Relevant bibliographies by topics / Extreme environments – Microbiology

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Extreme environments – Microbiology'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Extreme environments – Microbiology"

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HERBERT, R. "Microbiology of extreme environments." Trends in Biotechnology 8 (1990): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(90)90164-s.

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Eisenberg, Henryk. "Microbiology of extreme environments." Trends in Biochemical Sciences 15, no. 10 (October 1990): 400–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(90)90245-7.

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Semal, J. "Microbiology of extreme environments." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 18, no. 7-8 (January 1990): 585–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(90)90135-3.

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Fenchel, T. "Microbiology of extreme environments." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5, no. 11 (November 1990): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(90)90102-j.

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Battley, Edwin H. "Microbiology of Extreme Environments. Environmental Biotechnology.Clive Edwards." Quarterly Review of Biology 66, no. 3 (September 1991): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/417274.

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Sayed, A. M., M. H. A. Hassan, H. A. Alhadrami, H. M. Hassan, M. Goodfellow, and M. E. Rateb. "Extreme environments: microbiology leading to specialized metabolites." Journal of Applied Microbiology 128, no. 3 (August 9, 2019): 630–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jam.14386.

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Brown, James W. "Microbiology of extreme environments. Environmental biotechnology series." Cell 62, no. 3 (August 1990): 411–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(90)90005-y.

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Wołącewicz, Mikołaj, Dominika Bębnowska, Rafał Hrynkiewicz, and Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej. "VIRUSES OF EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS." Postępy Mikrobiologii - Advancements of Microbiology 58, no. 4 (2019): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/pm-2019.58.4.447.

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Hu, Xiaozhong. "Ciliates in Extreme Environments." Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 61, no. 4 (June 2, 2014): 410–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12120.

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Shu, Wen-Sheng, and Li-Nan Huang. "Microbial diversity in extreme environments." Nature Reviews Microbiology 20, no. 4 (November 9, 2021): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00648-y.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Extreme environments – Microbiology"

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Martinez, Robert J. "Multiscale analyses of microbial populations in extreme environments." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24754.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.
Committee Chair: Patricia Sobecky; Committee Member: Ellery Ingall; Committee Member: Jim Spain; Committee Member: Martial Taillefert; Committee Member: Thomas DiChristina.
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Rubelmann, Haydn III. "A Functional Approach to Resolving the Biogeocomplexity of Two Extreme Environments." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5432.

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The biodiversity of two distinct marine environments was observed to describe the biogeocomplexity of these extreme ecological systems. A shallow-water hydrothermal vent in Papua New Guinea served as a study of a thermophilic ecosystem influenced by arsenic rich vent fluids while a 60 m deep offshore primarily anoxic karst sink served as a study of an anaerobic sulfur-influenced habitat. Both environments support unique biological communities that are influenced by the physical and chemical pressures imposed on them by the harsh conditions of these systems. In Tutum Bay, Ambitle Isle, Papua New Guinea, a transect was created from a shallow hydrothermal vent that extended 120 m away from the vent. Previous studies have shown that the geochemistry of the system is heavily influenced by arsenic which is toxic to most organisms. In this study, macro- and meiofauna were collected and scored and combined with bacterial sequence data collected along the length of the transect. It was found that near vent sites harbored biological communities more similar than sites further from the vent. Many species were found only at sites near the hydrothermal vent. Near-vent communities were less diverse than those away from the vent, and biodiversity generally increased as distance from the vent increased. Distinct correlations between thermophilic organisms and temperature were observed. The metabolic repertoire of the microbial communities suggests that many strategies are used to obtain energy and carbon. The relative abundance of bacteria containing genes to reduce arsenic was comparable to those able to reduce sulfur compounds. Primary production appeared to be a mix of chemo- and phototrophy. Food webs and association analysis suggest a complex interplay between macrofaunal, meiofaunal and bacterial communities. While the system is heavily influenced by arsenic, no specific correlation between the relative abundance of arsenic metabolizing organisms and the amount of arsenic in the system could be drawn. This is likely due to the fact that most of the arsenic produced by the system is readily adsorbed onto iron oxyhydroxides, reducing the arsenic's bioavailability. The anoxic conditions at Jewfish sink provide a different hurdle than the hot arsenic conditions found in Papua New Guinea. The anoxic conditions are shared by other pit features found in karst geography, but the metabolic processes between Jewfish sink and these other karst habitats are different. The blue holes and black holes of the Bahamas are some of the most well-studied of these karstic pits. In these features, which are large circular pits with diameters of over 300 m, light and sulfur are used as a means of energy acquisition. Jewfish sink, having an opening only 6 m in diameter, is light restricted compared to these systems. As a result, the strategy of organisms dwelling in the anoxic conditions of the sink is different than those found at the well-studied holes in the Bahamas. Geochemical measurements were recorded over two time periods spanning a combined total of 6 years. The anoxic bottom waters of Jewfish sink remain stable and contained high levels of sulfide throughout most of the seasons studies. Sequence analysis of prokaryotes within the sink showed that sulfur reducers had the highest relative abundance compared to other functional guilds. To monitor the changes of the microbial communities within the sink, bacterial communities were examined at 4 depths within the sink at 9 different intervals over a period of 685 days. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to fingerprint 16s rRNA bacterial communities and dissimilatory sulfite reducing communities by targeting the 16s rRNA bacterial gene and the dsr gene associated with dissimilatory sulfite reducing bacteria and archaea. The lowest depth studied within the sink (40 m) remained stable chemically and biologically until a turnover event occurred within the second winter of the study. This turnover event disrupted the biological communities at 40 m and led to a reestablished community comprised of different species that those found prior to the event. Upper waters within the sink show that clines establish themselves seasonally and partition zones that confine bacterial communities that are more similar to each other within these zones while excluding bacterial communities that are outside of these zones. Oxygenated water was shown to not contain prokaryotes containing the dsr gene. As the oxycline changed seasonally, dissimilatory sulfite reducing prokaryotes containing the dsr gene remained in the anoxic zone and required time to reestablish themselves whenever oxygenated water displaced them.
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Chan, Wai Olivia, and 陳卉. "Molecular microbial ecology of Mars-like environments on earth, for application in astrobiology." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4832999X.

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Astrobiology is a multidisciplinary topic that addresses the origin, distribution and evolution of life in the universe. One of the key questions relates to whether life could have evolved on other planetary bodies, and Mars has been the major focus. Biologists contribute to this question by studying the ecology of extreme environments on Earth that share closest analogy to Mars’ past or present environment. In this thesis, molecular-level interrogations were used to address some aspects of microbial biodiversity, ecology and stress tolerance in two such extreme environments. The high-altitude cold and intense UV irradiance of central Tibet was selected as an analogue for Mars surface today, whilst cold alkaline high-carbonate freshwater lakes were chosen as an analogue for Mars’ previous late wet phase. Biological soil crusts from central Tibet supported a diverse microflora and these were variously bacteria or eukarya dominated. The relatively well-developed eukarya-dominated crusts were characterized and showed they comprised of Stichococcus bacillaris, plus alphaproteobacteria, betaproteobacteria, bacteroidetes and gemmatimonadetes. In order to evaluate the diversity of radiation-tolerant taxa in these soils, samples were exposed to ionizing radiation and viability, physiology and phylogenetic identity determined. The most radio-tolerant taxa isolated and characterized were from the radiation tolerant phylum Deinococci (15kGy), whilst a relatively diverse range of Actinobacteria, Bacilli, Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria were also recovered after exposure to doses up to 10kGy. This implies the high-radiation environment has selected for tolerance among diverse phyla, with tolerances that far exceed environmental exposure. It is not known at this stage if they all employ similar protective strategies. Microbial reefs that have developed in cold alkaline lakes in British Columbia were studied as analogues for a late-wet Mars environment. Molecular ecological analysis revealed that communities consisted largely of of Proteobacteria (alpha), Cyanobacteria (Leptolyngbya) and Acidobacteria, with similarities in community assembly to marine stromatolites. Microbial diversity varied spatially and temporally within microbialites, and indicated that geographically proximal structures can develop with different communities. Significant changes also occur between summer and winter when the lake surface is frozen. Investigation of other nearby lakes with similar geochemistry but not supporting microbialites revealed extensive microbial mats. These developed in the presence of relatively high concentrations of methane or sulfate, and their biodiversity reflected this with several putative methanotrophic and sulphate utilizing taxa identified. No obvious cues that inhibit or promote microbialite formation were observed in this study.
published_or_final_version
Biological Sciences
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Ibáñez-Peral, Raquel. "Analysis of microbial diversity in an extreme environment: White Island, New Zealand." Australia : Macquarie University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/44764.

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"June, 2008".
Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Environmental & Life Sciences, Dept. of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences, 2009.
Bibliography: p. 227-259.
Literature review -- Materials and methods -- Sampling sites and sampling material -- Enrichment cultures and molecular analyses -- Optical and binding characterisation of the QDs -- Applications of the QDs -- Concluding remarks.
White island, the most active volcano in New Zealand, is a poorly studied environment that represents an ideal site for the investigation of acidophilic thermophiles. The microorganisms present on here are continually exposed to extreme environmental conditions as they are surrounded by steamy sulphurous fumaroles and acidic streams. The sediment temperature ranges from 38°C to 104°C whilst maintaining pH values below 3. A survey of the volcanic hydrothermal system of White Island was undertaken in order to gain insights onto the microbial diversity using culture-dependant techniques and molecular and phylogenetic analyses. A novel liquid medium based on "soil-extract" was designed which supported growth of bacterial and archaeal mixed cultures. Molecular analyses revealed that the dominant culturable bacterial species belong to the Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and α-Proteobacteria groups. Several previously uncultured archaeal species were also present in the mixed cultures. The knowledge gained from these studies was intended to help in the development of a novel microbial detection technique suitable for community analysis. -- Conventional molecular techniques used to study microbial biodiversity in environmental samples are both time-consuming and expensive. A novel bead-based assay employing Quantum dots (QDs) was considered to have many advantages over standard molecular techniques. These include high detection speeds, sensitivity, specificity, flexibility and the capability for multiplexed analysis. QDs are inorganic semiconductor nanoparticles made up of crystals about the size of proteins. It has been claimed that the physical and chemical properties of the QDs have significant advantages compared to organic dyes, including brighter fluorescence and resistance to photo-bleaching. Their optical properties facilitate the simultaneous imaging of multiple colours due to their flexible excitation and narrow band emission. Functionalised QDs are able to bind to different biological targets such as DNA, allowing high-throughput analysis for rapid detection and quantification of genes and cells. -- The optical and physical characteristics of the QDs as well their interaction with biomolecules are shown to be suitable for the development of a novel bead-based technique able to target the key microbial species and identify them by flow cytometric measurements (FCM). The broad absorption and narrow emission spectra of the QDs, as well as their fluorescence intensity and specify to target biomolecules, was compared to other organic fluorophores. The potential advantages and limitations of QDs as a fluorophores for biological applications are discussed. -- The data acquired during this study provides a broad overview of the microbial diversity and ecology of the volcanically-active hydrothermal systems of White Island and constitutes the baseline for the development of a novel bead-based technique based on QDs.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
xvii, 259 p. ill. (some col.)
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Jaffri, Sarah. "Characterization of the photosynthetic apparatus of Chlorella BI sp., an Antarctica mat alga under varying trophic growth states." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1304348068.

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Christner, Brent C. "Detection, recovery, isolation, and characterization of bacteria in glacial ice and Lake Vostok accretion ice." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1015965965.

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Rincón, Tomás Blanca. "Symbiotic adaptation of prokaryotic microorganisms in extreme deep-sea environments." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E601-2.

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Gomez-Alvarez, Vicente. "Patterns of community change of archaeal and bacterial populations colonizing extreme environments at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." 2007. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3275743.

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Volcanic activity creates new landforms that can change dramatically as a consequence of biotic succession, and microbes are essential contributors to successional development. Our objective was to expand our knowledge of the spatial and temporal dynamics of microbial communities in nascent soils. To study primary succession we characterized the microbial diversity on a chronosequence of volcanic deposits ranging from 20 to 300 yr located in the Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii by analysis of Bacteria and Archaea 16S rRNA gene sequences amplified from total DNA, Community-Level Phospholipids Fatty Acid, Community-Level Physiological Profiles using ECOplate, and bacterial isolates. A parallel investigation of the extent of secondary succession was made on a nearby geothermally active site. Primary succession. phylogeny of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated a high diversity of sequences not related to known taxa with 15 classes within the Bacteria domain and a high relative abundance within the Archaea domain of various unclassified non-thermophilic Crenarchaeota. Bacterial richness and diversity increased significantly with age, while no correlation was found among the archaeal community. The 194 isolates, together encompassing only 1.6% of total culture independent diversity, were not among the dominant clones in the libraries. Carbon utilization profiles and plate counts indicated that heterotrophic communities that are established on older sites were more active and occurred in higher numbers. Multivariate analyses showed not only that the bacterial communities of distinct sites and ecosystem regime shared similar phylotypes, but also revealed a gradual succession of the community structure. Secondary succession. elevated soil temperature (up to 87°C), and steam vents provide evidence of an active geothermal system. Bacterial clones and thermophilic Crenarchaeota were limited to the geothermal system, and not detected in the surrounding area. This not only indicates that the temperature shift resulted in a change of the community structure of these volcanic deposits, but also that the underlying strata might be the source for hyperthermophiles. In general, microbes are able to colonize and establish a community among recent volcanic deposits. However, environmental parameters rather than site age influence this successional development. This work yields new insights into survival and succession of microbes in soils.
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Thornburg, Christopher C. "Investigation of unique marine environments for microbial natural products." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/37941.

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Metagenomics has revealed that the marine microbial biosphere is immensely more diverse than originally considered, and is an almost untapped reservoir for the potential discovery of microbial natural products. Despite numerous advances in culturing, biosynthetic engineering and genomic-based screening efforts to uncover much of this diversity in relatively accessible environments, a high rediscovery rate has resulted in the investigation of unique, relatively unexplored ecosystems harboring phylogenetically diverse communities of marine organisms. The focus of this research was to establish a culture repository of microorganisms collected from the Red Sea and from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and to assess their biosynthetic potential for the production of new chemical scaffolds. Cultivation of marine cyanobacteria from the Red Sea has led to the identification of five new cyclic depsipeptides, apratoxin H, grassypeptolides D and E, Ibu-epidemethoxylyngbyastin 3 and leptochelin, the latter possessing a unique chemical scaffold capable of binding metals. A collection of deep-sea hydrothermal vent sediment and microbial mat samples led to the isolation of 64 unique bacterial strains, with eight assigned as members of the order Actinomycetales. Importantly, these isolates, along with a collection of deep-vent invertebrates and microbes, have led to the development of methods for the collection, culturing and biological screening of organisms from this extreme environment for future natural products research.
Graduation date: 2013
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Eischeid, Anne. "Fundamental Mechanisms in the Extreme UV Resistance of Adenovirus." Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/1256.

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The adenoviruses are nonenveloped double stranded DNA viruses, which cause enteric dysentary and respiratory infection. Adenovirus has become a focus of the water treatment community because of its apparent resistance to ultraviolet disinfection; it is the basis for stringent new EPA regulations regarding all viruses in both surface and ground waters. Most of the work done so far, however, has involved the use of monochromatic (254 nm) low pressure (LP) UV sources and subsequent assay of viral infectivity in cell culture models. LP UV lamps primarily damage DNA, while polychromatic UV sources may damage other parts of the virus as well. Recent research has shown that these newer, polychromatic UV sources--such as medium pressure (MP) UV--are more effective than monochromatic LP UV for disinfection of adenovirus. The objectives of this work were to study adenoviral response to UV using both LP and MP UV as well as using both standard cell culture infectivity assays and more direct methods of assessment based on molecular biology. These include quantitative long PCR for assessment of DNA damage and SDS-PAGE for assessment of protein damage; transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the structure of UV treated viral particles. This work was only the second significant study to show the response of adenoviruses to medium pressure UV and the first to thoroughly examine the response of adenoviruses to both LP and MP UV using cell culture-independent methods. Results confirm that adenovirus is sensitive to MP UV when assayed in cell culture; they show that LP and MP UV are equally effective at inducing damage to the adenoviral genome and that MP UV is more effective than LP UV at damaging the viral proteins. This work helps deepen our understanding of UV disinfection of adenovirus.


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Books on the topic "Extreme environments – Microbiology"

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Kōki, Horikoshi, and Grant W. D, eds. Extremophiles: Microbial life in extreme environments. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1998.

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J, Seckbach, ed. Enigmatic microorganisms and life in extreme environments. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.

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1962-, Margesin Rosa, ed. Psychrophiles: From biodiversity to biotechnology. Berlin: Springer, 2008.

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The outer reaches of life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

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Extremophiles: Microbiology and biotechnology. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press, 2012.

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S, Amy Penny, and Haldeman Dana L, eds. The microbiology of the terrestrial deep subsurface. Boca Raton: CRC Lewis Publishers, 1997.

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Extremophiles: Sustainable resources and biotechnological implications. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

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A, Herbert R., and Sharp R. J, eds. Molecular biology and biotechnology of extremophiles. Glasgow: Blackie, 1992.

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Hobbs, Wade. Other life exists. Baltimore, Maryland: PublishAmerica Inc., 2010.

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Extremophiles handbook. Tokyo: Springer, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Extreme environments – Microbiology"

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Yarzábal, Luis Andrés. "Bioprospecting Extreme Ecosystems Before They Vanish: The (Poorly Studied) Microbiology of Tropical Glaciers." In Extreme Environments, 1–17. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429343452-1.

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Cowan, Don A., Bronwyn M. Kirby, Tracy L. Meiring, Manuel Ferrer, Maria-Eugenia Guazzaroni, Olga V. Golyshina, and Peter N. Golyshin. "Enzymes from Extreme Environments." In Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 43–61. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555816827.ch4.

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Casero, María Cristina, Victoria Meslier, Jacek Wierzchos, and Jocelyne DiRuggiero. "Preandean Atacama Desert Endolithic Microbiology." In Microbial Ecosystems in Central Andes Extreme Environments, 51–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36192-1_4.

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Venkateswaran, Kasthuri, Myron T. La Duc, Parag Vaishampayan, and James A. Spry. "Microbial Life in Extreme Low-Biomass Environments: A Molecular Approach." In Manual of Environmental Microbiology, 4.3.3–1–4.3.3–11. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818821.ch4.3.3.

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Albarracín, Virginia Helena, Fátima Silvina Galván, and María Eugenia Farías. "Extreme Microbiology at Laguna Socompa: A High-Altitude Andean Lake (3570 m a.s.l.) in Salta, Argentina." In Microbial Ecosystems in Central Andes Extreme Environments, 205–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36192-1_14.

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Johnson, D. Barrie, and Angeles Aguilera. "The Microbiology of Extremely Acidic Environments." In Manual of Environmental Microbiology, 4.3.1–1–4.3.1–24. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818821.ch4.3.1.

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Cayol, Jean-Luc, Bernard Ollivier, Didier Alazard, Ricardo Amils, Anne Godfroy, Florence Piette, and Daniel Prieur. "The Extreme Conditions of Life on the Planet and Exobiology." In Environmental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications, 353–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9118-2_10.

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Maier, Raina M. "Extreme Environments." In Environmental Microbiology, 123–34. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-370519-8.00007-9.

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Maier, Raina M., and Julia W. Neilson. "Extreme Environments." In Environmental Microbiology, 139–53. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-394626-3.00007-7.

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"Extreme Environments." In Environmental Microbiology, 132–52. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781840765489-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Extreme environments – Microbiology"

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Fukuba, Tatsuhiro, and Teruo Fujii. "Development and Evaluation of the Integrated In Situ Analyzer for Gene-"IISA-Gene" for Microbiology in Extreme Environments." In 2006 International Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmb.2006.251523.

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Watanabe, K., J. Ueda, Y. Sasakawa, M. Watarai, K. Nakamura, K. Yamaguchi, M. Aoki, et al. "Isolation of the extreme halophiles from rock salt." In Proceedings of the III International Conference on Environmental, Industrial and Applied Microbiology (BioMicroWorld2009). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814322119_0041.

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Wang, Yung-Peng, and Jen-Chieh Tsao. "Sliding-Mode Control Algorithm for a Hard-Mounted Isolation System." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43207.

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It is well known that the trend of current technology development is microscopic and ultra-precision, especially in the areas of semiconductor manufacturing, ultra-precision machining, MEMS, microbiology and nanotechnology. Hence, vibration becomes a significant problem in those fields. There are two types of vibration control techniques. One is passive isolation system; the other is active isolation system. Passive isolation system can provide better performance for higher frequencies. Active isolation system is used to improve the isolation performance for lower frequencies. However, passive isolation system has bad performance around the natural frequency. In addition, it cannot eliminate the effects of onboard disturbances. Therefore, active isolation system becomes the major technology in the applications of microvibration control for precision equipment. In practice, all active isolation systems are based upon a hybrid concept, combining a passive isolator for higher frequencies and a servo control system for lower frequencies. This combination allows for two significantly different configurations, which can be categorized as: soft-mounted isolation systems and hard-mounted isolation systems. The soft-mounted systems are inherently insensitive to resonance in the main structure below the isolators. Yet, they are sensitive to resonances in the isolated platform. The hard-mounted systems are extremely stiff and allows for large onboard disturbance forces without excessive motion. However, the major drawback with a hard-mounted system is that vibration isolation performance suffers from the passive-active compromise and is unable to come up to the optimal performance. In this paper, a sliding-mode control algorithm is developed for a hard-mounted isolation system with a piezoactuator. Based on the bounds of environmental vibrations and onboard disturbances, the sliding-mode control algorithm can make the hard-mounted isolation system achieve the optimal and robust performance of low vibration transmissibility and high stiffness. The results are verified by the numerical simulations.
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Reports on the topic "Extreme environments – Microbiology"

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Mizrahi, Itzhak, and Bryan A. White. Uncovering rumen microbiome components shaping feed efficiency in dairy cows. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600020.bard.

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Ruminants provide human society with high quality food from non-human-edible resources, but their emissions negatively impact the environment via greenhouse gas production. The rumen and its resident microorganisms dictate both processes. The overall goal of this project was to determine whether a causal relationship exists between the rumen microbiome and the host animal's physiology, and if so, to isolate and examine the specific determinants that enable this causality. To this end, we divided the project into three specific parts: (1) determining the feed efficiency of 200 milking cows, (2) determining whether the feed- efficiency phenotype can be transferred by transplantation and (3) isolating and examining microbial consortia that can affect the feed-efficiency phenotype by their transplantation into germ-free ruminants. We finally included 1000 dairy cow metadata in our study that revealed a global core microbiome present in the rumen whose composition and abundance predicted many of the cows’ production phenotypes, including methane emission. Certain members of the core microbiome are heritable and have strong associations to cardinal rumen metabolites and fermentation products that govern the efficiency of milk production. These heritable core microbes therefore present primary targets for rumen manipulation towards sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture. We then went beyond examining the metagenomic content, and asked whether microbes behave differently with relation to the host efficiency state. We sampled twelve animals with two extreme efficiency phenotypes, high efficiency and low efficiency where the first represents animals that maximize energy utilization from their feed whilst the later represents animals with very low utilization of the energy from their feed. Our analysis revealed differences in two host efficiency states in terms of the microbial expression profiles both with regards to protein identities and quantities. Another aim of the proposal was the cultivation of undescribed rumen microorganisms is one of the most important tasks in rumen microbiology. Our findings from phylogenetic analysis of cultured OTUs on the lower branches of the phylogenetic tree suggest that multifactorial traits govern cultivability. Interestingly, most of the cultured OTUs belonged to the rare rumen biosphere. These cultured OTUs could not be detected in the rumen microbiome, even when we surveyed it across 38 rumen microbiome samples. These findings add another unique dimension to the complexity of the rumen microbiome and suggest that a large number of different organisms can be cultured in a single cultivation effort. In the context of the grant, the establishment of ruminant germ-free facility was possible and preliminary experiments were successful, which open up the way for direct applications of the new concepts discovered here, prior to the larger scale implementation at the agricultural level.
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