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Journal articles on the topic 'Eye blink rate'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 December 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Joiner, Thomas E., Melanie A. Hom, Megan L. Rogers, et al. "Staring Down Death." Crisis 37, no. 3 (2016): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000367.

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Abstract. Background: Lowered eye blink rate may be a clinically useful indicator of acute, imminent, and severe suicide risk. Diminished eye blink rates are often seen among individuals engaged in heightened concentration on a specific task that requires careful planning and attention. Indeed, overcoming one’s biological instinct for survival through suicide necessitates premeditation and concentration; thus, a diminished eye blink rate may signal imminent suicidality. Aims: This article aims to spur research and clinical inquiry into the role of eye blinks as an indicator of acute suicide ri

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Hamdan, Mohammad, and Hisham A. Shehadeh. "Automated Quantification of Eye Blink Rate Using VIOLA–JONES Algorithm." International Journal of Technology Diffusion 9, no. 4 (2018): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijtd.2018100102.

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In this article, we have proposed a novel tool that helps to objectively quantify eye blink rate. Using the proposed algorithm, a threshold for normal blink rate can be set to test those who have to reduce eye blink rate and are prone to ocular surface dryness. The statistical results show excellent agreement between software-detected number of blinks and visually measured with 90% accuracy for the participants. In addition, the comparison between our tool and other approaches of eye blink monitoring shows that our tool is competitive with only 5% wasted blinks.

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Islam, Arafat, Naimur Rahaman, and Md Atiqur Rahman Ahad. "A Study on Tiredness Assessment by Using Eye Blink Detection." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 31, no. 2 (2019): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2019-31(2)-04.

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In this paper, the loss of attention of automotive drivers is studied by using eye blink detection. Facial landmark detection for detecting eye is explored. Afterward, eye blink is detected using Eye Aspect Ratio. By comparing the time of eye closure to a particular period, the driver’s tiredness is decided. The total number of eye blinks in a minute is counted to detect drowsiness. Calculation of total eye blinks in a minute for the driver is done, then compared it with a known standard value. If any of the above conditions fulfills, the system decides the driver is unconscious. A total of 12

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Kim, Jungho, Yadav Sunil Kumar, Jisang Yoo, and Soonchul Kwon. "Change of Blink Rate in Viewing Virtual Reality with HMD." Symmetry 10, no. 9 (2018): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10090400.

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The eye blink rate, a major human physiological response, directly affects ocular diseases, such as keratitis and dry eye syndrome. It has been shown that the eye blink rate in normal eyes has a certain frequency for individuals, from 6–30 times/min. It was suggested in a previous study that the eye blink rate can be decreased during the viewing of high-intensity and realistic content. Therefore, in this paper, we examine the change of the eye blink rate during the HMD (head-mounted display) viewing of VR (virtual reality) contents; accordingly, we propose an algorithm to measure the eye blink

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Zhang, Sydney, and Julio Echegoyen. "Design and Usability Study of a Point of Care mHealth App for Early Dry Eye Screening and Detection." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 20 (2023): 6479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12206479.

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Significantly increased eye blink rate and partial blinks have been well documented in patients with dry eye disease (DED), a multifactorial eye disorder with few effective methods for clinical diagnosis. In this study, a point of care mHealth App named “EyeScore” was developed, utilizing blink rate and patterns as early clinical biomarkers for DED. EyeScore utilizes an iPhone for a 1-min in-app recording of eyelid movements. The use of facial landmarks, eye aspect ratio (EAR) and derivatives enabled a comprehensive analysis of video frames for the determination of eye blink rate and partial b

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Solorzano, Sol, Paul Bommarito, and Stephen Burastero. "Effects of Vertical Viewing Angle on Eye Blink Rate during Computer Work." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, no. 21 (2000): 3–498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004402136.

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The effects of vertical viewing angles and eye blinking rate during computer work were investigated Twenty subjects read from a computer screen set at four levels of viewing angles. Eye blinks during reading tasks were measured by electrooculography. Subjective ratings on visual and musculoskeletal strain were obtained. Test hypotheses were: (a) blink rate does not change with variations of viewing angle, (b) blink rate does not change with time-on-task, and (c) there is no interaction between viewing angle and time-on-task effects. The results indicated that blink rate increases as the viewin

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Culoso, Ashley, Cynthia Lowe, and Craig Evinger. "Sex, blinking, and dry eye." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 2 (2020): 831–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00635.2019.

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Blinking sustains the corneal tear film generated by sexually dimorphic lacrimal and meibomian glands. Our study examines whether trigeminal control of blinking is also sexually dimorphic by investigating trigeminal reflex blinking, associative blink modification, and spontaneous blinking in male and female rats before and after unilateral dry eye caused by exorbital gland removal. Before gland removal, female rats exhibited a lower threshold for evoking trigeminal reflex blinks, a weaker effect of associative blink modification, and longer-duration spontaneous blinks than males. Spontaneous b

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Andreu-Sánchez, Celia, Miguel Ángel Martín-Pascual, Agnès Gruart, and José María Delgado-García. "Viewers Change Eye-Blink Rate by Predicting Narrative Content." Brain Sciences 11, no. 4 (2021): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11040422.

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Eye blinks provoke a loss of visual information. However, we are not constantly making conscious decisions about the appropriate moment to blink. The presence or absence of eye blinks also denotes levels of attention. We presented three movies with the exact same narrative but different styles of editing and recorded participants’ eye blinks. We found that moments of increased or decreased eye blinks by viewers coincided with the same content in the different movie styles. The moments of increased eye blinks corresponded to those when the actor leaves the scene and when the movie repeats the s

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Curio, Immo. "Eye Movements and Spontaneous Eye-blink Rate." Applied Psychology 41, no. 3 (1992): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1992.tb00707.x.

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Madile, Thamang Teddy, Hlomani B. Hlomani, and Irina Zlotnikova. "Electroencephalography biometric authentication using eye blink artifacts." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 36, no. 2 (2024): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v36.i2.pp872-881.

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This study presents a novel approach to electroencephalography (EEG) biometric authentication using eye blink artifacts. Unlike traditional methods that rely on imagination and mental tasks, which are susceptible to emotional and physical variations, this approach leverages the consistent effects of eye blinks on brainwaves for authentication. Brainwaves were recorded using the NeuroSky Mindwave Mobile 2 headset, and eye blinks were extracted via NeuroSky’s blink detection algorithm. An authentication algorithm was developed based on blink strength, time, and frequency. The proposed method dem

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Thamang, Teddy Madile Hlomani B. Hlomani Irina Zlotnikova. "Electroencephalography biometric authentication using eye blink artifacts." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 36, no. 2 (2024): 872–81. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v36.i2.pp872-881.

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This study presents a novel approach to electroencephalography (EEG) biometric authentication using eye blink artifacts. Unlike traditional methods that rely on imagination and mental tasks, which are susceptible to emotional and physical variations, this approach leverages the consistent effects of eye blinks on brainwaves for authentication. Brainwaves were recorded using the NeuroSky Mindwave Mobile 2 headset, and eye blinks were extracted via NeuroSky’s blink detection algorithm. An authentication algorithm was developed based on blink strength, time, and frequency. The proposed meth

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Borza, Diana, Razvan Itu, and Radu Danescu. "In the Eye of the Deceiver: Analyzing Eye Movements as a Cue to Deception." Journal of Imaging 4, no. 10 (2018): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging4100120.

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Deceit occurs in daily life and, even from an early age, children can successfully deceive their parents. Therefore, numerous book and psychological studies have been published to help people decipher the facial cues to deceit. In this study, we tackle the problem of deceit detection by analyzing eye movements: blinks, saccades and gaze direction. Recent psychological studies have shown that the non-visual saccadic eye movement rate is higher when people lie. We propose a fast and accurate framework for eye tracking and eye movement recognition and analysis. The proposed system tracks the posi

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KARSON, CRAIG N., CHARLES A. KAUFMANN, ARTHUR K. SHAPIRO та ELAINE SHAPIRO. "Eye-Blink Rate in Touretteʼs Syndrome". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 173, № 9 (1985): 566–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198509000-00008.

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Gunther, Kelley E., Xiaoxue Fu, Leigha A. MacNeill, Morgan Jones, Briana Ermanni, and Koraly Pérez-Edgar. "Now it’s your turn!: Eye blink rate in a Jenga task modulated by interaction of task wait times, effortful control, and internalizing behaviors." PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (2024): e0294888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294888.

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Dopamine is a versatile neurotransmitter with implications in many domains, including anxiety and effortful control. Where high levels of effortful control are often regarded as adaptive, other work suggests that high levels of effortful control may be a risk factor for anxiety. Dopamine signaling may be key in understanding these relations. Eye blink rate is a non-invasive proxy metric of midbrain dopamine activity. However, much work with eye blink rate has been constrained to screen-based tasks which lack in ecological validity. We tested whether changes in eye blink rate during a naturalis

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Toll, Ashley M., Richard W. Marklin, Eric H. Bauman, and John J. Simmins. "Effect of Head-Mounted Augmented Reality Devices on Electric Utility Manhole Workers: Neck Muscle Activity and Eye Blink Rate." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (2020): 2097–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641508.

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Two head-mounted augmented reality (AR) systems, Microsoft HoloLens and RealWear HMT-1, were tested to determine their effect on blink rate and muscle activity of the neck and shoulder muscles of electric utility manhole workers. The task of splicing a cable was performed under three conditions: HoloLens, HMT-1, and No AR (normal). Surface electromyography (sEMG) of the right and left sternocleidomastoid, splenius, semispinalis capitis, and upper trapezius muscles were measured on 13 manhole workers, and a small camera recorded blink rate of the right eye. Results revealed, in general, no sign

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Dewi, Christine, Rung-Ching Chen, Xiaoyi Jiang, and Hui Yu. "Adjusting eye aspect ratio for strong eye blink detection based on facial landmarks." PeerJ Computer Science 8 (April 18, 2022): e943. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.943.

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Blink detection is an important technique in a variety of settings, including facial movement analysis and signal processing. However, automatic blink detection is very challenging because of the blink rate. This research work proposed a real-time method for detecting eye blinks in a video series. Automatic facial landmarks detectors are trained on a real-world dataset and demonstrate exceptional resilience to a wide range of environmental factors, including lighting conditions, face emotions, and head position. For each video frame, the proposed method calculates the facial landmark locations

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Barbato, Giuseppe, Gianluca Ficca, Giovanni Muscettola, Mariateresa Fichele, Michele Beatrice, and Franco Rinaldi. "Diurnal variation in spontaneous eye-blink rate." Psychiatry Research 93, no. 2 (2000): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00108-6.

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Syahputra, Eswin, Irpan Nursukmi, Sony Putra, Bayu Sukma Sani, and Rian Farta Wijaya. "EYE ASPECT RATIO ADJUSTMENT DETECTION FOR STRONG BLINKING SLEEPINESS BASED ON FACIAL LANDMARKS WITH EYE-BLINK DATASET." ZERO: Jurnal Sains, Matematika dan Terapan 6, no. 2 (2023): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.30829/zero.v6i2.14751.

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<span lang="id">Blink detection is an important technique in a variety of settings, including facial motion analysis and signal processing. However, automatic blink detection is challenging due to its blink rate. This paper proposes a real-time method for detecting eye blinks in a video series. The method is based on automatic facial landmark detection trained on real-world datasets and demonstrates robustness against various environmental factors, including lighting conditions, facial emotions, and head position. The proposed algorithm calculates the position of facial landmarks, extrac

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Vasta, Nicola, Noor Jajo, Frida Graf, Legolas Zhang, and Francesco N. Biondi. "Evaluating a Camera-Based Approach to Assess Cognitive Load During Manufacturing Computer Tasks." Electronics 14, no. 3 (2025): 467. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14030467.

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Suboptimal levels of cognitive load have been shown to lead to distractions, stress, and physical injuries in work environments. Yet, traditional methods for measuring cognitive load present known logistical and methodological issues: while self-reported measures suffer from poor construct validity, physiological measures often require expensive instruments and time-consuming calibration. In recent years, research has linked blink rate (i.e., the number of eye blinks per minute) with cognitive load, showing a higher blink rate with increased load. Despite this, scientific-grade eye trackers ar

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Riby, Leigh M., Sam K. Fenwick, Dimana Kardzhieva, Beth Allan, and Deborah McGann. "Unlocking the Beat: Dopamine and Eye Blink Response to Classical Music." NeuroSci 4, no. 2 (2023): 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neurosci4020014.

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The present study examined music-induced dopamine release, as measured by a proxy measure of spontaneous eye blinks. Specifically, we explored the effects of uplifting and sombre tones in different sections of Vivaldi’s Four Seasons to investigate the affective content of musical pieces within one composition. Seventeen participants listened to four concertos (Major modes: “Spring” and “Autumn”, Minor modes: “Summer” and “Winter”) and a silence condition while completing a three-stimulus odd-ball attention task. Electrooculograms were recorded from electrodes placed above and under the left ey

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Zhang, Jinhua, Baozeng Wang, Cheng Zhang, and Jun Hong. "Volitional and Real-Time Control Cursor Based on Eye Movement Decoding Using a Linear Decoding Model." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4069790.

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The aim of this study is to build a linear decoding model that reveals the relationship between the movement information and the EOG (electrooculogram) data to online control a cursor continuously with blinks and eye pursuit movements. First of all, a blink detection method is proposed to reject a voluntary single eye blink or double-blink information from EOG. Then, a linear decoding model of time series is developed to predict the position of gaze, and the model parameters are calibrated by the RLS (Recursive Least Square) algorithm; besides, the assessment of decoding accuracy is assessed t

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Baxley, Bethany, and Nichole C. Anderson. "PSIV-A-1 Assessment of Equine Acclimation to new Management Using non-Invasive Metrics." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (2022): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.454.

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Abstract Horses experience stress during transportation, handling, and changes to the environment which result in negative welfare for the animal. Finding valid methods to measure stress non-invasively can assist in understanding equine welfare. Our objective was to investigate equine stress to a new environment through non-invasive measures. We hypothesized that horses’ stress would decrease over time with repeated exposure to a single handler and novel holding stock. Seven horses were introduced to a novel farm with a week of acclimation to their stall to serve as their baseline. Blink rate,

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Paśko, Wojciech, Emilian Zadarko, Tomasz Krzeszowski, and Krzysztof Przednowek. "Relationship between Eye Blink Frequency and Incremental Exercise among Young Healthy Men." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (2022): 4362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074362.

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The aim of the study was to verify the correlation between the frequency of blinking and aerobic physical exercise. The research subjects were 13 healthy man aged 23.3 ± 1 year. Measurements of the blink rate and eye closure times were performed during a progressive aerobic test on a cycle ergometer. During the test, power was gradually increased every minute by 25 W, starting from 50 W. Data acquisition involved using a GoPro camera mounted to the helmet of the research subject. The test continued until the research subject refused to continue. The subjects did not know the goal of the test,

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Rimayanti, Ulfah, Gita Yustika, and Sri Rezki Wahdania Jamaluddin. "Description of screen time and dry eye syndrome in medical students of UIN Alauddin Makassar." Bali Medical Journal 12, no. 2 (2023): 1729–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v12i2.3710.

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Link of Video Abstract: https://youtu.be/-B5Z8H6e4o0 Background: During pandemic, the amount of screen time in individuals is tremendously expanding. Excessive screen time may result in eye blinks reduction, tears evaporation, and eventually dry eye syndrome (DES). This study aims to show the descriptions of the duration of screen time and dry eye symptoms in medical students during the pandemic. Methods: This study uses a descriptive and cross-sectional methods. The subjects were students of The School of Medicine at UIN Alauddin Makassar, who were undergoing online learning. The data were co

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JADAALLI, SREEDHAR, Saikiran Reddy C., P.Harshavardhan, Naveen M., and Abhiram Goud A. "Driver Drowsiness and Alcohol Detection." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 7, no. 6 (2022): 583–91. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6797998.

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This paper presents a design of an alerting system for the person in case of alcoholic and drowsiness stage. This system facilitates the driving person and avoids accidents. This system comprises of a Microcontroller based monitoring system along with EYE BLINK SENSOR to detect the blinks of eye. When the eye blinks very faster in drowsiness, this system alerts the driver by giving a buzzer sound. This system also capable of detecting whether the driver is drunk or not by using Alcohol sensor. The modules used in the project are eye blink sensor, Alcohol sensor, LCD module and Microcontroller.

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CHOY, EMILY PIK YIN, PAULINE CHO, IRIS FRANCES FORSTER BENZIE, and CAMUS KAR MAN CHOY. "Dry Eye and Blink Rate Simulation with a Pig Eye Model." Optometry and Vision Science 85, no. 2 (2008): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/opx.0b013e31816225ed.

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Slagter, Heleen A., Richard J. Davidson, and Rachel Tomer. "Eye-blink rate predicts individual differences in pseudoneglect." Neuropsychologia 48, no. 5 (2010): 1265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.12.027.

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Barbato, Giuseppe, Vittoria De Padova, Antonella Raffaella Paolillo, Laura Arpaia, Eleonora Russo, and Gianluca Ficca. "Increased spontaneous eye blink rate following prolonged wakefulness." Physiology & Behavior 90, no. 1 (2007): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.09.023.

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Barkley-Levenson, Emily, and Adriana Galván. "Eye blink rate predicts reward decisions in adolescents." Developmental Science 20, no. 3 (2016): e12412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/desc.12412.

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Li, Yongkai, Shuai Zhang, Gancheng Zhu, et al. "A CNN-Based Wearable System for Driver Drowsiness Detection." Sensors 23, no. 7 (2023): 3475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073475.

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Drowsiness poses a serious challenge to road safety and various in-cabin sensing technologies have been experimented with to monitor driver alertness. Cameras offer a convenient means for contactless sensing, but they may violate user privacy and require complex algorithms to accommodate user (e.g., sunglasses) and environmental (e.g., lighting conditions) constraints. This paper presents a lightweight convolution neural network that measures eye closure based on eye images captured by a wearable glass prototype, which features a hot mirror-based design that allows the camera to be installed o

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Bend, Julia, Markus Gödker, and Thomas Franke. "AI and Mobile Technologies for Driver Fatigue Detection: Sex Differences Revealed by Eye-Tracking Metrics." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 19, no. 11 (2025): 143–58. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v19i11.53737.

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The present study examines sex differences in fatigue and visual attention during simulated driving. Using a driving simulator, we evaluated the effects of task duration and sex differences on fatigue-related eye-tracking metrics, including blink duration, fixation rate, and blink rate. Results indicate that fixation rate was significantly influenced by task duration but remained consistent across sexes, whereas blink duration exhibited marginal sex differences and a significant interaction with task duration, with females demonstrating longer blink durations compared to males. These findings

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Weaving, Jessica. "Spontaneous eye blink rate as an index of dopamine activity in cognitive control." PsyPag Quarterly 1, no. 104 (2017): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpspag.2017.1.104.20.

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Spontaneous eye blink rate is suggested to partially reflect dopamine activity. It has been used in numerous studies as it is a non–invasive and accessible measure compared to alternative techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET). However, there are a number of dopamine pathways in the brain, which are associated with activity of dopamine neurons with different receptor subtypes. This article reviews evidence from pharmocological and clinical studies, in order to draw more specific conclusions regarding the type of dopamine activity reflected by spontaneous eye blink rate.

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Rau, Pei-Luen Patrick, Yu Chien Tseng, Xiao Dong, Caihong Jiang, and Cuiling Chen. "The Effect of Personality on Online Game Flow Experience and the Eye Blink Rate as an Objective Indicator." Advances in Human-Computer Interaction 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4675401.

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This study aimed to explore the effects of dominant and compliant personalities, on both flow experience and the external characteristics of flow experience. A total of 48 participants were recruited to play an online game and subsequently asked to recall the songs they had heard while they were playing the game. Eye blink rate was recorded. The results demonstrated that (1) the participant was immersed in the game more if he/she was relatively dominant or noncompliant; (2) the perceptions about the external environment declined remarkably while being in a flow state; and (3) eye blink rates d

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Dewi, Christine, Rung-Ching Chen, Chun-Wei Chang, Shih-Hung Wu, Xiaoyi Jiang, and Hui Yu. "Eye Aspect Ratio for Real-Time Drowsiness Detection to Improve Driver Safety." Electronics 11, no. 19 (2022): 3183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11193183.

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Drowsiness is a major risk factor for road safety, contributing to serious injury, death, and economic loss on the road. Driving performance decreases because of increased drowsiness. In several different applications, such as facial movement analysis and driver safety, blink detection is an essential requirement that is used. The extremely rapid blink rate, on the other hand, makes automatic blink detection an extremely challenging task. This research paper presents a technique for identifying eye blinks in a video series recorded by a car dashboard camera in real time. The suggested techniqu

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Barbato, Giuseppe, Douglas E. Moul, Paul Schwartz, Norman E. Rosenthal, and Dan A. Oren. "Spontaneous eye blink rate in winter seasonal affective disorder." Psychiatry Research 47, no. 1 (1993): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(93)90057-n.

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Cardona, Genis, Marc Argilés, and Elisabet Pérez-Cabré. "Loss of Blink Regularity and Its Impact on Ocular Surface Exposure." Diagnostics 13, no. 14 (2023): 2362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13142362.

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(1) Background: Changes in blink parameters have been found to influence ocular surface exposure, eliciting symptoms of dry eye and ocular signs. The aim of the study was to highlight the relevance of including blink regularity as a new parameter to fully characterize blinking; (2) Methods: A novel characterization of blink parameters is described, including spontaneous eyeblink rate (SEBR), percentage of incomplete blinks, and blink regularity. A pilot study was designed in which tear film break-up time (TFBUT), blink parameters, and the time percentage of ocular surface exposure were determi

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Youwei, Lu. "Real-time eye blink detection using general cameras: a facial landmarks approach." International Science Journal of Engineering & Agriculture 2, no. 5 (2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46299/j.isjea.20230205.01.

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Eyes are essential in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) as they provide valuable insights into a person's thoughts and intentions. However, current eye movement analysis methods require specialized equipment or high-quality videos, making them less accessible and usable. This paper proposes a real-time eye blink detection algorithm that uses standard cameras, making it widely applicable and convenient. The approach achieves accurate and efficient eye blink detection by leveraging the Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR) algorithm and facial landmarks technique. This paper developed a Python application and c

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Itokawa, Takashi, Yukinobu Okajima, Takashi Suzuki, et al. "Association among Blink Rate, Changes in Ocular Surface Temperature, Tear Film Stability, and Functional Visual Acuity in Patients after Cataract Surgery." Journal of Ophthalmology 2019 (August 19, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8189097.

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Purpose. To investigate the association among the ocular surface temperature (OST), tear film stability, functional visual acuity (FVA), and blink rate in patients after cataract surgery. Methods. We recruited 98 eyes of 69 patients (mean age, 73.7 ± 5.2 years) 1 month after phacoemulsification with implantation of acrylic intraocular lenses and assessed slit-lamp microscopy, corrected distance VA, FVA, noninvasive tear breakup time (NIBUT), and OST. We defined the changes in the OST from 0 to 10 seconds after eye opening as the ΔOST. We measured the FVA and blink rate using the FVA measuremen

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Kim, Jungho, Leehwan Hwang, Soonchul Kwon, and Seunghyun Lee. "Change in Blink Rate in the Metaverse VR HMD and AR Glasses Environment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14 (2022): 8551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148551.

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Blink rate, a major physiological response in humans, directly affects ocular diseases such as keratitis and dry eye. The blink rate in normal eyes appears at a constant frequency of 6–30 times per minute and is constant for each individual. In a previous study, the blink rate decreased when viewing content with high intensity and realism. Therefore, we tried to investigate the change in blink rate when viewing the content in VR HMD (virtual reality head-mounted display) and AR (augmented reality) glasses environments. We compared and analyzed the blink rate in four environments: natural state

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Bhandari, Madhavendra. "Tear film measurements in four different ethnic groups: Malay, Chinese, Indian and Nigerian." International Eye Research 2, no. 2 (2021): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ier.2021.02.02.

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AIM: To compare the non-invasive tear film break-up time (NIBUT), tear break up time (TBUT), basal tear secretion (BTS) and blink rate in four ethnic groups: Malay, Chinese, Indian and Nigerian. METHODS: Totally 120 healthy (61 males and 59 females) subjects (without dry eye symptoms and ocular surface disorder) with the age 20 to 39 years were recruited; 30 were Malays, 30 were Chinese, 31 were Indians and 29 were Nigerians. Based on McMonnies questionnaire and clinical examination, normal subjects were selected. NIBUT, TBUT, BTS were assessed in only one eye (right) of each subject and blink

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P., E. Ohwin, J. Money A., O. Ofulue O., et al. "Impact of different patterns of light on blink rate: A focus on occupational hazard." GPH-International Journal of Applied Science 7, no. 09 (2025): 69–77. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14879586.

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Blinking is a protective function of the eye in keeping the ocular surface lubricated continuously. Current research evaluated the impact of different patterns of light on blink rate with a focus on occupational hazard. The study was carried out on subjects within Abraka and Agbor. The inclusion criteria include cyber or Information communication and technology (ICT) workers who spend long time on screen of smart devices, Television and Laptops, staffs of clubs and bars who works overnight and people in rural area who are less exposed to these light patterns. Data was collected using; A closed

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Walker, James C., Martin Kendal-Reed, Mark J. Utell, and William S. Cain. "Human Breathing and Eye Blink Rate Responses to Airborne Chemicals." Environmental Health Perspectives 109 (August 2001): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3454661.

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Sandyk, Reuven. "The Significance of Eye Blink Rate in Parkinsonism: A Hypothesis." International Journal of Neuroscience 51, no. 1-2 (1990): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00207459009000515.

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Walker, J. C., M. Kendal-Reed, M. J. Utell, and W. S. Cain. "Human breathing and eye blink rate responses to airborne chemicals." Environmental Health Perspectives 109, suppl 4 (2001): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109s4507.

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Peckham, Andrew D., and Sheri L. Johnson. "Spontaneous Eye-Blink Rate as an Index of Reward Responsivity." Clinical Psychological Science 4, no. 3 (2015): 451–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702615594999.

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Sescousse, Guillaume, Romain Ligneul, Ruth van Holst, et al. "F180. Spontaneous Eye Blink Rate: A Good Proxy for Dopamine?" Biological Psychiatry 83, no. 9 (2018): S308—S309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.794.

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G Sudha Rani, A Anusha, A Yamini, I.Srinivasa Rao, ,. Ch Gopi Krishna Chowdary. "Stay Alert: Drowsiness Detection with IoT Technology." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 10, no. 02 (2024): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst1002007.

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The "Drowsiness Detection using IoT with Eye Blink Sensor and Buzzer" project aims to address the critical issue of driver fatigue and drowsiness, a major cause of road accidents. Leveraging Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and a combination of eye blink sensors and a buzzer, this system provides a real-time solution for monitoring and alerting drivers when signs of drowsiness are detected. The project focuses on enhancing road safety by preventing accidents caused by driver fatigue Drowsiness detection is a critical aspect of ensuring safety, particularly in domains such as transportatio

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Marklin, Richard W., Ashley M. Toll, Eric H. Bauman, and John J. Simmins. "Effect of Two Common Head-Mounted Augmented Reality Systems on Muscle Force and Blink Rate of Electric Utility Power Plant Operators." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (2019): 1132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631124.

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Augmented reality (AR) is a technology that combines real and virtual information presented to the user in an interactive way in real time. The Microsoft HoloLens and RealWear HMT-1 are two common types of head-mounted AR available to industrial field workers. These two AR systems were tested on how they affected blink rate, an indicator of eye strain, and electromyographic (sEMG) activity of the neck and shoulder muscles of electric utility power plant operators while they performed five routine inspection tasks of coal equipment. The inspection tasks were conducted under three conditions: Ho

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Kato, Hiroaki, Norihiko Yokoi, Akihide Watanabe, et al. "Effect of Punctal Occlusion on Blinks in Eyes with Severe Aqueous Deficient Dry Eye." Diagnostics 14, no. 1 (2023): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14010003.

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Punctal occlusion (PO) is considered to improve both tear-film instability and increased friction during blinking and may consequently affect blinks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of PO on blinks. This study involved 16 eyes of 16 severe aqueous deficient dry eye (ADDE) patients (mean age: 65.7 years). In all eyes, tear meniscus radius (TMR), spread grade (SG) of the tear-film lipid layer (i.e., SG 1-5: 1 being the best), fluorescein break-up time (FBUT), corneal epithelial damage score (CED), conjunctival epithelial damage score, corneal filament (CF) grade, lid-wipe

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Merkies, Ready, Farkas, and Hodder. "Eye Blink Rates and Eyelid Twitches as a Non-Invasive Measure of Stress in the Domestic Horse." Animals 9, no. 8 (2019): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9080562.

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Physiological changes provide indices of stress responses, however, behavioural measures may be easier to determine. Spontaneous eye blink rate has potential as a non-invasive indicator of stress. Eyelid movements, along with heart rate (HR) and behaviour, from 33 horses were evaluated over four treatments: 1) control—horse in its normal paddock environment; 2) feed restriction—feed was withheld at regular feeding time; 3) separation—horse was removed from visual contact with their paddock mates; and 4) startle test—a ball was suddenly thrown on the ground in front of the horse. HR data was co

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