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1
S.Priyadharsini. "Prevention from Road Accidents by Detecting Driver Drowsiness." Recent Trends in Information Technology and its Application 5, no. 2 (2022): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6789736.
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Driver lethargy is one of the main explanations for traffic accidents and the associated fiscal losses. Existing drowsiness detection techniques does not concentrate on all the key factors of drowsy drivers. The proposed system designed for the analysis and detection of drowsiness uses visual based features. The eye state, eye blinking frequency, eye closure duration, redness level detection, mouth state, yawning frequency are the key factors for detecting drowsiness. Systems that use this technique usually monitor eye states and the position of the iris through a specific time period to estimate the eye blinking frequency and the eye closure duration. On the other hand, mouth analysis and tracking the yawning frequency of a driver is an alternative way of detecting the drowsy driver. These techniques will identify the drowsing state of the driver and if he is drowsy, then an alert message is sent to the driver stating that the driver is no longer capable of driving the vehicle safely thus preventing accidents.
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Collewijn, H., J. van der Steen, and R. M. Steinman. "Human eye movements associated with blinks and prolonged eyelid closure." Journal of Neurophysiology 54, no. 1 (1985): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.54.1.11.
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Eye movements associated with eyelid closure were recorded in human subjects with search coils, embedded in self-adhering scleral annuli, in a magnetic field. In contrast to classical notions, voluntary as well as reflex blinks were consistently accompanied by transient downward and nasalward movements of both eyes with amplitudes 1-5 degrees. These eye movements had a shorter duration than the upper lid movements, and the shapes of the spatial trajectories of eye and lid movements were not similar. The trajectory of the eye movements was only modestly affected by gaze eccentricities up to 15 degrees; there was a tendency for the downward component to be enhanced by looking upward, and vice versa. Restraining of the lids of one eye in the open or closed position did not significantly alter the eye movements during (attempted) blinks. Velocity-amplitude-duration relations of the down- and upward components were similar for the same eye before and after closure and for the closed eye and the contralateral unrestrained eye. The velocity-amplitude-duration characteristics of saccades were also unaffected by prolonged closure of the lids of one eye. Prolonged, voluntary closure of the lids was followed by a slow, tonic ocular deviation, which was consistently upward in half of the subjects and consistently downward in the other half. Additional horizontal components were highly variable even within subjects. In one subject the downward deviation was converted into upward deviation when lid closure was mechanically impeded. We conclude that elevation of the eye ball (Bell's phenomenon) does not occur during short blinks and only in about half of the subjects during voluntary unrestrained prolonged lid closure. Our evidence does not support the possibility that the transient eye movements during blinks are caused primarily by a mechanical interaction between the lids and the eye (or the scleral annulus). More likely, they are a secondary effect of an active cocontraction of extraocular muscles that primarily results in retraction of the eye.
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Dziuda, Łukasz, Paulina Baran, Piotr Zieliński, et al. "Evaluation of a Fatigue Detector Using Eye Closure-Associated Indicators Acquired from Truck Drivers in a Simulator Study." Sensors 21, no. 19 (2021): 6449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196449.
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This paper presents a camera-based prototype sensor for detecting fatigue and drowsiness in drivers, which are common causes of road accidents. The evaluation of the detector operation involved eight professional truck drivers, who drove the truck simulator twice—i.e., when they were rested and drowsy. The Fatigue Symptoms Scales (FSS) questionnaire was used to assess subjectively perceived levels of fatigue, whereas the percentage of eye closure time (PERCLOS), eye closure duration (ECD), and frequency of eye closure (FEC) were selected as eye closure-associated fatigue indicators, determined from the images of drivers’ faces captured by the sensor. Three alternative models for subjective fatigue were used to analyse the relationship between the raw score of the FSS questionnaire, and the eye closure-associated indicators were estimated. The results revealed that, in relation to the subjective assessment of fatigue, PERCLOS is a significant predictor of the changes observed in individual subjects during the performance of tasks, while ECD reflects the individual differences in subjective fatigue occurred both between drivers and in individual drivers between the ‘rested’ and ‘drowsy’ experimental conditions well. No relationship between the FEC index and the FSS state scale was found.
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Herff, Steffen A., Sophie McConnell, Julie L. Ji, and Jon B. Prince. "Eye Closure Interacts with Music to Influence Vividness and Content of Directed Imagery." Music & Science 5 (January 2022): 205920432211427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20592043221142711.
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Goal-directed, intentional mental imagery generation supports a range of daily self-regulatory activities, such as planning, decision-making, and recreational escapism. Many clinical interventions for mood and anxiety disorders also use imagery and their effectiveness can be affected by an individual's ability to manipulate vividness and content of mental imagery. Prior literature points towards music as a promising candidate to influence imagination in such settings, but basic questions remain regarding how music affects mental imagery and how it interacts with basic, well-established parameters, such as facilitatory effects of eye closure. One hundred participants listened to music and a silent control whilst performing a guided mental imagery task. Specifically, participants saw a short video of a figure journeying towards a landmark and imagined a continuation of the journey with either closed or open eyes. After each trial, participants reported vividness and content of their imagined journeys. Bayesian Mixed Effects Models obtained strong evidence of greater vividness, duration, as well as distance travelled in music conditions compared to silent conditions. Additionally, interactive effects of music and eye closure were found for both vividness and the emotional valence of imagined content, where music effects were disproportionately amplified by eye closure. Findings further support music's potential to manipulate the perceptual, spatial-temporal, as well as emotional sentiment of deliberately generated mental imagery.
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P, Sasi Rekha, Aadhav A, Dasharath D, Karthikeyan S, and Bharath Kumar S. "Intelligent Vehicle Black Box System Using IoT." E3S Web of Conferences 399 (2023): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339905002.
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Humans are currently involved in numerous transportation-related accidents on the roads. Numerous accidents and fatalities caused by human error are the result of the rising number of vehicles on Indian roads and a lack of enforcement of traffic laws. They also suffer loss of life and valuable property as a result of those accidents. As a result, accidents involving driver inattention to traffic laws and driver fatigue follow. The field of computer vision is actively researching real-time eye detection and tracking. Face alignment can benefit from eye localization and tracking. The duration of eye closure and percentage of eye closure (PEC) can be used to measure driver fatigue. It is based on a hardware system that uses a camera to capture images of the driver in real time and software to monitor the driver's eye in order to prevent accidents. In the event of an accident, GSM and GPS are utilised to track the location of the automobile, and the local hospital and police are alerted. Thanks to IoT technology, this position may always be found in the cloud platform service. The 24/7 Governance is notified to call for emergency assistance by using the push and panic button.
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Ahn, Junyeong, Seonmi Kang, Jaeho Shim, et al. "Prophylactic effect of topical betaxolol and dorzolamide on the fellow eye in unilateral canine primary angle closure glaucoma: 60 cases (2016.1-2021.5)." Korean Journal of Veterinary Research 62, no. 3 (2022): e26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14405/kjvr.20220024.
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This study was aimed to evaluate the prophylactic anti-glaucoma effect of topical 5% betaxolol (BTX) and 2% dorzolamide (DRZ) on the second eye in dogs with unilateral primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG). Medical records of 60 dogs with unilateral PACG who received prophylactic anti-glaucoma eyedrops in the second eye, from 2016 to 2021, were reviewed. The duration of prophylactic effects of BTX only and DRZ after BTX failure was calculated. The prophylactic effects of BTX were maintained on 28/60 (46.7%) eyes until last visit and BTX failure was observed on median 510 (range, 53-1,927) days in 32/60 (53.3%) eyes. After DRZ instillation in BTX failure eyes, the prophylactic effects were extended at median 610 (range, 157-2,270) days in 21/32 (65.6%) eyes. DRZ failure eyes (17/21, 81.0%) eyes required chemical ablation or surgical intervention due to uncontrolled intraocular pressure. The duration of prophylactic effects was decreased with aging (R² = 0.334, p = 0.006). The predominant breeds were Shih-Tzu (41.9%) and American Cocker Spaniel (30.6%) with no significant differences in survival curves (p = 0.210). The average prophylactic effects of BTX persisted more than 1.5 year and could be selected the first prophylactic eye drop in unilateral PACG. Also, early surgical intervention should be considered in prophylactic medications failure cases.
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Su, Anselm Ting, Gregory Xavier, and Jew Win Kuan. "The measurement of mental fatigue following an overnight on-call duty among doctors using electroencephalogram." PLOS ONE 18, no. 7 (2023): e0287999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287999.
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This study aimed to measure the spectral power differences in the brain rhythms among a group of hospital doctors before and after an overnight on-call duty. Thirty-two healthy doctors who performed regular on-call duty in a tertiary hospital in Sarawak, Malaysia were voluntarily recruited into this study. All participants were interviewed to collect relevant background information, followed by a self-administered questionnaire using Chalder Fatigue Scale and electroencephalogram test before and after an overnight on-call duty. The average overnight sleep duration during the on-call period was 2.2 hours (p<0.001, significantly shorter than usual sleep duration) among the participants. The mean (SD) Chalder Fatigue Scale score of the participants were 10.8 (5.3) before on-call and 18.4 (6.6) after on-call (p-value < 0.001). The theta rhythm showed significant increase in spectral power globally after an overnight on-call duty, especially when measured at eye closure. In contrast, the alpha and beta rhythms showed reduction in spectral power, significantly at temporal region, at eye closure, following an overnight on-call duty. These effects are more statistically significant when we derived the respective relative theta, alpha, and beta values. The finding of this study could be useful for development of electroencephalogram screening tool to detect mental fatigue.
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Salim, Nurul-Laila, Praveen Selvarajah, Norhalwani Husain, et al. "Malay Glaucoma Eye Study: cigarette smoking and primary angle closure glaucoma." Malaysian Journal of Ophthalmology 1, no. 1 (2019): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35119/myjo.v1i1.17.
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Introduction: The detrimental effects of cigarette smoking include impairment of optic nerve head perfusion and elevation of oxidative stress levels, which are believed to be part of the pathogenesis of glaucoma. However, there is no evidence on the effect of cigarette smoking as a risk for primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG).
 Purpose: To determine the association between cigarette smoking and PACG in Malay patients.
 Study design: Case control study.
 Materials and methods: Two-hundred Malay PACG patients and 250 controls from three tertiary hospitals in Malaysia were involved in this study. PACG patients were diagnosed based on the World Glaucoma Association consensus. The smoking status was documented using validated questionnaire adopted from Singapore Malays Eye Study through face-to-face interview. Smoking status was divided into active smokers, ex-smokers, passive smokers, and non-smokers. The association of smoking and PACG was analysed with multiple logistic regression. Confounders such as age, gender, education status, and body mass index (BMI) were considered in the analysis.
 Results: There was female preponderance in PACG with 3:1 ratio. Active smokers (p = 0.656) and ex-smokers (0.073) were not significantly associated with PACG in Malays. Passive smoking significantly increased the risk of PACG by 6.8-fold (95% CI 2.49,18.67; p < 0.001). Number of cigarettes/day (p = 0.144) and duration of smoking (p = 0.176) were also not significantly associated with PACG (p = 0.144). No formal education, primary and secondary education level increased the risk of PACG (p < 0.001). Each unit increment of BMI increased the risk of PACG by 1.14-fold (95% CI 1.03, 1.27; p = 0.014). A year increased in age increased the risk by 1.05 times (95% CI 1.00, 1.09; p = 0.026).
 Conclusions: There is no significant association between active smoking and PACG. Passive smoking is a potential risk factor for PACG. The preponderance of women may contribute to this result. However, quantification of exposure to passive smoking is not possible in this study.
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Baker, Robert S., Edward S. Abou-Jaoude, and Sharon M. Napier. "Kinematic Comparison of Spontaneously Generated Blinks and Voluntary Blinks in Normal Adult Subjects." American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery 22, no. 1 (2005): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074880680502200105.
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Purpose: Spontaneous and voluntary blinks share a common final neuromuscular pathway but have totally different purposes and have come under different evolutionary pressures. The purpose of this study is to compare quantitative blink kinematics (down-phase duration, amplitude, peak velocity, and lid-closure duration) of spontaneously generated blinks with voluntary blinks in normal adults. Methods: Spontaneous and voluntary (tone generated) blinks of the right eye of 7 subjects were studied by a modified scleral search coil technique. Automated analysis of each blink kinematic was performed and statistical analysis of pooled data was undertaken. Results: All kinematics of voluntary blinks were greater than those of spontaneous blinks: duration (77.6 ± 10.0 milliseconds) was 17.6% longer, amplitude (43.1 ± 7.9°) was 40.8% larger, peak velocity (1288.6 ± 358.5°/ms) was 47.3% faster, and mean lid-closure duration (13.4 ± 4.7 milliseconds) was 61.4% longer (P < .001 in all cases). Conclusion: Kinematics of voluntary and spontaneous blinks are significantly different, reflecting their different supranuclear control. This quantitative study confirms previous qualitative observations and clearly separates these categories of eyelid movement as distinct, with spontaneous blinks serving a purely physiologic function and voluntary blinks being a part of facial expressivity.
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Mondal, Niladri. "Real-Time Drowsiness Detection System Using Eye-Blink Sensing and Microcontroller-Based Alert Mechanism." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 05 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem48132.
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Abstract - This paper presents a real-time drowsiness detection system designed to enhance driver safety by monitoring eye activity and issuing alerts upon detecting signs of fatigue. The system is built using an Arduino Nano microcontroller integrated with an eye-blink sensor, a buzzer, a vibration motor, and a power supply circuit. The core functionality involves tracking the duration of eye closure through a sensor mounted on specialized goggles. When the eyes remain closed beyond a predefined threshold, the microcontroller activates both an audible and tactile alert to prompt driver responsiveness. This compact and portable hardware solution aims to reduce road accidents caused by driver drowsiness, offering a cost-effective, real-time preventive measure without the need for complex image processing or machine learning. The design emphasizes simplicity, rapid response, and energy efficiency for practical deployment in automotive applications. Key Words: Drowsiness Detection, Arduino Nano, Eye-Blink Sensor, Driver Safety, Vibration Motor, Real-Time Monitoring, Alert System
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Naidu, Marisarla Ganesh Bhagavan. "Drowsiness Detection and Real-Time System for Monitoring Driver Vigilance Using Raspberry Pi." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 13, no. 3 (2025): 1157–63. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.67319.
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This paper presents a nonintrusive prototype computer vision system for monitoring a driver's vigilance in real time. It is based on a hardware system for the real-time acquisition of a driver's images using an active IR illuminator and the software implementation for monitoring some visual behaviours that characterize a driver's level of vigilance. Six parameters are calculated: Percent eye closure (PERCLOS), eye closure duration, blink frequency, nodding frequency, face position, and fixed gaze. These parameters are combined using a fuzzy classifier to infer the level of inattentiveness of the driver. The use of multiple visual parameters and the fusion of these parameters yield a more robust and accurate inattention characterization than by using a single parameter. Transportation is widely used to allow user travel conveniently from place to place, for a personal of official purpose. Travel during peak hour or holiday, expose the driver to traffic jam for several hour, thus cause the drive to feel drowsy easily due to high concentration and lack of rest. This situation contributes the increasing of the percentage of car incident due to car driver fatigue is the primary origin of the car accident. This Image detection drowsiness system is includes with that six parameters which is used to detect the state of the car driver using Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR) technique. A developed system that is used to detect and analyse continuously the state of eye closure in real time. This system able to recognize whether the driver is drowsy or not, with the initial, wearing spectacles, dim light and microsleep condition experimental conducted successfully give 90% of accuracy. This situation can increase the vigilant of drivers significantly.
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Kumar, Nitish, Rajesh Kumar, Meenakshi Malhotra, Ajeet Pal Singh, Amar Pal Singh, and Ritu Rani. "Ophthalmic Ointment & Formulation: A Review." International Journal of Medical, Pharmacy and Drug Research 8, no. 2 (2024): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijmpd.8.2.6.
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Using ointments as an eye drug delivery system gives topical therapy a significant new aspect. Ointments are a great way to increase ocular contact duration and are generally safe and well-tolerated. Increased contact time results in higher drug levels in the eyes. Experimental evidence, however, suggests that corticosteroid ointments do not enter the eye as deeply as suspension solutions do. This could be related to both the specific steroid component and the drug's binding to the ointment base. Ointments can get contaminated, just like other ophthalmic preparations. It is not recommended to apply ophthalmic ointments to eyes that have open sores. It seems safe and effective to apply ointments to postoperative eyes where wound closure is secure.
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Weissman, Barbara M., Barbara L. Ekelman, Alfred O. DiScenna, and R. John Leigh. "Effect of Eyelid Closure and Vocalization upon the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex during Rotational Testing." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 98, no. 7 (1989): 548–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948909800710.
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During rotational testing of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), eyelid closure is known to reduce both VOR gain and nystagmus frequency. We tested the effect of vocalization, such as counting aloud, on the VOR in ten healthy normal subjects. Velocity-step and sinusoidal stimuli were applied in complete darkness under three test conditions: 1) eyes open, performing mental arithmetic; 2) eyes closed, performing mental arithmetic; and 3) eyes closed and vocalizing. With velocity-step stimuli, eyelid closure significantly reduced VOR gain (peak eye velocity/head velocity) and nystagmus duration, but vocalization reversed these effects and resulted in the highest gain values. Similar results were obtained for VOR gain during sinusoidal stimulation. This study demonstrates that when eyelid closure is necessary or unavoidable during VOR testing, continuous vocalization ensures responses that are comparable to or better than those with eyes open in darkness.
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Jasim, Sarah S., Alia K. Abdul Hassan, and Scott Turner. "Driver Drowsiness Detection Using Gray Wolf Optimizer Based on Face and Eye Tracking." ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY 10, no. 1 (2022): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/aro.10928.
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It is critical today to provide safe and collision-free transport. As a result, identifying the driver’s drowsiness before their capacity to drive is jeopardized. An automated hybrid drowsiness classification method that incorporates the artificial neural network (ANN) and the gray wolf optimizer (GWO) is presented to discriminate human drowsiness and fatigue for this aim. The proposed method is evaluated in alert and sleep-deprived settings on the driver drowsiness detection of video dataset from the National Tsing Hua University Computer Vision Lab. The video was subjected to various video and image processing techniques to detect the drivers’ eye condition. Four features of the eye were extracted to determine the condition of drowsiness, the percentage of eyelid closure (PERCLOS), blink frequency, maximum closure duration of the eyes, and eye aspect ratio (ARE). These parameters were then integrated into an ANN and combined with the proposed method (gray wolf optimizer with ANN [GWOANN]) for drowsiness classification. The accuracy of these models was calculated, and the results demonstrate that the proposed method is the best. An Adadelta optimizer with 3 and 4 hidden layer networks of (13, 9, 7, and 5) and (200, 150, 100, 50, and 25) neurons was utilized. The GWOANN technique had 91.18% and 97.06% accuracy, whereas the ANN model had 82.35% and 86.76%.
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Coulson, Susan, and Frederick Francis. "Patients’ perspectives of ophthalmic management of facial nerve paralysis." BMJ Open Ophthalmology 10, no. 1 (2025): e001933. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001933.
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ObjectiveFacial nerve paralysis (FNP) affects eye muscle function causing lagophthalmos. This leaves the cornea vulnerable to irritation and injury which, if untreated, may cause permanent vision impairment. Decreased eye muscle control impacts facial expressions and quality of life. Although non-surgical interventions such as lubrication are routinely used in standard eyecare, patient perspectives regarding these interventions have not been extensively investigated. This study aims to investigate patients’ perspectives of conservative ophthalmic management for FNP.Methods and analysisParticipants with FNP completed a survey including seven conservative lagophthalmos management interventions: artificial tears, lubricating ointment, taping the eye shut, tape to lift the lower eyelid, scleral contact lens, moisture chamber and manual eye closure. Open-ended questions and Likert scales covered six domains: discomfort, appearance-related concerns, application difficulties, impact on activities of daily living and social activities, and tolerance to outdoor settings. Descriptive, bivariate, correlation and thematic analyses were undertaken.Results49 participants completed the survey (17 males, 32 females; mean age 55 years, SD 14.94). Mean duration of FNP was 8 years, 5 months (range 12 months to 47 years). Artificial tears and lubricating ointments were most frequently used with highest overall satisfaction. Participants were less satisfied with interventions involving the use of tape. Manual eye closure had a small positive impact. Main themes were comfort, vision and appearance.ConclusionsFunctional, social and psychological impairments associated with lagophthalmos are managed using conservative interventions. A better understanding of a patient’s capacity, priorities and preferences underpins a collaborative approach when selecting eye-protective interventions and optimises patient outcomes.The main limitation of this study was that participants were recruited from a specialty facial nerve clinic, resulting in an over-representation of individuals with long-standing, complex conditions.
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Wang, Yonggang, and Jingfeng Ma. "Automation Detection of Driver Fatigue Using Visual Behavior Variables." Archives of Civil Engineering 64, no. 2 (2018): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0023.
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AbstractTo examine the correlation of driver visual behaviors and subjective levels of fatigue, a total of 36 commercial drivers were invited to participate in 2-h, 3-h, and 4-h naturalistic driving tests during which their eye fixation, saccade, blinking variables, and self-awareness of their fatigue levels were recorded. Then, one-way ANOVA was applied to analyze the variations of each variable among different age groups over varying time periods. The statistical analysis revealed that driving duration had a significant effect on the variation of visual behaviors and feelings of fatigue. After 2h of driving, only the average closure duration value and subjective level of fatigue had an increase of one-fifth or more. After 4h of driving, however, all these variables had a significant change except for the number of saccades and pupil diameter measurements. Particularly, driver saccadic eye movement was more sensitive to driving fatigue, and the elderly were more likely to be affected by the duration of the drive. Finally, a predictor of driver fatigue was determined to detect the real-time level of fatigue and alert at the critical moment.
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Xu, Lin, Shanxiu Ma, Zhiyuan Shen, Shiyu Huang, and Ying Nan. "Analyzing Multi-Mode Fatigue Information from Speech and Gaze Data from Air Traffic Controllers." Aerospace 11, no. 1 (2023): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11010015.
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In order to determine the fatigue state of air traffic controllers from air talk, an algorithm is proposed for discriminating the fatigue state of controllers based on applying multi-speech feature fusion to voice data using a Fuzzy Support Vector Machine (FSVM). To supplement the basis for discrimination, we also extracted eye-fatigue-state discrimination features based on Percentage of Eyelid Closure Duration (PERCLOS) eye data. To merge the two classes of discrimination results, a new controller fatigue-state evaluation index based on the entropy weight method is proposed, based on a decision-level fusion of fatigue discrimination results for speech and the eyes. The experimental results show that the fatigue-state recognition accuracy rate was 86.0% for the fatigue state evaluation index, which was 3.5% and 2.2%higher than those for speech and eye assessments, respectively. The comprehensive fatigue evaluation index provides important reference values for controller scheduling and mental-state evaluations.
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Shashikala, S., D. Vinodhini, and J. B. Jeeva. "Design and Development of a Caretaker Alert System Using Eye Blink Detection." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2318, no. 1 (2022): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2318/1/012015.
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Abstract The patient who are bedridden due of weakening of muscles of hands, feet or had lost voice, finds difficult to communicate their needs. These conditions occur when there is an issue in the passage of messages between the brain and the muscles. Some of them are affected with quadriplegia cannot move their limbs and some could move only their eyes. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide an interactive system which would assist them to communicate with caretakers. Communication was done using pre- defined messages and an alert buzzer to grab attention, for corresponding delay in eye blinks. Once the eye blinks, the eye sensor senses it and compares the duration with the defined delays. If the condition is true then corresponding defined message appears on the display, if the condition is false, then it checks for next condition and so on. The user needs to be trained to communicate through this device. The time delays set for each message can be adjusted as per user’s need. More messages can be displayed by changing the time of closure of the eye. The system is employed to control, manage and communicate with the other people through eye blink action.
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Ling, Yancheng, and Xiaoxiong Weng. "Efficient and Robust Driver Fatigue Detection Framework Based on the Visual Analysis of Eye States." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 35, no. 4 (2023): 567–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v35i4.223.
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Fatigue detection based on vision is widely employed in vehicles due to its real-time and reliable detection results. With the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, many proposed detection systems based on facial characteristics would be unreliable due to the face covering with the mask. In this paper, we propose a robust visual-based fatigue detection system for monitoring drivers, which is robust regarding the coverings of masks, changing illumination and head movement of drivers. Our system has three main modules: face key point alignment, fatigue feature extraction and fatigue measurement based on fused features. The innovative core techniques are described as follows: (1) a robust key point alignment algorithm by fusing global face information and regional eye information, (2) dynamic threshold methods to extract fatigue characteristics and (3) a stable fatigue measurement based on fusing percentage of eyelid closure (PERCLOS) and proportion of long closure duration blink (PLCDB). The excellent performance of our proposed algorithm and methods are verified in experiments. The experimental results show that our key point alignment algorithm is robust to different scenes, and the performance of our proposed fatigue measurement is more reliable due to the fusion of PERCLOS and PLCDB.
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Shrestha, Eliya, Laxman Banstola, Indra Man Maharjan, et al. "Assessing Profile and Treatment Outcome in Patients of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia (OSSN)." Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology 11, no. 2 (2019): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v11i2.27825.
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Purpose: This study has attempted to assess the profile and treatment outcome of patients with OSSN and report the recurrence rate following treatment of primary OSSN.
 Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, non-comparative hospital based observational study. The case files of OSSN patients from Jan 2010 to Dec 2017were assessed. The study site was Himalaya Eye Hospital, Gharipatan, Pokhara. This hospital is the only eye hospital in province 4, Nepal. All the files of suspicious cases of conjunctival mass or OSSN were reviewed. Data regarding demographic characteristics, vision acuity, involved eye, clinical features, conjunctival lesion type, duration of symptoms, preoperative clinical diagnosis, history, other eye disease, associated systemic diseases, occupation as well as treatment modalities of the patients and its outcome were taken.
 Results: Out of 40 cases, females were 21(52.5%) vesus 19(47.5%) male. Amongthem, 19 patients had keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, 17 had conjunctiva intraepithelial squamous neoplasia and 4 had invasive squalors cell carcinoma. Predominance age group was 15-59 age (25/40, 62.5%), among which 12 had keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, 11 conjunctival intraepithelial squamousneoplasia and 2 had invasive squamous cell carcinoma conjunctival lesion. The mean duration of symptoms was about nine months (S.D. = 5.972). The mean size of lesion mass was 3.28 mm (SD=1.569). More than half of the cases (55%, 22/40) had the mass located at nasal limbus. 95% (38/40) cases underwent lesion total excision and direct closure and 5% (2/40) underwent lesion excision followed by Amniotic Membrane grafting. Only 5% (2/40) cases, those who had undergone lesion excision, the lesion recurrence was observed during follow up period of 31 months.
 Conclusion: The outcome of the OSSN following the treatment was found to be satisfactory. Further studies with prolonged follow-up are recommended to evaluate the risk of recurrence and other adverse effects.
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Li, Zhi, Chao Dai, Su Jie Fan, et al. "Trabeculectomy versus stepwise treatment for breaking the attack of acute primary angle closure in patients with long attack duration: study design and protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial (LAAAC)." BMJ Open Ophthalmology 10, no. 1 (2025): e001934. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001934.
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IntroductionAcute primary angle closure (APAC) is a common ophthalmic emergency for Chinese patients causing potential visual disabilities. According to current guidelines published by developed countries, a stepwise protocol (medication laser or paracentesis surgery) is recommended for emergency management of APAC. However, patients with APAC in China and developed countries differ in disease characteristics as the Chinese have longer attack duration and lower success rate in breaking the attack with solely medication or laser therapy. It has been proved that long attack duration is a risk factor for failed medical or laser therapies in subsiding APAC. Since prompt and effective treatment is pivotal in preserving visual function as well as avoiding APAC-induced blindness, direct trabeculectomy may largely benefit long-attacking patients with APAC in China.PurposeThe Long-Attacking Acute Angle Closure study aims to compare long-term visual function and safety after different initial treatment strategies: direct surgery (trabeculectomy) or stepwise protocol for patients with APAC with attack duration longer than 72 hours.Methods and analysisThis is a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial targeting Chinese patients with APAC duration longer than 72 hours. Eligible participants will be identified at either emergency department or glaucoma clinics, then randomised into stepped treatment group or trabeculectomy group using a computer central randomisation service. The patients will be followed up for 1 year after initial treatment.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome is logMAR BCVA 1 year post initial treatment. Secondary outcomes consist of complete success rate in breaking the attack, intraocular pressure value, mean deviation on Humphrey visual field testing and vision-related quality of life collected using the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (25 items) 1 year post initial treatment.Trial registration numberChiCTR2200057289.
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Leslie, K., P. S. Myles, A. Forbes, M. T. V. Chan, T. G. Short, and S. K. Swallow. "Recovery from Bispectral Index-guided Anaesthesia in a Large Randomized Controlled Trial of Patients at High Risk of Awareness." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 33, no. 4 (2005): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0503300404.
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Electroencephalographic monitors of anaesthetic depth are reported to assist anaesthetists in reducing recovery times. We explored the effect of bispectral index (BIS) monitoring on recovery times in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial of 2,463 patients at high risk of awareness. Patients were randomized to BIS-guided anaesthesia or routine care. In the BIS group, anaesthesia was adjusted to maintain a BIS value of 40–60 from the commencement of laryngoscopy to the start of wound closure, and 55–70 during wound closure. In the routine care group, anaesthesia was adjusted according to traditional clinical signs. In multivariate models, BIS monitoring, female gender, lower American Society of Anesthesiologists’ physical status and shorter duration of anaesthesia predicted faster time to eye-opening after anaesthesia, and faster time to post-anaesthesia care unit discharge. BIS monitoring did not affect times to tracheal extubation among patients admitted to the intensive care unit. We conclude that BIS monitoring has statistically significant, but clinically modest, effects on recovery times in high risk surgical patients.
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Blinova, E. V., G. K. Poluosmak, E. A. Litvin, et al. "Hypromellose improves mydriasis dynamics by phenylephrine in a rabbit experimental model." Russian Ophthalmological Journal 16, no. 1 (2023): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21516/2072-0076-2023-16-1-119-126.
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Purpose: to determine the main characteristics of the mydriatic effect of drug formulations of phenylephrine, containing and not containing hypromellose, hyaluronic acid as an auxiliary component, in a comparative in vivo study, as well as to study their local bioavailability and the effect on the mucous membrane of the eye. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on 40 adult male Soviet Chinchilla rabbits. The research model involved the mydriatic impact and the local irritant effect of the drug when instilled into the awake rabbit’s conjunctival sac. The peak concentration of phenylephrine, which is part of all formulations studied, was determined in the aqueous humor of the anterior chamber of the animal's eye at the 5-minute point by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Results. A single instillation of 1 drop of a 2.5% solution of phenylephrine hydrochloride containing hypromellose as an excipient is superior in depth, rate of reaching the maximum mydriatic effect and its duration to the formulation that does not contain hypromellose as an excipient. Only in a few cases, drug formulations containing hypromellose caused an insignificant weak reaction of eyelid closure, in contrast to a moderate local irritant reaction of the rabbit's eye occurring when phenylephrine solution without hypromellose is instilled. Peak concentrations of phenylephrine in the aqueous humor of the anterior chamber of the eye determined 5 minutes after instillation of 1 drop of 2.5% phenylephrine solutions containing hypromellose significantly exceed those occurring when phenylephrine drugs of the same concentration that do not contain hypromellose are instilled. Conclusion. The inclusion of hypromellose as an auxiliary substance into the formulation of phenylephrine eye drops optimizes the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the active substance due to faster penetration into the eye anterior chamber aqueous humor, increasing local bioavailability and prolonging the exposure time. In addition, the absence of a local irritating effect of such forms on the eye tissues may also be explained by the presence of hypromellose.
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Dey, Moumita, Madhumita Majhi, Yashoda Koda, Bithika Maji, and Rima Chatterjee. "Drowsy Driver Detection System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 5 (2024): 1488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.61832.
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Abstract: Drowsy driver detection system is a safety technology designed to identify the potential signs of fatigue or drowsiness of the driver to prevent accidents caused as a result of not being alert. It is a significant risk factor for traffic accidents which has led to thousands of accidents, injuries, and fatalities each year. In this system we have used some techniques to monitor the driver’s behavior or state. This involves tracking facial features, eye movements or blink patterns and yawning. The system identifies signs of fatigue, such as slow eyelid closure, increased blink duration and yawn which often indicate drowsiness. As technology advances, these systems are becoming more accurate, efficient and integrated with other vehicle safety features. The continued development of drowsy driver detection technology holds significant promise for reducing traffic accidents and improving overall road safety.
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Shiva, Kumar Kamble, Jena Rahul, Reddy Orra Uttej, and Haseeb Khan Mohammad. "A survey on drowsiness detection system with advanced face tracking." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 21, no. 3 (2024): 1748–53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14147949.
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To address the increasing dangers associated with driver and worker fatigue, this project introduces an advanced Drowsiness Detection System featuring state-of-the-art face-tracking capabilities. The pressing need for fatigue detection is evident in the alarming figures of 800 annual fatalities and 50,000 injuries resulting from drowsy driving incidents. This research expands the application of the technology to industrial workplaces, where the consequences of drowsiness are equally severe. Our comprehensive approach involves real-time monitoring of facial features, with a focus on eye movements and eyelid patterns. This system goes beyond traditional boundaries, covering drivers and industrial workers operating heavy machinery. By incorporating facial landmarks and introducing the innovative Eyes Aspect Ratio parameter, our technology offers a precise assessment of weariness in individuals within the current frame. This approach enhances safety measures in smart transportation systems and industrial settings. Integrating facial landmarks allows for a nuanced understanding of fatigue, recognizing subtle changes in facial expressions and movements indicative of drowsiness. The Eyes Aspect Ratio parameter, a novel addition, improves weariness assessment precision by considering factors such as eye closure duration, blink frequency, and gaze direction. These outcomes signify a significant contribution to road safety and broader workplace security. By mitigating inherent risks associated with drowsiness among industrial workers, our technology aims to reduce accidents, prevent injuries, and save lives across various occupational settings. The potential impact extends beyond individuals, influencing organizational safety protocols and contributing to the overall well-being of workers in high-risk environments.
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Abbasi, Sabeen, Zeeshan Kamil, Syed Muhammad Faisal, Syed Muhammad Saad, and Tanweer Hassan. "UPPER EYELID RECONSTRUCTION SURGERIES; COMPARISON OF OUTCOMES BETWEEN REVERSE TENZEL FLAP VERSUS CUTLER BEARD FLAP PROCEDURE." Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad 34, no. 1 (2021): 36–40. https://doi.org/10.55519/jamc-01-9045.
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Background: Objective of this study was to compare Reverse Tenzel flap and Cutler Beard flap for upper eyelid defects. Methods: This interventional study was carried out at occuloplasty department of LRBT (Layton Rahamatullah Benevoloent Trust), Karachi. Patients diagnosed with upper eye lid defect between 50 and 75 years were included after ethical approval from institutional ethical review committee and briefing patients about study dynamics. The patients were randomly divided in two groups, group A in whom reverse tanzel flap was done, while in group B Cutler beard procedure was done. Main outcome measure was eyelid contour, complete lid closure and surgical procedure time. SPSS version 25.0 was used for data analysis. Results: Reverse Tenzel flap mean age 64.00±6.17 years, mean duration of surgery 33±5.78 minutes, and mean healing time 2.2±0.41 weeks. Cutler Beard flap mean age 59.60±6.26 years, mean duration of surgery 32±5.78 minutes, and mean healing time 5.7±0.8 in 3 weeks. 60% of patients were female. 30 (50%) patients each underwent Reverse Tenzel flap and Cutler Beard flap. In Reverse Tenzel flap, no complications were observed. In Cutler Beard flap, 06 (20%) patients reported mild entropion, 04 (13.3%) retraction of flap and 02 (6.7%) were found to have mild incomplete lid closure. Conclusion: Reverse Tenzel flap was superior to Cutler Beard flap as it reported no complications, being single stage surgery with early healing. Cutler-Beard flap reported mild entropion and retraction of flaps which required second surgery and delayed healing.
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Anuar, Khairullah Bin, and Maimunah Binti Abdul Munaaim. "Facial nerve palsy following bee sting: a case report." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 10, no. 3 (2024): 322–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20241329.
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One of the most common insect poisoning is bee sting. It can produce local symptoms such as pain, redness, and fever following a local pain. Rarely, anaphylaxis, myocardial infarction, organ failure, epilepsy and other neurological diseases have been reported. Lower motor neuron facial nerve palsy is one of the common diseases of the Otorhinolaryngology clinic. Although it is usually idiopathic, trauma and tumors are the two most common causes. Usually, it is diagnosed clinically and the grade of palsy is based on House Brackmann Classification. We present a case of left Bell’s palsy due to bee sting. A 21-year-old male patient was referred to our clinic for persistent incomplete eye closure for two weeks duration. Upon further history, he complained that prior to the left sided facial weakness he was stung by a bee the night before on his left toe and developed the facial weakness when he woke up in the morning. He did not get immediate treatment. Clinically he had Grade III left lower motor neuron facial nerve palsy. Other ear, nose and throat examinations were unremarkable. He was treated with oral steroid and eye care. One week upon follow up, his facial weakness was completely resolved.
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Kundi, Arif Khan, Abdullah Ahmad Orakzai, and Osama Sherjeel Khan. "FREQUENCY OF TYPES OF GLAUCOMA PRESENTING TO TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL." STETHO 2, no. 4 (2021): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4748687.
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<strong>Background</strong>: “Glaucoma” is one of the primary causes of permanent blindness amongst the age-related ocular disorders, and its classification remains obscure. <strong>Objectives</strong>: To find out the frequency of types of “glaucoma” in patients presenting at the outdoor department. <strong>Methods</strong>: A “cross sectional study” was conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. The study duration was six months. The study was conducted on 117 patients of both genders having glaucoma in any one or both eyes for more than six months. The age group ranged from 30 to 70 years, with mean age of 53.068±7.62 years and mean weight was 82.444±5.59 Kg. All patients underwent eye examinations twice, which were conducted by the consultant “ophthalmologist”. Humphrey FDT visual field analyzer was used for visual field testing. Supra threshold (C20-5 or C20-1) screening mode” was used to screen all the participants involved, after the procedure was explained and demonstrated to them. Both eyes underwent individual testing with no correction. Types of “glaucoma” were noted. <strong>Results</strong>: Most of patients had primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) accounting for 34.2% of cases followed by primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) being 6% whereas 7.7% of patients had secondary glaucoma. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Our study demonstrated that majority of patients presented with POAG. Also, we found that secondary glaucoma and primary angle closure glaucoma mostly resulted from operational cataract procedures.
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Öner, M., T. Kazanasmaz, F. Leccese, and G. Salvadori. "Analysis of the relationship between daylight illuminance and cognitive, affective and physiological changes in visual display terminal workers." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 41, no. 2 (2019): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624419894441.
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This study explored the impact of daylight illuminance on cognitive load during visual display terminal use by means of various physiological, performance and subjective measures. Repeated-measures design was adopted to identify the impact of variations in daylight levels that were manipulated through the shading system configurations (shading-on; shading-off). A total of 30 subjects performed visual and cognitive demanding tests. Performance measures were supported by subjective data and eye-related measures during the experimental analysis. Results revealed that the use of a shading system had positive impact on sustained attention. Concerning ocular measures, percentage of eye closure values showed opposite tendencies among vigilance and sustained attention demanding tests. Eye aspect ratio-max and blink duration were significantly correlated with reported glare sensation. In all tests, eye aspect ratio-max was found significantly higher in lower illuminances. Search velocity was significantly correlated with ocular variables in higher illuminances whereas sustained attention showed an opposite trend. This, initially, explains that even slight differences in daylight illuminance might have distinctive effects on the relationship between different groups of assessment variables while measuring cognitive load. Secondly, it proves the significance of carrying out sensitive experiments in terms of both light levels and test characteristics. Practical application: The findings of this study could suggest that a practical application, the use of a shading device, might deliver an efficient solution on such a multifaceted question about the potential effects of luminous environment on the evaluation of cognitive load. Work environments might be considered as cognitively efficient if only the harmony of less mental effort, more satisfaction and less health problems exist, which together ultimately deliver higher work performance. In real-world work environments, application of such shading devices involves advantages not only for avoiding excessive daylight exposure or optimizing energy consumption, but also facilitating cognitive, affective and physiological processes of individuals.
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McNerney, Kathleen M., Kathiravan Kaliyappan, David S. Wack, and Vijaya Prakash Krishnan Muthaiah. "The Influence of Motoric Maneuvers on Cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (cVEMPs)." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 33, no. 03 (2022): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1739535.
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Abstract Background The cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) is a vestibular response that is produced by the saccule in response to intense, often low-frequency, short-duration auditory stimuli, and is typically recorded from a contracted sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle. Previous research has shown that the amplitude of the cVEMP is related to the amount of SCM electromyographic (EMG) activity. Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the influence of various remote motoric maneuvers on the amplitude of the cVEMP, as well as whether they influence the level of SCM EMG activity. Research Design The cVEMP was recorded from the left SCM muscle to left ear stimulation, in response to the SCM condition, as well as three different motoric maneuvers (jaw clench, eye closure, and the Jendrassik maneuver). EMG activity was also varied between 50, 75, and 100% of maximal EMG activity. Study Sample Data from 14 healthy subjects, with a mean age of 25.57 years (standard deviation = 5.93 years), was included in the present study. Data Collection and Analysis Mean latency and amplitude of the cVEMP were compared across the four conditions and varying magnitudes of EMG contraction. SPSS 26 was used to statistically analyze the results. Results cVEMP latency did not vary across condition. cVEMP amplitude decreased with decreasing EMG magnitude. SCM contraction with jaw clench produced the largest increase in cVEMP amplitude; however, this condition was not significantly different from the SCM condition alone. SCM contraction with the Jendrassik maneuver produced a cVEMP amplitude that was similar and not statistically different from SCM contraction alone, and the addition of the eye closure maneuver to SCM contraction resulted in the lowest cVEMP amplitude, which was found to be statistically different from the standard SCM condition at 100 and 75% EMG activity. The amplitude relationship across the conditions was not found to vary with changes in EMG activity; however, a significant increase in EMG amplitude was found during the 50% muscle contraction condition when subjects performed the Jendrassik maneuver in addition to the standard SCM contraction. Conclusions The addition of the eye closure maneuver to SCM contraction resulted in a significant decrease in cVEMP amplitude, while the addition of the Jendrassik maneuver resulted in a significant increase in EMG activity at the lowest level of SCM activation (i.e., 50%). Additional research is necessary to determine how motoric maneuvers influence the cVEMP amplitude, and whether the results are also dependent on how SCM contraction is being produced (e.g., while supine vs. sitting).
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Jonmohamadi, Yaqub, Govinda R. Poudel, Carrie C. R. H. Innes, and Richard D. Jones. "Microsleeps are Associated with Stage-2 Sleep Spindles from Hippocampal-Temporal Network." International Journal of Neural Systems 26, no. 04 (2016): 1650015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065716500155.
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Behavioral microsleeps are associated with complete disruption of responsiveness for [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]s to 15[Formula: see text]s. They can result in injury or death, especially in transport and military sectors. In this study, EEGs were obtained from five nonsleep-deprived healthy male subjects performing a 1[Formula: see text]h 2D tracking task. Microsleeps were detected in all subjects. Microsleep-related activities in the EEG were detected, characterized, separated from eye closure-related activity, and, via source-space-independent component analysis and power analysis, the associated sources were localized in the brain. Microsleeps were often, but not always, found to be associated with strong alpha-band spindles originating bilaterally from the anterior temporal gyri and hippocampi. Similarly, theta-related activity was identified as originating bilaterally from the frontal-orbital cortex. The alpha spindles were similar to sleep spindles in terms of frequency, duration, and amplitude-profile, indicating that microsleeps are equivalent to brief instances of Stage-2 sleep.
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Reddy, G. Vijendar, P. Gopala Krishna, L. Sukanya, K. Sri Harsha, N. Harsha Vardhan, and V. Arun. "Image-based Driver Alert System for Prevention of Fatigue-related Accidents." E3S Web of Conferences 391 (2023): 01053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339101053.
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The objective of this project is to design a driver unconsciousness detection system using image processing to detect drowsiness and unconsciousness in drivers, thereby preventing accidents resulting from driver fatigue. Driver fatigue is a serious road safety issue, with approximately 20% of all road accidents attributed to this cause. Conventional drowsiness detection systems rely on physiological monitoring, which can be unreliable, expensive, and challenging to implement and maintain. In contrast, the proposed system monitors a sequence of images to identify facial and behavioral patterns indicative of drowsiness or unconsciousness. By detecting facial landmark points and analyzing the duration of eye closure, the system can accurately classify the driver’s state and take appropriate measures such as reducing the vehicle’s speed and alerting emergency services of the driver’s geo-location. The successful implementation of this system holds immense potential for substantially reducing the number of accidents resulting from driver fatigue, thereby mitigating the loss of lives and injuries.
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Dharwadkar, Raghavendrasingh, Resham Kugaji, and Surabhi Shinde. "Effect of Matrix Rhythm Therapy (MaRhyThe) on Postparotidectomy Facial Palsy." Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University 20, no. 1 (2025): 166–70. https://doi.org/10.4103/jdmimsu.jdmimsu_184_24.
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Abstract Facial nerve paralysis following parotidectomy is a complication associated with significant morbidity and decreased quality of life. This case report explores the effect of Matrix Rhythm Therapy (MaRhyThe) as an adjunctive treatment for postparotidectomy facial palsy, a condition often managed with conventional physiotherapy approaches. A 38-year-old male with left-sided facial palsy secondary to Warthin’s tumor underwent MaRhyThe sessions once a week for 3 weeks in addition to conventional physiotherapy exercises. Pre- and posttreatment assessments included House–Brackmann Scale grading, strength-duration curve analysis, and facial muscle manual muscle testing. Clinical findings revealed improvements in facial symmetry, muscle strength, and function following MaRhyThe treatment. The patient experienced enhanced eye closure, smiling, and pouting movements, as evidenced by posttreatment images. Moreover, the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health profiles demonstrated positive changes in body function and structure, as well as activities and participation. While conventional physiotherapy has demonstrated efficacy in facial palsy management, MaRhyThe presents a novel approach with promising outcomes in this context.
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Wasim, Dr Sahira. "EFFECTIVENESS OF MICROPULSE MP3 CYCLODIODE LASER IN CONTROLLING INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE WITHOUT ACETAZOLAMIDE." Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology 35, no. 4 (2020): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36351/pjo.v35i4.935.
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ABSTRACT
 Background:
 Glaucoma is a 2ndleading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Primary surgical procedures include trabeculectomy with or without anti-metabolites, as well as glaucoma drainage devices. Cycloablation lowers IOP by destruction of ciliary body epithelium and stroma, thus reducing aqueous production.
 Objective:
 To determine effectiveness of micropulse mp3 cyclodiode laser in controlling intraocular pressure without acetazolamide.
 Study design: Descriptive case series study
 Place and duration of study: Department of Ophthalmology, Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi for 6 months duration
 Material and Methods: 
 In our study total 98 patients of either gender with age 20 to 50 years, following inclusion criteria (Chronic open angle glaucoma, Neovascular, Refractory, Uveitic, Trauma induced glaucoma, and Post vitrectomy induced glaucoma) and exclusion criteria (Primary angle closure and Normal tension glaucoma) were included. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Frequencies and percentages were computed for qualitative variables. Quantitative variables were presented as mean±standard deviation. The mean baseline IOP was compared with mean IOP of 3 months using student t-test. Effect modifiers were controlled through stratification. Fisher exact test was used to see the association of effectiveness with stratified groups. P-value ≤0.05 was considered as significant.
 Results: 
 Among total 98 patients, 63.3% were male and 36.7% were female. Mean age was 48.46±13.39 years. The effectiveness of Micropulse Mp3 Cyclodiode Laser was observed in 85.7% cases. Significant mean difference was found for pre-op IOP with IOP after 3 months for right eye and left eye. Insignificant association of effectiveness was found with gender, age, type and procedure.
 Conclusion: 
 Micro pulse MP3 appears to be a promising, safe alternative procedure with potential advantages as well as high level of effectiveness.
 Keywords:
 Micropulse Mp3 Cyclodiode Laser, Intraocular Pressure, Acetazolamide
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KVV, Satyanarayana, Chitra A, Ravi Naini K, Ramya Ch, Narasimha Rao VVL, and Jaya Chandra T. "Short Time Effect of 2% Pilocarpine Eye Drops on Intra Ocular Pressure." International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research 13, no. 10 (2023): 70–72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11056529.
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<strong>Introduction: </strong>Pilocarpine is direct acting parasympathomimetic agent, acts on autonomic nervous system. Intra ocular pressure (IOP) is the major risk factor for the development of glaucoma. A study was conducted to find the short time effect of 2% Pilocarpine eye drops on IOP. <strong>Methods: </strong>This was a hospital based, prospective study, conducted in the department of Ophthalmology, GITAM Institute of Medical sciences & Research, Visakhapatnam. Study was conducted between January to June 2023. Individuals aged <u>></u> 20 years, both gender diagnosed to be angle closure glaucoma and different subtypes were included in this research. The preprocedural IOP was recorded with goldman applanation tonometer, recorded in milli meters of mercury (mm Hg). Pilocarpine eye drops at 2% concentration was instilled to both eyes for every 30 minutes for 2 hours and IOP was measured. The data were represented in mean <u>+</u> SD. ANOVA test was used for the statistical analysis. P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. <strong>Results:</strong> Total 50 members were included, female male ratio was 2.3. Maximum (24%) study members were in 40 – 50 years group and minimum (8%) in <u><</u> 20 years group. The mean <u>+</u> SD IOP was 17.3 <u>+</u> 6.2498 and 14.52 <u>+</u> 5.1217, respectively in pre and post administration of 2% pilocarpine eye drops; statistically there was significant difference (P = 0.001). <strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pilocarpine can bring significant IOP reduction among the glaucoma individuals. But small sample size, short duration of study and not reporting the diurnal and nocturnal data are the limitations of the study. Studies on large sample size for long time is recommended.
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Karim, Md Enayet Karim, RAM Mostafizur Rashid Mostafiz, Mohammad Saleh Akram Akram, and Reza Ershad. "Comparison between Effects of Propofol and Dexmedetomidine as Sedative in Elective Caesarean Section under Subarachnoid Anaesthesia." Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh 9, no. 1 (2023): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jninb.v9i1.65306.
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Background: The use of spinal (subarachnoid) anaesthesia is often limited by the unwillingness of patients to remain awake during surgery. Objective: This study was undertaken to compare propofol and dexmedetomidine in terms of onset and recovery of sedation, haemodynamic effects, respiratory effects and adverse effects of both the drugs during elective Caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Methodology: This randomized clinical trial included 60 ASA (American Society of Anaesthesiologists) grade I patients undergoing elective Caesarean sections under Subarachnoid anaesthesia during the period January 2022 to June 2022. Patients were randomly allocated to one of two groups designated as Propofol group (Group A, n=30), who received Propofol in a single dose of 0.5mg/kg and Dexmedetomidine group (Group B, n=30), who received Dexmedetomidine in a single dose of 2mcg/kg. The onset of sedation i.e. time from iv (intravenous) injection of propofol or dexmedetomidine to closure of eye lids (OAA/S score of 3) and the arousal time from sedation i.e. time from closing of the eye lids to OAA/S score of 5 (patient is awake clinically) were noted. Any complication during operation was documented. Results: There was no significant difference of mean blood pressure and mean heart rate between the two groups in different time intervals (P>0.05). Time of onset of sedation was significantly delayed in Dexmedetomidine group (P<0.05). The arousal time i.e. duration of sedation was significantly longer with Dexmedetomidine than Propofol (P<0.05). Propofol was associated with significantly higher incidence of some adverse effects like pain in arm during drug administration than Dexmedetomidine (46.66% vs 10.0%, P<0.05). Significant percentage of patients was satisfied with dexmedetomidine than propofol (86.66% vs 13.33%, P<0.001). Conclusion: Duration of sedation is significantly longer with dexmedetomidine than propofol which is beneficial for the patient in single dose technique for sedation. Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, January 2023;9(1):65-70
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Solaiman, Kamal A. M., Ashraf Mahrous, Hesham A. Enany, and Ashraf Bor’i. "Drain fluid cryo-explant technique for treatment of superior bullous rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in young adults." Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology 13 (January 2021): 251584142098821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515841420988211.
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Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of the drain fluid cryo-explant (DFCE) technique for the management of uncomplicated superior bullous rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) in young adults. Patients and methods: A retrospective study that included eyes with uncomplicated superior bullous RRD in patients ⩽40 years old. DFCE technique consists of sequential drainage of subretinal fluid, intravitreal fluid injection, cryotherapy, and placement of a scleral explant(s). The primary outcome measure was anatomical reposition of the retina after a single surgery. Secondary outcome measures included improvement in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and any reported complication related to the procedure. Results: The study included 51 eyes which met the study eligibility criteria. The mean duration of detachment was 19.7 ± 6.4 days. A single retinal break was found in 31 eyes (60.8%), and more than one break were found in 20 eyes (39.2%). The mean number of breaks per eye was 1.72 ± 1.04. The mean detached area per eye was 7.21 ± 3.19 clock hours, and the macula was detached in 22 eyes (43.1%). Flattening of the retina and closure of all retinal breaks was achieved in all eyes after a single surgery. Late recurrence of retinal detachment occurred in two eyes (3.9%) due to proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). No complicated cataract or iatrogenic retinal breaks were detected in all eyes. Conclusion: DFCE technique could be effectively used for treatment of uncomplicated superior bullous RRD in adults ⩽40 years. It is safe and provides good visualization during surgery with no iatrogenic retinal breaks or complicated cataract.
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Casalita, Vega, Rina La Distia Nora, Lukman Edwar, Made Susiyanti, and Ratna Sitompul. "Amniotic membrane transplantation for infectious corneal ulcer treatment: a cohort retrospective study." Medical Journal of Indonesia 29, no. 4 (2020): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.13181/mji.oa.203849.
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BACKGROUND Corneal ulcer is one of the most common causes of corneal blindness. This study aimed to describe the outcomes of amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) in patients with infectious corneal ulcer.
 METHODS A retrospective cohort study based on medical records of patients who underwent an adjuvant AMT procedure over a 2-year period (2015–2017) was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was measured with the Snellen chart. Treatment success was marked by complete healing (disappearance of corneal infiltrates, epithelial defect closure, and corneal scar formation). Healing time was the duration from AMT surgery to complete healing.
 RESULTS 50 cases of infectious corneal ulcer, 12 of which had perforation were included. Gram-positive cocci (18%), gram-negative rods (14%), fungi (4%), and Acanthamoeba (2%) were isolated from culture specimens. Successful results were observed in 90% of cases (20/21 moderate cases and 25/29 severe cases). Healing time was 21 (14–63) days in moderate cases and 28 (14–90) days in severe cases. Baseline UCVA improved from 2.48 (0.22–2.80) logMAR to 1.30 (0–2.80) logMAR within 3–4 weeks postoperatively and to 0.94 (0–2.80) logMAR at the last follow-up. Post-AMT complications included recurrent perforation in 4 eyes, persistent epithelial defects in 2 eyes, amniotic membrane infection in 1 eye, and membrane retraction in 1 eye.
 CONCLUSIONS AMT was successfully used to treat moderate and severe infectious corneal ulcer, particularly in nonresponsive and some perforated cases. AMT provides biochemical and mechanical support for corneal wound healing with good visual outcomes.
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Shiva Kumar Kamble, Rahul Jena, Uttej Reddy Orra, and Mohammad Haseeb Khan. "A survey on drowsiness detection system with advanced face tracking." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 21, no. 3 (2024): 1748–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.3.0809.
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To address the increasing dangers associated with driver and worker fatigue, this project introduces an advanced Drowsiness Detection System featuring state-of-the-art face-tracking capabilities. The pressing need for fatigue detection is evident in the alarming figures of 800 annual fatalities and 50,000 injuries resulting from drowsy driving incidents. This research expands the application of the technology to industrial workplaces, where the consequences of drowsiness are equally severe. Our comprehensive approach involves real-time monitoring of facial features, with a focus on eye movements and eyelid patterns. This system goes beyond traditional boundaries, covering drivers and industrial workers operating heavy machinery. By incorporating facial landmarks and introducing the innovative Eyes Aspect Ratio parameter, our technology offers a precise assessment of weariness in individuals within the current frame. This approach enhances safety measures in smart transportation systems and industrial settings. Integrating facial landmarks allows for a nuanced understanding of fatigue, recognizing subtle changes in facial expressions and movements indicative of drowsiness. The Eyes Aspect Ratio parameter, a novel addition, improves weariness assessment precision by considering factors such as eye closure duration, blink frequency, and gaze direction. These outcomes signify a significant contribution to road safety and broader workplace security. By mitigating inherent risks associated with drowsiness among industrial workers, our technology aims to reduce accidents, prevent injuries, and save lives across various occupational settings. The potential impact extends beyond individuals, influencing organizational safety protocols and contributing to the overall well-being of workers in high-risk environments.
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Kaźmierczak, Karolina, Joanna Stafiej, Joanna Stachura, Paweł Żuchowski, and Grażyna Malukiewicz. "Long-Term Anatomic and Functional Outcomes after Macular Hole Surgery." Journal of Ophthalmology 2018 (November 26, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3082194.
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Aim. To evaluate the structural and functional outcomes in patients who underwent macular hole (MH) surgery in the long-term follow-up. Materials and Methods. Forty-four eyes of 40 patients (28 females and 12 males) were examined. The examination included visual acuity, optical coherence tomography, and colour vision testing. The same evaluation was performed in 30 fellow eyes. Results. MH closure was obtained in 42 eyes (95.45%). There was no reopening of the initially closed MHs. In long-term postoperative examination, we observed IS/OS junction defects in 28 (63.6%) eyes and ELM defects in 19 (43.2%) eyes. We found that the IS/OS junction defects correlated with the diameter of the MH (p=0.016), whereas ELM defects correlated with both the diameter of the MH (p=0.001) and duration time of the MH (p=0.008). The presence of ELM defects in OCT was the cause of inferior BCVA in long-term observation time (p=0.004). The mean BCVA before the MH surgery was 0.15. It improved significantly both in early (p<0.001) and long-term postoperative observation (p<0.005). Generally, the functional outcomes were better in eyes with short-time duration of the MH, when a smaller diameter (<400 μm) of the hole was measured and a V-shaped closure of the MH and the restoration of the ELM line on OCT were present. Pseudoprotanomaly was noted in 13 (35.1%) eyes. In the fellow eye group, mean BCVA was 0.95 (range, 0.6–1.0). In 3 eyes, we detected vitreomacular traction, and in 4 eyes, initial cataract. These conditions, as well as probably early stage of diabetes mellitus, influenced functional outcomes of studied eyes. Conclusions. The anatomic and functional outcomes after macular surgery are satisfactory and improve with time. After a successful closing of the MH, the restoration of the retina progresses at a slower pace than improvement in visual acuity.
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Nizam, Nusrat Benta, Md Arif Hayat Khan Pathan, Mostafizur Rahman, and Md Mominul Islam. "Visual and anatomical outcome of inverted ILM flap technique for large macular hole surgery." Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 10, no. 4 (2024): 728–32. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijceo.2024.127.
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A new study finds that in about 14-16% of macular hole repairs using the inverted internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap technique, the hole actually closes itself thanks to a thin layer of the ILM left behind, not the full flap itself. This suggests a potentially simpler closure mechanism for this surgery. This study was conducted to investigates both the physical results (anatomy) and vision improvements experienced by patients who underwent large macular hole surgery using the inverted internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap technique. : 20 patients with significant macular defects participated in the research from January 2019 to December 2019 at the Ispahani Islamia Eye Institute and Hospital. Idiopathic large macular lesions were analyzed in the study using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and biomicroscopy. Exclusion criteria excluded macular holes measuring less than 400 μm and those resulting from other etiologies. Demographic and clinical information was collected, including age, gender, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and intraocular pressure. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy was performed on the anterior region and fundus, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to verify the presence of macular holes. Approval from the institutional ethical committee was obtained, and surgical procedures were performed after informed consent. The final best-corrected visual acuity was documented, and a comprehensive ocular assessment was conducted during appointments. In this study half (50.0%) of patients belonged to those aged≥51 years. The mean age was 41.40±17.87 years with ranged from 20 to 60. Here it was observed that the mean BCVA pre-operative was 1.39±0.65 and the mean BCVA (3 months after surgery) was 0.50±0.16. In OCT all (100.0%) patients had macular holes before surgery and 100.0% closure of MH after surgery. Here ERM is formed in only 1(10.0%) patient. The study found a 100% closure rate for macular holes and superior functional outcomes. Further research is needed to assess the efficacy of this approach with a larger sample size and longer follow-up duration.
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Karim, Md Enayet, RAM Mustafijur Rashid, Mohammad Saleh Akram, Reza Ershad, Md Mustafa Kamal, and Mehdi Hassan. "Comparison between effects of Clonazepam and Dexmedetomidine as sedative in elective Caesarean section under Subarachnoid anaesthesia." Journal of the Bangladesh Society of Anaesthesiologists 35, no. 2 (2022): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsa.v35i2.67893.
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Background: Regional anaesthesia has become an important anaesthetic technique now a days. Theuse of spinal (subarachnoid) anaesthesia is often limited by the unwillingness of patients to remainawake during surgery. Pharmacologically induced tranquility improves acceptance of regionaltechnique. This study compares Clonazepam and Dexmedetomidine in terms of onset and recovery ofsedation, haemodynamic effects, respiratory effects and adverse effects of both the drugs during electiveCaesarian section under spinal anaesthesia. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial included 60 ASA (American Society ofAnaesthesiologists) grade I patients between age 20-40 years undergoing elective Caesarean sectionsunder Subarachnoid anaesthesia during the period January 2022 to June 2022. Patients wererandomly allocated to one of two groups: Clonazepam group (Group C, n=30), who received Clonazepamin a single dose of 0.015mg/kg and Dexmedetomidine group (Group D, n=30), who receivedDexmedetomidine in a single dose of 2mcg/kg. Spinal anaesthesia was conducted by injecting ahyperbaric solution of 0.5% bupivacaine 3ml through a 25G spinal needle at L3-4 level. All parameterswere documented at 5 min intervals until arousal of the patient. The onset of sedation i.e. time from iv(intravenous) injection of Clonazepam or Dexmedetomidine to closure of eye lids (OAA/S score of 3) andthe arousal time from sedation i.e. time from closing of the eye lids to OAA/S score of 5 ( patient isawake clinically) were noted. Any complication during operation was documented. The patient’ssatisfaction with the sedation was assessed by the 5 point ‘Likert verbal rating scale.’ Results: There was no significant difference of mean blood pressure and mean heart rate between thetwo groups at different time intervals (P>0.05). Time of onset of sedation was significantly delayed inDexmedetomidine group (P<0.05). Duration of sedation was comparable between the two groups (Pvalue 0.326). Incidence of peroperative complications were comparable between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Although onset of sedation was significantly delayed in Dexmedetomidine group,duration of sedation was not significantly different between Clonazepam and Dexmedetomidine insingle dose technique for sedation during Caesarean section. Haemodynamic effects and adverse effectsof two drugs were comparable. Thus it is recommended that either Clonazepam or Dexmedetomidinecan be used for sedation during subarachnoid block for Caesarean section. JBSA 2022; 35 (2) : 30-36
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Bankar, Jaitee. "Driver Drowsiness Detection using CNN." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 5 (2024): 5000–5004. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.62704.
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Abstract: Driver drowsiness is a significant factor contributing to road accidents worldwide, posing a major threat to public safety. This project presents a robust and efficient approach to detecting driver drowsiness using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). The proposed system aims to enhance road safety by monitoring drivers in real-time and providing timely warnings to prevent accidents caused by fatigue. The methodology involves capturing video frames of the driver's face using a camera installed in the vehicle. The CNN model is trained on a comprehensive dataset containing images of alert and drowsy states. Key facial landmarks and features, such as eye closure duration, yawning frequency, and head position, are extracted and analyzed to determine the driver's level of alertness. By leveraging the powerful feature extraction capabilities of CNNs, the system can accurately distinguish between alert and drowsy states with high precision. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system in real-world scenarios, achieving a high accuracy rate in detecting drowsiness. The system's performance is evaluated against various benchmarks, showcasing its potential for integration into modern vehicles as a preventive safety measure. The deployment of this CNN-based drowsiness detection system can significantly reduce the risk of accidents, contributing to safer driving conditions and saving lives.
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Palmer, Nikolaus, and Henry Clover. "A Pilot Study to Investigate Antibiotic Prescribing in Private Dental Practice in the UK." Primary Dental Journal 8, no. 1 (2019): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/205016819826439529.
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This paper examines antibiotic prescribing by dental practitioners delivering private dental care in the UK. An online questionnaire utilising the online SurveyMonkey tool was used to collate data on aspects of therapeutic and prophylactic antibiotic prescribing in private dental practice. In total, 53 private dental practitioners registered with Simplyhealth Professionals (formerly DENPLAN Ltd) responded to this study. All respondents recognised that an elevated temperature associated with a dental infection requires a prescription of systemic antibiotics. Other reported indications for prescribing antibiotics, as an adjunct to definitive management of the cause, included gross diffuse swelling (50%), difficulty in swallowing (48%) or closure of the eye due to swelling (51%). The majority of respondents were found to prescribe the appropriate antibiotic at the correct dose, frequency and duration. Overall, private dental practitioners prescribed or dispensed fewer than six courses of antibiotics each month and just less than half the respondents did not audit their prescribing. The results of this limited pilot study suggest that most dental practitioners providing private dental care prescribe appropriately and at lower levels than NHS dental practitioners. A definitive larger study of private dental practitioners antibiotic prescribing would be of value in determining their contribution to reducing the development of antimicrobial resistance.
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Lyamin, O., V. Borshenko, A. Bakhchina, and J. Siegel. "0012 REM Sleep in Ostrich Chicks." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (2020): A5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.011.
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Abstract Introduction It was reported that adult ostriches displayed the longest REM sleep episodes (up to 5 min) and more REM sleep (24% of the nighttime) than any other avian species. In all mammals studied so far REM sleep predominates at early age suggesting it promotes development of the brain. The aim of this study was to examine REM sleep in ostrich chicks. Methods EEG, electrooculogram and electromyogram of the neck muscles were recorded in 4 chronically implanted 2–3 month old ostrich chicks over 3 nights. The last night was scored in 4-sec epochs for waking, nonREM and REM sleep. Results NonREM sleep and REM sleep in the ostrich chicks occurred when they were sitting or lying with the head held above the ground or rested on the ground. REM sleep was characterized by distinct rapid eye movements, head drops and eye closure. The amplitude of the EEG during episodes of REM sleep ranged between low voltage EEG, as recorded during quiet waking and high voltage slow waves, as recorded during nonREM sleep EEG. The ostrich chicks spent on average 70.7 + 2.2% of the nighttime in nonREM sleep and 12.3 + 3.9% in REM sleep. The episodes of REM sleep lasted on average 9 + 1 sec and ranged between 4 and 36 sec. Conclusion Similar to adult birds, 2–3 mo old ostrich chicks displayed a “mixed” sleep state which has features of both slow wave sleep / nonREM and REM sleep, as we have described in the platypus and echidna. An unexpected result of this study is the total amount and duration of episodes of REM were considerably smaller than has been reported in adult ostriches. More studies need to be done on the developmental and environmental determinants of REM sleep in the ostrich. Support The Russian Foundation for Basic Research (18-04-01252) and HL148574
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Chen, Liang, and Wei Zheng. "Research on Railway Dispatcher Fatigue Detection Method Based on Deep Learning with Multi-Feature Fusion." Electronics 12, no. 10 (2023): 2303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12102303.
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Traffic command and scheduling are the core monitoring aspects of railway transportation. Detecting the fatigued state of dispatchers is, therefore, of great significance to ensure the safety of railway operations. In this paper, we present a multi-feature fatigue detection method based on key points of the human face and body posture. Considering unfavorable factors such as facial occlusion and angle changes that have limited single-feature fatigue state detection methods, we developed our model based on the fusion of body postures and facial features for better accuracy. Using facial key points and eye features, we calculate the percentage of eye closure that accounts for more than 80% of the time duration, as well as blinking and yawning frequency, and we analyze fatigue behaviors, such as yawning, a bowed head (that could indicate sleep state), and lying down on a table, using a behavior recognition algorithm. We fuse five facial features and behavioral postures to comprehensively determine the fatigue state of dispatchers. The results show that on the 300 W dataset, as well as a hand-crafted dataset, the inference time of the improved facial key point detection algorithm based on the retina–face model was 100 ms and that the normalized average error (NME) was 3.58. On our own dataset, the classification accuracy based the an Bi-LSTM-SVM adaptive enhancement algorithm model reached 97%. Video data of volunteers who carried out scheduling operations in the simulation laboratory were used for our experiments, and our multi-feature fusion fatigue detection algorithm showed an accuracy rate of 96.30% and a recall rate of 96.30% in fatigue classification, both of which were higher than those of existing single-feature detection methods. Our multi-feature fatigue detection method offers a potential solution for fatigue level classification in vital areas of the industry, such as in railway transportation.
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Ahmad, Syed Zulfequar, Anees Ahmad, Najam Khalique, and Yasir Alvi. "A community based study of scenario of glaucoma in Aligarh, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 9 (2019): 4098. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20194024.
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Background: Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and is second only to cataracts as the most common cause of blindness overall. In the developing world, the prevalence of glaucoma is expected to rise even more dramatically as the population of adults has doubled within a span of few decades. So this study was done with an objective of finding out the prevalence of glaucoma among adults aged 40 years and above in the field practice area of the Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out for the duration of one year. A total of 680 persons were interviewed and examined by a trained ophthalmologist for detailed eye examination including visual acuity, refraction and slit-lamp bio-microscopy, intraocular pressure (IOP) by Keeler Pulsair non-contact tonometer confirm by applanation tonometry, gonioscopy, and dilated fundus examination after ruling out the risk of angle closure. Anderson criteria were used to diagnose glaucomatous visual field defect.Results: In our study population, the IOP of the majority of population lied in 11-15 mm Hg with a mean IOP of 13.42±4.09 mmHg. In regard to optic disc examination, a cup to disc ratio of >0.6 was found in 35 eyes. According to the predefined criteria, a total of 31 subjects were diagnosed as glaucoma in either one or both eyes. The overall prevalence of glaucoma was found to be 4.6% (31/680), with the prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma, primary angle closure glaucoma, normotensive glaucoma and secondary glaucoma as 1.3%, 1.2%, 1.2% and 0.9% respectively.Conclusions: The prevalence of glaucoma is quite high in an elder population of Aligarh. This should warrant more intensive activities, focusing not only on early diagnosis and management of glaucoma but also include strengthening preventive ophthalmic care.
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Kafle, Prerna Arjyal, Diwa Hamal, Sabin Sahu, Priza Poudyal, and Santosh Upadhyaya Kafle. "Clinico-pathological Analysis of Malignant Eyelid and Adnexal Tumors Presenting to a Tertiary Eye Hospital Of Eastern Nepal." Birat Journal of Health Sciences 4, no. 3 (2020): 840–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bjhs.v4i3.27036.
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Introduction: Eye lid and adnexal tumours are one of the major problems we see in the oculoplastic department. Malignant eye lid tumours are rare in comparison to benign and diversity in its clinical presentation makes it difficult to diagnose earlier. Eyelid malignancies can mimic a host of benign neoplasms and other less aggressive neoplastic or non-neoplastic inflammatory conditions and need differentiation before definitive therapy is planned. Out of 90% of all skin cancer occurring in head and neck region 10% occurs in the eyelid. A histopathological study confirms the diagnosis that can be correlated with patient history and other clinical data.
 Objectives: To study the clinicopathological correlation and its outcome in patients with malignant eyelid and adnexal tumours presenting at Biratnagar eye hospital.
 Methodology: Details of the cases of histopathologically proven malignant eyelid and adnexal tumours presenting to the department of oculoplasty from July 2016 to August 2019 were recorded. The duration of disease, presenting symptoms, risk factors, demographic data, clinicopathological correlation with its accuracy and mode of treatment were analyzed using SPSS 17.
 Results: Out of total 28 patients, male were 53.6% and female were 46.4%. The mean age of presentation was 60.5±11.8 years. 53.6% tumors were located in upper lid, 39.9% were located in lower lid and 7.1 % were located in medial canthus. Basal cell carcinoma and sebaceous gland carcinoma were the most common type of malignancies (35.7% each) followed by 28.6% of squamous cell carcinoma of eyelid. The clinicopathological correlation revealed 75% of clinical accuracy. Different types of reconstructions were done according to the size and site of the defect. Modified Hughes procedure for lower eyelid defect was the most common procedure performed (32.1%), followed by 14.3% Cutler beard, 28.6% Cutler beard with post auricular cartilage graft, 10.7% Glabellar flap rotation 7.1% had combined procedure and 4.3% direct closure .
 Conclusion: Sebaceous cell carcinoma and Basal cell carcinoma were the most common malignant tumors followed by squamous cell carcinoma. The upper lid was the most common site for such malignancy. Histopathological examination was useful for the establishment of complete and accurate diagnosis, which led to further management and follow up protocol for malignant eyelid tumours.
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Stene-Johansen, Ingar, Ragnheiður Bragadóttir, Beáta Éva Petrovski, and Goran Petrovski. "Macular Hole Surgery Using Gas Tamponade—An Outcome from the Oslo Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 5 (2019): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050704.
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Purpose: The study aims to determine the anatomical success and functional outcome of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for macular holes (MH) performed at a single study center using a consistent procedure of internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling, SF6 tamponade and 3 days face-down positioning. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study involving eyes with MHs which underwent 23- or 25-gauge PPV with or without phacoemulsification and all undergoing a 20% SF6 gas tamponade, follow-up to 6 months postoperatively were included at the Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (12-month study period between 1 January and 31 December 2015) Pre- and post-operative Best-Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) assessment, comprehensive eye examination and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement. as well as Optical Coherence Tomography to determine the diameter of the MH and its closure were all carried out. Results: 198 consecutive eyes operated for MH (age: 69.4 ± 7.6 years; 1.6:1 female:male ratio) were included; 35.7%/48.6% had symptoms from 3–6/6–48 months; 5.1% had high-grade myopia, 21.5% focal VMT <1500 µm with or without epiretinal membrane (ERM), and 74.0%/26.0% had phakic/pseudophakic status. Primary closure of the MH occurred in 93.3% of the patients. Lens status and length of symptoms showed no significant correlation with closure of the MH. The pre-operative logMAR visual acuity: 0.8 ± 0.3 (median: 0.7; interquartile range (IQR): 0.5–0.8; range: 0.3–1.7), improved significantly post-operatively: 0.4 ± 0.3 (median: 0.3; interquartile range (IQR): 0.1–0.5; range: −0.02–1.2). BCVA improvement of <0.2, 0.2–0.4 and >0.4 was present in 28.3%, 27.3% and 44.4% of the treated patients. No significant median differences could be detected between the duration of the pre-operative symptoms and the pre-/post-operative visual acuity. Increased IOP was measured in 2.6% of the cases day after surgery. Conclusions: Our study found visual outcome not to be dependent upon the length of symptoms in MH patients treated by PPV all undergoing ILM peeling, SF6 tamponade and face-down positioning. The large diameter MH was not a limiting factor to achieve improved post-operative BCVA.
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Yang, Chunhui, Jasir T. Nayati, Khurram Janjua, Asma Ahmed, Angela Rekhi, and Alan R. Hirsch. "119 Refraction Focus Hallucination: The Role of Increased Excitation at Thalamus in Complex Visual Hallucination." CNS Spectrums 23, no. 1 (2018): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852918000172.
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AbstractStudy Objective(s)The pathogenesis of complex visual hallucination in patients without visual lesions, appearing with eyes open and resolving with eyes closed, has been described to be associated with increased excitation at the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and pulvinar of the thalamus (Winton-Brown, 2016). This reduces thefidelity of retinogeniculate transmissions and enhances aberrant projections to the visual cortex. Loss of the central sensory filtering function of the pulvinar increases “signal to noise ratio” in visual transmission. While visual hallucinations have been reported to disappear on eye closure (Manford, 1998), visual aberration with correction with refractionfollowed by focusing on actual visual images and visual hallucinations has not heretofore been reported. Such a case is presented.MethodCase study: This 28-year-old, myopic, right-handed man, at 5 years of age began hallucinating vivid images of people. The visual hallucinations were triggered only with his eye open. He was myopic and without visual correction, his visual sphere would be blurred. The visual hallucinations were also blurred without visual correction. With refraction, the hallucinations became clearly in focus. He would close his eyes and the visual hallucinations disappeared but would reappear in the same position upon opening his eyes. For over 20 years, he experienced about 100 hallucinations a day. Electroencephalography (EEG) revealed continuous spikes and slow waves in bilateral temporal lobes, consistent with temporal lobe status epilepticus. After treatment with diphenylhydantoin the frequency and duration of the hallucinations markedly decreased to a second epoch every other day. However, the characteristic of the hallucinations remained the same (people).ResultsThis phenomenon may involve epilepsy induced excitation of the thalamus. This then acts to reduce the fidelity of retinogeniculate transmission and increase “signal to noise ratio” in visual transmission. This may contribute to complex visual hallucinations with eyes open. The hallucinated figures becoming clearer with eyeglasses provides support that this complex hallucination arises in the pathway from retina-LGN-cortex, not from stored visual associated cortex of top-down cortical release.ConclusionsGiven the above, those with visual hallucinations should be queried as to the influence of refraction on the clarity of hallucination.FundingNo funding.