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Journal articles on the topic 'Extrinsic effort'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Groll, Matti D., Victoria S. McKenna, Surbhi Hablani, and Cara E. Stepp. "Formant-Estimated Vocal Tract Length and Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscle Activation During Modulation of Vocal Effort in Healthy Speakers." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 5 (2020): 1395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00234.

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Purpose The goal of this study was to explore the relationships among vocal effort, extrinsic laryngeal muscle activity, and vocal tract length (VTL) within healthy speakers. We hypothesized that increased vocal effort would result in increased suprahyoid muscle activation and decreased VTL, as previously observed in individuals with vocal hyperfunction. Method Twenty-eight healthy speakers of American English produced vowel–consonant–vowel utterances under varying levels of vocal effort. VTL was estimated from the vowel formants. Three surface electromyography sensors measured the activation

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Wang, Xiaoxi, Li Liu, Futing Zou, Junhui Hao, and Hui Wu. "Associations of Occupational Stressors, Perceived Organizational Support, and Psychological Capital with Work Engagement among Chinese Female Nurses." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5284628.

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This study aimed to explore the associations of occupational stressors (extrinsic effort, reward, and overcommitment), perceived organizational support (POS), and psychological capital (PsyCap) and its components (self-efficacy, hope, resilience, and optimism) with work engagement and the mediating roles of PsyCap and its components among Chinese female nurses within the framework of the job demands-resources (JD-R) model. A cross-sectional sample (1,330) completed the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, Effort-Reward Imbalance Scale, Survey of POS, and PsyCap Questionnaire, and effective responden

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Ahmed, Jamshaid, and Fahmida Jamshaid. "Intrinsic motivation: An analysis for elite Pakistani athletes of various major sports and games." Journal of Management Info 1, no. 3 (2014): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/jmi.v3i1.10.

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The purpose of this article is to provide an insight and overview of what is known about intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sports. The article focuses on the assessment of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in Pakistani sports setup. It then provide to a discussion on the determinants and outcomes of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The present research entitled â€œIntrinsic and extrinsic motivation for Pakistani elite athletesâ€ was conducted to study the importance of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation supported by previous research studies for sports performance. The research was co

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Pepper, Gillian V., and Daniel Nettle. "Perceived Extrinsic Mortality Risk and Reported Effort in Looking after Health." Human Nature 25, no. 3 (2014): 378–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12110-014-9204-5.

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Shiflett, Samuel. "Effects of Race and Criterion on the Predictive Ability of Beliefs and Attitudes." Psychological Reports 62, no. 2 (1988): 527–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.62.2.527.

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The moderating effect of soldiers' race was examined for responses to valences and instrumentalities of outcomes, as well as satisfaction, reported effort, and intention to reenlist. Subjects were 218 white and 54 black soldiers. Results tended to confirm previous findings regarding generally more positive responses by blacks than whites and of a tendency for extrinsic factors to be more salient for blacks than whites. However, the findings clearly indicated that over-all job satisfaction is most strongly related to perceived performance-outcome instrumentalities. This was equally true for bot

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Chris Zhao, Yuxiang, and Qinghua Zhu. "Effects of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on participation in crowdsourcing contest." Online Information Review 38, no. 7 (2014): 896–917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir-08-2014-0188.

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Purpose – The rapid development of Web 2.0 and social media enables the rise of crowdsourcing. Crowdsourcing contest is a typical case of crowdsourcing and has been adopted by many organisations for business solution and decision making. From a participant's perspective, it is interesting to explore what motivates people to participate in crowdsourcing contest. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the category of motivation based on self-determination theory and synthesises various motivation factors in crowdsourcing contest. Meanwhile, perceived motivational affordances and task granul

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Ye, Lihui. "Work Values and Career Adaptability of Chinese University Students." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 43, no. 3 (2015): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.3.411.

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I conducted a survey to examine the relationship between work values and career adaptability in a sample of 407 Chinese university students. I validated an extrinsic–intrinsic work values structure through principal components analysis, based on self-determination theory. The results showed that extrinsic work values, such as the importance of high income and good working conditions, and intrinsic work values, such as emphasis on creativity and challenge, and a friendly workplace atmosphere, positively predicted the career adaptability of the participants. Thus, the driving force of both extri

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Chang, Eunmi. "Composite effects of extrinsic motivation on work effort: case of Korean employees." Journal of World Business 38, no. 1 (2003): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-9516(02)00110-4.

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Rishworth, Gavin M., and Pierre A. Pistorius. "Intrinsic and extrinsic controls on foraging effort in an iconic Benguela seabird." Journal of Marine Systems 188 (December 2018): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2017.07.006.

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Baporikar, Neeta. "Effect of Reward on Motivation and Job Satisfaction." International Journal of Applied Management Sciences and Engineering 8, no. 1 (2021): 12–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijamse.2021010102.

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The goal of all organizations is success in the current economic environment, which is increasingly uncertain and competitive. Companies, irrespective of size or industry, make every effort to motivate employees, recognizing their roles and influence on organizational effectiveness. Hence, the objective of this study is to explore the impacts of rewards on work motivation and job satisfaction at a mining company. The methodology is descriptive cross-sectional research. Data collection is by Likert-scaled questionnaire on a randomly selected population of 201 permanent employees and SPSS analys

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MacIntyre, Peter D., Ben Schnare, and Jessica Ross. "Self-determination theory and motivation for music." Psychology of Music 46, no. 5 (2017): 699–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735617721637.

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Learning the skills to be a musician requires an enormous amount of effort and dedication, a long-term process that requires sustained motivation. Motivation for music is complex, blending relatively intrinsic and extrinsic motives. The purpose of this study is to investigate the motivation of musicians by considering how different aspects of motivational features interact. An international sample of 188 musicians was obtained through the use of an online survey. Four scales drawn from Self-Determination Theory (intrinsic, identified, introjected, and extrinsic regulation) were utilized along

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PELLIZZONI, ELENA, TOMMASO BUGANZA, and GABRIELE COLOMBO. "MOTIVATION ORIENTATIONS IN INNOVATION CONTESTS: WHY PEOPLE PARTICIPATE." International Journal of Innovation Management 19, no. 04 (2015): 1550033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919615500334.

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Innovation contests allow companies to involve the general public or specific target groups in solving innovation problems. The increasing importance of innovation contests suggests the need for further research on why people become involved in non-compulsory innovation activities, such as innovation contests. The purpose of this paper was to examine which motivation orientations explain such participation and the quality of the ideas submitted. Drawing on motivation theories, this paper discusses the links between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and problem-solver participation as well as

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Winges, Sara A., Kurt W. Kornatz, and Marco Santello. "Common Input to Motor Units of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Hand Muscles During Two-Digit Object Hold." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 3 (2008): 1119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01059.2007.

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Anatomical and physiological evidence suggests that common input to motor neurons of hand muscles is an important neural mechanism for hand control. To gain insight into the synaptic input underlying the coordination of hand muscles, significant effort has been devoted to describing the distribution of common input across motor units of extrinsic muscles. Much less is known, however, about the distribution of common input to motor units belonging to different intrinsic muscles and to intrinsic-extrinsic muscle pairs. To address this void in the literature, we quantified the incidence and stren

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Giger, Nathalie, Simon Lanz, and Catherine de Vries. "The motivational basis of constituency work: how intrinsic and extrinsic motivations interact." Political Science Research and Methods 8, no. 3 (2019): 493–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2019.19.

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AbstractBehavioral economists and social psychologists have shown that extrinsic motivations can crowd out intrinsic motivations to act. This study examines this crowding out effect in the context of legislative behavior. By exploiting the federal nature of Swiss elections, we examine if response rates to requests of voters residing inside or outside a candidate's district vary based on the electoral competition candidate legislators face. We report two main findings. First, we find a high response rate among Swiss candidates (66 percent) which remains high for voters who reside outside a cand

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LEE, Hyung-Woo. ""REVISITING CROWDING-OUT EFFECT OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT: ITS IMPACT ON EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC MOTIVATION"." Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences 63 E (June 30, 2021): 90–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/tras.63e.5.

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Scholars have believed that motivation crowding out will occur when performance-based personnel management is practiced in the public sector. However, drawing on a more sophisticated typology of human motivation, this study demonstrates that the provision of extrinsic rewards can motivate, rather than demotivate, public employees even if public employees have strong public service motivation. Analyzing the data from the Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey (USA), this study found that the practice of employee performance management increases work effort and job satisfaction, and that such effects

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Goddard, C. I., D. H. Loftus, J. A. MacLean, C. H. Olver, and B. J. Shuter. "Evaluation of the Effects of Fish Community Structure on Observed Yields of Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, S2 (1987): s239—s248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-326.

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Creel and lake survey data from 87 Ontario lakes with self-sustaining lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) populations were analysed to determine the effect of intrinsic factors, such as fish community structure, and extrinsic factors, such as angling-effort, on the observed yields of lake trout. Multiple regression analyses showed that angling-effort and lake area, in order of importance, explained almost 82% of the variation in annual catches. Analyses of covariance were used to test a variety of hypotheses about how community structure — the presence of forage, competitors, or alternate sports

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Herlambang, Mega B., Fokie Cnossen, and Niels A. Taatgen. "The effects of intrinsic motivation on mental fatigue." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (2021): e0243754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243754.

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There have been many studies attempting to disentangle the relation between motivation and mental fatigue. Mental fatigue occurs after performing a demanding task for a prolonged time, and many studies have suggested that motivation can counteract the negative effects of mental fatigue on task performance. To complicate matters, most mental fatigue studies looked exclusively at the effects of extrinsic motivation but not intrinsic motivation. Individuals are said to be extrinsically motivated when they perform a task to attain rewards and avoid punishments, while they are said to be intrinsica

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Woodruff, Todd D. "Who Should the Military Recruit? The Effects of Institutional, Occupational, and Self-Enhancement Enlistment Motives on Soldier Identification and Behavior." Armed Forces & Society 43, no. 4 (2017): 579–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x17695360.

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The U.S. military spends millions of dollars and substantial institutional effort to understand enlistment motives and appropriately target incentives, recruiting effort, and marketing to prospective members. Similarly, researchers have worked for decades to identify, understand, and conceptualize enlistment motives. Much less effort has been made to understand the effect enlistment motives/goals have on individuals after they join. This research uses well-established enlistment motives/goals to identify and understand their effects on soldiers’ value to the military in terms of organizational

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Bengal, Eyal, Eusebio Perdiguero, Antonio L. Serrano, and Pura Muñoz-Cánoves. "Rejuvenating stem cells to restore muscle regeneration in aging." F1000Research 6 (January 25, 2017): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9846.1.

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Adult muscle stem cells, originally called satellite cells, are essential for muscle repair and regeneration throughout life. Besides a gradual loss of mass and function, muscle aging is characterized by a decline in the repair capacity, which blunts muscle recovery after injury in elderly individuals. A major effort has been dedicated in recent years to deciphering the causes of satellite cell dysfunction in aging animals, with the ultimate goal of rejuvenating old satellite cells and improving muscle function in elderly people. This review focuses on the recently identified network of cell-i

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Dysvik, Anders, and Bård Kuvaas. "Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation as predictors of work effort: The moderating role of achievement goals." British Journal of Social Psychology 52, no. 3 (2012): 412–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02090.x.

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Gavaler, Chris, and Dan Johnson. "The literary genre effect." Scientific Study of Literature 9, no. 1 (2019): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ssol.19010.joh.

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Abstract We test the literariness of genre fiction with an empirical study that directly manipulates both intrinsic text properties and extrinsic reader expectations of literary merit for science-fiction and narrative-realism stories. Participants were told they were going to read a story of either low or high literary merit and then read one of two stories that were identical except for one genre-determining word. There were no differences between the science-fiction and narrative-realism versions of the story in literary merit perception, text comprehension, or inference effort for theory of

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Taufik, Ahmad. "Pengembangan Kurikulum Pendidikan Islam." EL-Ghiroh 17, no. 02 (2019): 81–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.37092/el-ghiroh.v17i02.106.

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One component of education as a system is material. Educational material is all learning material delivered to students in an institutional education system. This educational material is better known as the curriculum. While the curriculum refers to material that has been systematically prepared to achieve the goals set.the curriculum must contain Islamic values that are intrinsic and extrinsic capable of realizing the objectives of Islamic education. The concept of Islamic education is an effort directed at the formation of a child's personality in accordance with Islamic teachings or an ef

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Rekha, P. T. "Extrinsic Factors which Influence the Buying Preferences of Residential Real Estate Customers." Asian Review of Social Sciences 8, S1 (2019): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2019.8.s1.1492.

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A major effort on the part of Real estate firms is to increase and retain their customers and it is very essential that to know the factors influencing customers’ satisfaction and retention. This study is done with the purposes of identifying the extrinsic factors that affect the purchasing decision of the real estate customers of villas and apartments. This study uses survey questionnaires to obtain information from real estate consumers. The study was conducted in Thrissur district. The study found that the most influencing one in extrinsic factors which affect the purchase decision of real

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Dounskaia, Natalia, Jacob A. Goble, and Wanyue Wang. "The role of intrinsic factors in control of arm movement direction: implications from directional preferences." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 3 (2011): 999–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00630.2010.

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The role of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in control of arm movement direction remains under debate. We addressed this question by investigating preferences in selection of movement direction and whether factors causing these preferences have extrinsic or intrinsic nature. An unconstrained free-stroke drawing task was used during which participants produced straight strokes on a horizontal table, choosing the direction and the beginning and end of each stroke arbitrarily. The variation of the initial arm postures across strokes provided a possibility to distinguish between the extrinsic and

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Butler, John K., and R. Stephen Cantrell. "Extrinsic Reward Valences and Productivity of Business Faculty: A within-and between-Subjects Decision Modeling Experiment." Psychological Reports 64, no. 2 (1989): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.2.343.

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The valences of six extrinsic rewards that can accrue to business faculty members were investigated. A decision modeling experiment was designed with 16 different hypothetical reward situations to elicit effort decisions from 52 respondents. Using instrumentality theory, valences were represented by within-subject regression coefficients, obtained by regressing effort decisions on a set of orthogonal cues. Exploratory analyses yielded significant effects of reward type for the valences within all rank and tenure categories and for the valences of tenure and recognition across rank and tenure c

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Yeh, Ching-Hsuan, Yi-Shun Wang, Shin-Jeng Lin, et al. "What drives internet users’ willingness to provide personal information?" Online Information Review 42, no. 6 (2018): 923–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir-09-2016-0264.

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Purpose Considering that users’ information privacy concerns may affect the development of e-commerce, the purpose of this paper is to explore what drives internet users’ willingness to provide personal information; further, the paper examines how extrinsic rewards moderate the relationship between users’ information privacy concerns and willingness to provide personal information. Design/methodology/approach Data collected from 345 valid internet users in the context of electronic commerce were analyzed using the partial least squares approach. Findings The result showed that agreeableness, r

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Liang, Huigang, Meng-Meng Wang, Jian-Jun Wang, and Yajiong Xue. "How intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives affect task effort in crowdsourcing contests: A mediated moderation model." Computers in Human Behavior 81 (April 2018): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.040.

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Vasalampi, Kati, Katariina Salmela-Aro, and Jari-Erik Nurmi. "Education-related goal appraisals and self-esteem during the transition to secondary education: A longitudinal study." International Journal of Behavioral Development 34, no. 6 (2010): 481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025409359888.

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This study investigated whether adolescents’ appraisals of their education-related goals change during the transition from comprehensive school to postcomprehensive secondary education (academic vs. vocational track) and how such appraisals contribute to their self-esteem. Six hundred and seven 16-year-old adolescents were surveyed three times: (1) at the beginning, (2) at the end of the final spring term of comprehensive school, and (3) one year after the transition to postcomprehensive secondary education. They were asked to appraise their education-related goal in terms of intrinsic and ext

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Bellhäuser, Henrik, Björn Mattes, and Patrick Liborius. "Daily Fluctuations in Motivation." Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie 51, no. 4 (2019): 228–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000226.

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Abstract. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are related to learning success and academic achievement of university students. Process models of self-regulated learning (SRL) suggest that daily academic motivation is affected by study satisfaction on the previous day. In this study, we conducted a secondary analysis of the data by Liborius et al. (2019) , in which the study behavior of a total of 105 students was surveyed daily over 154 days (including both the lecture period and non-lecture period). We tested a mediation model, assuming that SRL components (planning, self-efficacy, time invest

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Gago-Rodríguez, Susana, and David Naranjo-Gil. "Effects of trust and distrust on effort and budgetary slack: an experiment." Management Decision 54, no. 8 (2016): 1908–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-10-2015-0480.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate whether trust and distrust in upper-level managers exert different influences on the budgetary proposals of middle managers. Such proposals involve different levels of managerial effort that impact overall budgetary slack. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on a laboratory experiment with 160 business managers. Findings The results show that the more (less) middle managers trust (distrust) their upper-level managers, the more (the less) effort they commit to budgetary proposals. The authors also find that middle managers with low tr

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Fuglevand, Andrew J., Rosemary A. Lester, and Richard K. Johns. "Distinguishing intrinsic from extrinsic factors underlying firing rate saturation in human motor units." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 5 (2015): 1310–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00777.2014.

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During voluntary contraction, firing rates of individual motor units (MUs) increase modestly over a narrow force range beyond which little additional increase in firing rate is seen. Such saturation of MU discharge may be a consequence of extrinsic factors that limit net synaptic excitation acting on motor neurons (MNs) or may be due to intrinsic properties of the MNs. Two sets of experiments involving recording of human biceps brachii MUs were carried out to evaluate saturation. In the first set, the extent of saturation was quantified for 136 low-threshold MUs during isometric ramp contracti

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Roderick, Melissa, and Mimi Engel. "The Grasshopper and the Ant: Motivational Responses of Low-Achieving Students to High-Stakes Testing." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 23, no. 3 (2001): 197–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/01623737023003197.

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Advocates of high-stakes testing argue that providing strong incentives for students to take learning more seriously will result in greater student effort and motivation. Opponents argue that these policies set up low-achieving students to fail, looking to research on motivation for evidence that extrinsic and negative incentives such as the threat of retention will undermine students' engagement in school. This article seeks to evaluate these claims by examining the responses of 102 low-achieving sixth- and eighth-grade students to Chicago's highly publicized effort to end social promotion. D

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Ewing, Katie C., and Stephen H. Fairclough. "The Effect of an Extrinsic Incentive on Psychophysiological Measures of Mental Effort and Motivational Disposition when Task Demand is Varied." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 54, no. 3 (2010): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193121005400316.

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Ilak Peršurić, Anita Silvana. "Segmenting Olive Oil Consumers Based on Consumption and Preferences toward Extrinsic, Intrinsic and Sensorial Attributes of Olive Oil." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (2020): 6379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166379.

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The aim of this paper was to identify and describe segments of a study population that consumes olive oil. Therefore, a survey was conducted in 2019 on a sample of 705 German and 175 UK consumers. In both samples, three consumer segments were identified. These three segments differed significantly with regard to purchase and consumption patterns, as well as attitudes toward the extrinsic, intrinsic, sensorial, and health attributes of olive oil. Their main preferences related to health properties of olive oil, followed by hedonic attributes; therefore, these aspects should be marketed in Germa

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Nur, Mahmudah, and Muhammad Agus Noorbani. "RELIGIOUS READING MATERIALS AND RELIGIOUS ORIENTATION OF HIGH SCHOOL ISLAMIC EDUCATION TEACHERS IN BANDAR LAMPUNG." Analisa: Journal of Social Science and Religion 4, no. 01 (2019): 97–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v4i01.773.

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This paper aims at showing the result of the research on the variety of religious reading materials and religious orientation based on religious reading materials of Islamic Education (Pendidikan Agama Islam/PAI) teachers in Bandar Lampung. Religious reading materials is one of the sources of knowledge being read by Islamic Education teachers as an effort to improve the quality of their knowledge. Utilizing mixed methods with psychology of religion approach and discourse analysis, this study aims to know the variety that PAI high school teachers in Bandar Lampung for the enrichment of teaching

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Amankwah, Majoreen, Peter Boxall, and Meng-Long Huo. "How good are jobs in New Zealand?" New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations 46, no. 1 (2021): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/nzjer.v46i1.50.

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Based on an analysis of the New Zealand data in the Work Orientation module of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) across three rounds (1997, 2005 and 2015), this paper examines how workers in New Zealand perceive their job quality. These surveys imply that New Zealanders have relatively good jobs, as shown in healthy levels of job quality and job satisfaction. They rate highly the quality of their collegial relationships at work and typically perceive the intrinsic quality of their job as better than the extrinsic quality. A key issue in relation to the latter is that they genera

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Forcada, Mikel L., Felipe Sánchez-Martínez, Miquel Esplà-Gomis, and Lucia Specia. "Towards Optimizing MT for Post-Editing Effort: Can BLEU Still Be Useful?" Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics 108, no. 1 (2017): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pralin-2017-0019.

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AbstractWe propose a simple, linear-combination automatic evaluation measure (AEM) to approximate post-editing (PE) effort. Effort is measured both as PE time and as the number of PE operations performed. The ultimate goal is to define an AEM that can be used to optimize machine translation (MT) systems to minimize PE effort, but without having to perform unfeasible repeated PE during optimization. As PE effort is expected to be an extensive magnitude (i.e., one growing linearly with the sentence length and which may be simply added to represent the effort for a set of sentences), we use a lin

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Vansteenkiste, Maarten, Joke Simons, Bart Soenens, and Willy Lens. "How to Become a Persevering Exerciser? Providing a Clear, Future Intrinsic Goal in an Autonomy-Supportive Way." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 26, no. 2 (2004): 232–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.26.2.232.

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The goal of the present study was to examine partially conflicting hypotheses derived from two motivational theories, namely self-determination theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000) and future time perspective theory (FTPT; Lens, 2001; Nuttin & Lens, 1985). In line with SDT, it was found that framing an exercise activity in terms of future intrinsic goal attainment (focusing on health and physical fitness) has a positive effect on effort expenditure, autonomous exercise motivation, performance, long-term persistence, and even sport club membership. On the other hand, framing an exercis

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Palova, R., J. Adamcakova, D. Mokra, and J. Mokry. "Bronchial Asthma: Current Trends in Treatment." Acta Medica Martiniana 20, no. 1 (2020): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acm-2020-0002.

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AbstractAsthma is a heterogenous disease which pathophysiology is still poorly understood. Asthma was traditionally divided into allergic (extrinsic) and non-allergic (intrinsic) types, while patients with allergic type responded better to corticosteroids. Since 2013 the definition of asthma has changed. Recently, better insight into clinical consi -derations and underlying inflammatory phenotypes has been gained. Defining these phenotypes has already led to more specific clinical trials and, therefore, to more personalized and successfully targeted therapy. For future, much more effort is put

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Wang, Xiaopan, Junpeng Guo, Yi Wu, and Na Liu. "Emotion as signal of product quality." Internet Research 30, no. 2 (2019): 463–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-09-2018-0415.

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Purpose Information asymmetry is an inevitable issue in e-commerce and largely hampers the development of online shopping. The purpose of this paper is to propose a model to investigate the emotional content of online customer reviews, which are considered an efficient way to reduce information asymmetry, as a potential signal of product quality. The moderating effects of perceived empathy and cognitive effort are also explored on the basis of signaling theory. Design/methodology/approach A laboratory experiment with 120 subjects was used to empirically test the proposed research hypotheses. T

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de Araújo, Tânia Maria, Johannes Siegrist, Arlinda B. Moreno, et al. "Effort-Reward Imbalance, Over-Commitment and Depressive Episodes at Work: Evidence from the ELSA-Brasil Cohort Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17 (2019): 3025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173025.

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A growing burden of mental illness, and in particular depression, among workers is a concern of occupational public health. Scientific evidence has revealed consistent associations of work-related stress, as measured by theoretical models, with depression, but mostly so in developed countries. This contribution explores these associations in a developing Latin American country, Brazil, by applying an internationally established work stress model, the effort-reward imbalance (ERI). This model focuses on the work contract where unjust exchange between high efforts spent and low rewards received

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Chen, Jiahe, Yi-Chen Lan, Yu-Wei Chang, and Po-Ya Chang. "Exploring Doctors’ Willingness to Provide Online Counseling Services: The Roles of Motivations and Costs." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (2019): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010110.

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With the impetus of information communication technology (ICT), emerging eHealth has attracted increasing number of doctors’ participation in online health platforms, which provide various potential benefits to doctors. However, previous studies on eHealth have seldom distinguished different service modes provided by doctors. In addition, the bulk of the literature has considered doctors’ motivations based solely on online environments. To fill this gap, this study combines expectancy theory and the Bagozzi, Dholakia, and Basuroy (BDB) model to examine the relationships between anticipated out

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Kálmán, Csaba, and Esther Gutierrez Eugenio. "Successful language learning in a corporate setting: The role of attribution theory and its relation to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation." Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 5, no. 4 (2015): 583–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2015.5.4.4.

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Attribution theory (Weiner, 1985) and self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) have been explored as contributors to L2 motivation (cf. Dörnyei, 2001) but have never been studied quantitatively in concert. In addition, students’ attributions for success in learning a foreign language have never been measured through the use of a questionnaire. The aim of this paper is therefore (a) to develop a questionnaire with reliable constructs that allows to measure adult learners’ attributions for their success in learning English in a corporate setting, (b) to investigate these learners’ attri

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Campbell, Jesse W., and Tobin Im. "Exchange Ideology, Performance Pay, and Pay Satisfaction: Evidence From South Korean Central Government." Public Personnel Management 48, no. 4 (2019): 584–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091026019832632.

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The use of performance pay in public organizations is contentious partly because it can crowd out the intrinsic motivation associated with public service. However, not all public employees are service oriented and sensitivity to extrinsic rewards varies between them. Exchange ideology measures the strength of an individual’s belief that work effort should be proportional to treatment by the organization. We argue that this psychological trait conditions the relationship between performance pay and pay satisfaction. An analysis of survey data collected from Korean government employees shows tha

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Soverini, Simona, Sara De Santis, Cecilia Monaldi, Samantha Bruno, and Manuela Mancini. "Targeting Leukemic Stem Cells in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Is It Worth the Effort?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (2021): 7093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137093.

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Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a classical example of stem cell cancer since it arises in a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell upon the acquisition of the t(9;22) chromosomal translocation, that converts it into a leukemic stem cell (LSC). The resulting BCR-ABL1 fusion gene encodes a deregulated tyrosine kinase that is recognized as the disease driver. Therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) eliminates progenitor and more differentiated cells but fails to eradicate quiescent LSCs. Thus, although many patients obtain excellent responses and a proportion of them can even attempt treat

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Lee, Tzong-Nan, Jin-Ding Lin, Chia-Feng Yen, et al. "Extrinsic high-effort and low-reward conditions at work among institutional staff caring for people with intellectual disabilities in Taiwan." Research in Developmental Disabilities 30, no. 2 (2009): 284–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2008.04.006.

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Tandi Lwoga, Edda, and Frederik Questier. "Faculty adoption and usage behaviour of open access scholarly communication in health science universities." New Library World 115, no. 3/4 (2014): 116–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nlw-01-2014-0006.

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Purpose – The study seeks to investigate factors that affect the adoption and use of open access in Tanzanian health sciences universities. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a cross-sectional questionnaire survey, 415 faculty members were selected through a stratified random sampling from a population of 679 in all eight health sciences universities in Tanzania. The response rate was 71.1 per cent. Findings – Based on the social exchange theory (SET), and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), the study developed a model suitable for assessing open access adoption

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Cheng, Pi-Yueh, Mei-Lan Lin, and Chia-Kai Su. "Attitudes and Motivations of Students Taking Professional Certificate Examinations." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 39, no. 10 (2011): 1303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.10.1303.

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In this study we explored the attitudes and motives of business studies students taking examinations for professional certificates, where their participation may have a cognition-oriented motive. The study was divided into 2 phases: in the first phase, a questionnaire survey was used to examine the differences between internal and external encouragement perspectives for those students with and without professional certificates. We found that the intrinsic motivation of students with professional certificates was significantly higher than their extrinsic motivation. In the second phase we exami

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Pierro, Antonio, Arie W. Kruglanski, and E. Tory Higgins. "Regulatory mode and the joys of doing: effects of ‘locomotion’ and ‘assessment’ on intrinsic and extrinsic task‐motivation." European Journal of Personality 20, no. 5 (2006): 355–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.600.

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This research investigates the relation between regulatory‐mode (Higgins, Kruglanski, & Pierro, 2003; Kruglanski et al., 2000) and task motivation. Four studies conducted in diverse field and laboratory settings support the notions that ‘locomotion’, i.e. a self‐regulatory emphasis on movement from state to state, is positively related to intrinsic task motivation, whereas ‘assessment’, i.e. a self‐regulatory tendency to emphasize comparative appraisal of entities and states (such as goals and means) is positively related to extrinsic motivation. It is further found that ‘locomotion’, but

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Choukroun, M. L., C. Kays, and P. Varene. "EMG study of respiratory muscles in humans immersed at different water temperatures." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 2 (1990): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.2.611.

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The electromyograms of the rectus abdominis (EMGra) and of the diaphragm (EMGdi) have been recorded on human subjects immersed at two bath temperatures (TW), 25 and 40 degrees C. The recordings were obtained during a calibrated isometric contraction sustained for 20 s against a closed stopcock at functional residual capacity (FRC) level for EMGra (expiratory effort) and at pulmonary volume greater than 90% vital capacity for EMGdi and EMGra (inspiratory effort). After eliminating the electrocardiographic artifact, the EMG signal was processed to obtain its root-mean-square (rms) value and thre

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