Journal articles: 'Extrusion Based Printing'

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Faes, M., H. Valkenaers, F. Vogeler, J. Vleugels, and E. Ferraris. "Extrusion-based 3D Printing of Ceramic Components." Procedia CIRP 28 (2015): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2015.04.028.

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Xing, Yu, Yu Zhou, Xin Yan, et al. "Shell thickening for extrusion-based ceramics printing." Computers & Graphics 97 (June 2021): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2021.04.031.

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Azad, Mohammad A., Deborah Olawuni, Georgia Kimbell, Abu Zayed Md Badruddoza, Md Shahadat Hossain, and Tasnim Sultana. "Polymers for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Pharmaceuticals: A Holistic Materials–Process Perspective." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 2 (2020): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12020124.

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Three dimensional (3D) printing as an advanced manufacturing technology is progressing to be established in the pharmaceutical industry to overcome the traditional manufacturing regime of 'one size fits for all'. Using 3D printing, it is possible to design and develop complex dosage forms that can be suitable for tuning drug release. Polymers are the key materials that are necessary for 3D printing. Among all 3D printing processes, extrusion-based (both fused deposition modeling (FDM) and pressure-assisted microsyringe (PAM)) 3D printing is well researched for pharmaceutical manufacturing. It is important to understand which polymers are suitable for extrusion-based 3D printing of pharmaceuticals and how their properties, as well as the behavior of polymer–active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) combinations, impact the printing process. Especially, understanding the rheology of the polymer and API–polymer mixtures is necessary for successful 3D printing of dosage forms or printed structures. This review has summarized a holistic materials–process perspective for polymers on extrusion-based 3D printing. The main focus herein will be both FDM and PAM 3D printing processes. It elaborates the discussion on the comparison of 3D printing with the traditional direct compression process, the necessity of rheology, and the characterization techniques required for the printed structure, drug, and excipients. The current technological challenges, regulatory aspects, and the direction toward which the technology is moving, especially for personalized pharmaceuticals and multi-drug printing, are also briefly discussed.

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Jinsong, Chen, Bao Enquan, Huang Dazhi, Ding Yunfei, and Qiu Xuhui. "Extrusion Freeforming-Based 3D Printing of Ceramic Materials." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 61, no. 11 (2020): 2236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.mt-m2020167.

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Wolfs, R. J. M., and A. S. J. Suiker. "Structural failure during extrusion-based 3D printing processes." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 104, no. 1-4 (2019): 565–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03844-6.

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Hergel, Jean, Kevin Hinz, Sylvain Lefebvre, and Bernhard Thomaszewski. "Extrusion-based ceramics printing with strictly-continuous deposition." ACM Transactions on Graphics 38, no. 6 (2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3355089.3356509.

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Cardona, Carolina, Abigail H. Curdes, and Aaron J. Isaacs. "Effects of Filament Diameter Tolerances in Fused Filament Fabrication." IU Journal of Undergraduate Research 2, no. 1 (2016): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/iujur.v2i1.20917.

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Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is one of the most popular additive manufacturing (3D printing) technologies due to the growing availability of low-cost desktop 3D printers and the relatively low cost of the thermoplastic filament used in the 3D printing process. Commercial filament suppliers, 3D printer manufacturers, and end-users regard filament diameter tolerance as an important indicator of the 3D printing quality. Irregular filament diameter affects the flow rate during the filament extrusion, which causes poor surface quality, extruder jams, irregular gaps in-between individual extrusions, and/or excessive overlap, which eventually results in failed 3D prints. Despite the important role of the diameter consistency in the FFF process, few studies have addressed the required tolerance level to achieve highest 3D printing quality. The objective of this work is to develop the testing methods to measure the filament tolerance and control the filament fabrication process. A pellet-based extruder is utilized to fabricate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament using a nozzle of 1.75 mm in diameter. Temperature and extrusion rate are controlled parameters. An optical comparator and an array of digital calipers are used to measure the filament diameter. The results demonstrate that it is possible to achieve high diameter consistency and low tolerances (0.01mm) at low extrusion temperature (180 °C) and low extrusion rate (10 in/min).

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Menshutina, Natalia, Andrey Abramov, Pavel Tsygankov, and Daria Lovskaya. "Extrusion-Based 3D Printing for Highly Porous Alginate Materials Production." Gels 7, no. 3 (2021): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7030092.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a promising technology for solving a wide range of problems: regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, chemistry, etc. One of the potential applications of additive technologies is the production of highly porous structures with complex geometries, while printing is carried out using gel-like materials. However, the implementation of precise gel printing is a difficult task due to the high requirements for “ink”. In this paper, we propose the use of gel-like materials based on sodium alginate as “ink” for the implementation of the developed technology of extrusion-based 3D printing. Rheological studies were carried out for the developed alginate ink compositions. The optimal rheological properties are gel-like materials based on 2 wt% sodium alginate and 0.2 wt% calcium chloride. The 3D-printed structures with complex geometry were successfully dried using supercritical drying. The resulting aerogels have a high specific surface area (from 350 to 422 m2/g) and a high pore volume (from 3 to 3.78 cm3/g).

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Tümer, Eda Hazal, and Husnu Yildirim Erbil. "Extrusion-Based 3D Printing Applications of PLA Composites: A Review." Coatings 11, no. 4 (2021): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11040390.

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Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most widely used raw material in extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing (fused deposition modeling, FDM approach) in many areas since it is biodegradable and environmentally friendly, however its utilization is limited due to some of its disadvantages such as mechanical weakness, water solubility rate, etc. FDM is a simple and more cost-effective fabrication process compared to other 3D printing techniques. Unfortunately, there are deficiencies of the FDM approach, such as mechanical weakness of the FDM parts compared to the parts produced by the conventional injection and compression molding methods. Preparation of PLA composites with suitable additives is the most useful technique to improve the properties of the 3D-printed PLA parts obtained by the FDM method. In the last decade, newly developed PLA composites find large usage areas both in academic and industrial circles. This review focuses on the chemistry and properties of pure PLA and also the preparation methods of the PLA composites which will be used as a raw material in 3D printers. The main drawbacks of the pure PLA filaments and the necessity for the preparation of PLA composites which will be employed in the FDM-based 3D printing applications is also discussed in the first part. The current methods to obtain PLA composites as raw materials to be used as filaments in the extrusion-based 3D printing are given in the second part. The applications of the novel PLA composites by utilizing the FDM-based 3D printing technology in the fields of biomedical, tissue engineering, human bone repair, antibacterial, bioprinting, electrical conductivity, electromagnetic, sensor, battery, automotive, aviation, four-dimensional (4D) printing, smart textile, environmental, and luminescence applications are presented and critically discussed in the third part of this review.

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Zhang, Bin, Rodica Cristescu, Douglas B. Chrisey, and Roger J. Narayan. "Solvent-based Extrusion 3D Printing for the Fabrication of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds." International Journal of Bioprinting 6, no. 1 (2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v6i1.211.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been emerging as a new technology for scaffold fabrication to overcome the problems associated with the undesirable microstructure associated with the use of traditional methods. Solvent-based extrusion (SBE) 3D printing is a popular 3D printing method, which enables incorporation of cells during the scaffold printing process. The scaffold can be customized by optimizing the scaffold structure, biomaterial, and cells to mimic the properties of natural tissue. However, several technical challenges prevent SBE 3D printing from translation to clinical use, such as the properties of current biomaterials, the difficulties associated with simultaneous control of multiple biomaterials and cells, and the scaffold-to-scaffold variability of current 3D printed scaffolds. In this review paper, a summary of SBE 3D printing for tissue engineering (TE) is provided. The influences of parameters such as ink biomaterials, ink rheological behavior, cross-linking mechanisms, and printing parameters on scaffold fabrication are considered. The printed scaffold structure, mechanical properties, degradation, and biocompatibility of the scaffolds are summarized. It is believed that a better understanding of the scaffold fabrication process and assessment methods can improve the functionality of SBE-manufactured 3D printed scaffolds.

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Zhu, Sicong, Markus A. Stieger, Atze Jan van der Goot, and Maarten A. I. Schutyser. "Extrusion-based 3D printing of food pastes: Correlating rheological properties with printing behaviour." Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 58 (December 2019): 102214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2019.102214.

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Chen, Kai-Wei, Ming-Jong Tsai, and Heng-Sheng Lee. "Multi-Nozzle Pneumatic Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing System for Printing Sensing Pads." Inventions 5, no. 3 (2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions5030029.

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This paper developed a multi-nozzle pneumatic extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) system and applied it to print multi-material polymers and conductive sensing pads. We used pneumatic extrusion nozzles to extrude the liquid material and then cured it by an ultraviolet (UV) light source. The multi-nozzle pneumatic extrusion-based additive manufacturing system mainly integrates both PC-based HMI and CNC controller to operate the three-axis motion and the extrusion flow control. Moreover, the peripheral I/Os include both positive and negative pressure and also the curing light source. A D/A controller is also applied to control the value of the pneumatic pressure. The coding part utilizes the numerical control software along with the PLC planning to operate the AM machine automatically. Our experiment is conducted by using Simplify3D, a commercial 3D printing slicing software. Different requirements were set for extrusion nozzles with different materials, and then we executed the path controlling G-code data by Python Language. Our system successfully prints multi-material polymer structure pads which include the hard and soft material pad fabricated in double-layers, triple-layers and also the grid structure. Finally, we find that the printed pad has conductivity.

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Rojek, Izabela, Dariusz Mikołajewski, Marek Macko, Zbigniew Szczepański, and Ewa Dostatni. "Optimization of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing Process Using Neural Networks for Sustainable Development." Materials 14, no. 11 (2021): 2737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112737.

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Technological and material issues in 3D printing technologies should take into account sustainable development, use of materials, energy, emitted particles, and waste. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the sustainability of 3D printing processes can be supported by computational intelligence (CI) and artificial intelligence (AI) based solutions. We present a new AI-based software to evaluate the amount of pollution generated by 3D printing systems. We input the values: printing technology, material, print weight, etc., and the expected results (risk assessment) and determine if and what precautions should be taken. The study uses a self-learning program that will improve as more data are entered. This program does not replace but complements previously used 3D printing metrics and software.

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Ji, Shen, Koustubh Dube, Julian P. Chesterman, et al. "Polyester-based ink platform with tunable bioactivity for 3D printing of tissue engineering scaffolds." Biomaterials Science 7, no. 2 (2019): 560–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8bm01269e.

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Albar, Abdulrahman, Mehdi Chougan, Mazen J. Al- Kheetan, Mohammad Rafiq Swash, and Seyed Hamidreza Ghaffar. "Effective extrusion-based 3D printing system design for cementitious-based materials." Results in Engineering 6 (June 2020): 100135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100135.

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Hu, Fuwen, Tadeusz Mikolajczyk, Danil Yurievich Pimenov, and Munish Kumar Gupta. "Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Ceramic Pastes: Mathematical Modeling and In Situ Shaping Retention Approach." Materials 14, no. 5 (2021): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051137.

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Extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing methods are preferred and emerging approaches for freely digital fabrication of ceramics due to ease of use, low investment, high utilization of materials, and good adaptability to multi-materials. However, systematic knowledge still lacks an explanation for what is their 3D printability. Moreover, some uncontrollable factors including extrudate shape retention and nonuniform drying inevitably limit their industrial applications. The purpose of this research was to present a new shaping retention method based on mathematical synthesis modeling for extrusion-based 3D-printing of ceramic pastes. Firstly, the steady-state equilibrium equation of the extrusion process was derived to provide clearer theoretical indications than purely experimental methods. Furthermore, a mathematical description framework was synthesized to better understand the extrusion-based 3D-printing of ceramic pastes from several realms: pastes rheology, extrudability, shape-holdability, and drying kinetics. Secondly, for eliminating shaping drawbacks (e.g., deformation and cracks) originating from non-digital control factors, we put forward a digital shape-retention technology inspired by the generalized drying kinetics of porous materials, which was different from existing retention solutions, e.g., freezing retention, thermally induced gelation, and using removable support structures. In addition, we developed an in situ hot air flow drying device easily attached to the nozzle of existing 3D printers. Confirmatory 3D-printing experiments of thin-walled cone-shape benchmark parts and the fire arrowhead-like object clearly demonstrated that the presented shape-retention method not only upgraded layer-by-layer forming capability but also enabled digital control of extrudate solidification. In addition, many more experimental results statistically showed that both fully solid parts and purely thin-wall parts had higher dimensional accuracy and better surface quality than the offline drying method. The 3D printed ceramic products with complex profiled surfaces conceivably demonstrated that our improved extrusion-based 3D-printing process of ceramic pastes has game-changing potentials beyond the traditional craftsmanship capacity.

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Kirchmajer, D. M., R. Gorkin III, and M. in het Panhuis. "An overview of the suitability of hydrogel-forming polymers for extrusion-based 3D-printing." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 3, no. 20 (2015): 4105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tb00393h.

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Tian, Jing, Run Zhang, Jiayuan Yang, Weimin Chou, Ping Xue, and Yun Ding. "Additive Manufacturing of Wood Flour/PHA Composites Using Micro-Screw Extrusion: Effect of Device and Process Parameters on Performance." Polymers 13, no. 7 (2021): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071107.

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Based on additive manufacturing of wood flour and polyhydroxyalkanoates composites using micro-screw extrusion, device and process parameters were evaluated to achieve a reliable printing. The results show that the anisotropy of samples printed by micro-screw extrusion is less obvious than that of filament extrusion fused deposition modeling. The type of micro-screw, printing speed, layer thickness, and nozzle diameter have significant effects on the performance of printed samples. The linear relationship between the influencing parameters and the screw speed is established, therefore, the performance of printed products can be controlled by the extrusion flow rate related to screw speed.

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Lille, Martina, Anni Kortekangas, Raija-Liisa Heiniö, and Nesli Sozer. "Structural and Textural Characteristics of 3D-Printed Protein- and Dietary Fibre-Rich Snacks Made of Milk Powder and Wholegrain Rye Flour." Foods 9, no. 11 (2020): 1527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9111527.

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This study addressed the potential of 3D printing as a processing technology for delivering personalized healthy eating solutions to consumers. Extrusion-based 3D printing was studied as a tool to produce protein- and dietary fibre-rich snack products from whole milk powder and wholegrain rye flour. Aqueous pastes were prepared from the raw materials at various ratios, grid-like samples printed from the pastes at ambient temperature and the printed samples post-processed by oven baking at 150 °C. Printing pastes were characterized by rheological measurements and the baked samples by X-ray micro tomography, texture measurements and sensory analysis. All formulations showed good printability and shape stability after printing. During baking, the milk powder-based samples expanded to a level that caused a total collapse of the printed multiple-layer samples. Shape retention during baking was greatly improved by adding rye flour to the milk formulation. Sensory evaluation revealed that the volume, glossiness, sweetness and saltiness of the baked samples increased with an increasing level of milk powder in the printing paste. A mixture of milk powder and rye flour shows great potential as a formulation for healthy snack products produced by extrusion-based 3D printing.

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Tanwilaisiri, Anan, and Phichit Kajondecha. "Three-dimensional Printing of Supercapacitors based on Different Electrodes." Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 64, no. 5 (2020): 50401–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/j.imagingsci.technol.2020.64.5.050401.

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Abstract A fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing machine and a paste extrusion system were integrated, and supercapacitor samples were fabricated using a combination of two three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques. The FDM provided a simple method for creating a frame of electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) samples. The paste extrusion system offered the possibility of depositing different materials to complete the functions of the EDLC samples. A combination of these two 3D printing methods offered one continuous manufacturing process with a high accuracy of manufacturing. Different materials were used to build current collectors and electrodes. Silver and carbon conductive paints were used as current collector materials. Different electrode materials based on activated carbon (AC), carbon conductive paint, and their combination were prepared as three different slurries and deposited to form the electrodes of EDLC samples. The results showed that silver conductive paint was a suitable material for constructing current collectors, and carbon conductive paint mixed with AC was highly effective for use as an electrode material for supercapacitors.

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Schlegel, Volker, Andreas Engels, Vesela Stoycheva, Stefano Bifaretti, and Andreas H. Foitzik. "From Biomaterial to Organoid - Bioprinting for Practice." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 1285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.1285.

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The current state of technology for 3D printing with biomaterials is based on the extrusion of viscous materials. Mostly, extrusion heads utilize pneumatic pressure systems or stepper motors to force the substrate onto a surface. These methods are well developed for high viscouse materials. However, processing low viscous liquids may cause leakages in the system. This could be solved by applying continuous extrusion. Additionally, in order to process gelable substrates, such as gelatine and agar, tempered print heads in combination with a multi stage tempering system are required to prevent the system from clogging. The ongoing work presented in this paper focuses on the development of an extrusion system, which should be able to process multiple viscosities of gelatine sequentially. In order to achieve this, several measurements to examine the properties, as well as the material parameters of different biomaterials are performed. In this process gel point, force resistance and elasticity are the factors of particularly interest. Due to their ability to gel and their availability, the most relevant biomaterials are gelatine and agar. Using this data, an extrusion system involving a peristaltic pump, a heated tube and a nozzle, has been developed. The next step envisaged is to calibrate the extruder based on the obtained data and finally to validate the printing process by printing simple geometric structures. Assuming that a positive evaluation is obtained, the printing system will be tested for printing first organic test structures from patient data using the examined biomaterials.

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Kaufhold, Julia, Johannes Kohl, Venkatesh Naidu Nerella, et al. "Wood-based support material for extrusion-based digital construction." Rapid Prototyping Journal 25, no. 4 (2019): 690–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-04-2018-0109.

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Purpose Extrusion-based digital construction (DC) approaches make it feasible to overcome constraints of conventional construction, namely, high formwork costs, long total construction times, low productivity and geometrical inflexibility. However, to date, no satisfactory solutions for extruding strongly inclined and horizontal elements are available. A wood-starch-composite has been systematically developed as a sustainable support material (SM) for extrusion-based DC. Design/methodology/approach Material and process-specific requirements were identified for this purpose, and a feasible process chain was developed. A parametric study was conducted to determine the influence of SM composition on its extrusion feasibility and compressive strength. Various compositions with two starch types and two wood particle shapes were tested. New, specific testing methods were developed. Selected compositions were tested using a 3D-printing device to verify extrudability and form stability. Findings Relationships between material compositions of SM and its rheological and mechanical properties were identified. All mixtures showed sufficient compressive strength in respect of the loading conditions analysed. However, their flow properties varied significantly. A mixture of native maize starch and wood floor was identified as the best variant (compressive strength 2.3 MPa). Research limitations/implications Comprehensive investigations of possible process chains, as well as full-scale demonstration and optimisation of the process parameters, were not in the scope of this paper. Such investigations are intended in further studies. Practical implications The general applicability of wood-based SM for DC with cement-based construction materials was proved. Originality/value The findings offer a novel and promising solution for 3D-printing of non-vertical concrete elements. Experimental setup and material compositions are detailed to ensure reproducibility.

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Trieu, Can Chi, Minh-Thien Nguyen, Thien-Toan Quan Le, et al. "Developement of 3D printer for silicate-based materials." Science & Technology Development Journal - Engineering and Technology 2, SI2 (2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjet.v2isi2.460.

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3D printer and 3D printing technology are now considered as one of the key factor in the manufacturing industry. In the near future, we could envisage different application of 3D printing method in the sector of materials processing and production. In the sector of civil engineering, they existed somewhere some construction works developed with 3D printing technology. In this study, we aim to manufacture laboratory-scale printers with nozzles and extrusion feeding systems suitable for paste such as the case of clay-based materials of silicate industry. The movement system was encoded and controlled via the motherboard (Mach 3 controller software). Stepper motors and shaft drives were also implemented in the frame element of such printer. The feeding system was designed based on the extrusion method including cylinder and piston element. Based on that, sample size 200x300x300mm was available for operation testing. Concerning the performance of the instrument, we have obtained printed specimens with different geometric shapes with complexity. From the obtained result, we also discussion on the feasibility up scaling the study and developing a 3D printer for silicate based materials.

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Bukvić, Olivera, Vlastimir Radonjanin, Mirjana Malešev, and Mirjana Laban. "Basic fresh-state properties of extrusion-based 3D printed concrete." Gradjevinski materijali i konstrukcije 63, no. 4 (2020): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/grmk2004099b.

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This paper aims at reviewing the basic properties of fresh-state extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printed concrete in order to explain the specific properties of this construction technology. The review was conducted using the bottom-up approach. The most recent literature in the field of extrusion-based concrete printing was used as a starting point, while additional papers were included through screening the references of relevant papers. Based on the inclusion criteria, review and experimental papers containing data on fresh-state 3D printed concrete properties were included, as well as materials used for 3D printing, since their properties directly affect the fresh-state properties of concrete mixture. Papers concerning data only on hardened properties were excluded. Reviewed properties are: technological properties (pump ability and flow ability) and printability properties(extrudability, print quality and buildability).

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Algahtani, Mohammed S., Abdul Aleem Mohammed, and Javed Ahmad. "Extrusion-Based 3D Printing for Pharmaceuticals: Contemporary Research and Applications." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 42 (2019): 4991–5008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190110155931.

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Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has a significant impact on organ transplant, cosmetic surgery, surgical planning, prosthetics and other medical fields. Recently, 3 DP attracted the attention as a promising method for the production of small-scale drug production. The knowledge expansion about the population differences in metabolism and genetics grows the need for personalised medicine substantially. In personalised medicine, the patient receives a tailored dose and the release profile is based on his pharmacokinetics data. 3 DP is expected to be one of the leading solutions for the personalisation of the drug dispensing. This technology can fabricate a drug-device with complicated geometries and fillings to obtain the needed drug release profile. The extrusionbased 3 DP is the most explored method for investigating the feasibility of the technology to produce a novel dosage form with properties that are difficult to achieve using the conventional industrial methods. Extrusionbased 3 DP is divided into two techniques, the semi-solid extrusion (SSE) and the fused deposition modeling (FDM). This review aims to explain the extrusion principles behind the two techniques and discuss their capabilities to fabricate novel dosage forms. The advantages and limitations observed through the application of SSE and FDM for fabrication of drug dosage forms were discussed in this review. Further exploration and development are required to implement this technology in the healthcare frontline for more effective and personalised treatment.

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Ma, Guowei, Zhijian Li, Li Wang, and Gang Bai. "Micro-cable reinforced geopolymer composite for extrusion-based 3D printing." Materials Letters 235 (January 2019): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.09.159.

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Petta, D., U. D’Amora, L. Ambrosio, D. W. Grijpma, D. Eglin, and M. D’Este. "Hyaluronic acid as a bioink for extrusion-based 3D printing." Biofabrication 12, no. 3 (2020): 032001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/ab8752.

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Lacey, Steven D., Dylan J. Kirsch, Yiju Li, et al. "Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Hierarchically Porous Advanced Battery Electrodes." Advanced Materials 30, no. 12 (2018): 1705651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201705651.

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Ning, Liqun, and Xiongbiao Chen. "A brief review of extrusion-based tissue scaffold bio-printing." Biotechnology Journal 12, no. 8 (2017): 1600671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biot.201600671.

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Placone, Jesse K., and Adam J. Engler. "Recent Advances in Extrusion‐Based 3D Printing for Biomedical Applications." Advanced Healthcare Materials 7, no. 8 (2017): 1701161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201701161.

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Dores, Filipa, Magdalena Kuźmińska, Cindy Soares, et al. "Temperature and solvent facilitated extrusion based 3D printing for pharmaceuticals." European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 152 (September 2020): 105430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105430.

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Gholamipour-Shirazi, Azarmidokht, Ian T. Norton, and Tom Mills. "Designing hydrocolloid based food-ink formulations for extrusion 3D printing." Food Hydrocolloids 95 (October 2019): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.04.011.

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Diederichs, Elizabeth, Maisyn Picard, Boon Peng Chang, Manjusri Misra, and Amar Mohanty. "Extrusion Based 3D Printing of Sustainable Biocomposites from Biocarbon and Poly(trimethylene terephthalate)." Molecules 26, no. 14 (2021): 4164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144164.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing manufactures intricate computer aided designs without time and resource spent for mold creation. The rapid growth of this industry has led to its extensive use in the automotive, biomedical, and electrical industries. In this work, biobased poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) blends were combined with pyrolyzed biomass to create sustainable and novel printing materials. The Miscanthus biocarbon (BC), generated from pyrolysis at 650 °C, was combined with an optimized PTT blend at 5 and 10 wt % to generate filaments for extrusion 3D printing. Samples were printed and analyzed according to their thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties. Although there were no significant differences seen in the mechanical properties between the two BC composites, the optimal quantity of BC was 5 wt % based upon dimensional stability, ease of printing, and surface finish. These printable materials show great promise for implementation into customizable, non-structural components in the electrical and automotive industries.

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Sager, Valeska F., Merete B. Munk, Mikka Stenholdt Hansen, Wender L. P. Bredie, and Lilia Ahrné. "Formulation of Heat-Induced Whey Protein Gels for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing." Foods 10, no. 1 (2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010008.

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This study investigated the extrusion-based 3D printability of heat-induced whey protein gels as protein rich food inks. In particular, the effects of ionic strength by the addition of NaCl (0–250 mM), protein content (10%, 15%, 20%), fat content (0%, 10%), and partial substitution of whey protein isolate (WPI) with microparticulated whey protein (MWP) or micellar casein isolate (MCI) on printability were assessed. Texture analysis, specifically Young’s modulus, rheological measurements including yield stress, and creep–recovery behavior were used to characterize the gels. Modifications of the formulation in terms of ionic strength, increased protein content, and the formation of emulsion gels were insufficient to maintain a continuous extrusion process or shape stability after printing. However, the substitution of WPI with MWP created more viscoeleastic gels with improved printability and shape retention of the 3D cube structure after deposition. The partial replacement of WPI with MCI led to phase separation and 3D-printed cubes that collapsed after deposition. A narrow range of rheological material properties make WPI and MWP emulsion gels promising food inks for extrusion-based 3D printing.

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Lamm, Meghan E., Lu Wang, Vidya Kishore, et al. "Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing of Wood and Lignocellulosic Filled Composites." Polymers 12, no. 9 (2020): 2115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092115.

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Wood and lignocellulosic-based material components are explored in this review as functional additives and reinforcements in composites for extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing. The motivation for using these sustainable alternatives in 3D printing includes enhancing material properties of the resulting printed parts, while providing a green alternative to carbon or glass filled polymer matrices, all at reduced material costs. Previous review articles on this topic have focused only on introducing the use of natural fillers with material extrusion AM and discussion of their subsequent material properties. This review not only discusses the present state of materials extrusion AM using natural filler-based composites but will also fill in the knowledge gap regarding state-of-the-art applications of these materials. Emphasis will also be placed on addressing the challenges associated with 3D printing using these materials, including use with large-scale manufacturing, while providing insight to overcome these issues in the future.

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Suriboot, Jakkrit, Alec C. Marmo, Bryan Khai D. Ngo, et al. "Amphiphilic, thixotropic additives for extrusion-based 3D printing of silica-reinforced silicone." Soft Matter 17, no. 15 (2021): 4133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sm00288k.

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Amphiphilic PEO-SA additives and silica fillers were systematically incorporated into Sylgard 184. Synergistic interactions allowed for tunable surface and rheological properties which could expand their utility in extrusion-based, DIW 3D printing.

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Dou, Hao, Yunyong Cheng, Wenguang Ye, et al. "Effect of Process Parameters on Tensile Mechanical Properties of 3D Printing Continuous Carbon Fiber-Reinforced PLA Composites." Materials 13, no. 17 (2020): 3850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173850.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing continuous carbon fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites offer excellent tensile mechanical properties. The present study aimed to research the effect of process parameters on the tensile mechanical properties of 3D printing composite specimens through a series of mechanical experiments. The main printing parameters, including layer height, extrusion width, printing temperature, and printing speed are changed to manufacture specimens based on the modified fused filament fabrication 3D printer, and the tensile mechanical properties of 3D printing continuous carbon fiber-reinforced PLA composites are presented. By comparing the outcomes of experiments, the results show that relative fiber content has a significant impact on mechanical properties and the ratio of carbon fibers in composites is influenced by layer height and extrusion width. The tensile mechanical properties of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced composites gradually decrease with an increase of layer height and extrusion width. In addition, printing temperature and speed also affect the fiber matrix interface, i.e., tensile mechanical properties increase as the printing temperature rises, while the tensile mechanical properties decrease when the printing speed increases. Furthermore, the strengthening mechanism on the tensile mechanical properties is that external loads subjected to the components can be transferred to the carbon fibers through the fiber-matrix interface. Additionally, SEM images suggest that the main weakness of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced 3D printing composites exists in the fiber-matrix interface, and the main failure is the pull-out of the fiber caused by the interface destruction.

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Joas, Sebastian, Günter Tovar, Oguz Celik, Christian Bonten, and Alexander Southan. "Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Poly(ethylene glycol) Diacrylate Hydrogels Containing Positively and Negatively Charged Groups." Gels 4, no. 3 (2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels4030069.

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Hydrogels are an interesting class of materials used in extrusion-based 3D printing, e.g., for drug delivery or tissue engineering. However, new hydrogel formulations for 3D printing as well as a detailed understanding of crucial formulation properties for 3D printing are needed. In this contribution, hydrogels based on poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA) and the charged monomers 3-sulfopropyl acrylate and [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride are formulated for 3D printing, together with Poloxamer 407 (P407). Chemical curing of formulations with PEG-DA and up to 5% (w/w) of the charged monomers was possible without difficulty. Through careful examination of the rheological properties of the non-cured formulations, it was found that flow properties of formulations with a high P407 concentration of 22.5% (w/w) possessed yield stresses well above 100 Pa together with pronounced shear thinning behavior. Thus, those formulations could be processed by 3D printing, as demonstrated by the generation of pyramidal objects. Modelling of the flow profile during 3D printing suggests that a plug-like laminar flow is prevalent inside the printer capillary. Under such circumstances, fast recovery of a high vicosity after material deposition might not be necessary to guarantee shape fidelity because the majority of the 3D printed volume does not face any relevant shear stress during printing.

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Zhao, Jingzhou, and Nongyue He. "A mini-review of embedded 3D printing: supporting media and strategies." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8, no. 46 (2020): 10474–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tb01819h.

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Perrot, Arnaud, Damien Rangeard, Venkatesh Naidu Nerella, and Viktor Mechtcherine. "Extrusion of cement-based materials - an overview." RILEM Technical Letters 3 (February 13, 2019): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2018.75.

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Extrusion is a process that consists in forcing a formable material to pass through a die having the cross-section of the part to be obtained. This way of processing is used with conventional and fibre-reinforced cement-based materials to fabricate various construction elements such as panels, pipes and roadside curbs. Recently, with the development of digital fabrication methods and especially 3D concrete printing by selective deposition, the extrusion techniques have experienced a significant increase in interest. This letter describes the screw and ram extrusion techniques and their applications in construction industry. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms involved during extrusion flow are delineated and the roles of rheological and hydro-mechanical behaviours (the latter one in a soil mechanics sense) in defining the extrudability – ability of being extruded – of the cementitious materials are highlighted. Finally, specific points such as flow-induced anisotropy of fibre reinforced cementitious materials or surface defects are addressed.

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Li, Zhanzhao, Maryam Hojati, Zhengyu Wu, et al. "Fresh and Hardened Properties of Extrusion-Based 3D-Printed Cementitious Materials: A Review." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (2020): 5628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145628.

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3D-printing of cementitious materials is an innovative construction approach with which building elements can be constructed without the use of formwork. Despite potential benefits in the construction industry, it introduces various engineering challenges from the material point of view. This paper reviews the properties of extrusion-based 3D-printed cementitious materials in both fresh and hardened states. Four main properties of fresh-state printing materials are addressed: flowability, extrudability, buildability, and open time, along with hardened properties, including density, compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile bond strength, shrinkage, and cracking. Experimental testing and effective factors of each property are covered, and a mix design procedure is proposed. The main objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the recent development in 3D-printing of cementitious materials and to identify the research gaps that need further investigation.

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Meng, Yeqiao, Jinlong Cao, Yue Chen, Yaru Yu, and Lin Ye. "3D printing of a poly(vinyl alcohol)-based nano-composite hydrogel as an artificial cartilage replacement and the improvement mechanism of printing accuracy." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8, no. 4 (2020): 677–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tb02278c.

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Luis, Eric, Houwen Matthew Pan, Swee Leong Sing, Ram Bajpai, Juha Song, and Wai Yee Yeong. "3D Direct Printing of Silicone Meniscus Implant Using a Novel Heat-Cured Extrusion-Based Printer." Polymers 12, no. 5 (2020): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051031.

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The first successful direct 3D printing, or additive manufacturing (AM), of heat-cured silicone meniscal implants, using biocompatible and bio-implantable silicone resins is reported. Silicone implants have conventionally been manufactured by indirect silicone casting and molding methods which are expensive and time-consuming. A novel custom-made heat-curing extrusion-based silicone 3D printer which is capable of directly 3D printing medical silicone implants is introduced. The rheological study of silicone resins and the optimization of critical process parameters are described in detail. The surface and cross-sectional morphologies of the printed silicone meniscus implant were also included. A time-lapsed simulation study of the heated silicone resin within the nozzle using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was done and the results obtained closely resembled real time 3D printing. Solidworks one-convection model simulation, when compared to the on-off model, more closely correlated with the actual probed temperature. Finally, comparative mechanical study between 3D printed and heat-molded meniscus is conducted. The novel 3D printing process opens up the opportunities for rapid 3D printing of various customizable medical silicone implants and devices for patients and fills the current gap in the additive manufacturing industry.

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Reich, Matthew J., Aubrey L. Woern, Nagendra G. Tanikella, and Joshua M. Pearce. "Mechanical Properties and Applications of Recycled Polycarbonate Particle Material Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing." Materials 12, no. 10 (2019): 1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12101642.

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Past work has shown that particle material extrusion (fused particle fabrication (FPF)/fused granular fabrication (FGF)) has the potential for increasing the use of recycled polymers in 3D printing. This study extends this potential to high-performance (high-mechanical-strength and heat-resistant) polymers using polycarbonate (PC). Recycled PC regrind of approximately 25 mm2 was 3D printed with an open-source Gigabot X and analyzed. A temperature and nozzle velocity matrix was used to find useful printing parameters, and a print test was used to maximize the output for a two-temperature stage extruder for PC. ASTM type 4 tensile test geometries as well as ASTM-approved compression tests were used to determine the mechanical properties of PC and were compared with filament printing and the bulk virgin material. The results showed the tensile strength of parts manufactured from the recycled PC particles (64.9 MPa) were comparable to that of the commercial filament printed on desktop (62.2 MPa) and large-format (66.3 MPa) 3D printers. Three case study applications were investigated: (i) using PC as a rapid molding technology for lower melting point thermoplastics, (ii) printed parts for high temperature applications, and (iii) printed parts for high-strength applications. The results show that recycled PC particle-based 3D printing can produce high-strength and heat-resistant products at low costs.

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Lee, Jiwoon, Jesse Walker, Sanjay Natarajan, and Sung Yi. "Prediction of geometric characteristics in polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds produced by extrusion-based additive manufacturing technique for tissue engineering." Rapid Prototyping Journal 26, no. 2 (2019): 238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-08-2018-0219.

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Purpose Extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) has been considered as a promising technique to fabricate scaffolds for tissue engineering due to affordability, versatility and ability to print porous structures. The reliability and controllability of the printing process are necessary to produce 3D-printed scaffolds with desired properties and depend on the geometric characteristics such as porosity and pore diameter. The purpose of this study is to develop an analytical model and explore its effectiveness in the prediction of geometric characteristics of 3D-printed scaffolds. Design/methodology/approach An analytical model was developed to simulate the geometric characteristics of scaffolds produced by extrusion-based AM using fluid mechanics. Polycaprolactone (PCL) was chosen as a scaffold material and was assumed to be a non-Newtonian fluid for the model. The effectiveness of the model was verified through comparison with the experimental results. Findings A comparison study between simulation and experimental results shows that strut diameter, pore size and porosity of scaffolds can be predicted by using extrusion pressure, temperature, nozzle diameter, nozzle length and printing speed. Simulation results demonstrate that geometric characteristics have a strong relationship with processing parameters, and the model developed in this study can be used for predicting the scaffold properties for the extrusion-based 3D bioprinting process. Originality/value The present study provides a prediction model that can simulate the printing process by a simple input of processing parameters. The geometric characteristics can be predicted prior to the experimental verification, and such prediction will reduce the process time and effort when a new material or method is applied.

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Serex, Ludovic, Arnaud Bertsch, and Philippe Renaud. "Microfluidics: A New Layer of Control for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing." Micromachines 9, no. 2 (2018): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9020086.

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Dávila, José Luis, and Marcos Akira d’Ávila. "Rheological evaluation of Laponite/alginate inks for 3D extrusion-based printing." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 101, no. 1-4 (2018): 675–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2876-y.

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Sun, Jie, Weibiao Zhou, Liangkun Yan, Dejian Huang, and Lien-ya Lin. "Extrusion-based food printing for digitalized food design and nutrition control." Journal of Food Engineering 220 (March 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.02.028.

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van den Heever, Marchant, Frederick Bester, Jacques Kruger, and Gideon van Zijl. "Mechanical characterisation for numerical simulation of extrusion-based 3D concrete printing." Journal of Building Engineering 44 (December 2021): 102944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102944.

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Ruscitti, A., C. Tapia, and N. M. Rendtorff. "A review on additive manufacturing of ceramic materials based on extrusion processes of clay pastes." Cerâmica 66, no. 380 (2020): 354–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132020663802918.

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Abstract This paper aims to present a state of the art of additive manufacturing (AM) of ceramic materials based on extrusion processes of clay pastes, reviewing the definitions and classifications of the AM field under current international standards. A general overview on the AM category ‘material extrusion’ is provided and the class ‘paste deposition modeling’ is proposed for those techniques based on the extrusion of pastes that are solidified by solvent vaporization, with the aim of distinguishing it from the class ‘fused deposition modeling’, which is applied to extruded polymers through temperature plasticization. Based on the survey of background information on 3D printing technology by ceramic paste extrusion, a classification and historization of the innovations in the development of this technology are proposed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Extrusion Based Printing'

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