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Journal articles on the topic 'Extremist Groups'
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1
Liang, Zhiwen. "Two-Way Linkage: The Evolution and Characteristics of Buddhist and Islamic Extremism in Sri Lanka." Indian Journal of Modern Research and Reviews 2, no. 11 (2024): 47–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14261172.
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In 2009, after the end of the 26-year civil war, Sri Lanka's national security is still facing many challenges, especially the extremism dominated by the "Buddhist-Muslim" religious conflict is spreading. As the threat of Tamil separatism has removed, Buddhist extremist groups in Sri Lanka have begun to turn their attention to Muslims, exacerbating Buddhist-Islamic tensions. Buddhist extremists have further exacerbated tensions between Muslims and Buddhists by inciting hate speech and violence against Islam, fueling rising anti-Muslim sentiment. In 2019, after the Easter attacks by Islamic extremists, the Sri Lankan government took tougher measures to control the growth of extremism, but the results were not satisfactory, and religious extremism spread further. The relationship between Buddhism and Islam is mutually antagonistic and radicalized, showing a pattern of "reactive extremism". Buddhist nationalists see their religion and culture as threatened by “Islamization”, while Islamic extremism is gradually hidden under social marginalization and security pressures. Both extremisms are ideologically “defensive” and perceive their culture and religion as threatened by the other. Buddhism and Islamic extremism present a two-way interaction in terms of crisis narratives, acts of violence, and international influence, reflecting the interaction and intensification of these two extremist forces.
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Ismail, Ahmad Munawar, and Wan Kamal Mujani. "Extremist Characteristics Based on Arrested Cases in Southeast Asia." Jurnal Akidah & Pemikiran Islam 24, no. 1 (2023): 43–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/afkar.vol25no1.2.
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Various aspects such as character, thought, belief, speech, and action were observed to determine the traits of a typical human being. Identifying the characteristics of extremists can be challenging for society, and often only becomes apparent after an individual has been detained as an extremist offender. Religious extremist groups engage in subtle heresy by deviating from the authentic teachings of Islam and promoting these deviations to their adherents as a form of religious reform. This article will examine the transformation of heretics in Southeast Asia by describing extremist characteristics in select countries. This study employed qualitative methods, including content analysis, interviews, and focus group discussions, to investigate the involvement of experts and activists in the process of rehabilitating extremists. Data on the psychological rehabilitation of extremists was gathered and analyzed using authoritative sources such as the Qur’an, Hadith, and works by Muslim and Western scholars, with a focus on references related to Islam, extremism, and heresy. The study aimed to ascertain the attributes of the extremist who was apprehended and subjected to official scrutiny. The results will be applied to extremist traits data and indicators identified by national and international religious extremist researchers, including extremism analysts, university academics, and religious department officials. Consequently, this study can establish a standard indicator for identifying the characteristics of this group, aiding society in detecting and containing its associated movement.
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Phadke, Shruti, and Tanushree Mitra. "Educators, Solicitors, Flamers, Motivators, Sympathizers: Characterizing Roles in Online Extremist Movements." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2 (2021): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3476051.
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Social media provides the means by which extremist social movements, such as white supremacy and anti-LGBTQ, thrive online. Yet, we know little about the roles played by the participants of such movements. In this paper, we investigate these participants to characterize their roles, their role dynamics, and their influence in spreading online extremism. Our participants-online extremist accounts-are 4,876 public Facebook pages or groups that have shared information from the websites of 289 Southern Poverty LawCenter (SPLC) designated extremist groups. Guided by theories of participatory activism, we map the information sharing features of these extremists accounts. By clustering the quantitative features followed by qualitative expert validation, we identify five roles surrounding extremist activism-educators, solicitors, flamers, motivators, sympathizers. For example, solicitors use links from extremist websites to attract donations and participation in extremist issues, whereas flamers share inflammatory extremist content inciting anger. We further investigate role dynamics such as, how stable these roles are over time and how likely will extremist accounts transition from one role into another. We find that roles core to the movement-educators and solicitors-are more stable, while flamers and motivators can transition to sympathizers with high probability. Finally, using a Hawkes process model, we test which roles are more influential in spreading various types of information. We find that educators and solicitors exert the most influence in triggering extremist link posts, whereas flamers are influential in triggering the spread of information from fake news sources. Our results help in situating various roles on the trajectory of deeper engagement into the extremist movements and understanding the potential effect of various counter-extremism interventions. Our findings have implications for understanding how online extremist movements flourish through participatory activism and how they gain a spectrum of allies for mobilizing extremism online.
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Abd Razak, Muhd Imran, Mohd Farhan Abd Rahman, Azzaat Ahsanie Lokman, Mohd Zaid Mustafar, and Amir Mohd Nason. "Analysis of Woman Fiqh Jihad Based on Selected Malaysian Woman Extremism Cases." Jurnal Islam dan Masyarakat Kontemporari 23, no. 2 (2022): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/jimk.2022.23.2.648.
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Statistical information shared by the Royal Malaysia Police (PDRM) suggests women engagement in religious extremism groups has increased in recent years. There is an urgent need to address the severe cases of extremism involving women abroad to prevent a similar incident in Malaysia. Hence, this study examines women jihad fiqh's issues based on the local background, and factors contributed to their interest. The study employed a qualitative method by collecting documentary reviews of the extremist group's publications and interviews with PDRM officers and the selected deradicalisation experts. The result indicates that Malaysian women's engagement in extremist groups is caused by the ideological influence and the pursuit of marrying a "jihadi". Nonetheless, it did not alter the legal status of fiqh jihad that had been deliberated by the scholars on the extremist groups. Therefore, women's involvement in extremist groups in the name of jihad should be constrained accordingly.
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Allayarovna, Nurumbetova Sadokat. "EXTREMIST ACTIVITY AND ITS HISTORICAL, SCIENTIFIC-THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT." International Journal of Law And Criminology 3, no. 10 (2023): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijlc/volume03issue10-09.
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The article provides an overview and summary of extremist activity and its history. It emphasizes the periodic criteria for the origin of extremism, interprets the historical stages of their activities. The consequences of extremist activity are also discussed, followed by radicalization and the reasons for joining extremist groups. Then the main events and groups of various extremist movements are considered. The discussion examines the problematic aspects of identifying and combating extremism and the problems of recommendation proposals. The conclusion summarizes the main points and states that understanding the roots and evolution of extremism is important in developing effective prevention and countermeasures.
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Gabbay, Shaul M. "The Role of Extremist Groups in Fueling Violence in Sudan." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 10, no. 12 (2023): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.1012.16012.
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In this paper we consider the role extremist groups play in perpetuating violence in Sudan, a country long plagued by terrorism and political instability. We examine the various groups’ ideologies, world views, and objectives, and discuss the influence these groups have on the social, political, and economic welfare of Sudan. Starting with an historical overview, we explain how extremism in Sudan first took root. We examine the primary players and their regional and international influences. Further, we examine the significant toll extremist-driven violence has taken and continues to take on civilian population as well as on governance and the economy. Furthermore, we study the ways Sudanese government has attempted to disempower extremist groups and analyze the effectiveness of international interventions. By analyzing the root causes of extremism as well as current events, we seek to provide a thoughtful land nuanced understanding of this pernicious issue. This study serves as a critical examination of the complexities surrounding extremist violence in Sudan, contributing to the broader discourse on counterterrorism and peacebuilding in conflict-prone regions.
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Kirilenko, Viktor, and Georgy Alekseev. "Extremists: Criminals and Victims of Radical Violence." Russian Journal of Criminology 13, no. 4 (2019): 612–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(4).612-628.
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The radical political violence outgoing from extremist communities became the most dangerous trend in the modern criminal dynamics. The victims of crimes committed by suicide terrorists are not only those who are subject to political and ideological violence, but also absolutely random people outside the field of politics. The actual perpetrators of mass homicide, including the most brutal acts of terrorism, are extremists with homicide-suicidal syndrome, interested in the society’s attention to them, convinced, in an irrational way, that absolutely all people are guilty of their problems. The fate of extremists and victims of their radical violence is not always directly determined by the level of unemployment or organized relations between the rule of law state and other social management institutions. These well-known criminological determinants affect the form of extremist actions and crimes, they may lower the level of extremist aggression, but do not change the motives of criminals. The higher the quality of life in the country, the less frequently mass homicide will happen, but it is likely to use high tech. Limiting the use of firearms by extremists, we are confronted with their attempts to adapt vehicles for deadly purposes. The actions of extremists do not reflect any real political struggle for freedom and independence, for religious values, for social justice; in practice, there is irrational extremism — a new socio-political phenomenon of active criminal protest against the very idea of humanism. Violent extremism emerges against the background of a certain social situation: 1) low efficiency of social policy; 2) isolation of an individual from civil society institutions and state structures; 3) desperate human desire for self-realization that is set against universal indifference to the problems of an individual. Under the influence of criminogenic factors, an extremist’s personality may become the object of manipulation by terrorist groups and other criminal communities.
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Abdukarimova, Z. T., G. Kovacheva, A. B. Bauberikova, and S. A. Umbetbayev. "FACTORS INFLUENCING THE COMMISSION OF EXTREMIST CRIMES AND INVOLVEMENT TO EXTREMIST GROUPS." Bulletin of Dulaty University 16, no. 4 (2024): 141–51. https://doi.org/10.55956/uisl5169.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the factors and causes of the commission of extremist crimes and involvement in extremist groups in order to form recommendations for its prevention. The events of January 2022 in Kazakhstan force countries to take a fresh look at the problems of national and global security in the paradigm of interstate and internal problems, which requires the formation of new systems and ways of interaction between the state, civil society and the population on this issue. In order to understand the causes and factors of extremism and to focus the state's attention on the main aspects of its prevention, a survey was conducted within the framework of the study, which made it possible for the authors of the article to demonstrate the attitude of the country's population towards extremism and its causes. The position on the factors of involvement in extremism is expressed and argued through the analysis of the criminological characteristics of this crime with examples and practice of national legislation.
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Modell, David. "RETREAT FROM REALITY." Psychoanalysis and History 11, no. 2 (2009): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1460823509000439.
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Drawing on the author's experience of making a number of television documentaries for about extremism, this paper attempts to explore the commonalities between different groups who pursue extremist or fundamentalist ideals. The intention is to develop a better understanding of those who are drawn towards fundamentalism, whether they be animal rights activists, racial supremacists or religious extremists.
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Atoi, Ewere Nelson. "Religious Extremism and Moral Evil in North-Eastern Nigeria: Implications of Violent Extremism in the Nigerian Society." UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 23, no. 2 (2023): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v23i2.5.
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The various categories of moral evil associated with some contemporary extremists' religious ideologies have continued to raise fundamental questions about the purpose of religion in human life the world over. In Nigeria, the Northeastern region has recorded the worst form of moral evil in recent years due to religious extremism. Therefore, this essay explored the phenomenon of religious extremism to underscore how it has occasioned large-scale moral evil in North-eastern Nigeria. Data were obtained from existing literature, media reports and observation of the contemporary religious situation in the Northeastern region. Historical, content, critical and constructive methods of analysis were utilized for data interpretation. Two major religious extremist sects (Boko Haram and ISWAP) are largely responsible for most of the moral evil in north-eastern Nigeria. These two extremist groups have continued to abduct, dehumanize, displace and kill innocent people across the northeastern region in the name of God. This paper submits that religious extremists should eschew violent extremism and embrace the philosophy of peace, love and tolerance in the practice of their religious beliefs for the common good of all.
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Alhaliq, Ghazal. "Explaining the Impact of Extremist Groups in the UK After 9/11." Migration Letters 20, S12 (2023): 18–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.59670/ml.v20is12.5839.
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The current study aimed to identify definitions of extremism, its forms, and the reasons for its emergence in societies. In addition to the roots of extremism in the three religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. This research studies the role and effects of the 9/11 attacks on the United States as a turning point in modern history and a link between extremism, violence, and global jihad. Al Qaeda as a paradigm. This study uses the descriptive narrative method to describe the characteristics and origins of Islamic extremism and study the attributes of far-right British extremist groups in the UK as a study case. The narrative approach is selected because it is often used to understand individuals and groups better and describe a phenomenon. This study will prove the extent to which extremism directly affects societies and individuals. It also will reveal that extremism often flourishes in environments characterized by social and economic disparities, political instability, ideological polarization, and undemocratic governments. Moreover, the role played by electronic platforms and social networking sites, in addition to mosques and religious sermons, works to facilitate the spread of extremism. Extremist ideologies emerge as a worrying contemporary challenge. The thesis emphasizes the importance of precise and context-specific strategies to combat extremism, emphasizing the need for collaboration between governments, civil society, and technology providers. In conclusion, this research contributes to the academic understanding of extremism, provides a general knowledge of its motivations, and gives recommendations to face it. By comprehensively addressing the root causes and manifestations of extremism, it advocates for holistic approaches that foster inclusivity, education, and social cohesion as essential components in mitigating the impact of extremist ideologies on global society.
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Larkin, Mikhail, Viktor Boiarov, Yuliia Pyrozhkova, Oleksandr Melkovskyi, and Yuliia Loboda. "Forensic-linguistic and religious expertise in the investigation of crimes committed by members of youth informal groups (associations) of extremist orientation." Revista Amazonia Investiga 13, no. 74 (2024): 381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2024.74.02.32.
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The article explores the unique challenges of conducting forensic-linguistic and religious expertise during the investigation of crimes committed by members of youth informal groups (associations) with extremist leanings. It outlines the specific investigative practices for these types of crimes. The research aims to analyze forensic-linguistic and religious expertise in investigating crimes perpetrated by members of these groups. The importance of these types of expertise is underscored by the rising number of extremism cases among young people, which necessitates innovative identification and prevention methods. Linguistic analysis can reveal underlying meanings and manipulative language tools, crucial for effective crime investigation and maintaining justice and societal safety. As extremist crimes often transcend international borders, it is vital to develop adaptable research methods for different cultural and social contexts. The study employs scientific methods such as observation, analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, and extrapolation. It reviews scientific literature on youth groups, anti-extremism, crime investigation, forensics, and religious studies, alongside examining investigation materials from crimes committed by youth extremist groups. Promising avenues for future research include analyzing forensic examinations conducted during the investigation of crimes committed by youth informal groups with extremist orientations. This could enhance understanding and provide better strategies for tackling extremism in various contexts.
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Cherubini, Lorenzo. "Extremist Ideologies: Youth and Schools." Proceedings of The International Conference of Advanced Research in Education 1, no. 1 (2024): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/educationconf.v1i1.387.
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According to a House of Commons Report (2022) on public safety, hate motivated ideologies are spreading consistently across Canada. Moreover, the Report cites youth among those particularly vulnerable to right-wing ideologies thereby complementing the literature that suggests that youth and radical right-wing ideologies are positioned at a precarious intersection. Particularly notable and worth distinguishing are youth cultural right-wing extremist groups whose ambition is not completely independent from right-wing extremists. Youth cultural right-wing extremist groups especially rely on the internet and social media as a means of recruiting members to the organization and to spread widely their radical ideologies. It is not enough, though, to make overly simplistic claims that youth, such as the youth cultural right-wing extremists, have a periphery existence in cyber spaces and a generalized association to more sophisticated right-wing extremist groups. Youth cultural right-wing extremist groups are characteristic of cultures that consist of a hateful discourse that celebrates ethnonationalist values, beliefs, and traditions. Research points to the fact that the dialogue, often antagonistic, appeals to youth that are attracted by these radical views. Education systems have been identified as sites where radical and extremist tendencies and ideologies can be directly addressed by educators, given the substantial amount of time that youth spend in schools. The paper discusses both the interventions and implications related to addressing extremist ideologies in educational contexts.
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Suslov, Yury E. "Informational and Psychological Combating of Extremism in the Cyberspace." Juridical psychology 4 (December 22, 2022): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2071-1204-2022-4-36-38.
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The article deals with the problem of spreading extremist ideas through modern means of communication and, fi rst of all, through the information and communication network Internet. The Internet has become an integral part of people’s everyday life, the possibility of active communication in cyberspace, which, in addition to the creative component, has a destructive one, creating a threat of infection with the ideas of extremism, as well as the involvement of criminal groups in extremist activities. On the example of social networks, ways of spreading and infecting with the ideas of extremism are shown. The specifi cs of mediated interaction in the virtual space, as well as the possibilities of creating forms, transferring, evaluating information that take place in social networks, provide certain opportunities for extremist criminals to identify and involve potential victims in criminal activities. The paper also analyzes the psychological characteristics of one of the risk groups for involvement in extremist activities — young people. In addition to the agerelated psychological characteristics of this group, its representatives are also the most active users of social networks, which further increases the vulnerability to extremist information and psychological impact. The paper presents the psychological characteristics of persons convicted of extremist activities. Ways are proposed to counter the spread of extremist ideas in the information space.
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Nedoroscik, J. A. "Extremist Groups in Egypt." Terrorism and Political Violence 14, no. 2 (2002): 47–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714005613.
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Koruts, Uliana. "International Legal Regulation of Countering Propaganda of War and Manifestations of Extremism." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9, no. 1 (2020): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2020-0009.
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The research paper analyses the international legal regulation of countering manifestations of extremism and propaganda of war. The understanding of extremist activity as an encroachment on the foundations of the constitutional order and the security of the state, as well as the violation of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of the individual and the citizen resulting from the denial of legal and/or other generally accepted norms and rules of social behaviour have been formulated. It is established that the proposed definition is built on two basic criteria. The first is the circle of public relations, which is prone to extremist encroachment (such as: the foundations of the constitutional order, state security, rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of an individual and a citizen). The second is motivation of extremist manifestations, that is, denial of legal and/or other generally accepted norms and rules of social behaviour. The following constructive features of extremism are distinguished: a) attachment, that is, loyalty or devotion to someone or anything (attachment of extremism is expressed in devotion to a certain ideology); b) the extreme nature of views, positions and arrangements in human activity (they reflect the essence of extremism, since they are characterized by the ideology of intolerance of the existing state system and violent methods of struggle); c) extremist acts can be committed both by individuals and groups or organizations; d) the spheres that are prone to negative effect of this phenomenon (the spheres of public consciousness, social psychology, morality, ideology, relations between social groups, ethnic groups, public associations, political parties and denominations). The directions of international cooperation in the field of countering extremism in the form of propaganda of war and hatred based on generally recognized principles and norms of international law, which serve as the unification and harmonization of means and methods of countering extremism and terrorism, are disclosed. The conceptual features of extremism produced by the world community are formulated, which include: a) specific motivation characteristic of extremist crimes; b) global nature of the danger directed at all world powers; c) transnational organized nature of the activities of extremist organizations, such as unification and harmonization of the means and methods of countering extremism and terrorism.
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Kirilenko, V. P., A. D. Khlutkov, and G. V. Alekseev. "Methodology for Combating Extremism in Cyberspace: Experience of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 17, no. 4 (2023): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2023-04-29-42.
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The studies of extremist discourse in cyberspace use set scientific methods to protect traditional spiritual values, such as state sovereignty, human rights and freedoms, historical and cultural heritage. The experience of the member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) on the implementation of regional international agreements aimed at combating extremism should be applied in the organization of countering extremist crimes committed using digital technologies.Aim . To characterize approaches to combating extremism in cyberspace within the SCO and to determine the methodology for assessing the degree of public danger of manifestations of extremism.Methods. The study on extremism in SCO apply a comparative legal method when posing the problem of criminalization of extremist practices and use discourse analysis of the extremism in cyberspace problem for assessing the public danger of radical ideology.Results. Three groups of methods are used in the fight against extremism: methods of legal regulation, methods of studying and assessing the public danger of extremist materials and methods of scientific research of extremism. Prohibitive legal regulation in cyberspace is applied to media content that, according to the conclusion of linguistic expertise, contains signs of extremist materials. The doctrinal basis for the legal assessment of the linguistic expertise of extremist materials is the socio-legal research conducted in the SCO member states.Conclusions. The propaganda of extremism in cyberspace qualifies as an abuse of freedom of speech, since extremist ideology leads to terrorism. The SCO consensus on the need to combat extremism is based on a scientific methods system for radical ideology research, among which discourse analysis and narrative dialogue research will play an increasing role with the digital transformation.
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Baugut, Philip, and Katharina Neumann. "How Right-Wing Extremists Use and Perceive News Media." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 96, no. 3 (2018): 696–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077699018803080.
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We investigate how right-wing extremists use, perceive, and try to provoke news media coverage. Findings from qualitative interviews with former leaders of right-wing extremist groups in Germany, who served as key informants, show that reports on right-wing extremism are used and trigger feelings of being personally affected. Consequently, right-wing extremists show hostile-media and third-person perceptions. These perceptions influence both emotions and behaviors among right-wing extremists, for example, they cause right-wing leaders to strategically monitor news media to exploit them for political goals. Our findings are presented along with a model and are accompanied by a discussion of the implications for responsible journalism.
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Cedillo, Joel Ivan Gonzalez. "Religious Extremism: The Use of Western Christianity as an Element of White Supremacism." Study of Religion, no. 4 (2019): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2072-8662.2019.4.96-101.
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The murder of the German politician Walter Lübcke in 2019 by a far-right extremist with links to Neo-Nazi groups exposes the need to address European ethnonationalist extremism from a wider array of approaches, one of them, the religious one. European ethno-nationalists have found profitable the distortion of elements of Western Christianity and its use to reject individuals they consider undesirable, especially Muslims and non-European immigrants. By doing this, far-right extremists have managed to consolidate an ideological basis known as Christianism. This work examines the characteristics of the extremist ideology Christianism and its relation to white supremacism, as well as the historical bias of the Crusades they use and that is a central part of their ideology. This work analyses the manifesto written by white supremacist terrorist Brenton Tarrant with the aim to expose the relation between white supremacism and Christianism, as well as the influence on terrorist acts against non-Europeans in the West, and the main propositions of such extremist ideology. The conclusion proposes the need of better education in history and critical thinking skills in societies affected by white supremacism, as well as the participation of followers of traditional Christianity in counter extremism efforts
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Saucier, Gerard, Laura Geuy Akers, Seraphine Shen-Miller, Goran Kneževié, and Lazar Stankov. "Patterns of Thinking in Militant Extremism." Perspectives on Psychological Science 4, no. 3 (2009): 256–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01123.x.
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Recurrent features of the thinking pattern (or mind-set) of violent militant extremists are delineated, discussed, and related to previous research and theory. We examined extremist groups from a diverse range of continents, cultures, and political and religious orientations. We compared statements by (and, to some degree, statements about) these groups and formulated 16 themes common to the militant-extremist mind-set. Among these themes are perceptions of a crisis involving violations of posited sacred values, along with justifications for the use of violence to remediate such problems. There are indications that such themes are not infrequent in the general population. For example, research participants failed to strongly disassociate themselves from the sentiments and framings found in the fanatical items, which undercuts the notion that militant-extremist thinking represents bizarre ideation. Militant-extremist thinking appears to represent a major, aggressive form of fanaticism affected by both dispositional and situational factors. Key themes in this thinking pattern might fit together to construct a potentially compelling narrative, which may be a key part of the ideological appeal of salient militant-extremist groups.
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Mondani, Hernan, Amir Rostami, Tina Askanius, Jerzy Sarnecki, and Christofer Edling. "Women in Violent Extremism in Sweden." Proceedings 77, no. 1 (2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2021077015.
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This presentation summarizes a register-based study on women who have been identified as belonging to three violent extremist milieus in Sweden: violent Islamic, violent far-right, and violent far-left extremism. We studied the women in these milieus along a number of analytical dimensions, ranging from demographic and educational to criminal background and network relationships, and compared them to three reference groups: (i) non-extremist biological sisters to female extremists in the study population; (ii) men in the respective extremist milieus; and (iii) female members of other antagonistic milieus such as organized crime. Our results showed that there are both similarities and differences between groups. In some cases, like age and region of birth, there are commonalities between violent far-right and violent far-left women. Regarding region of birth and migration background, women affiliated to violent far-right and violent far-left extremism are predominantly born in Sweden. Women affiliated to violent Islamic extremism tend to be born in Sweden to a greater extent than men in the same milieu, but to a much lesser degree than women in the violent far-right and violent far-left. When it comes to education, women in the violent Islamic milieu are closer to women in violent far-right extremism. Women in violent far-left extremism perform best at school, with consistently higher grades. The average score of women in violent far-left extremism is identical to that of their sisters, and women in violent far-left extremism perform on average substantially better than men in the same milieu. Women in violent Islamic extremism, in contrast, perform on average similarly to men in violent far-left extremism, and they perform better than their biological sisters. Regarding labor market attachment, violent Islamic extremists have the weakest attachment and the highest dependency upon financial assistance as well as a low employment share (36 percent in 2016), but also a relatively high share of individuals with a high number of unemployment days, suggesting that women in violent Islamic extremism experience higher social exclusion. We find the highest employment share among women in violent far-left extremism, where 89 percent are gainfully employed in 2016 (80 percent for at least three of the last five years) and about a 20 percent unemployment share. Men in violent far-left extremism have an employment share around 10 percent below that of the women in far-left extremism for 2016. The highest fractions of individuals that have not been in contact with the health system due to mental disorders are among violent Islamic extremism, with the women’s fraction at 84 percent, compared to their non-extremist sisters and men in the same milieu that are just above 79 percent. Women in violent far-left extremism have the highest share of in-patient major mental disorders among the extremist milieus (3 percent), higher than men in the same milieu (less than 1 percent) as well as than women and their sisters in the other categories. During the period 2007–2016, 68 percent of individuals in the extremist milieus are covered by the register of suspected individuals. The coverage is substantially higher for men, 72 percent than for women, 43 percent. Compared to their sisters, women in all three milieus are criminally active to a much higher extent. However, women in all three milieus are less criminally active than women in other antagonistic milieus, among whom 67 percent have been suspected at least once. In all three milieus, the share of men with a criminal record is about twice as large as that of women. As far as the gender aspect is concerned, we know that extremist milieus generally have a conservative view of the role of women in society. In our results, this is reflected in the low rates of crime in women compared to men, and relatively marginal positions in the co-offending networks. The fact that women in violent far-left extremism have stronger positions in their networks than the other women in the study population is expected, given that the ideology of this milieu allows for greater equality. This means that women in violent far-left extremism participate more often than, e.g., women in violent far-right extremism, in political actions where violence is common. This pattern of gender roles and criminal involvement also holds concerning women in violent Islamic extremism. This milieu has a more traditional view of the role of women than views among even violent far-right extremists. Women in violent Islamic extremism are less involved in crime and, in particular, violent crime.
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Matei, I. C. "A systematic review on the link between adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and later involvement in gang violence and extremist groups." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (2023): S289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.650.
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IntroductionAdverse childhood experiences are common and have been linked to a number of physical illnesses, as well as socioeconomic problems. Moreover, it has been proven that ACEs can increase chances of people showing criminal behaviour. The question arises whether people with ACEs also have an increased chance of joining extremist groups or violent gangs.ObjectivesThe aim of this systematic review is to measure the ACE rates in violent extremists and gangs and to establish whether there is a pattern linking ACEs to violent extremist organizations and gangs.MethodsThe following databases were searched to retrieve relevant studies: the ProQuest Social Science database, Pubmed, Scopus. Eligible studies were articles of any study design that reported ACE rates in either extremists or gang members. Data was extracted and organized into a table and a quality assessment was performed using standardized tools (CASP and NHLBI). A narrative synthesis of the evidence was conducted. A meta-analysis could not be performed due to the heterogeneity of the studies.Results22 studies (eight on extremists and fourteen on gang members) were included. The studies varied in terms of research design, sample size, location and measured ACEs. Quality also varied across the studies. The prevalence rates were heterogenous and ranged from 0% to almost 100%.Physical abuse was the most addressed ACE (5 studies on extremists and 11 on gang members). Sexual abuse was the second most explored ACE (4 studies on extremists and 9 studies on gang members). Neglect and caregiver loss were also common ACEs, while the other ACEs were less represented in the two subpopulations. A comparison between the two subpopulations was difficult due to the differences in the studies.ConclusionsWhile overall ACE rates were high in the two groups and some ACEs were salient in the two subpopulations, quality of evidence varied across the studies. No solid ACE pattern across the studies could be found. Moreover, there were only two prospective studies on gang members and none on extremists, so a causal relationship between ACEs and involvement in violent gangs or extremist organizations could not be established. Future research should concentrate on studies of this design, as well as on improving the quality of the evidence.As ACEs are extremely common, researchers should also look beyond them when searching for causes of extremism or violent gang membership. Other negative events (bullying, racism) should also be explored.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
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Pham, J. Peter. "Book Review: Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups." International Criminal Justice Review 17, no. 1 (2007): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567701299316.
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Zlokazov, K. V., M. N. Latu, and Y. R. Tagiltseva. "Influence of Identity on Extremist Attitudes Formation: An Empirical Study (Psychological and Linguistic Approach)." Sibirskiy Psikhologicheskiy Zhurnal, no. 79 (2021): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/17267080/79/9.
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The article discusses and empirically studies the influence of identity on the level of extremist attitudes formation among the representatives of different age groups, taking into account the results of linguistic analysis. The significance of studying the determinants of extremism is stated and discussed. The modern theories of extremist behavior are analyzed. The contemporary points of view on the motivation of extremist actions are determined and compared; the characteristics of the extremist motive and its content are described. The social, economic and psychological reasons that stand behind extremism are described. The direc-tions and areas of psychological research of extremist attitudes are considered. The role of identity in the formation of extremist attitudes is noted, the need for an empirical study of various aspects of identity in order to identify the level of radicalization is substantiated. The article describes the procedure of empirical research of extremist attitudes based on a sampling of different age groups (n = 950). We establish the influence of such parameter as certainty of identity on fanatic and nationalistic attitudes. During the research we used self-reporting methods. Statistical analysis is performed using descriptive statistics methods, such as ANOVA, MANOVA. We also describe the results of the linguistic and cognitive analysis of the addresser's identity representation and his ideas about the identity of the addressee in multicode conflict-provoking texts in correlation with the empirical research data. The results of statistical analysis show specific differences in the determination of extremist attitudes and views by the identity. It was defined that the uncertainty of identity contributes to the formation of fanatical attitudes, potentially influencing the development of religious extremism. The results of self- and social identity on creating nationalist attitude differ a lot. The research reveals specific features of creating fanatical mindset at various age periods, as well as its adjacency with social identification. Constructing a certain social identity, as evidenced by our results, leads to an increase in fanatical attitudes from low to average level.
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Boiarov, Viktor, Mikhail Larkin, Olexandr Dudorov, Yuliia Pyrozhkova, and Kyrylo Legkykh. "Interrogation of the victims during the investigation of crimes committed by youth extremist groups." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 28 (2020): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.28.04.31.
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For several years in Ukraine and in other countries, the activity of informal criminal groups, in particular, of the youth groups, can be observed. Thus, there is a need for theoretical understanding of the activities of the respective criminal groups in order to make proposals for improving the current criminal procedural legislation. The article emphasizes the importance of evidential information that can be obtained during the interrogation of victims of crimes committed by youth informal groups of extremist orientation. In this connection, the authors have considered: 1) the features of the victims to be taken into account when investigating the criminal activity of informal youth extremist groups; 2) sources of information on the identification of victims of crimes committed by members of youth informal groups of extremist orientation; 3) separate questions of questioning of the specified category of victims. The scientific literature devoted to informal youth groups, fight against extremism, investigation of group crimes, etc. was analyzed during the scientific research. In addition, such scientific methods as observation, analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, extrapolation were used. The empirical basis for the study was the investigation of crimes committed by members of youth informal groups (in particular, with extremist orientation). A promising area of scientific and applied research of the stated problem is the development of methodological recommendations on the conduct of communicative investigative (search) actions, in particular, the questioning of such a procedural figure as the victim.
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Asal, Victor, Steven M. Chermak, Sarah Fitzgerald, and Joshua D. Freilich. "Organizational-Level Characteristics in Right-Wing Extremist Groups in the United States Over Time." Criminal Justice Review 45, no. 2 (2016): 250–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016815626970.
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This study compares the organizational-level variables of violent and nonviolent far-right extremist groups. This study makes an important contribution by coding for attributes for each specific year that an organization existed. Prior research has only examined organizational characteristics at a single point of time. Our strategy here better specifies differences between violent and nonviolent extremist groups. We used a pooled cross-sectional time series analysis using logistic regression because our dependent variable is dichotomous (the organization used violence this year vs. it did not). We clustered on the organization and we included dummy years to control for time series effects. We also included a lagged variable if the organization used violence in the year before. We found that organizations were more likely to use violence if they were previously involved in violence, had multiple alliances with other extremist groups, had a large membership, had weak or decentralized leadership or a strong ruling council, and advocated for inherent racial or ethnic superiority. These results have important implications for law enforcement and future research on extremism and violence.
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Vaske, E. V., and O. I. Goryunova. "The Mechanism of Formation of Extremist Attitudes in Minors." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science 13, no. 4 (2018): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2018-13-4-76-81.
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In this paper key trends in the development of extremist and near-extremist youth subcultures are outlined, and characteristic features of criminal and near-criminal youth organizations are described. The results of an empirical study of the activity of existing harmful groups and organizations that are known to involve minors in their ranks are presented, including a description of their dissemination platforms, size and gender composition, declared and actual goals, and external manifestations. Mechanisms for the formation of extremist attitudes in minors are identified, and the special role of psycho-linguistic and forensic psychological expertise in the investigation of extremist crimes is demonstrated. Recommendations are offered towards the implementation of effective counteraction to extremism among minors.
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Rodriguez Guervos, Leyde. "Gender and Far Right Extremism." Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare 6, no. 2 (2023): 46–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21810/jicw.v6i2.5419.
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In the media and within the literature, far right extremism has been noted as being hypermasculine in character. Yet, the framing of these movements as being male dominated, though accurate, obscures the roles that women play within these spaces. This study furthers the academic understanding of the phenomenon by presenting a comprehensive examination of the role of gender within far right extremism as a political ideology and within far right extremist groups. Gendered differences are found in the actual support for these movements and in the motivating psychological factors behind such support. Gendered differences are also present in the roles that men and women perform within these groups, with women functioning as violent actors, thinkers, facilitators, promoters, activists, and exemplars, but being unable to access leadership positions within far right extremist groups.
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Carlsson, Christoffer, Amir Rostami, Hernan Mondani, Joakim Sturup, Jerzy Sarnecki, and Christofer Edling. "A Life-Course Analysis of Engagement in Violent Extremist Groups." British Journal of Criminology 60, no. 1 (2019): 74–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz048.
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AbstractIn this exploratory study, individuals’ processes of engagement in violent extremist groups are analysed by drawing from criminological life-course theory and narrative-based understandings of crime. Based on interviews with individuals who have participated in violent extremism, it is suggested that the process of engagement consists of three steps: (1) a weakening of informal social controls, followed by (2) an interaction with individuals in proximity to the group and (3) a stage of meaning-making in relation to the group and one’s identity, resulting in an individual’s willingness and capacity to engaging in the group’s activities, including violence. In future theorizing about processes of engagement in violent extremism, the meanings of age, and the life-course stages of late adolescence and emerging adulthood in particular, should be given analytic attention.
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Pehlivanović, Šejla. "Extreme moderates: Understanding low levels of violent extremism in Bosnia-Herzegovina." Journal of Regional Security, no. 00 (2024): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jrs19-41176.
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How can low levels of violent extremism in enabling environments be explained? The post-war history of Bosnia-Herzegovina has been marked by prolonged political crises, economic instability, and precarious security for citizens. The combination of a relatively young, unstable democracy and social grievances creates fertile soil for different forms of radicalization and the proliferation of various extremist ideologies. This has, in turn, allowed extra-institutional groups to challenge formal institutions. Despite this, there have been few violent extremist attacks, and those that have been carried out were small-scale and failed to expose any deep reservoir of violent extremism. What, then, does this deviant case reveal? Utilizing social movement theory and political opportunity structures, this article explores how structural conditions in the political and discursive space of Bosnia-Herzegovina affect the protest repertoires of extremist movements. Two main arguments are put forward. First, extra-institutional groups must be understood as rational actors with broader claims that exceed the use of violence. Second, distinguishing between radicalization that links to violent extremism and radicalization that aims to initiate societal change through non-violent means can help us better understand the dynamics behind societal change in fragile environments.
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Kryazhev, Vladimir. "To the Question of a Need for a Complex Approach to Researching Terrorism and Extremism with the Purpose of Ensuring National Security." Siberian Criminal Process and Criminalistic Readings, no. 3 (41) (August 30, 2023): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2411-6122.2023.3.118-125.
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The author uses a complex approach to research crimes of terrorism and extremism. Scholars who study the spread of radicalism, separatism, nationalism and other negative social phenomena both in the Russian Federation and in the world pay considerable attention to researching terrorist and extremist activities of different groups of population, who are mostly represented by illegitimate organizations or communities. The author studies the measures of counteracting crimes of terrorist and extremist nature according to the best practices of other countries. The causes of the spread of terrorism and extremism in their new quality are analyzed. The link between common crime and radical youth groups is traced. The author pays special attention to the spread of extremist ideology, which is a breeding ground for terrorism. The author also establishes a correlation between ideologists and followers of radical movements while taking into consideration their social status, financial situation and educational level. The article presents valid conclusions on the measures of counteracting crimes of terrorism and extremism, which are based on the idea that the research community should use a complex approach to researching this type of crime involving sociological, criminal law, criminalistic and other methods and means.
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Kydd, Andrew, and Barbara F. Walter. "Sabotaging the Peace: The Politics of Extremist Violence." International Organization 56, no. 2 (2002): 263–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081802320005487.
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Why are extremists able to sabotage peace processes in some cases but not others? And under what conditions will the public respond to such provocation and return to unpopular wars? We seek to show that extremist violence is not indiscriminate or irrational as many people have assumed but quite strategic. We argue that extremist violence intentionally plays on the uncertainty that exists between the more moderate groups who are attempting to negotiate a peace agreement. Using a game-theoretic model of the interaction of extremist violence and mistrust, we identify the conditions under which extremists will succeed and fail. We find that extremists are most likely to succeed in derailing a peace process when the targeted side believes that opposition moderates are strong. At these times, the public perceives moderates as best able to control and suppress extremists within their own ranks. When moderates are viewed as weak and unable to crack down on extremists, terrorism is more likely to fail. We discuss this finding, as well as a number of additional implications of the model, in connection with the Israeli–Palestinian case.
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SHKHAGAPSOEV, Z. L. "COUNTERING THE SPREAD OF EXTREMIST IDEOLOGY AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE: PROBLEM STATEMENT." Gaps in Russian Legislation 17, no. 6 (2024): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2072-3164-2024-17-6-130-135.
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Currently, extremism is characterized by the presence of an appropriate ideology, which is very actively and rapidly improving in the context of modern international conflicts and domestic crises observed in the Russian state, which contributes to the entrenchment of illegal ideas and views in the minds of the population, especially among the younger generation, and increases the number of offenses and crimes of extremist orientation. The spread of extremist ideology poses a direct threat to the national interests of the Russian Federation, undermines the stability of the state, causes social conflicts and contributes to the radicalization of various groups of the population, which necessitates a competent and effective policy of countering the ideology of extremism. The article focuses on the activities of law enforcement agencies and civil society institutions to counter the spread of extremist ideology among young people, and provides examples of the interaction of these entities on the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. It is concluded that only an integrated approach, including both measures to curb extremist activities and preventive measures aimed at creating conditions for the harmonious development of society, can effectively counter the threat of the spread of extremist ideology.
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Kugay, A. I. "Hopes and Disappointment: Processes of Getting Involved in and Out of Radical Extremist Groups." Administrative Consulting, no. 2 (April 12, 2023): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2023-2-122-131.
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Various reasons — political or non-political — lead people to participation in terrorism and similar forms of violent extremism. Those involved in terrorism come from different social backgrounds and have often been subjected to processes of violent radicalization. Terrorist profiles do not work as a tool to identify real or potential terrorists because such profiles do not reflect diversity and how people change when they become involved in violent extremism. Which suggests a more dynamic typology of militant group members based on dimensions that represent dynamic continuums rather than static positions. Disillusionment with what originally attracted them to the movement — whether it was political goals, the search for friendship or a sense of belonging — is one of the main factors leading to the process of leaving a militant movement or group. However, disengagement is far from simply reversing or mirroring the original process of engaging in violent extremism. In the course of their extremist career, individual activists tend to change values and motives, as well as positions and roles in the militant group. Hence, a better understanding of the factors that cause frustration for different types of violent activists allows us to suggest opportunities for strengthening these processes, contributing to a higher level of individual exit from an extremist group.
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Dmitriev, Ruslan V., Stanislav A. Gorokhov, and Ivan A. Zakharov. "Spatial Expansion of Islamic Extremism in the Lake Chad Basin: Current Situation and Prospective Directions." Filosofia Theoretica: Journal of African Philosophy, Culture and Religions 9, no. 1 (2020): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ft.v9i1.4.
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The article discusses the expansion of the Islamic extremist groups (especially Boko Haram) in the Lake Chad basin countries. The geopolitical zones and states of Nigeria, regions of Niger and Cameroon, macro-regions of Chad were selected as the territorial range. The religious affiliation data has been compiled from the DHS-database. Income levels and literacy rates were evaluated indirectly using body mass index and the degree of age-heaping (modified Whipple's index), respectively. A hierarchical cluster analysis, has allowed us to categorize the territorial-administrative units into four groups by the probability of new Islamic extremist groups appearing there. The article clearly shows that Boko Haram may expand in the Western and North-Western directions. Meanwhile, the new cells are more likely to form inside Nigeria than outside it. Thus, in the near future, theexpansion of Islamic extremist organizations in the Lake Chad basin countries will occur at the local level.
 Keywords: Lake Chad basin countries, Islamic Extremism, Boko Haram, expansion.
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A. Y., Babii. "The system of extremist crimes under the legislation of Ukraine." Almanac of law: The role of legal doctrine in ensuring of human rights 11, no. 11 (2020): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2020-11-48.
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In the articles analysed scientific approaches are in relation to determination systems of crimes, that can belong to extremist. It is emphasized absence of the special norms on questions counteraction to extremism in Ukraine. In Ukraine scientists spare insufficient attention to extremist crimes. These problems have a significant impact on counteraction to extremism. The main efforts are aimed at combating such extremism form as terrorism in Ukraine. Absence of unanimity is established among scientists in understanding of extremism and him criminal displays. From the point of criminology of sight with the aim of decision of tasks of prevention and counteraction seems reasonable and expedient association of various extremist encroachments in one group of criminology under the general name «extremist crimes». Drawn conclusion that the use of the various going near determination of the system of extremist crimes conditioned foremost by complication and multidimensionalness of the phenomenon of extremism, and also by absence in the legislation of Ukraine of the special norms sanctified to counteraction to extremism. Criminal responsibility for acts that it is accepted to name extremist, envisaged by the norms of different divisions of Special part of Сriminal Code of Ukraine that testifies to the threat of extremism not only for bases of national safety of the state. Under extremist it is suggested to understand crimes committed for extremist motives and (whether) aims. There are sufficient and reasonable grounds to consider that to extremist crimes under the Criminal Code of Ukraine may include in certain cases the following encroachments: actions aimed at forcible change or overthrow of the constitutional order or seizure of state power (article 109 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), encroachment on territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine (art. 110), financing of actions committed with the aim of forcible change or overthrow of the constitutional order or seizure of state power, change of borders of the territory or state border of Ukraine (art. 1102), treason (art. 111), encroachment on the life of a statesman or public figure (art. 112), sabotage (art. 113), obstruction of the lawful activities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations (art. 1141), violation of equality of citizens depending on their race, nationality, religious beliefs, disability and other grounds (art. 161), terrorist act (art. 258), involvement in committing a terrorist act (art. 2581), public appeals to commit a terrorist act (art. 2582), creation of a terrorist group or terrorist organization (art. 2583), assistance in committing a terrorist act (art. 2584), financing of terrorism (art. 2585), creation of paramilitary or armed groups not provided by law (art. 260), mass riots (art. 294), calls to commit acts threatening public order (art. 295), propaganda of war (art. 436), planning, preparation, resolution and conduct of aggressive war (art. 437), the use of weapons of mass destruction (art. 439), genocide (art. 442), encroachment for the life of a representative of a foreign state (art. 443), crimes against persons and institutions with international protection (art. 444), mercenary (art. 447). Keywords: extremism, extremist crimes, system, extremist motives.
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Machina, Ibrahim Mohammed. "Leadership and Peacebuilding: The Role of Young People in Countering Violent Extremism in North East Nigeria." Leadership and Developing Societies 5, no. 1 (2020): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.47697/lds.34348006.
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The involvement of some young people as foot soldiers of extremist groups has led to the stereotype of youth in general as perpetrators of violence and a threat to peace and stability. That is why many commentaries and media reportage on Nigeria portray young people as perpetrators of violence or victims of conflict. However, this picture of young people is incomplete because it fails to acknowledge the role of young people as peacebuilders. This commentary examines the role of young people in countering violent extremism in North East Nigeria and focuses on the North East Intellectual Entrepreneurship Fellowship (NEIEF) Fellows as a case study. I argue that young people who actively joined extremist groups represent a small minority of the youth population. The majority of young people in North East Nigeria have been actively working to counter extremist narratives of violence.
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Schumann, Sandy, Caitlin Clemmow, Bettina Rottweiler, and Paul Gill. "Distinct patterns of incidental exposure to and active selection of radicalizing information indicate varying levels of support for violent extremism." PLOS ONE 19, no. 2 (2024): e0293810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293810.
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Exposure to radicalizing information has been associated with support for violent extremism. It is, however, unclear whether specific information use behavior, namely, a distinct pattern of incidental exposure (IE) to and active selection (AS) of radicalizing content, indicates stronger violent extremist attitudes and radical action intentions. Drawing on a representative general population sample (N = 1509) and applying latent class analysis, we addressed this gap in the literature. Results highlighted six types of information use behavior. The largest group of participants reported a near to zero probability of both IE to and AS of radicalizing material. Two groups of participants were characterized by high or moderate probabilities of incidental exposure as well as a low probability of active selection of radicalizing content. The remaining groups displayed either low, moderate, or high probabilities of both IE and AS. Importantly, we showed between-group differences regarding violent extremist attitudes and radical behavioral intentions. Individuals reporting near zero or high probabilities for both IE to and AS of radicalizing information expressed the lowest and strongest violent extremist attitudes and willingness to use violence respectively. Groups defined by even moderate probabilities of AS endorsed violent extremism more strongly than those for which the probability for incidental exposure was moderate or high but AS of radicalizing content was unlikely.
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Aripshev, Ahmed. "Criminological Aspects of the Motivation of Individuals Belonging to Organized Criminal Groups of an Extremist Nature." Baikal Research Journal 15, no. 1 (2024): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2411-6262.2024.15(1).316-322.
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The article is devoted to the study of criminological aspects of the motivation of persons joining organized criminal groups of an extremist nature. The author of the study analyzes various factors that may contribute to involvement in criminal groups and their illegal activities in such groups, the motives for their participation in extremist activities. The article examines the psychological, social and ideological factors that influence the formation and support of the motivation of participants in organized criminal groups with an extremist nature. Examples of interactions between various individual and social factors that contribute to the formation of radical beliefs and readiness to commit extremist acts are given. In addition, the features of the motivation of individuals belonging to organized extremist groups are analyzed with the aim of their classification. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that understanding the motivation of individuals who join extremist organized criminal groups is important for developing appropriate tactics and methods for preventing and suppressing extremist activities. Overall, the article represents a comprehensive study of the criminological aspects of the motivation of individuals belonging to organized criminal groups with an extremist nature, and is an important contribution to the field of criminology and criminal activity.
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Suslov, Yuri. "The spread of extremism among young people due to informational infantilism." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2023, no. 1 (2023): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2023-1-238-244.
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Introduction. The presented paper examines the reasons for the development of youth extremism. In this study the author draws attention to information infantilism typical for young people today. Starting from «being determines consciousness» the author points out the objective reality of active youth involvement in virtual world. As active users of the Internet, young people join in cyber interaction: communication, exchange of information of both personal and group nature.
 Specific features of virtual interaction combined with personal immaturity lead to the fact that young users, not being fully aware of legal consequences of their actions, verbally or visually express ideas that fall under the definition of extremism stated in the Federal law № 114 of 25 July 2002 «On counteracting extremist activities», as well as become victims of recruiters to extremist groups, which actively operate in the information space and through communication in social networks, on dating sites.
 The aim of the paper is to consider information infantilism as one of the causes of dissemination of extremism through virtual environment. This theoretical construct proposes to reflect the specifics of communications in virtual environment and the characteristics of individuals, which together create prerequisites for their involvement in extremist activities and dissemination of extremism.
 Methodology. The problem was examined through the prism of psychological knowledge, which makes it possible to uncover the underlying features of human psychology that contribute to involvement in extremist activities in the virtual environment.
 Methods and techniques. The research was based on general scientific methods.
 Results. Theoretical study substantiates the concept of «information infantilism», which is one of the reasons for the dissemination of extremism through the virtual space.
 Scientific novelty: the author introduces the term «information infantilism», which is proposed to be considered as one of the psychological causes of involvement in extremist activities and the spread of extremism.
 Practical significance of the new concept is that it can be used in the process of education of youth and in the prevention of extremist crimes.
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Nagornyi, A. P., and A. N. Popov. "THE MAIN SOURCES OF EXTREMISM THREATS IN MODERN RUSSIA." Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 7 (73), no. 2 (2022): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1733-2021-7-2-153-157.
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The article analyzes the main sources of threats of extremism in modern Russia. Research methods: analytical method, survey method, induction. The relevance of the topic under study is based on the need for a systematic analysis of the main sources of threats to extremist activity due to its constant transformation and modification. The article also discusses approaches to the definition of extremism. The issue of the current state of the struggle and counteraction to extremism in modern conditions in the Russian Federation is investigated. Practical examples of the implementation of the fight against extremism on the example of the Donbass and other precedents are presented. A detailed analysis of the popularization of extremism through the ISIL terrorist group banned in the Russian Federation has been carried out. Conclusions are drawn regarding the possible directions of threats to the RF from extremist groups as a source of undermining national security. The results of the article are based on the fact that a major threat to Russia and its population is the activities of some foreign non-profit non-governmental organizations that, under the guise of public activities and solving social problems by such organizations, spread extremist ideology.
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Yakovleva, Olga. "Features of the Criminal Identity in Acts of Extremism." Legal Concept, no. 2 (July 2020): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2020.2.12.
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Introduction: the problem of studying the identity of a criminal has always been the focus of criminology, criminal law, criminal procedure, criminalistics and other legal sciences. The criminal identity has individual distinctive features and qualities. The aim of the work is to identify, analyze and evaluate the characteristics of individuals in extremist crimes, and fix them for further use in the law enforcement practice. Methods: the methodological framework for the research is a set of methods of scientific knowledge, among which, first of all, we should mention the methods of system analysis and synthesis. Results: the paper presents a criminological analysis of the criminal identity in acts of extremism. The classification of persons who commit crimes of this group of crimes is determined. The necessity of a comprehensive approach in the development of the state policy in the field of prevention of extremist crime is emphasized. Conclusions: persons who commit crimes of extremism can be divided into several categories: 1) gang delinquents and violent protesters; 2) individuals with religious ideas who are perpetrators of crimes of extremism; 3) persons who provide assistance (including organizational and sponsorship) to the extremist communities and groups, as well as attract extremist criminals for their power purposes.
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Baryshev, A. A., and V. V. Kashpur. "RIGHT-WING EXTREMISM AND OFFICIAL POLITICS: THE CONFIGURATIONS OF RELATIONSHIP UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF POST-IDEOLOGY AND THE INTERNET." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 5, no. 2 (2021): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2021-5-2-131-144.
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The article examines population, discursive and network approaches in political sociology to build more realistic models for describing the political field, which includes a complex of new relations between extremists and legitimate political actors in the context of the observed right turn in the functioning of political systems in many countries. The case study method was used to study the relationship between right-wing extremist communities and legal participants in the political field under the aforementioned conditions. To formulate the cases, we selected real situations associated with heterogeneous drivers of the right turn: a) right-wing populist parties, b) a bloc of right-centrist parties, c) the ruling conservative state-party alliance. Based on the materials of the generated cases, the social-constructionist, discursive nature of the concepts of (right-wing) extremism is shown, manifested in the desire of the dominant political forces to fix the categorizations of opponents that are beneficial to them and in the practices of resistance to imposed nominations as practices of liberation from stigmatization. The role of mutual transitions of political cultures and subcultures in the mechanism of functioning of liberal democracy is described. The typification of the configurations of the transmission of right-wing extremist opinions and sentiments into official political forms and into mass culture is carried out. According to sociological studies of the activity of Russian right-wing extremist online groups and their members, it has been established that under the conditions of the soft regime of state countering extremist propaganda, these opinions and sentiments are localized in online groups, and in the case of harsh prohibitive measures, they "creep" across politically neutral sites and groups. In practical terms, this creates a danger for the ruling alliance to remain on the extreme right flank of the political spectrum face to face with the growing radicalization of the mass of the population, and in aspect of the theory, it creates a problem of developing a model of political equilibrium in the era of post-ideology and the Internet.
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Vladimirovich Serikov, Anton, and Yulia Sergeevna Panfilova. "Trends in the Development of Extremism Among Youth in Modern Russian Society: Internal and External Challenges to National Security." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (2018): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.24605.
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Neutralization of the risks of extremism among youth and the integration of at-risk groups of young people in various spheres of public life – a problem that is of particular importance for Russian national security. The successful solution of the problem, while the "fluid" social reality is changing, is only possible if we take into account the recent trends in the development of extremist formations with due regard for network communities, flash mobilization groups. The article is dedicated to the analysis of the trends of youth extremism reconfiguration that occur in modern Russian society, and the contradictions of reactive counteraction policy, the principles of which are not always integrated in a new social reality. The authors substantiate the application of the potential of the activity-activist approach, including the tendency to the definition of youth extremism as a volatile social phenomenon with a highly adaptive potential. Based on the results of the research, the authors describe the new internal and external development challenges of extremist groups in Russia: the creation of new topics for manipulating mass consciousness (socio-ecological, social identity-related , culturally-oriented); "dispersion" of extremist structures; inclusion in legal social actions; positioning as open to young people without "preconditions"; inclusion of conventional relations within the framework of the exchange of ideas and "projects". In conclusion, the authors note that recognition of the internal and external challenges of youth extremism requires reformatting its perception and evaluation as a new movement which produces new risks for Russian society.
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Kugay, Alexander I. "Hopes and Disappointment: Processes of Getting Involved in and Out of Radical Extremist Groups." Administrative Consulting, no. 2 (170) (June 7, 2023): 122–31. https://doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2023-2-122-131.
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Various reasons — political or non-political — lead people to participation in terrorism and similar forms of violent extremism. Those involved in terrorism come from different social backgrounds and have often been subjected to processes of violent radicalization. Terrorist profiles do not work as a tool to identify real or potential terrorists because such profiles do not reflect diversity and how people change when they become involved in violent extremism. Which suggests a more dynamic typology of militant group members based on dimensions that represent dynamic continuums rather than static positions. Disillusionment with what originally attracted them to the movement — whether it was political goals, the search for friendship or a sense of belonging — is one of the main factors leading to the process of leaving a militant movement or group. However, disengagement is far from simply reversing or mirroring the original process of engaging in violent extremism. In the course of their extremist career, individual activists tend to change values and motives, as well as positions and roles in the militant group. Hence, a better understanding of the factors that cause frustration for different types of violent activists allows us to suggest opportunities for strengthening these processes, contributing to a higher level of individual exit from an extremist group.
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Bovin, B. G., I. B. Bovina, and A. D. Tikhonova. "Radicalisation:A Social Psychological Perspective (Part III)." Psychology and Law 11, no. 1 (2021): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2021110114.
Full textAbstract:
Radicalism and extremism have extremely serious consequences for human life and threaten the existence of humanity. The problem of deradicalisation is in the focus of our attention in this paper. The theory of uncertainty-identity describes the psychological mechanism by which the transformation of uncertainty into extremism occurs, by which a person experiencing a feeling of uncertainty, especially if this feeling is acute in its severity and is experienced for a long time, then the person tends not only to highly entitative, but to extremist groups. If this theory does not describe the mechanism of deradicalisation, then the conditions under which an individual, experiencing a feeling of uncertainty, still does not seek to become a member of groups with extremist and radical beliefs. This paper focuses on the analysis of these obstacles in the way towards extremism and radicalism. In addition, the potential of the social identity model of recovery formulated on the example of the social identity of addicts is discussed.
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Dobaev, I. "Extremist Groups in US: Islamic Factor." World Economy and International Relations, no. 1 (2007): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2007-1-107-112.
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Hagen, Kurtis. "Is Infiltration of “Extremist Groups” Justified?" International Journal of Applied Philosophy 24, no. 2 (2010): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ijap201024215.
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Tamitskiy, Aleksandr, Leoniliya Maltseva, Konstantin Zaikov, Nikita Kuprikov, Anna Tsvetkova, and Mikhail Kuprikov. "Students’ subjective perceptions of extremism in the Russian Arctic." Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 8, no. 12 (2024): 7591. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i12.7591.
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Young people are a traditional risk group for radicalization and involvement in protest and extremist activities. The relevance of this topic is due to the growing threat of youth radicalization, the expansion of the activities of extremist organizations, and the need to organize high-quality preventive work in educational organizations at various levels. The article provides an overview of research on the topic under consideration and also presents the results of a series of surveys in general educational institutions and organizations of secondary vocational education (n = 11,052), universities (n = 3966) located in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The results of the study on aspects of students’ ideas about extremism are presented in terms of assessing their own knowledge about extremism, the presence/absence of radically minded people around them, determining the degree of threat from the activities of extremist groups for themselves and their social environment, and identifying approaches to preventing the growth of extremism in society. Conclusions are drawn about the need to improve preventive work models in educational organizations towards a targeted (group) approach.
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Parvez, Saimum. "Digital Media and Violent Extremism in Bangladesh: Profiles and Narratives." Journal of Bangladesh Studies 21, no. 1 (2019): 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1163/27715086-02101006.
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Despite the visible presence of violent extremist groups, and evidence of their connection with transnational groups such as Islamic State and Al-Qaeda, the number of empirical studies on this topic is limited in Bangladesh. There have been over 50 violent extremist attacks in Bangladesh in recent years (2013-2017) and digital media was used in different ways in most of these attacks. There appear to be no scholarly articles addressing this phenomenon in Bangladesh. To fill this gap, this project sheds light on the subject by analyzing life stories of Bangladeshi violent extremists. The data for this project was collected from content analysis of newspaper reports, Jihadi online magazines, and videos. Besides presenting current trends on how extremists are using digital media, this paper identifies challenges for counter-terrorism efforts in Bangladesh and provides suggestions to mitigate these challenges.