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Academic literature on the topic 'Extremities (anatomy), abnormalities'
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Journal articles on the topic "Extremities (anatomy), abnormalities"
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Erickson, John, Ariel Kwart, and S. Steven Yang. "Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Tendon Anatomy May Mimic Tears." Journal of Hand Surgery (Asian-Pacific Volume) 24, no. 02 (April 29, 2019): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424835519500231.
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Background: Asymptomatic, incidental extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon abnormalities are frequently noted on imaging studies of the wrist. The aim of this investigation was to determine if variations in gross tendon anatomy existed that could possibly account for these findings on MRI and ultrasound (US) imaging. Methods: The upper extremities of eleven (6 male and 5 female) formalin preserved cadavers were dissected and examined under loupe magnification with attention to the dorsal-ulnar wrist and hand and the ECU tendon. The tendons were inspected for anatomic variations, degenerative changes, and any other pathologies. The presence of intra-tendinous splits arising within the ECU tendon was noted and measured. The distances of the splits from the distal tendon insertion and the edge of the extensor retinaculum were recorded. Statistical correlations between age and the tendon splits were considered using R-squared to assess a linear regression. Results: 17 ECU tendons were dissected and examined, and 5 ECU tendons were excluded due to poor preservation of that upper extremity; all five were right sided upper extremities. Eleven of the 17 specimens demonstrated at least one split in the distal tendon: Seven had 1 split, 1 had 2 splits, and 3 had 3 splits. The mean length of the tendon split was 3.52 cm. The mean distance of the distal edge of the split to the tendon insertion site was 2.4 cm. A linear regression was calculated and showed no correlation between age and number of tendon splits. Conclusions: 64% of specimens showed a longitudinal split in the distal ECU tendon. The location of these frequent splits corresponds to imaging abnormalities on MRI and US in prior studies.
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Grover, Seema, Suprabhat Bolisetti, Shailesh Sangani, Sonali Gadhavi, and Neeraja Kulkarni. "Spectrum of vascular abnormalities in color Doppler examination of upper extremities tested for suitability for AV fistula creation in patients of renal failure." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 4, no. 1 (January 23, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20170029.
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Background: Almost all patients with end stage renal disease require haemodialysis at some stage of their disease and arteriovenous fistula is the most convenient option. The purpose of this study was to analyse the prevalence of vascular abnormalities in the upper limbs of patients posted for creation of haemodialysis access. Knowledge of the variant anatomy of upper limb vessels helps in better planning of surgery, avoiding unnecessary surgery and improving the success rate of haemodialysis access creation.Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of colour Doppler study of 150 upper extremities of end stage renal disease patients posted for AV fistula creation. The limbs were evaluated for arterial and venous anatomy rendering them fit or unfit for fistula creation.Results: We found abnormal vasculature in more than 60% of the upper limbs. Congenital arterial abnormality was found in 9 % of upper limbs and venous abnormality was found in 65 % of upper limbs. Unnecessary surgery could be avoided in approximately 74 % of patients. 10 % had correctable abnormality.Conclusions: Pre-operative ultrasound and Doppler assessment resulted in more patients being subjected to proximal fistulas and alternate suitable dialysis processes like permcath or peritoneal dialysis. Primary fistula success rate obtained by this pre-operative evaluation was close to 95 %.
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Gliozheni, Orion, Selami Sylejmani, and Kreston Kati. "Ultrasound and Diagnosis of Fetal Anomalies." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 5, no. 3 (2011): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1196.
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ABSTRACT Background Congenital abnormalities account 20 to 25% of perinatal deaths. Now, many genetic and other disorders can be diagnosed early in pregnancy. Screening examinations during pregnancy are an essential part of prenatal care. Among the various screening tests that are now offered to pregnant women, ultrasound (US) has the broadest diagnostic spectrum. There is no modality that can detect as many abnormalities during pregnancy as US. A priority goal in screening is the early detection of major fetal anomalies, which are defined as malformations that affect fetal viability and/or quality of life. During the past 10 years, some multicentric studies in Europe and USA show the successfulness of US diagnostics in detecting congenital abnormalities, even in women with low-risk pregnancy. The term sonoembryology designates the description of the embryonic anatomy, the normal anatomic relations and the development of abnormalities as visualized by ultrasound. To confirm the presence of normal anatomy or to make the diagnosis of an anomaly, we need knowledge of the normal embryonic development, including the appearance of the normal embryo. Definition of fetal anomalies Any deviation from the normal range during morphogenesis, constitutes an anomaly. Major anomalies are malformations that affect viability and/or the quality of life and require intervention, and minor anomalies are malformations that are definitely present, but are minimal and usually have no functional significance (e.g. ear tags). Incidence data on major congenital anomalies vary considerably, depending on the type of detecting system used. The passive detection system reports 2 to 3% of newborns, meanwhile the active detection system, in which newborns are systematically examined by trained obstetricians, reports the incidence of congenital defects in 7.3% of all newborns. Etiology About 20% of anomalies in live-born infants are based on a defective gene, 10% are due to chromosomal abnormalities and 10% are mainly due to exogenous injury to the conceptus. Some 60% of all congenital anomalies are indeterminate or multifactorial causes (hereditary factors and environmental influences). US can detect about 74% of major birth defects and possibly a higher number, when conducted by a well-trained specialist. We have demonstrated in this paper some fetal anomalies found by US during our practice in Tirana and Prizren. There are some anomalies of the CNS, neural tube defects, anomalies of the head, neck and spine, thoracic and cardiac anomalies, gastrointestinal and urinary tract anomalies as well as some extremities anomalies. Conclusion US diagnostic is a very useful method for evaluating the fetal health, fetal anomalies, anomalies of placenta and amniotic fluid as well as umbilical cord.
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Neuhardt, Diana L., Sergio X. Salles–Cunha, and Nick Morrison. "Prevalence and Patterns of Small Saphenous Vein Reflux." Journal for Vascular Ultrasound 33, no. 1 (March 2009): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154431670903300104.
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Objective The small saphenous vein (SSV) often is a forgotten source of venous valvular insufficiency signs and symptoms or is a “victim” of unwillingness to treat. Either way, ultrasound (US) frequently focuses on the great saphenous vein without an equivalent thorough evaluation of the SSV. We investigated the prevalence and patterns of SSV reflux during a voluntary service to the community of Santiago de Guayaquil in Ecuador. Methods Patients were screened for SSV reflux while standing. A portable laptop scanner was used to examine the SSV at the proximal, mid, and distal calf (positions A, B, and C) in 410 legs of 205 subjects. Although all patients were C1 – C6 according to the clinical CEAP (i.e., clinical severity, etiology or cause, anatomy, and pathophysiology) classification, 14% of the legs were C0. Forward and reverse flows were noted after a variety of manual compressions. Only severe reflux lasting longer than 4 seconds is reported herein. Results The prevalence of SSV abnormalities was 17% (69/410). Reflux was noted in 54 (13%) of the extremities whereas in 15 (4%), the SSV did not have reflux but was intertwined with the pathways of varicose veins. The diameters of the refluxing veins were related to the location and extent of reflux. The most common pattern was reflux in the A, B, and C positions (n = 17) of SSV averaging 4.6 (A) to 4.4 mm (C) in diameter. Reflux was noted in the AB, A, and B positions in 10, 11, and 12 SSV, respectively; diameters of these veins averaged 4.1 (A) to 3.7 mm (B), 4.1 mm (A), and 3.4 mm (B). SSV reflux in the B and C and C only positions were least common (n = 4), noted in veins averaging 2.5 mm in diameter. Varicose veins interconnected with short SSV segments were noted in all three positions (A, B, and C) in seven legs whereas in eight legs the varicosities were segmental, most commonly in the B position (n = 6). Conclusions The prevalence of SSV abnormalities was significant. SSV reflux or connection to varicose veins was noted in close to one of five legs. The SSV should be evaluated at least at the proximal and mid calf to avoid missing significant reflux.
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Fellows, Robert P., Desiree A. Byrd, Kathryn Elliott, Jessica Robinson-Papp, Monica Rivera Mindt, and Susan Morgello. "Distal Sensory Polyneuropathy is Associated with Neuropsychological Test Performance among Persons with HIV." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 18, no. 5 (June 12, 2012): 898–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617712000707.
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AbstractWhile distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP) is the most common neurological condition associated with HIV, causing nerve damage in upper and lower extremities, its impact on neuropsychological test performance is unclear. In this study, we analyzed baseline data for 278 HIV-infected participants with comprehensive neurological and neurocognitive evaluations to examine the contribution of DSP and anatomic distribution of neuropathic signs (upper extremity or lower extremity) on standardized domain scores. We found that participants with DSP performed significantly worse in multiple domains containing timed psychomotor tests (i.e., motor, information processing speed and executive functioning). With regard to executive functioning, differences were limited to a test with a motor component (Trail Making Test, Part B). The group with clinically detectable neuropathic signs in the upper extremities and the group with signs limited to the lower extremities both performed worse in the motor domain than the group without DSP. Participants with DSP demonstrated a unique pattern of impairment limited to neuropsychological domains with timed psychomotor tests. These results suggest that caution should be used in interpretation of neuropsychological tests in patients with DSP, as some abnormalities may be exacerbated by peripheral nervous system pathology. (JINS, 2012,19, 1–10)
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Ugrenovic, Sladjana, Ivan Jovanovic, Vladislav Krstic, Vesna Stojanovic, Ljiljana Vasovic, Svetlana Antic, and Snezana Pavlovic. "The level of the sciatic nerve division and its relations to the piriform muscle." Vojnosanitetski pregled 62, no. 1 (2005): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp0501045u.
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Background. The sciatic nerve, as the terminal branch of the sacral plexus, leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen beneath the piriform muscle. Afterwards, it separates into the tibial and the common peroneal nerve, most frequently at the level of the upper angle of the popliteal fossa. Higher level of the sciatic nerve division is a relatively frequent phenomenom and it may be the cause of an incomplete block of the sciatic nerve during the popliteal block anesthesia. There is a possibility of different anatomic relations between the sciatic nerve or its terminal branches and the piriform muscle (piriformis syndrome). The aim of this research was to investigate the level of the sciatic nerve division and its relations to the piriform muscle. It was performed on 100 human fetuses (200 lower extremities) which were in various gestational periods and of various sex, using microdissection method. Characteristic cases were photographed. Results. Sciatic nerve separated into the tibial and common peroneal nerve in popliteal fossa in 72.5% of the cases (bilaterally in the 66% of the cases). In the remainder of the cases the sciatic nerve division was high (27.5% of the cases) in the posteror femoral or in the gluteal region. Sciatic nerve left the pelvis through the infrapiriform foramen in 192 lower extremities (96% of the cases), while in 8 lower extremities (4% of the cases) the variable relations between sciatic nerve and piriform muscle were detected. The common peroneal nerve penetrated the piriform muscle and left the pelvis in 5 lower extremities (2.5% of the cases) and the tibial nerve in those cases left the pelvis through the infrapiriform foramen. In 3 lower extremities (1.5% of the cases) common peroneal nerve left the pelvis through suprapiriform, and the tibial nerve through the infrapiriform foramen. The high terminal division of sciatic nerve (detected in 1/3 of the cases), must be kept in mind during the performing of popliteal block anesthesia. Conclusion. Although very rare, anatomical abnormalities of common peroneal nerve in regard to piriform muscle are still possible.
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van den Houten, Marijn ML, Regine van Grinsven, Sjaak Pouwels, Lonneke SF Yo, Marc RHM van Sambeek, and Joep AW Teijink. "Treatment of upper-extremity outflow thrombosis." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 31, no. 1_suppl (February 25, 2016): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355516632661.
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Approximately 10% of all cases of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occur in the upper extremities. The most common secondary cause of upper-extremity DVT (UEDVT) is the presence of a venous catheter. Primary UEDVT is far less common and usually occurs in patients with anatomic abnormalities of the costoclavicular space causing compression of the subclavian vein, called venous thoracic outlet syndrome (VTOS). Subsequently, movement of the arm results in repetitive microtrauma to the vein and its surrounding structures causing apparent ‘spontaneous’ thrombosis, or Paget-Schrötter syndrome. Treatment of UEDVT aims at elimination of the thrombus, thereby relieving acute symptoms, and preventing recurrence. Initial management for all UEDVT patients consists of anticoagulant therapy. In patients with Paget-Schrötter syndrome the underlying VTOS necessitates a more aggressive management strategy. Several therapeutic options exist, including catheter-directed thrombolysis, surgical decompression through first rib resection, and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the vein. However, several controversies exist regarding their indication and timing.
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Hahn, Devon W., Claire E. Atkinson, and Matthew Le. "Multiple anatomic sites of infarction in a pediatric patient with M. pneumoniae infection, a case report." BMC Pediatrics 21, no. 1 (August 31, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02845-3.
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Abstract Background Although M. pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) infections have been associated with various extrapulmonary manifestations, there have been very few documented cases of thrombotic events in pediatrics, and none to our knowledge with such extensive involvement as the patient described here. We aim to contribute to the urgency of discovering the mechanism of the coagulopathy associated with M. pneumoniae infections. Case presentation This 10-year-old boy was admitted after 2 weeks of fever, sore throat, worsening cough, and progressive neck and back pain. During hospitalization, he developed clots in several different organs: bilateral pulmonary emboli, cardiac vegetations, multiple splenic infarcts, and deep venous thromboses in three of four extremities. He was treated with long-term antibiotics and anticoagulation, and fully recovered. Conclusions This is the first case known to us of a child with an extensive number of thrombotic events in multiple anatomic sites associated with M. pneumoniae infection. The mechanism by which M. pneumoniae infection is related to thrombotic events is not fully understood, but there is evidence that the interplay between the coagulation pathways and the complement cascade may be significant. This patient underwent extensive investigation, and was found to have significant coagulopathy, but minimal complement abnormalities. By better understanding the mechanisms involved in complications of M. pneumoniae infection, the clinician can more effectively investigate the progression of this disease saving time, money, morbidity, and mortality.
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Riek, Linda M., Amy Aronson, Kacie Giust, Samantha Putnam, Hannah Froese, Sean Rutherford, and Mary Kathryn White. "Exercises With Optimal Scapulothoracic Muscle Activation for Individuals With Paraplegia." Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, December 30, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46292/sci21-00059.
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Background: Individuals with paraplegia and coexisting trunk and postural control deficits rely on their upper extremities for function, which increases the risk of shoulder pain. A multifactorial etiology of shoulder pain includes “impingement” of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, long head of the biceps tendons, and/or subacromial bursa resulting from anatomic abnormalities, intratendinous degeneration, and altered scapulothoracic kinematics and muscle activation. Targeting serratus anterior (SA) and lower trapezius (LT) activation during exercise, as part of a comprehensive plan, minimizes impingement risk by maintaining optimal shoulder alignment and kinematics during functional activities. To prevent excessive scapular upward translation, minimizing upper trapezius (UT) to SA and LT activation is also important. Objectives: To determine which exercises (1) maximally activate SA and minimize UT:SA ratio and (2) maximally activate LT and minimize UT:LT ratio. Methods: Kinematic and muscle activation data were captured from 10 individuals with paraplegia during four exercises: “T,” scaption (sitting), dynamic hug, and SA punch (supine). Means and ratios were normalized by percent maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) for each muscle. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance determined significant differences in muscle activation between exercises. Results: Exercises were rank ordered: (1) maximum SA activation: SA punch, scaption, dynamic hug, “T”; (2) maximum LT activation: “T,” scaption, dynamic hug, SA punch; 3) minimum UT:SA ratio: SA punch, dynamic hug, scaption, “T”; and (4) minimum UT:LT ratio: SA punch, dynamic hug, “T,” scaption. Exercise elicited statistically significant changes in percent MVIC and ratios. Post hoc analyses revealed multiple significant differences between exercises (p < .05). Conclusion: SA punch produced the greatest SA activation and lowest ratios. Dynamic hug also produced optimal ratios, suggesting supine exercises minimize UT activation more effectively. To isolate SA activation, individuals with impaired trunk control may want to initiate strengthening exercises in supine. Participants maximally activated the LT, but they were not able to minimize UT while upright.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Extremities (anatomy), abnormalities"
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Kemp, Arika D. "Peripheral Venous Retroperfusion: Implications for Critical Limb Ischemia and Salvage." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/6452.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Peripheral arterial disease is caused by plaque buildup in the peripheral arteries. Standard treatments are available when the blockage is proximal and focal, however when distal and diffuse the same type of the treatment options are not beneficial due to the diseased locations. Restoration of blood flow and further salvaging of the limb in these patients can occur in a retrograde manner through the venous system, called retroperfusion or arteriovenous reversal. Retroperfusion has been explored over the last century, where early side to side artery to venous connections had issues with valve competency prohibiting distal flows, edema buildup, and heart failure. However, more recent clinical studies create a bypass to a foot vein to ensure distal flows, and though the results have been promising, it requires a lengthy invasive procedure. It is our belief that the concerns of both retroperfusion approaches can be overcome in a minimally invasive/catheter based approach in which the catheter is engineered to a specific resistance that avoids edema and the perfusion location allows for valves to be passable and flow to reach distally. In this approach, the pressure flow relations were characterized in the retroperfused venous system in ex-vivo canine legs to locate the optimal perfusion location followed by in-vivo validation of canines. Six canines were acutely injured for 1-3 hours by surgical ligation of the terminal aorta and both external iliac arteries. Retroperfusion was successfully performed on five of the dogs at the venous popliteal bifurcation for approximately one hour, where flow rates at peak pressures reached near half of forward flow (37±3 vs. 84±27ml/min) and from which the slope of the P/F curves displayed a retro venous vasculature resistance that was used to calculate the optimal catheter resistance. To assess differences in regional perfusion, microspheres were passed during retroperfusion and compared to baseline microspheres passed arterially prior to occlusion in which the ratio of retroperfusion and forward perfusion levels were near the ratio of reversed and forward venous flow (0.44) throughout the limb. Decreases in critical metabolites during injury trended towards normal levels post-retroperfusion. By identifying the popliteal bifurication as a perfusion site to restore blood flow in the entirety of the distal ischemic limb, showing reversal of injury, and knowing what catheter resistances to target for further chronic studies, steps towards controlled retroperfusion and thus more efficient treatment options can be made for severe PAD patients.
Books on the topic "Extremities (anatomy), abnormalities"
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1927-, Bergman Ronald A., ed. Anatomic variations of the upper extremity. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1993.
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Condie, David N. An atlas of lower limb orthotic practice. London: Chapman & Hall Medical, 1997.
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Yong jiao fei xiang de nü hai. Taibei Shi: Chuan shen ai wang zi xun you xian gong si, 2001.
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B, Menelaus Malcolm, ed. The Management of limb inequality. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1991.
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Pediatric orthopedics of the lower extremity: An instructional handbook. Mount Kisco, N.Y: Futura Pub. Co., 1985.
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Pfeil, Joachim. Heidelberg external fixation: Unilateral fixation techniques in limb deformity corrections. Stuttgart: Thieme, 1998.
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Williams, Clark Mary, and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons., eds. Who is Amelia?: Caring for children with limb deficiencies. Rosemont, Ill: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 1998.
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Parker, James N., and Philip M. Parker. Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome: A bibliography and dictionary for physicians, patients, and genome researchers [to internet references]. San Diego, CA: ICON Health Publications, 2007.
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Ellington, Kent. Flatfoot: Pearls and Pitfalls, an Issue of Foot and Ankle Clinics of North America. Elsevier - Health Sciences Division, 2017.
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