01815.x.

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43

WALAAS, EVA, and OTTO WALAAS. "BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF COPPER AND AROMATIC AMINES IN RELATION TO THE EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM." Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 39, S4 (2009): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1963.tb01819.x.

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44

Moffett, John R., Martha Cassidy, and M. A. A. Namboodiri. "Selective distribution of N-acetylasparthlglutamate immunoreactivity in the extrapyramidal system of the rat." Brain Research 494, no. 2 (1989): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(89)90594-5.

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45

Tarazi, Frank I., Osamu Shirakawa, and Carol A. Tamminga. "Low dose raclopride spares the extrapyramidal system in rat brain from metabolic effects." European Journal of Pharmacology 232, no. 1 (1993): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(93)90730-6.

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46

Vaughan, J., and RJ Hardie. "The differential diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease." Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 12, no. 1 (2002): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959259802012169.

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Abstract:
The difficulty in making an accurate diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) should never be underestimated. Just as the introduction of CT scanning and, more recently, magnetic resonance imaging has revolutionized general neurological practice and exposed the diagnostic inadequacies of the most experienced clinician, current understanding of the pathophysiology of the extrapyramidal system has advanced considerably, even in the last decade or two.
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47

Gliwa, Renata. "Speech and language disturbances in a patient with the clinical features of Steele‑Richardson‑Olszewski syndrome." Logopaedica Lodziensia, no. 1 (December 30, 2017): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2544-7238.01.05.

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Steele‑Richardson‑Olszewski syndrome also known as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system of extrapyramidal type of neuropathy of unknown etiology. This chapter describes the case of 62 patients diagnosed with PSP, the changes they observe are related to selective linguistic dysfunction resulting from subcortical dementia and executive and motor dysfunction, and the functioning of the subject is significantly determined by emotional disturbance.
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48

Dorszewska, Jolanta. "Editorial (Thematic Issue: Genetics of Parkinson's Disease and Other Diseases of the Extrapyramidal System)." Current Genomics 15, no. 1 (2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920291501140306110937.

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49

Lee, Henry J., David B. Rye, Ann E. Hallanger, Allan I. Levey, and Bruce H. Wainer. "Cholinergic vs. noncholinergic efferents from the mesopontine tegmentum to the extrapyramidal motor system nuclei." Journal of Comparative Neurology 275, no. 4 (1988): 469–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902750402.

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50

Roizin, L., L. Cote, Y. Stern, J. C. Liu, and J. Meyers. "CORRELATED NEUROPATHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM IN THE MPTP RHESUS MONKEY PARKINSONISM." Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 45, no. 3 (1986): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005072-198605000-00137.

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