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Journal articles on the topic 'Extreme sports'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

McIntosh, Andrew, Lauren Fortington, Declan Patton, and Caroline Finch. "EXTREME SPORTS, EXTREME RISKS. FATALITIES IN EXTREME SPORTS IN AUSTRALIA." British Journal of Sports Medicine 51, no. 4 (February 2017): 360.2–360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097372.193.

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2

Young, Craig C. "Extreme Sports." Current Sports Medicine Reports 1, no. 5 (October 2002): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00149619-200210000-00009.

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3

Brymer, E., and L. G. Oades. "Extreme Sports." Journal of Humanistic Psychology 49, no. 1 (October 24, 2007): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022167808326199.

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4

Kunwar, Ramesh Raj. "Extreme Sport: Understanding the Concept, Recognizing the Value." Journal of Tourism & Adventure 4, no. 1 (November 7, 2021): 89–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jota.v4i1.40681.

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Extreme sport is one of the fastest-growing areas in sporting activity in this century. Extreme sport appears to be used interchangeably with high-risk sport in much of the research literature. Both high-risk sport and extreme sport are defined as any sport where one has to accept a possibility of severe injury or death as an inherent part of the activity. Extreme sports are rapidly becoming the physical activity of choice. Extreme sports have diffused around the world at a phenomenal rate and far faster than established sports. Commercially, extreme is the password for corporations and advertisers to access young population. Extreme sports increasingly attract participants from different social classes and age groups, as well as females and minority groups. The extreme sport comprises tourist activities, therapeutic activities, recreational activities, and sporting activities. They have become a sporting spectacle. Extreme sports are even discussed in marketing (niche market), management, and policy literature as legitimate niches that require their peculiar understanding or inappropriate activities that need to be banned. Adventure and risk-taking sports such as mountaineering, whitewater rafting, surfing, skiing, skydiving, downhill mountain biking, rock climbing, and BASE (Building, Antenna (or Aerial), Span (i.e., bridge), Earth (cliffs or other rock formations)) have increased in popularity in recent years. This study is an overview of previous studies carried out by eminent scholars of psychology and different disciplines. The objective of this study is to understand extreme sport in better way on one side and how extreme (or adventurous) sport has been theoretically conceptualized and re-conceptualized on the other. The researcher made an effort to disseminate the knowledge of extreme sports to the students, researchers, entrepreneurs, media personnel, and other concerned authorities, related organizations, and institutions. It is also believed that this study will help to promote adventure education, adventure tourism (niche tourism) and deep ecology. The participants strongly believe that the natural world acts as a facilitator to a deeper, more positive understanding of self and its place in the environment. Fear, emotion, stress, risk, uncertainty, motivation, wellness, wellbeing, personality traits and determination are the key elements of extreme sports.

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Donnelly, Michele. "Studying Extreme Sports." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 30, no. 2 (May 2006): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723506287187.

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6

Beihul, Igor. "Psycho-traumatic factors in extreme situations in sports." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 6(137) (June 22, 2021): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2021.6(137).08.

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Purpose: to analyze the influence of traumatic factors in extreme situations in sports. Research methods: analysis, generalization and systematization of scientific data methodical literature on a particular problem. Results: The article considers the influence of traumatic factors in extreme situations in sports. It is shown that in many modern sports athletes are forced to perform sports activities in extreme conditions. Sports activities are characterized by high psychological stress and are characterized by increased risk. In sports, depending on the sport, the conditions of training and competition are quite different. Thus, the conditions of sports activities include factors that affect athletes. In the presence of extreme situations, the effect of these factors is enhanced. In addition, in sports there are often very responsible and sometimes dangerous to health and life extreme situations that force athletes to act at the limit of personal capabilities. Athletic achievement is largely determined by the ability of athletes to overcome various extreme situations in sports, which are a system of limitations: physical, mental, social, moral, internal and external, arising before the athlete. Conclusions: the analysis of scientific research on the effects of extreme situations on the activities of the athlete shows that the most important condition for maintaining self-control in these situations is preparedness for them, the presence of sports experience and high skill in their sport. This means that this requires a high level of psychological stability, extreme experience, which is achieved by appropriate psychological training and coaching in conditions as close as possible to possible extreme situations.

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7

Gardner, Megan M., Jeff T. Grimm, and Bradley T. Conner. "Examining the Role of Risk Compensation in Extreme Sports." Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 43, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2020-0159.

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This study explored the relations between sensation seeking, impulsivity, risk compensation, and extreme-sports injury to better understand contributing factors to risk taking in extreme sports and subsequent adverse outcomes. Data included cross-sectional survey responses from 1,107 college students (Mage = 19.47, SD = 2.14). Poisson, logistic, and negative binomial regressions were used to investigate the relations of interest. Results indicate that sensation seeking and impulsivity are significantly associated with both risk compensation and extreme-sports injury. Risk compensation is significantly and positively associated with extreme-sports injury in mountain biking and snowboarding. Risk compensation did not significantly moderate the relation between the personality constructs of interest and extreme-sports injury. These results show that the role of risk compensation in extreme-sports injury is highly sport-specific. These results highlight the importance of considering both personality and risk compensation in prevention and intervention efforts.

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8

Goodhew, Conrad A., Tracy L. Perry, and Nancy J. Rehrer. "Factors Influencing Energy Drink Consumption in Participants and Viewers of Extreme Sports." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2020 (October 7, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9382521.

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Objective. To quantify energy drink consumption and influences affecting consumption in those who participate in or watch extreme sports. Methods. An online survey, informed by focus groups, was administered via Quadrics®. Advertisement was via social media, emailing extreme sport clubs, flyers at extreme sport locations, and word of mouth. Participation was limited to those >18 y who watched and/or participated in extreme sports. The study was conducted in New Zealand, with international online availability. Variables measured comprised age, sex, energy drink consumption, reasons for their use, extreme sport viewing, advertising, and sponsorship. Logistic regression models were utilised. Results. Amongst participants who completed the questionnaire (n = 247), the mean (SD) age was 26.2 (8.2) y, 40.5% were female, 57.9% consumed energy drinks, and 25.5% consumed >one per week. For every year older, odds of consuming energy drinks were 3.1% lower p = 0.04 . A 31% increase in energy drink consumption for every single increase of viewing extreme sport per week was observed p = 0.009 ; however, reported viewing of advertising was not associated with increased consumption. Conclusions. A large proportion of extreme sport enthusiasts regularly consume energy drinks, especially younger adults. Extreme sport viewing, where energy drink sponsorship is common, appears to increase their consumption, even if not considered advertising by the viewers themselves.

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9

Gomez, Andrew Thomas, and Ashwin Rao. "Adventure and Extreme Sports." Medical Clinics of North America 100, no. 2 (March 2016): 371–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2015.09.009.

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10

Gieseler, Carly. "Learning to Fail: Adolescent Resistance in Extreme Sports." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 43, no. 4 (May 3, 2019): 276–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723519842235.

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Employing dysfunctional or arrested development, extreme sports tricksters cultivate diverse strategies of sporting identity. Through parody, satire, and mockery, adolescent performances and representations resist hegemonic ideologies of mainstream sports masculinity. This work interrogates the representational and performative texts, events, and bodies of extreme sports using queer theories and psychoanalytic approaches. To assess failure as a potentially strategic and radical mode of counter-hegemonic resistance, I trace the origins of extreme sports cultures through icons such as Evel Knievel and the Dangerous Sports Club. I also look at a modern heir apparent—action sporting collective Nitro Circus. In failing at mainstream sporting masculinities, these athletes create different ways of being and doing sport through commoditization, adolescence, gender, Whiteness, corporeality, and death.

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11

Bostancı, Ö., E. Karaduman, and M. H. Mayda. "Investigation of self confidence levels in elite extreme athletes." Physical education of students 23, no. 3 (May 24, 2019): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2019.0301.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine self-confidence levels of extreme sports athletes in terms of variables such as gender, sport experience and sports level. Methods: A total of 1660 athletes in skiing, snowboarding, mountaineering, motor-car and motor-bike racing participated in the study. “Self-confidence scale” developed by Akın (2007) was used to find out athletes’ characteristics of self-belief, being able to control emotions and taking risks. Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis test were used for data analysis. Results: Skiers and motor-car racers were found to have the highest self-confidence values, while snowboarders had the lowest values. Although there were less women in the study, significance was found only in external self-confidence in favour of women (p<0.05). Significant association was found between self-confidence values in terms of sport experience and sports level (p<0.05). Conclusions: Extreme sports should be generalized, supported and introduced to raise successful and self-confident individuals. This will contribute to the fast development of these sports which are known as dangerous sports throughout the world.

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12

Ma, Joyce Lok Gee, and Martin John Dutch. "Extreme sports: Extreme physiology. Exercise-induced pulmonary oedema." Emergency Medicine Australasia 25, no. 4 (August 2013): 368–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.12101.

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13

Pegoraro, Nicola, Benedetta Rossini, Melchiore Giganti, Eric Brymer, Erik Monasterio, Pierre Bouchat, and Francesco Feletti. "Telemedicine in Sports under Extreme Conditions: Data Transmission, Remote Medical Consultations, and Diagnostic Imaging." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 14 (July 15, 2023): 6371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20146371.

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Telemedical technologies provide significant benefits in sports for performance monitoring and early recognition of many medical issues, especially when sports are practised outside a regulated playing field, where participants are exposed to rapidly changing environmental conditions or specialised medical assistance is unavailable. We provide a review of the medical literature on the use of telemedicine in adventure and extreme sports. Out of 2715 unique sport citations from 4 scientific databases 16 papers met the criteria, which included all research papers exploring the use of telemedicine for monitoring performance and health status in extreme environments. Their quality was assessed by a double-anonymised review with a specifically designed four-item scoring system. Telemedicine was used in high-mountain sports (37.5%; n = 6), winter sports (18.7%; n = 3), water sports (25%; n = 4), and long-distance land sports (18.7%; n = 3). Telemedicine was used for data transfer, teleconsulting, and the execution of remote-controlled procedures, including imaging diagnostics. Telemedical technologies were also used to diagnose and treat sport-related and environmentally impacted injuries, including emergencies in three extreme conditions: high mountains, ultraendurance activities, and in/under the water. By highlighting sport-specific movement patterns or physiological and pathological responses in extreme climatic conditions and environments, telemedicine may result in better preparation and development of strategies for an in-depth understanding of the stress of the metabolic, cardiorespiratory, biomechanical, or neuromuscular system, potentially resulting in performance improvement and injury prevention.

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14

Hj. Ahmad, Arman, Alisa Ibrahim, Zulkarnian Hj. Ahmad, and Ridzuan Masri. "THE PREDICTORS OF SPORTS TOURISM INVOLVEMENT IN MALAYSIA: AN EXTREME SPORT OVERVIEW." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7, no. 2 (August 19, 2019): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7252.

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Purpose of Study: Malaysian tourism sector has widened its scope by venturing into extreme sports tourism. With this new development, tourism opportunities are created and boosting the Malaysian tourism industry growth. The study highlights the development of extreme sports destination that closely related to international and tourists’ involvement and preferences in Malaysia. The purpose of this paper is to determine the predictors of sports tourism involvement in Malaysia from the extreme sports perspective. Specifically, it is going to investigate the possible significant predictors that possibly influenced the international or local tourists’ preferences in choosing Malaysia as their preferred extreme sports tourism destination. This study is restricted to international or local tourists who participated or going to participate in extreme sports activities in Malaysia. Methodology: This study proposes a theoretical framework that is developed based on the review of past researches and literatures. We identified five factors that possibly influenced international tourists or local tourists to choose Malaysia as their extreme sports tourism destination simultaneously involved in such activities. Those predictors are event popularity and entertainment, economics (costs and expenses), facilities and infrastructures, social, and environmental impact. Results: The proposed hypotheses predicted a significant and positive relationship exists between event popularity and entertainment, economics (costs and expenses), facilities and infrastructures, social, and environmental impact towards the tourist involvement and sports tourism development in Malaysia. For the future research, we proposed to further conduct an empirical analysis to test these hypotheses. Implications/Applications: This study could help tourism sectors to explore opportunities for development particularly in the extreme sports sectors in Malaysia. This study is also useful for researchers, students, tourism operators, tourism sectors, government and society because it could increase the involvement of international tourist or local into the extreme sports activities in Malaysia.

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15

Eriksson, Jonnie, and Kalle Jonasson. "Figures of Postwar Sliding: Utopia and Violence in the Extreme Sport Performances of James Bond." Social Sciences 9, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9120223.

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This article investigates the utopian visions of extreme sports as a postwar phenomenon by contrasting it to the violence of the extreme sport practitioner par excellence in postwar/cold war cinema: James Bond. Continental philosophy and cultural studies furnish extreme sport as a manifold of wholesome, meaningful, sustainable, life-enhancing, and environmentally intimate practices, less orientated toward human rivalry than its traditional namesake. Certain attention is thus paid to the movement of sliding in extreme sports that thrive on powerful natural forces such as air, wind, snowy slopes, and big waves, creating an ambivalent field between mastery and letting oneself go. Sliding, or glissade, is treated as a “figure of thought” that Bond is mustered to embody and enact with his extreme athletic repertoire. The analysis of James Bond’s extreme sport sliding is contrasted to the musings of glissade philosophers such as Jean-Paul Sartre, Gilles Deleuze, and Michel Serres. It is concluded that if there is utopianism in James Bond’s extreme sport performances, it is in the sliding itself, while the attaining of that state is paved with violence towards everything material. The article reinforces the concept of the extreme in relation to sport as a processual tool, rather than a category describing a fixed set of characteristics adhering to a certain practice.

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16

Ivanov, Vitalij, and Irina Manzheley. "Analysis of growth of extreme sports in the xx-xxi centuries." SCIENCE AND SPORT: current trends 7, no. 4 (December 2019): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36028/2308-8826-2019-7-4-32-42.

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The research aims to study and systematize the global experience of extreme sports development in the XX- XXI centuries. Methods and organization of the research. The research includes theoretical and applied analysis of the gen- esis of extreme sports based on the integration of scientific expertise and experience of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of physical culture and sport management, social psychology and pedagogy; sociology of personality and youth subcultures. The analysis of previous studies, mass media and the online survey contrib- uted to the systematization of extreme sports development models. Results of the research. The research presents the systematization of the international experience of extreme sports development in the XX-XXI centuries. We identified four models (American, European (Western and Eastern), Asian and Russian), which vary in terms of development, cultivated sports, targets, principles and characteristics. Conclusion. Summing up the analysis of development of extreme sports in XX-XIX centuries in the world, we came to the conclusion that the level of development of extreme in youth depends to a large extent on geo- graphical position of countries, modern socio-economic conditions in which young population of countries are located; State policy in the field of physical culture and sports; Urban urbanization and urban infrastruc- ture; Social activism of youth and private businesses; The functioning of the media.

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Park, Dong Gyu. "The Relationship Among Extreme Sports Participation, Sensation Seeking, Immersion in Sport Activity, and Sports Socialization." Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies 32 (May 31, 2008): 1227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51979/kssls.2008.05.32.1227.

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18

Trease, Larissa, Edi Albert, Glenn Singleman, and Eric Brymer. "What Is an Extreme Sports Healthcare Provider: An Auto-Ethnographic Study of the Development of an Extreme Sports Medicine Training Program." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14 (July 7, 2022): 8286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148286.

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“I remember when sex was safe and skydiving was dangerous” read a popular bumper sticker during the HIV crisis. Popular perceptions of extreme sport (ES) often include the descriptor ‘dangerous’. Therefore, why is the popularity of ES increasing exponentially with “dedicated TV channels, internet sites, high-rating competitions, and high-profile sponsors drawing more participants”? More importantly, how should health practitioners respond to the influx of ES athletes with novel injuries, enquiries and attitudes. This paper describes the results of a collaborative auto-ethnographic approach to answering “what is an extreme sports medicine health care provider and what are the components of an effective Extreme Sports Medicine (ESM) training program?” The study was conducted following the first ESM university course offered in Australia with the intention of assessing the learning design and reflecting on the development and practice of ES health practitioners. We explicated three overarching themes common to both the ES health practitioner and for the effective training of healthcare providers in the support of ES endeavors and athletes. These themes were individual, task and environmental factors. The impacts of these findings confirm that ESM courses are vital and should be designed specifically to ensure that practitioners are effectively supported to develop the unique skills necessary for practice in real world extreme sports events.

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Radcliff, Carolyn J., and Kenneth Burhanna. "Sources: Berkshire Encyclopedia of Extreme Sports." Reference & User Services Quarterly 48, no. 1 (September 1, 2008): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.48n1.87.

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20

Bibro, Marta. "Climbing – From Extreme Sports to Therapy." Acta Balneologica 62, no. 3 (2020): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/aball202003107.

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Not so long ago climbing was perceived as an extremely demanding activity, intended only for an elite group, is now gaining new supporters year by year. The mass emergence of artificial (indoor) climbing walls with routes varied in different difficulty levels caused that nowadays it is a sport available for people of different ages, as well as those with disabilities. Comprehensive impact of climbing on the body aroused interest not only of trainers and teachers of physical education, but also physiotherapists, occupational therapists and psychotherapists. Therapeutic climbing is successfully used in the field of orthopaedics, psychotherapy, neurology and geriatrics, as well as an educational tool for the treatment of children and adolescents with hyperactivity, attention deficit or drug problems. It can also be used as a form of prevention of civilization diseases and a way of dealing with mental trauma caused by war and difficult living conditions.

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21

Farbman, Herschel. "Extreme Sports: An Exercise in Imitation." Yearbook of Comparative Literature 63 (June 2020): 203–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ycl.63.010.

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22

Agilonu, Ali, Gulsum Bastug, Tonguc Osman Mutlu, and Adem Pala. "Examining Risk-Taking Behavior and Sensation Seeking Requirement in Extreme Athletes." Journal of Education and Learning 6, no. 1 (January 11, 2017): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v6n1p330.

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Extreme sports are sport branches which include actions, adventures, risks and difficulties more rather than other sports. Special materials are used in sport branches such as surfing, kite surfing, sailing, snowboarding, paragliding, diving, mountaineering, motor sports and adrenaline release is more rather than in other sport branches. On the contrary, the situation for being eager to seek excitement and take risks with a view to having new experiences has been observed. It has been considered whether sensation seeking requirement and risk-taking behavior had effects upon each other. The aim of the study was to analyze sensation seeking and risk-taking behavior in extreme athletes. Total 101 extreme athletes including 31 females, 70 males with an age average of 22.03 ± 6.77 participated in the research. In order to determine athletes’ sensation seeking levels, “Arnett Inventory of Sensation Seeking” developed by Arnett (1994) and in order to determine their risk-taking behavior, “Risk Involvement and Perception Scale” developed by Siegel et al. (1994) were used. In evaluation of research data, frequency analysis, independent t test, in determination of relation between risk-taking and sensation seeking, correlation test were utilized.In conclusion, significant differences were found in risk-taking behavior, sensation seeking requirement and gender variable among the extreme athletes. In the male athletes sensation seeking requirement and risk-taking behavior had higher averages than the female athletes. Among the extreme athletes, significant relations were determined between risk-taking behavior and sensation seeking requirement. When risk-taking behavior values were high, sensation seeking requirement values were regarded to be high.

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Huang, Qian, Juan Chen, Ruoxi Li, and Jingtong Liu. "Experiencing awe, engaging in extreme sports: Incidental awe as an effective promoter for extreme sports engagement." Journal of Business Research 170 (January 2024): 114330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114330.

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24

Raggiotto, Francesco. "Risk is my business. Determinants of revisit intentions among participants in extreme sporting events." MERCATI & COMPETITIVITÀ, no. 2 (June 2019): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mc2-2019oa8134.

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Multi-billion-dollar revenues and thousands of people involved, qualify extreme sports as a growing marketing phenomenon. This study addresses the determinants of consumer-athletes intention to revisit extreme sport events. We propose a model investigating the role sensation-seeking tendency, event satisfaction, and event image fit in determining revisit intention of active participants, basing on sensationseeking theory. The model is empirically tested with the SPSS PROCESS macro on 240 active participants in extreme sport events. The findings suggest that sensationseeking leads to revisit intention only through satisfaction, especially when event image fit is strong.

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25

Brymer, Eric, and Robert Schweitzer. "Extreme sports are good for your health: A phenomenological understanding of fear and anxiety in extreme sport." Journal of Health Psychology 18, no. 4 (June 11, 2012): 477–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105312446770.

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26

Febrianty, Mona Fiametta, Komarudin Komarudin, Yusuf Hidayat, and Dede Rohmat Nurjaya. "Identification of sports categorization." Retos 58 (July 12, 2024): 576–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.105871.

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Sports play a significant role in improving human health and financial status, particularly in competitive sports. It is also closely related to the prestige of a region or country. To achieve maximum results, appropriate guidance is required, which can be provided by relevant parties. Policy makers require a specific coaching system based on the characteristics of different sports, which should be carried out continuously with systematically arranged stages. With numerous sports available, it can be challenging to monitor the progress and evaluation of each sport. Therefore, it is necessary to categorize sports based on their characteristics. This research aims to form categories of sports that are adapted to the various characteristics of each sport. The research uses a descriptive qualitative method. The sports that are used as references are those that are competed in the Olympics, as well as those that are competed in Indonesia, especially in National Sports Week (PON). The sample includes 39 sports. After analyzing the characteristics of sports, the following categorizations have been produced: accuracy sports, martial arts, extreme sports, assessment sports, games sports, racquet sports, and measurable sports. Keywords: Category, Identification, Sport, Olympics.

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Ishøi, Lasse, Kristian Thorborg, Otto Kraemer, and Per Hölmich. "The association between specific sports activities and sport performance following hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome: A secondary analysis of a cross-sectional cohort study including 184 athletes." Journal of Hip Preservation Surgery 6, no. 2 (June 5, 2019): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnz017.

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Abstract The main purpose of this secondary analysis was to compare the proportion of athletes with moderate-to-extreme difficulties in eight specific sport activities in athletes with optimal versus impaired sport performance after a hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. Subjects were identified in a nationwide registry and invited to answer a return to sport and performance questionnaire, and the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score Sport subscale investigating difficulties in eight specific sports activities (HAGOS sport items) as; none, mild, moderate, severe or extreme. Subjects were divided into two groups based on sport performance (optimal or impaired). The proportion of athletes with none-to-mild versus moderate-to-extreme difficulties in the eight specific sport activities was compared between groups. The association between difficulties in sport activities and sport performance were investigated using logistic regression analysis. One hundred and eighty-four athletes (31 athletes with optimal and 153 athletes with impaired sport performance) were included at a mean follow-up of 33.1 ± 16.3 months. Up to six athletes (<20%) with optimal sport performance had moderate-to-extreme difficulties in sport activities. Contrary, 43–108 athletes (28.1–70.6%) with impaired performance had moderate-to-extreme difficulties in sport activities. Furthermore, moderate-to-extreme difficulties in HAGOS sport items: ‘running as fast as you can’ and ‘kicking, skating etc.’ increased the odds (14.7 and 6.1 times, respectively) of having impaired sport performance. Many athletes with impaired sport performance reported moderate-to-extreme difficulties in sport activities, specifically moderate-to-extreme difficulties in ‘running as fast as you can’ and ‘kicking, skating etc.’ were associated with patients having impaired sport performance.

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Aleshicheva, A. V. "PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH OF PROFESSIONAL ATHLETES INVOLVED IN EXTREME SPORTS." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 3 (July 28, 2016): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2016-3-38-44.

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The subject of the present study was to investigate the psychological health of professional athletes engaged in extreme sports. The research objective was to determine the effect of extreme sports on the psychological health of professional athletes. The study involved 168 professional athletes who deal with auto racing, judo, karate, rock climbing, melee fighting and boxing. Among them 2 groups were formed: the study group (n = 80), which included professionals, and the control group (n = 87), consisting of athletes who have II or III sports categories. Diagnosis of the mental health and changes in the psyche of the athletes was performed 2 – 3 days before the competition. Quantitative data were processed by methods of mathematical statistics. The study group, in contrast to the control group, showed an increase in the degree of manifestation of personal qualities that are treated as negative. These qualities include: anxiety, frustration, depression, stiffness. It was discovered that the intensity and duration of physical and mental stress cause the emergence of increased somatic symptoms in professional athletes (feeling of pain in the joints, stomach, heart and other organs). Extreme conditions of sports activity lead to mental exhaustion, increase sensitivity to the crisis, cause growth of occupational stress and reduce the quality of life. The author diagnosed exacerbation of somatic symptoms, an increase in the subjective level of morbidity, increase in the degree of manifestation of social disfunction and deterioration of the social and psychological health of professional athletes. The primary factors negatively affecting the psyche of athletes can be postulated as professionalisation and commercialization of sport, which entail the growth of extreme loads, excessive physical and mental stress and a significant deterioration in social and psychological health of professional athletes.

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Brown, Natalie A., Michael B. Devlin, and Andrew C. Billings. "Fan Identification Gone Extreme: Sports Communication Variables Between Fans and Sport in the Ultimate Fighting Championship." International Journal of Sport Communication 6, no. 1 (March 2013): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.6.1.19.

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This study explores the implications of the sports communication theory of fan identification and the divisions often developed between identifying with a single athlete and the bonds developed for a sport as a whole. Using the fastest growing North American sport, mixed martial arts (MMA)—more specifically, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC)—differences in levels of fan identification were examined in relationship to attitudes toward individual athletes and attitudes toward the UFC organization. An online survey of 911 respondents produced a highly representative sample of the UFC’s current audience demographics. Results showed significant differences in fan identify between gender, age, and sensationseeking behaviors, suggesting that distinct demographic variables may influence the role that fan identity has not only in sports media consumption but also in future event consumption. Implications and ramifications for future theoretical sports communication research and sports marketing are postulated.

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30

Ivanov, Metodi. "ESSENCE, PECULIARITIES AND TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXTREME TOURISM IN BULGARIA." Knowledge International Journal 30, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 1779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij30061779i.

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Tourism plays a significant role in the development of a free market economy. It is a source of foreign investment and has a direct contribution to the balance of capital of its developing destinations. Creates and maintains jobs through direct or indirect employment of people as a result of foreign visitors' spending in the host country. In the late 1980s and early 1990s in the history of sport, a new stream called "extreme sports" (extreme - from lat. Extremus - extreme, extraordinary) entered. They combine athletes with increased risk, non-standard thinking and behavior. Some of this group of sports, or the like, have existed since ancient times in the form of an ancient ritual or a local custom in which courage and fearlessness proved. Recently, there is an increasing number of people who want to practice some sports, which have very strong feelings - jumping with elastic rope, delta and paragliding, rock climbing, "white water" rafting and canoeing, , jumping with a parachute, balloons and more. Changes in the value orientation of modern man lead to changes in his attitudes towards different types of sports and tourism. Especially in the younger generation - from 14 to 35 years. Not many of them are looking for non-standard, extreme sports, adventure to meet their personal emotional needs and to discover through their sports their own identity. Based on the practice of the most renowned tourist companies in the world, a number of non-standard sports and activities, sometimes bearing the scars of adventure and adventure, but sought after and desired by some tourists, have entered and continue to take place in recent years.

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Mańko, Grzegorz, Grzegorz Marcin Sobański, Beata Stach, Małgorzata Jekiełek, Sebastian Krych, Andżelina Wolan-Nieroda, Agnieszka Guzik, et al. "The influence of personality and temperamental traits on the perception of a sports injury." Acta Balneologica 66, no. 2 (2024): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/abal202402104.

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Aim: A study was conducted on the relationship between personality and temperamental traits and the perception of trauma. Materials and Methods: The study involved 50 people practicing extreme and high-risk sports and 50 people practicing non-extreme sports. The study used: the BFI-10 Personality Questionnaire translated by Jan Fazlagić, the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS-V) by Zuckerman and the Scale of Perception of Injury in Sports by J. Blecharz. Results: Statistically significant differences were detected in the intensity of personality and temperamental traits and injury perception between groups, as well as statistically significant correlations between the results obtained in the BFI-10 Questionnaire, SSS-V Scale and the Injury Perception Scale in Sports. Conclusions: There is a relationship between the type of sport practiced and personality and temperamental traits. Personality and temperamental traits have a weak or moderate impact on the perception of trauma.

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Ahn, Hyunkyun. "The Subcultural Characteristics of Extreme Sports Participants." Korean Journal of Physical Education 56, no. 5 (September 30, 2017): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23949/kjpe.2017.09.56.5.12.

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Puchan, Heike. "Living “extreme”: Adventure sports, media and commercialisation." Journal of Communication Management 9, no. 2 (June 2005): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13632540510621588.

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Mei-Dan, O., A. P. Moorhead, and F. Feletti. "Systems and Methods in Extreme Sports Medicine." Muscle Ligaments and Tendons Journal 10, no. 02 (June 2020): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.32098/mltj.02.2020.20.

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Mei-Dan, Omer. "Children and extreme sports: a parent’s perspective." Research in Sports Medicine 26, sup1 (April 24, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2018.1432195.

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36

BRETON, DAVID LE. "Playing Symbolically with Death in Extreme Sports." Body & Society 6, no. 1 (March 2000): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357034x00006001001.

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del Valle, Miguel. "The prevention of accidents in extreme sports." Archivos de Medicina del Deporte 40, no. 2 (May 5, 2023): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18176/archmeddeporte.00120.

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Lebeau, Jean-Charles, and Ryan Sides. "Beyond the mainstream versus extreme dichotomy: a cyclical perspective on extreme sports." Sport in Society 18, no. 6 (November 24, 2014): 627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2014.982540.

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Janik, Mariusz. "Czasem rozczarowanie, czasem euforia… — emocje w piłkarskim komentarzu sportowym." Dziennikarstwo i Media 8 (May 24, 2018): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2082-8322.8.5.

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Sometimes disappointment, sometimes euphoria… — emotions in football commentaryFootball, like other sports, evokes extreme emotions. They accompany both fans at the stadium and football supporters watching a sport event on TV, as well as sports commentators reporting the spectacles. In the case of the second group, emotionality is built not only through the match players’ game, but mainly through the sports commentary accompanying the broadcast. The article focuses on the emotions that accompany not fans, but sports commentators while working “live”. By means of qualitative analysis, it tries to answer the questions of what emotions are for them, which of the accompanying ones are dominant, and what influence they have on the sport commentaries and commentators.

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Funk, Lennard. "The Athlete's Shoulder: When Not to Operate." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 94, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 198–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363512x13311314196456.

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Athletes present unique challenges in that their demands are highly specific to their sport and activity. Many sports and positions place extreme demands on the shoulder and the mechanisms of injury may be highly specific to a particular sport. Unique injury patterns are associated with certain sports, for example: swimmer's shoulder, volleyball shoulder, rugby shoulder and so on. Additionally, most sports are seasonal – hence the injuries and treatments associated with the sport will be too. There is a lot of anxiety around a professional athlete's injury, not only from the athletes themselves but also from their coaches, dependents and their sports agent. The decision to operate on an athlete should never be taken lightly and generally always involves a multi-disciplinary approach including the surgeon, team therapist and team doctor.

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Csizma, Kathleen A., Arno F. Wittig, and K. Terry Schurr. "Sport Stereotypes and Gender." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 10, no. 1 (March 1988): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.10.1.62.

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Two samples were used to assess the sex linkage of a wide range of sports. One sample rated each of 68 sports (Matteo, 1984) on perceived acceptability and likelihood of participation for both females and males. The other judged the same 68 sports for masculinity-femininity and perceived complexity. Additionally, all 68 sports were compared to Metheny's (1965) physical activities criteria for perceived appropriateness for female participation. Results indicated that masculinity-femininity judgments were similar to those obtained by Matteo (1984) and that correlations of sex linkage of sport with acceptability and likelihood of participation were high, especially for judgments about female participants. Agreement between sex-type categories for sports and Metheny's (1965) criteria was most consistent for sports receiving either the most extreme masculine or most extreme feminine ratings. It appears that perceptions of the masculinity or femininity of sports are influenced by the gender of who actually participates in those sports as well as the physical activities involved in the sports. Finally, the correlation between mean masculinity-femininity and simplicity-complexity ratings was small and not significant. Indeed, those groups of sports categorized as masculine and feminine were rated as equally complex, and both groups were judged as significantly more complex than the sports classified as neutral. This finding negates Deaux's (1984) contention that feminine tasks are inevitably judged to be simpler than masculine tasks.

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Ahn, Hyunkyun, Nam Ki Cho, and Wi-Young So. "Development of the Compulsive Exercising Scale for Extreme Sports Participants." Journal of Human Kinetics 71, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0089.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure extreme sports participants’ levels of compulsive exercising. There are a number of compulsive exercising scales; however, none of them is targeted for extreme sports participants, whose emotional responses differ from those of non-extreme sports participants. Five hundred extreme sports participants were involved in this study, which included literature analysis, expert review, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Firstly, 95 items were selected from previous studies related to extreme sports and compulsive exercising. Secondly, nine experts scrutinized the content validity of the 95 items, and 82 items were found to be valid. Thirdly, the 82-item survey was initially administered to 253 participants for the purposes of exploratory factor analysis. Lastly, the 20-item survey that came out as a result of the 82 items being put through the exploratory factor analysis was distributed to the other 247 participants in the confirmatory factor analysis. In the final results, 16 items regarding the four factors of the “withdrawal symptom”, “attachment”, “struggle”, and “obsession” were confirmed. The factors used to measure extreme sports participants’ compulsiveness in this study reflect somewhat different dimensions from those developed in previous studies for non-extreme sports participants or exercisers. Only factors in the affective and behavioral dimensions are included in the present study’s scale, while factors in the cognitive or the combined cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions were investigated in previous studies. This explains the need for the present study.

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Cho, Sun-Myoung, Ji-Hye Kang, and Ae-Ran Koh. "Characteristics of Extreme Sports Participants' Lifestyles and Sportswear Benefits Sought -A Comparison between Participants of Extreme and Traditional Sports-." Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles 34, no. 12 (December 31, 2010): 2051–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5850/jksct.2010.34.12.2051.

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Ceylan, Merve, Ersin Altıparmak, and Fahri Akçakoyun. "The analysis of the relationship between personality traits of extreme athletes and sports consumption motives." Journal of Human Sciences 13, no. 1 (March 24, 2016): 1745. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3416.

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This research was conducted in order to analyse the relationship between personality traits and sports consumption motives. In line with this purpose, 227 extreme athletes (86 were sportsmen and 141 were sportswomen), which were competitors in sports branches of snowboarding, snow kiting, kitesurfing, windsurfing, kayak, mountain biking, Free-diving, paragliding, rock climbing and rafting, were selected through the method of judgement sampling. Questionnaires were conducted between 1 February- 31 December 2013 at extreme sports facilities in the provinces and districts of Muğla/Marmaris-Fethiye-Bodrum-Gökova, Antalya/Alanya-Kemer, İzmir/Alaçatı-Çeşme, Bursa/ Uludağ, Bolu/ Kartalkaya. In this study, “Extreme Sport Consumption Scale” (ESCS) that was developed by Şimşek (2010) and short version (with 85 articles) of “Five Factor Personality Inventory” (FFPI), which was developed by Somer, Korkmaz and Tatar (2004) were employed in order to collect data.The results of the study produced significant findings concerning the relationship between personality traits and their sports consumption motives. The most significant of them all showed that sports consumption motives to a certain extent coincide with personality traits. The assessment of the relationship between ESCS and FFPI according to the gender factor revealed that for female participants, there were negative correlations between physical fitness and extraversion; values, socialisation, seeking for excitement-adventure and docility and letting off stress and self-control (p<.05). For male participants, positive correlations were observed between letting off stress, behavioural intentions and extraversion (p<.05).

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Daniels, Kerry, Ian Frederick Wilkinson, Louise Young, and Steven (Qiang) Lu. "Extreme brand love: measuring and modelling the intensity of sports team love." European Journal of Marketing 54, no. 9 (July 8, 2020): 2195–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-12-2018-0878.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to advance the understanding of brand love by studying its intensity and the nature of extreme forms of it, rather than its presence or absence. The love of a sports team is a type of brand love and is a valuable context to study of brand love intensity because the intensity of love can become more extreme than for products; it has two distinctive features that are theoretically, management and policy relevant; and it is an under-researched context in marketing that is socially and economically significant. Design/methodology/approach The authors empirically develop and test a multidimensional hierarchical higher-order measure of the intensity of team love and a model of its drivers and outcomes using a sample of supporter club members of a professional sports team who vary in their intensity of love for the team. Findings The results support our measurement model and its distinctive features, especially the importance of the perceived two-way bond fans have with their team. While overall intensity of team love is not related to social influence or on-field performance, as hypothesized, they are related to sub-dimensions of team love, reflecting its multidimensionality. As hypothesized, the intensity of team love and social influence are related to the intention to renew club membership even with increased costs and poor performance and social influence is directly related to word of mouth and game attendance. Research limitations/implications The research is limited to the club members of one sports team in a particular sport in one country and one cultural context. Future research opportunities include: extending it to other sports and brand contexts, refining the methodology and addressing other issues highlighted by the research. Practical implications The results indicate the limits of management control of team love intensity because it develops over time independently through social processes. However, firms can help facilitate these processes. The social dimensions indicate the need to develop socially, as well as individually-focussed relationship management strategies. Most devoted fans are valuable customers, but some hardcore elements can be dysfunctional and sabotage the brand. Social implications Sport is personally, social and economically significant in most cultures and love of a sports team love can be an important glue that binds people and communities. However, the existence of extreme hardcore fans and heated rivalries can also be divisive and pose challenges for social policy. Hence, the need to better understand the factors driving more extreme forms of team love to better inform the development of social policy. Originality/value The authors focus on the intensity of brand love rather than its presence and absence as in prior research. The authors develop and test a new hierarchical measure of sports team love intensity and a model of its drivers and outcomes. The sports context is under-researched in marketing but reveals the important role played by dimensions that are obscured in studies of product brand love – its social nature and the perceived reciprocal relation with devoted fans. The results contribute to developing extended theories of brand love, open up new research opportunities and have management and policy implications.

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Maksymchuk, Borys, Dmytro Pohrebniak, Ihor Roshchin, Andriy Drachuk, Viktor Romanenko, Vasyl Ovcharuk, Vira Ovcharuk, and Iryna Maksymchuk. "Effective Decision-Making for Extreme Situations in Sports Coaching." Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala 14, no. 3 (September 2, 2022): 510–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/rrem/14.3/623.

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The study examines the features of the professional activities of sports coaches. As this profession involves experiencing extreme situations, uncertainty, risk, time pressure and critical choices that affect a person's emotional state, hindering his rational thinking, and eventually a person may lose control of the situation, it is important to identify basic measures to normalize the relevant professional activities. The relevance of the study is due to the need to form professional competence in the activities of a sports coach, which is associated with physical training and direct responsibility for the health and sometimes the lives of their athletes. In order to understand the behavioral aspect in extreme situations that occur in sports training, the basic theoretical principles of sports coaches 'response to extreme situations were considered, researchers' conclusions on the behavior of sports coaches were analyzed and effective approaches to decision-making by coaches in extreme conditions were identified. To achieve this goal, methods of analysis and synthesis, descriptive method and content analysis method were used. The results of the study became the basis for determining the conceptual basis for the effectiveness of decision-making by coaches in extreme situations.

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Wills, J. W., and I. S. McClay. "INCIDENCE OF INJURIES AT AN EXTREME SPORTS CAMP." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 31, Supplement (May 1999): S400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199905001-02050.

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Brymer, Eric, and Robert D. Schweitzer. "Evoking the ineffable: The phenomenology of extreme sports." Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice 4, no. 1 (2017): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cns0000111.

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Brymer, Eric, Greg Downey, and Tonia Gray. "Extreme Sports as a Precursor to Environmental Sustainability." Journal of Sport & Tourism 14, no. 2-3 (August 2009): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14775080902965223.

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Reynolds, Jimmy. "Epidemiology of Injury in Adventure and Extreme Sports." Physical Therapy in Sport 14, no. 4 (November 2013): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2013.08.007.

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