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Matsumoto, David. "The Psychological Dimensions of Context." Acta de Investigación Psicológica 2, no. 2 (August 1, 2012): 611–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fpsi.20074719e.2012.2.177.
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Psychologists acknowledge the powerful influence of context on behavior, and have attempted to identify the dimensions underlying context. Previous work, however, has focused mainly on either relationships or specific situations. In this study we explore the psychological dimensions underlying a wide range of contexts varying in physical locations and the presence or absence of others. Four dimensions emerged, and they were used as a basis to differentiate contexts from each other. One – being in the public eye with the potential to be judged – was the most important dimension that differentiated among contexts. This finding is commensurate with recent empirical work demonstrating unique human abilities in cognition (Tomasello, 1999) and previous theoretical works concerning impression management and the presentation of self in social contexts (Goffman, 1959). We suggest that this dimension is the elemental meaning unit ascribed to contexts by human cultures.
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Lu, Heng, Adam Sokolow, Daniel P. Kiehart, and Glenn S. Edwards. "Quantifying dorsal closure in three dimensions." Molecular Biology of the Cell 27, no. 25 (December 15, 2016): 3948–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e16-06-0400.
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Dorsal closure is an essential stage of Drosophila embryogenesis and is a powerful model system for morphogenesis, wound healing, and tissue biomechanics. During closure, two flanks of lateral epidermis close an eye-shaped dorsal opening that is filled with amnioserosa. The two flanks of lateral epidermis are zipped together at each canthus (“corner” of the eye). Actomyosin-rich purse strings are localized at each of the two leading edges of lateral epidermis (“lids” of the eye). Here we report that each purse string indents the dorsal surface at each leading edge. The amnioserosa tissue bulges outward during the early-to-mid stages of closure to form a remarkably smooth, asymmetric dome indicative of an isotropic and uniform surface tension. Internal pressure of the embryo and tissue elastic properties help to shape the dorsal surface.
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Misslisch, H., D. Tweed, M. Fetter, J. Dichgans, and T. Vilis. "Interaction of smooth pursuit and the vestibuloocular reflex in three dimensions." Journal of Neurophysiology 75, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 2520–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.75.6.2520.
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1. What is the neural mechanism of vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) cancellation when a subject fixates a target moving with the head? One theory is that the moving target evokes pursuit eye movements that add to and cancel the VOR. A recent finding with implications for this theory is that eye velocity vectors of both pursuit and the VOR vary with eye position, but in different ways, because pursuit follows Listing's law whereas the VOR obeys a “half-Listing” strategy. As a result, pursuit cannot exactly cancel the VOR in most eye positions, and so the pursuit superposition theory predicts an eye-position-dependent pattern of residual eye velocities during cancellation. To test these predictions, we measured eye velocity vectors in humans during VOR, pursuit, and cancellation in response to torsional, vertical, and horizontal stimuli with the eyes in different positions. 2. For example, if a subject is rolling clockwise (CW, frequency 0.3 Hz, maximum speed 37.5 deg/s) while looking 20 deg up, the VOR generates an eye velocity that is mainly counterclockwise (CCW), but also leftward. If we then turn on a small target light, located 20 deg up and moving with the subject, then pursuit superposition predicts that the CCW component of eye velocity will shrink and the horizontal component will reverse, from leftward to rightward. This pattern was seen in all subjects. 3. Velocities depended on eye position in the predicted way; e.g., when subjects looked 20 deg down, instead of 20 deg up, during CW roll, the reversal of horizontal eye velocity went the other way, from rightward to leftward. And when gaze was 20 deg right or left, analogous reversals occurred in the vertical eye velocity, again as predicted. 4. Analogous predictions for horizontal and vertical stimulation were also borne out by the data. For example, when subjects rotated rightward while looking 20 deg up, the VOR response was leftward and CCW. When the target light switched on, the torsional component of the response reversed, becoming CW. And analogous predictions for other eye positions and for vertical stimulation also held. 5. For all axes of stimulation and all eye positions, eye velocity during cancellation was roughly parallel with the gaze line. This alignment is predicted by pursuit superposition and has the effect of reducing retinal image slip over the fovea. 6. The fact that the complex dependence of eye velocity on the stimulation axis and eye position predicted by pursuit superposition was seen in all subjects and conditions suggests strongly that the VOR indeed is canceled additively by pursuit. However, eye velocities during cancellation were consistently smaller than predicted. This shrinkage indicates that a second mechanism, besides pursuit superposition, attenuates eye velocities during cancellation. The results can be explained if VOR gain is reduced by approximately 30%, and if, in addition, pursuit is driven by retinal slip rather than reconstructed target velocity in space.
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Tweed, D., and T. Vilis. "Implications of rotational kinematics for the oculomotor system in three dimensions." Journal of Neurophysiology 58, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 832–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1987.58.4.832.
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1. This paper develops three-dimensional models for the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) and the internal feedback loop of the saccadic system. The models differ qualitatively from previous, one-dimensional versions, because the commutative algebra used in previous models does not apply to the three-dimensional rotations of the eye. 2. The hypothesis that eye position signals are generated by an eye velocity integrator in the indirect path of the VOR must be rejected because in three dimensions the integral of angular velocity does not specify angular position. Computer simulations using eye velocity integrators show large, cumulative gaze errors and post-VOR drift. We describe a simple velocity to position transformation that works in three dimensions. 3. In the feedback control of saccades, eye position error is not the vector difference between actual and desired eye positions. Subtractive feedback models must continuously adjust the axis of rotation throughout a saccade, and they generate meandering, dysmetric gaze saccades. We describe a multiplicative feedback system that solves these problems and generates fixed-axis saccades that accord with Listing's law. 4. We show that Listing's law requires that most saccades have their axes out of Listing's plane. A corollary is that if three pools of short-lead burst neurons code the eye velocity command during saccades, the three pools are not yoked, but function independently during visually triggered saccades. 5. In our three-dimensional models, we represent eye position using four-component rotational operators called quaternions. This is not the only algebraic system for describing rotations, but it is the one that best fits the needs of the oculomotor system, and it yields much simpler models than do rotation matrix or other representations. 6. Quaternion models predict that eye position is represented on four channels in the oculomotor system: three for the vector components of eye position and one inversely related to gaze eccentricity and torsion. 7. Many testable predictions made by quaternion models also turn up in models based on other mathematics. These predictions are therefore more fundamental than the specific models that generate them. Among these predictions are 1) to compute eye position in the indirect path of the VOR, eye or head velocity signals are multiplied by eye position feedback and then integrated; consequently 2) eye position signals and eye or head velocity signals converge on vestibular neurons, and their interaction is multiplicative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Riese, Katrin, Mareike Bayer, Gerhard Lauer, and Annekathrin Schacht. "In the eye of the recipient." Scientific Study of Literature 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 211–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ssol.4.2.05rie.
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Plot suspense is one of the most important components of narrative fiction that motivate recipients to follow fictional characters through their worlds. The present study investigates the dynamic development of narrative suspense in excerpts of literary classics from the 19th century in a multi-methodological approach. For two texts, differing in suspense as judged by a large independent sample, we collected (a) data from questionnaires, indicating different affective and cognitive dimensions of receptive engagement, (b) continuous ratings of suspense during text reception from both experts and lay recipients, and (c) registration of pupil diameter as a physiological indicator of changes in emotional arousal and attention during reception. Data analyses confirmed differences between the two texts at different dimensions of receptive engagement and, importantly, revealed significant correlations of pupil diameter and the course of suspense over time. Our findings demonstrate that changes of the pupil diameter provide a reliable ‘online’ indicator of suspense.
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Herman, John. "Reflexive and orienting properties of REM sleep dreaming and eye movements." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 6 (December 2000): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00484025.
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In this manuscript Hobson et al. propose a model exploring qualitative differences between the three states of consciousness, waking, NREM sleep, and REM sleep, in terms of state-related brain activity. The model consists of three factors, each of which varies along a continuum, creating a three-dimensional space: activation (A), information flow (I), and mode of information processing (M). Hobson has described these factors previously (1990; 1992a). Two of the dimensions, activation and modulation, deal directly with subcortical influences upon cortical structures – the reticular activation system, with regard to the activation dimension and the locus coeruleus and the pontine raphe neuclei, with regard to the modulation dimension. The focus of this review is a further exploration of the interaction between dreaming and the cortical and subcortical structures relevant to REM sleep eye movements.[Hobson et al. ]
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Hollis, Anna R., Jonathon J. Dixon, Davide Berlato, Rachel Murray, and Renate Weller. "Computed tomographic dimensions of the normal adult equine eye." Veterinary Ophthalmology 22, no. 5 (February 4, 2019): 651–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12636.
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Goitein, Michael. "The cell’s-eye view: Assessing dose in four dimensions." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 62, no. 4 (July 2005): 951–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.03.054.
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Schnabolk, C., and T. Raphan. "Modeling three-dimensional velocity-to-position transformation in oculomotor control." Journal of Neurophysiology 71, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 623–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.71.2.623.
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1. A considerable amount of attention has been devoted to understanding the velocity-position transformation that takes place in the control of eye movements in three dimensions. Much of the work has focused on the idea that rotations in three dimensions do not commute and that a "multiplicative quaternion model" of velocity-position integration is necessary to explain eye movements in three dimensions. Our study has indicated that this approach is not consistent with the physiology of the types of signals necessary to rotate the eyes. 2. We developed a three-dimensional dynamical system model for movement of the eye within its surrounding orbital tissue. The main point of the model is that the eye muscles generate torque to rotate the eye. When the eye reaches an orientation such that the restoring torque of the orbital tissue counterbalances the torque applied by the muscles, a unique equilibrium point is reached. The trajectory of the eye to reach equilibrium may follow any path, depending on the starting eye orientation and eye velocity. However, according to Euler's theorem, the equilibrium reached is equivalent to a rotation about a fixed axis through some angle from a primary orientation. This represents the shortest path that the eye could take from the primary orientation in reaching equilibrium. Consequently, it is also the shortest path for returning the eye to the primary orientation. Thus the restoring torque developed by the tissue surrounding the eye was approximated as proportional to the product of this angle and a unit vector along this axis. The relationship between orientation and restoring torque gives a unique torque-orientation relationship. 3. Once the appropriate torque-orientation relationship for eye rotation is established the velocity-position integrator can be modeled as a dynamical system that is a direct extension of the one-dimensional velocity-position integrator. The linear combination of the integrator state and a direct pathway signal is converted to a torque signal that activates the muscles to rotate the eyes. Therefore the output of the integrator is related to a torque signal that positions the eyes. It is not an eye orientation signal. The applied torque signal drives the eye to an equilibrium orientation such that the restoring torque equals the applied torque but in the opposite direction. The eye orientation reached at equilibrium is determined by the unique torque-orientation relation. Because torque signals are vectors, they commute.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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EL Hajji, Muhammad Ali. "Protocol of Job Evaluation: A Bird's Eye View." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 2, no. 1 (January 5, 2012): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v2i1.1248.
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Job evaluation has become one of the most systematic and rational paths for an organization’s fair and equitable wage and salary determination. It has become a reality within an organization’s wage and salary administration. This article tries to investigate the inside concepts, dimensions, premises, and process of job evaluation. It extends to include the universality of job evaluation as a common phenomenon in organizations, particularly large ones. In view of this, this article explores and discusses the variety of ways in which job evaluation is viewed and defined. It also provides a sound understanding of the theoretical / philosophical context of job evaluation. In so doing, the article examines the combination of the conceptual and technical aspects involved in the job evaluation process, which demand good management sense and skill. Keywords: Job evaluation, Dimensions, Jobs comparison, Prerequisites, Relativities, Different views, Elements and Stages, Universality.
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Prado, Roberta Teixeira, Sonia Maria Dias, and Edna Aparecida Barbosa de Castro. "Skills and abilities for nursing practice in eye banks." Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem 23, no. 1 (March 2014): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-07072014000100006.
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The study describes the skills and abilities required for working in Eye Banks, from the perspective of nurses, and offers subsidies for professional nursing practice in these services. This was an exploratory, descriptive study with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with seven nurses working in this service and analyzed with the support of content analysis. By analyzing the testimonies of the subjects in this study, the managerial dimension was perceived as relevant for the subjects, through their statements. Skills required to work in Eye Banks, from the perspective of nurses, included: skills related to education, communication, leadership to maintain team unity; ability to deal with the corpse; and, dexterity in the technical procedures involved. It became clear that nurses needed to devote greater attention to the dimensions of teaching and research. This is a new scenario for nursing practice and it is required that nurses acquire new professional skills.
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Pope, James M., Pavan K. Verkicharla, Farshid Sepehrband, Marwan Suheimat, Katrina L. Schmid, and David A. Atchison. "Three-dimensional MRI study of the relationship between eye dimensions, retinal shape and myopia." Biomedical Optics Express 8, no. 5 (April 5, 2017): 2386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boe.8.002386.
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Burns, Barbara. "Is Stimulus Structure in the Mind's Eye? An Examination of Dimensional Structure in Iconic Memory." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 39, no. 3 (August 1987): 385–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748708401795.
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Three experiments examined integral and separable dimensions as attentional selective cues from iconic memory. Sperling's partial-report task was employed with physically separable and physically integral stimuli. Stimulus displays were varied in terms of the redundancy of the irrelevant non-cued dimensions—i.e. control, correlated, and orthogonal conditions within Garner's (1974a) framework—and selective readout performance was measured. The results demonstrate that, in initial processing, physically separable dimensions (e.g., circle size vs. angle of radial line) can be selectively attended to as independent dimensions, but physically integral dimensions (e.g., size vs. brightness and height vs. width) can only be represented as wholistic integral objects. Implications of these findings for current models of feature integration and perceptual development are discussed.
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Griffin, Farah Jasmine. "On The Ethical Dimensions of Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye." College Literature 47, no. 4 (2020): 671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lit.2020.0032.
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Lin, K. H., K. M. Lam, and W. C. Siu. "Locating the eye in human face images using fractal dimensions." IEE Proceedings - Vision, Image, and Signal Processing 148, no. 6 (2001): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-vis:20010709.
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HEPP, K., T. VILIS, and V. HENN. "On the Generation of Rapid Eye Movements in Three Dimensions." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 545, no. 1 (December 1988): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb19560.x.
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Wilson, Katie A., Pamela L. Heinselman, and Ziho Kang. "Comparing Forecaster Eye Movements during the Warning Decision Process." Weather and Forecasting 33, no. 2 (March 21, 2018): 501–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-17-0119.1.
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Abstract An eye-tracking experiment was conducted to examine whether differences in forecasters’ eye movements provide further insight into how radar update speed impacts their warning decision process. In doing so, this study also demonstrates the applications of a new research method for observing how National Weather Service forecasters distribute their attention across a radar display and warning interface. In addition to observing forecasters’ eye movements during this experiment, video data and retrospective recalls were collected. These qualitative data were used to provide an explanation for differences observed in forecasters’ eye movements. Eye movement differences were analyzed with respect to fixation measures (i.e., count and duration) and scanpath dimensions (i.e., vector, direction, length, position, and duration). These analyses were completed for four stages of the warning decision process: the first 5 min of the case, 2 min prior to warning decisions, the warning issuance process, and warning updates. While radar update speed did not impact forecasters’ fixation measures during these four stages, comparisons of scanpath dimensions revealed differences in their eye movements. Video footage and retrospective recall data illustrated how forecasters’ interactions with the radar display and warning interface, encounters with technological challenges, and varying approaches to similar tasks resulted in statistically significantly (p value < 0.05) lower scanpath similarity scores. The findings of this study support the combined use of eye-tracking and qualitative research methods for detecting and understanding individual differences in forecasters’ eye movements. Future applications of these methods in operational meteorology research have potential to aid usability studies and improve human–computer interactions for forecasters.
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Raphan, Theodore. "Modeling Control of Eye Orientation in Three Dimensions. I. Role of Muscle Pulleys in Determining Saccadic Trajectory." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 2653–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.5.2653.
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Raphan, Theodore. Modeling control of eye orientation in three dimensions. I. Role of muscle pulleys in determining saccadic trajectory. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 2653–2667, 1998. This study evaluates the effects of muscle axis shifts on the performance of a vector velocity-position integrator in the CNS. Earlier models of the oculomotor plant assumed that the muscle axes remained fixed relative to the head as the eye rotated into secondary and tertiary eye positions. Under this assumption, the vector integrator model generates torsional transients as the eye moves from secondary to tertiary positions of fixation. The torsional transient represents an eye movement response to a spatial mismatch between the torque axes that remain fixed in the head and the displacement plane that changes by half the angle of the change in eye orientation. When muscle axis shifts were incorporated into the model, the torque axes were closer to the displacement plane at each eye orientation throughout the trajectory, and torsional transients were reduced dramatically. Their size and dynamics were close to reported data. It was also shown that when the muscle torque axes were rotated by 50% of the eye rotation, there was no torsional transient and Listing's law was perfectly obeyed. When muscle torque axes rotated >50%, torsional transients reversed direction compared with what occurred for muscle axis shifts of <50%. The model indicates that Listing's law is implemented by the oculomotor plant subject to a two-dimensional command signal that is confined to the pitch-yaw plane, having zero torsion. Saccades that bring the eye to orientations outside Listing's plane could easily be corrected by a roll pulse that resets the roll state of the velocity-position integrator to zero. This would be a simple implementation of the corrective controller suggested by Van Opstal and colleagues. The model further indicates that muscle axis shifts together with the torque orientation relationship for tissue surrounding the eye and Newton's laws of motion form a sufficient plant model to explain saccadic trajectories and periods of fixation when driven by a vector command confined to the pitch-yaw plane. This implies that the velocity-position integrator is probably realized as a subtractive feedback vector integrator and not as a quaternion-based integrator that implements kinematic transformations to orient the eye.
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Broerse, Jack, Peter C. Dodwell, and Walter H. Ehrenstein. "Experiments on the Afterimages of Stimulus Change (Dvořák 1870): A Translation with Commentary." Perception 23, no. 10 (October 1994): 1135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p231135.
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In 1870 Dvořák rejected Helmholtz's eye-movement account of motion aftereffects (MAEs) on the grounds that it was inconsistent with previous reports of nonuniform rotation in MAEs induced with Plateau spirals. Subsequent observations with spirals that were modified to induce both expanding and contracting MAEs simultaneously, together with the use of stationary negative afterimages during induction and test, were offered as further counter-examples to the eye-movement hypothesis. Dvořák's conjectures that perception (and misperception) of movement involves a unitary perceptual dimension of stimulus change also led him to investigate whether aftereffects comparable to MAEs could be induced along other stimulus dimensions in vision (luminance gradients), and in audition (gradients of pitch and intensity). It is suggested that Dvořák's observations, taken as a whole, may be interpreted as an attempt to provide evidence challenging the Helmholtzian traditions underpinning eye-movement accounts of MAEs. The nature and outcomes of these observations are provided in a translation of the original work, and are subsequently discussed in relation to some contemporary empirical counterparts.
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ELLIS, NICK C., KAUSAR HAFEEZ, KATHERINE I. MARTIN, LILLIAN CHEN, JULIE BOLAND, and NURIA SAGARRA. "An eye-tracking study of learned attention in second language acquisition." Applied Psycholinguistics 35, no. 3 (October 19, 2012): 547–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716412000501.
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ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the limited attainment of adult compared to child language acquisition in terms of learned attention to morphological cues. It replicates Ellis and Sagarra in demonstrating short-term learned attention in the acquisition of temporal reference in Latin, and it extends the investigation using eye-tracking indicators to determine the extent to which these biases are overt or covert. English native speakers learned adverbial and morphological cues to temporal reference in a small set of Latin phrases under experimental conditions. Comprehension and production data demonstrated that early experience with adverbial cues enhanced subsequent use of this cue dimension and blocked the acquisition of verbal tense morphology. Effects of early experience of verbal morphology were less pronounced. Eye-tracking measures showed that early experience of particular cue dimensions affected what participants overtly focused upon during subsequent language processing and how this overt study resulted in turn in covert attentional biases in comprehension and in productive knowledge.
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Goldberg, Joseph, and Jonathan Helfman. "Eye tracking for visualization evaluation: Reading values on linear versus radial graphs." Information Visualization 10, no. 3 (July 2011): 182–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473871611406623.
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An eye tracking methodology can help uncover subtle cognitive processing stages that are otherwise difficult to observe in visualization evaluation studies. Pros and cons of eye tracking methods are discussed here, including common analysis metrics. One example metric is the initial time at which all elements of a visualization that are required to complete a task have been viewed. An illustrative eye tracking study was conducted to compare how radial and linear graphs support value lookup tasks for both one and two data-dimensions. Linear and radial versions of bar, line, area, and scatter graphs were presented to 32 participants, who each completed a counterbalanced series of tasks. Tasks were completed more quickly on linear graphs than on those with a radial layout. Scanpath analysis revealed that a three-stage processing model was supported: (1) find desired data dimension, (2) find its datapoint, and (3) map the datapoint to its value. Mapping a datapoint to its value was slower on radial than linear graphs, probably because eyes need to follow a circular, as opposed to a linear path. Finding a datapoint within a dimension was harder using line and area graphs than bar and scatter graphs, possibly due to visual confusion of the line representing a data series. Although few errors were made, eye tracking was also used here to classify error strategies. As a result of these analyses, guidelines are proposed for the design of radial and linear graphs.
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Sun, Lin Lin, Fan Sen Kong, Duo Nian Yu, Bao Lan, and Si Qi Mu. "Research on the Blind Area in the Display Zone of the Automobile Dashboard." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 3202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.3202.
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Visual field of the driver will impact directly on the active safety of the automobile. In this paper, the Chinese eye ellipse in 95th percentile was established based on the modified Chinese physical dimensions data and the equation which is used to position the ellipse with the AHP as the reference point was deduced, providing reference for the design and check work of the automobile visual field. Parameterized model which is used to calculate the blind area in the display zone of the dashboard is built, basing on the Chinese eye ellipse in 95th percentile and its position equation. When the design parameter is changed, the blind area will update synchronously according to the geometric relationship between each dimension, and this characteristic of the model is helpful to avoid redundant design, reduce designers' burden and save time.
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Hepp, K., A. J. Van Opstal, D. Straumann, B. J. Hess, and V. Henn. "Monkey superior colliculus represents rapid eye movements in a two-dimensional motor map." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 965–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.3.965.
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1. Although the eye has three rotational degrees of freedom, eye positions, during fixations, saccades, and smooth pursuit, with the head stationary and upright, are constrained to a plane by ListingR's law. We investigated whether Listing's law for rapid eye movements is implemented at the level of the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC). 2. In three alert rhesus monkeys we tested whether the saccadic motor map of the SC is two dimensional, representing oculocentric target vectors (the vector or V-model), or three dimensional, representing the coordinates of the rotation of the eye from initial to final position (the quaternion or Q-model). 3. Monkeys made spontaneous saccadic eye movements both in the light and in the dark. They were also rotated about various axes to evoke quick phases of vestibular nystagmus, which have three degrees of freedom. Eye positions were measured in three dimensions with the magnetic search coil technique. 4. While the monkey made spontaneous eye movements, we electrically stimulated the deeper layers of the SC and elicited saccades from a wide range of initial positions. According to the Q-model, the torsional component of eye position after stimulation should be uniquely related to saccade onset position. However, stimulation at 110 sites induced no eye torsion, in line with the prediction of the V-model. 5. Activity of saccade-related burst neurons in the deeper layers of the SC was analyzed during rapid eye movements in three dimensions. No systematic eye-position dependence of the movement fields, as predicted by the Q-model, could be detected for these cells. Instead, the data fitted closely the predictions made by the V-model. 6. In two monkeys, both SC were reversibly inactivated by symmetrical bilateral injections of muscimol. The frequency of spontaneous saccades in the light decreased dramatically. Although the remaining spontaneous saccades were slow, Listing's law was still obeyed, both during fixations and saccadic gaze shifts. In the dark, vestibularly elicited fast phases of nystagmus could still be generated in three dimensions. Although the fastest quick phases of horizontal and vertical nystagmus were slower by about a factor of 1.5, those of torsional quick phases were unaffected. 7. On the basis of the electrical stimulation data and the properties revealed by the movement field analysis, we conclude that the collicular motor map is two dimensional. The reversible inactivation results suggest that the SC is not the site where three-dimensional fast phases of vestibular nystagmus are generated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Goldberg, M. E., and C. J. Bruce. "Primate frontal eye fields. III. Maintenance of a spatially accurate saccade signal." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 2 (August 1, 1990): 489–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.2.489.
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1. We studied the activity of single neurons in the monkey frontal eye fields during oculomotor tasks designed to assess the activity of these neurons when there was a dissonance between the spatial location of a target and its position on the retina. 2. Neurons with presaccadic activity were first studied to determine their receptive or movement fields and to classify them as visual, visuomovement, or movement cells with the use of the criteria described previously (Bruce and Goldberg 1985). The neurons were then studied by the use of double-step tasks that dissociated the retinal coordinates of visual targets from the dimensions of saccadic eye movements necessary to acquire those targets. These tasks required that the monkeys make two successive saccades to follow two sequentially flashed targets. Because the second target disappeared before the first saccade occurred, the dimensions of the second saccade could not be based solely on the retinal coordinates of the target but also depended on the dimensions of the first saccade. We used two versions of the double-step task. In one version neither target appeared in the cell's receptive or movement field, but the second eye movement was the optimum amplitude and direction for the cell (right-EM/wrong-RF task). In the other the second stimulus appeared in the cell's receptive field, but neither eye movement was appropriate for the cell (wrong-EM/right-RF task). 3. Most frontal-eye-field cells discharged in the right-EM/wrong-RF version of the double-step task. Their discharge began after the first saccade and continued until the second saccade was made. They usually discharged even on occasional trials in which the monkey failed to make the second saccade. They discharged much less, or not at all, in the wrong-EM/right-RF version of the double-step paradigm. Thus most presaccadic cells in the frontal eye fields were tuned to the dimensions of saccadic eye movements rather than to the coordinates of retinal stimulation. 4. Eleven movement cells (including 1 which also had independent postsaccadic activity for saccades opposite its presaccadic movement field) were studied, and all had significant activity in the right-EM/wrong-RF task. 5. Almost all (28/32) visuomovement cells, including 12 with independent postsaccadic activity, discharged in the right-EM/wrong-RF task. None of the four that failed had independent postsaccadic activity. 6. The majority (26/40) of visual cells were responsive in the right-EM/wrong-RF task.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Reynolds, S. H., and F. Renae Bowers-Carnahan. "Vertical Eye Positions in Heavy Trucks." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 9 (October 1993): 585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303700915.
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In the truck industry, the driver's eye location is represented by an ellipse. The specific ellipse used is defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and is called an “eyellipse.” A preliminary study investigated whether an observed difference between the design eyellipse and the actual driver eye positions is significant. A sample of five drivers was selected based on anthropometric dimensions. The eye positions of the drivers were measured in a static production vehicle. The results indicated that the sample population mean was significantly higher (at the α = 0.01 level) than the design eyellipse centroid. Several potential causes for the demonstrated difference are discussed. Further studies should be conducted to verify the results of this study to determine whether the eyellipse equations or procedure need to be modified.
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Nahata, Manak. "Community ophthalmology: from darkness to light “There is no better way to thank God for your sight than by giving a helping hand for someone in dark.”." Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology 8, no. 1 (December 12, 2016): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v8i1.16161.
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Community ophthalmology deals with all aspects of vision covering a wide range of fields for work – Prevention of blindness, conservation of sight, social service, promotion of employment, rehabilitation and recreation of the blind. Community ophthalmology is attracting the attention of ophthalmic world. This delivery of eye care involves preventive, curative, promotive and rehabilitative activities incorporating basic clinical and public health sciences in all its dimensions. It highlights the realignment from individualized care to community based eye care services. Community ophthalmology is seen as a health management approach in preventing eye diseases, lowering eye morbidity or eye morbidity rates and promoting eye health through active community participation at the ground level. Comprehensive eye care services must start where people live and work and such is the thrust of community ophthalmology. Prevention and promotion should begin amongst the people. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016; 8(15): 3-9
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Miller, Ariel, and Sara Dishon. "Health-related quality of life in multiple sclerosis: psychometric analysis of inventories." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 11, no. 4 (August 2005): 450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1352458505ms1169oa.
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Objective: Measuring health-related quality of life (HRQoL) enables attainment of a comprehensive picture of chronic patients’ conditions. The aim was to gain insight into HRQoL as viewed by Israeli multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, with an eye to its cross-cultural applicability, using psychometric analysis and a regression-based procedure. Methods: The reliability and validity of the MSQoL-54 was assessed in 215 Israeli MS patients. Subsequently, a novel method in QoL research for assessing the relative importance to patients of different aspects of the construct, comparing these between males and females, was applied. Using factor analysis, the degree to which the MSQoL-54 dimensions are applicable in our population and the existence of a separate dimension of Fatigue were tested. Finally, structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to examine relationships between QoL dimensions. Results: The MSQoL-54 showed reliabilities and validities comparable to those found in other populations. Females attach importance to emotional aspects of QoL, while males are more concerned with physical aspects. The distinction between Emotional and Physical dimensions emerged from SEM, as did a distinction between Fatigue and Energy, the former being primarily Physical, and the latter Emotional. SEM indicated a reciprocal causality between Physical and Emotional dimensions. Conclusions: Based on internal structure, reliability and validity, the MSQoL-54 is applicable to Israeli MS patients. However, the scale’s Social Function dimension is indecisively defined, which requires further study. QoL research in MS should distinguish between emotional and physical Fatigue. Assessing importance of QoL dimensions should inform clinicians in tailoring treatment to the individual patient.
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Aliahmad, Behzad, Dinesh Kant Kumar, Hao Hao, Premith Unnikrishnan, Mohd Zulfaezal Che Azemin, Ryo Kawasaki, and Paul Mitchell. "Zone Specific Fractal Dimension of Retinal Images as Predictor of Stroke Incidence." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/467462.
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Fractal dimensions (FDs) are frequently used for summarizing the complexity of retinal vascular. However, previous techniques on this topic were not zone specific. A new methodology to measure FD of a specific zone in retinal images has been developed and tested as a marker for stroke prediction. Higuchi’s fractal dimension was measured in circumferential direction (FDC) with respect to optic disk (OD), in three concentric regions between OD boundary and 1.5 OD diameter from its margin. The significance of its association with future episode of stroke event was tested using the Blue Mountain Eye Study (BMES) database and compared against spectrum fractal dimension (SFD) and box-counting (BC) dimension. Kruskal-Wallis analysis revealed FDC as a better predictor of stroke (H=5.80,P=0.016,α=0.05) compared with SFD (H=0.51,P=0.475,α=0.05) and BC (H=0.41,P=0.520,α=0.05) with overall lower median value for the cases compared to the control group. This work has shown that there is a significant association between zone specific FDC of eye fundus images with future episode of stroke while this difference is not significant when other FD methods are employed.
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Wraga, Maryjane. "The role of eye height in perceiving affordances and object dimensions." Perception & Psychophysics 61, no. 3 (April 1999): 490–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03211968.
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Raghubir, Priya, and Aradhna Krishna. "Vital Dimensions in Volume Perception: Can the Eye Fool the Stomach?" Journal of Marketing Research 36, no. 3 (August 1999): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3152079.
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Raghubir, Priya, and Aradhna Krishna. "Vital Dimensions in Volume Perception: Can the Eye Fool the Stomach?" Journal of Marketing Research 36, no. 3 (August 1999): 313–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224379903600302.
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Wisard, Jeffrey, Micah A. Chrenek, Charles Wright, Nupur Dalal, Machelle T. Pardue, Jeffrey H. Boatright, and John M. Nickerson. "Non-contact measurement of linear external dimensions of the mouse eye." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 187, no. 2 (March 2010): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.01.006.
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Pizzarello, Louis D. "The Dimensions of the Problem of Eye Disease Among the Elderly." Ophthalmology 94, no. 9 (September 1987): 1191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(87)33308-1.
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Goossens, H. H. L. M., and A. J. Van Opstal. "Human eye-head coordination in two dimensions under different sensorimotor conditions." Experimental Brain Research 114, no. 3 (May 13, 1997): 542–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00005663.
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Van Zoest, Wieske, and Mieke Donk. "Goal-driven modulation as a function of time in saccadic target selection." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 61, no. 10 (October 2008): 1553–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210701595555.
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Four experiments were performed to investigate the contribution of goal-driven modulation in saccadic target selection as a function of time. Observers were required to make an eye movement to a prespecified target that was concurrently presented with multiple nontargets and possibly one distractor. Target and distractor were defined in different dimensions (orientation dimension and colour dimension in Experiment 1), or were both defined in the same dimension (i.e., both defined in the orientation dimension in Experiment 2, or both defined in the colour dimension in Experiments 3 and 4). The identities of target and distractor were switched over conditions. Speed–accuracy functions were computed to examine the full time course of selection in each condition. There were three major results. First, the ability to exert goal-driven control increased as a function of response latency. Second, this ability depended on the specific target–distractor combination, yet was not a function of whether target and distractor were defined within or across dimensions. Third, goal-driven control was available earlier when target and distractor were dissimilar than when they were similar. It was concluded that the influence of goal-driven control in visual selection is not all or none, but is of a continuous nature.
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Biocca, Frank A., and J. P. Rolland. "Virtual Eyes Can Rearrange Your Body: Adaptation to Visual Displacement in See-Through, Head-Mounted Displays." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 7, no. 3 (June 1998): 262–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474698565703.
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Among the most critical issues in the design of immersive virtual environments are those that deal with the problem of technologically induced intersensory conflict and one of the results, sensorimotor adaptation. An experiment was conducted to support the design of a prototype see-through, head-mounted display (HMD). When wearing video see-through HMDs in augmented reality systems, subjects see the world around them through a pair of head-mounted video cameras. The study looked at the effects of sensory rearrangement caused by a HMD design that displaced the user's “virtual” eye position forward (165 mm) and above (62 mm) toward the spatial position of the cameras. The position of the cameras creates images of the world that are slightly downward and inward from normal. Measures of hand-eye coordination and speed on a manual pegboard task revealed substantial perceptual costs of the eye displacement initially, but also evidence of adaptation. Upon first wearing the video see-through HMD, subjects' pointing errors increased significantly along the spatial dimensions displaced (the y dimension, above-below the target, and z dimension, in front-behind the target). Speed of performance on the pegboard task decreased by 43% compared to baseline performance. Pointing accuracy improved by approximately 33% as subjects adapted to the sensory rearrangement, but it did not reach baseline performance. When subjects removed the see-through HMD, there was evidence that their hand-eye coordination had been altered. Negative aftereffects were observed in the form of greater errors in pointing accuracy compared to baseline. Although these aftereffects are temporary, the results may have serious practical implications for the use of video see-through HMDs by users (e.g., surgeons) who depend on very accurate hand-eye coordination.
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Barton, Jason J. S., Shaunak Deepak, and Numaan Malik. "Attending to Faces: Change Detection, Familiarization, and Inversion Effects." Perception 32, no. 1 (January 2003): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3460.
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We tested detection of changes to eye position, eye color (brightness), mouth position, and mouth color in frontal views of faces. Two faces were presented sequentially for 555 ms each, with a blank screen of 120 ms separating the two. Faces were presented either both upright or both inverted. Measures of detection ( d') were calculated for several different degrees of change for each of the four dimensions of change. We first compared results to an earlier experiment that used an oddity design, in which subjects indicated which of three simultaneously viewed and otherwise identical faces had been altered on one of these four dimensions. Subjects in both of these experiments were partially cued, in that they knew the four possible types of changes that could occur on a given trial. The change-detection results correlated well with the oddity data. They confirmed that face inversion had little effect upon detection of changes in eye color, a moderate effect upon detection of eye-position or mouth-color changes, and caused a drastic reduction in the detection of mouth-position changes. An experiment in which uncued and fully cued subjects were compared showed that cueing significantly improved detection of feature color changes, but there was little difference between upright and inverted faces. Full cueing eliminated all effects of inversion. Compared to partial cueing, changes in mouth color were poorly detected by uncued subjects. Last, a change in the frequency of the base (unaltered) face in an experiment from 75% to 40% showed that increased short-term familiarity decreased the detection of eye changes and increased the detection of mouth changes, regardless of face orientation and the type of change made (color or position). We conclude that uncued subjects encode the spatial relations of features more than the colors of features, that mouth color in particular is not considered a relevant dimension for encoding, and that familiarization redistributes attention from more to less salient facial regions. Inversion effects are not simply an exaggeration of the salience effects revealed by withdrawing cueing, but represent an interaction of spatial encoding with salience, in that the greatest inversion effects occur for spatial shifts in less salient facial regions, and can be eliminated through the use of focused attention.
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Schneider, Douglas K., Gordon S. May, and David R. Shaffer. "On The Credibility Of GAAP: Do Preparers, Auditors, And Users See Eye To Eye?" Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 10, no. 4 (September 22, 2011): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v10i4.5910.
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<span>The purpose of this study was to apply social-psychological research methods to address an issue in the development of general accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Of concern to the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) in the development of GAAP is the attitudes of its constituent groups with respect to the credibility of GAAP. Our main objective was to assess any differences in the credibility perception of GAAP, as indicated by the three main groups of FASB constituents: corporate preparers of financial statements (preparers), CPAs who audit financial reports to ensure their adherence to GAAP (auditors), and accountants who us financial reports to make lending and investment decisions (users). The results indicated that auditors perception of the credibility of GAAP along eight credibility dimensions was significantly different than that of preparers and users of financial reporting. These results are important to the standard setting process because they indicate a lack of consensus among the three main FASB constituent groups, and may indicate an elevation of auditor views over those of users and preparers. Some implications of these results and suggestions for future research are discussed.</span>
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McCarthy, Alan. "Doughnuts and the Fourth Dimension." Boolean: Snapshots of Doctoral Research at University College Cork, no. 2014 (January 1, 2014): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/boolean.2014.15.
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Those of you with a sweet tooth are no doubt already familiar with the delicious doughnut, but did you know there is much more to that simple pastry than meets the eye? Here’s an experiment: take a sheet of A4 paper and roll it up, now try to join the two open ends without bending or making any corners on the paper, go on I’ll wait…..impossible right? Well that’s because we are stuck with only three dimensions, add in one more dimension though and you can! What’s more is that if we lived on the surface of that doughnut, the world would look a lot like the surface of the Earth does to us now-flat as far as the eye can see (but a lot sweeter if you choose to eat the soil). My research is on understanding all these ‘flat’ doughnuts (called tori in mathematics) and how to make ...
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Eckstein, Miguel P. "The Lower Visual Search Efficiency for Conjunctions Is Due to Noise and not Serial Attentional Processing." Psychological Science 9, no. 2 (March 1998): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00020.
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Models of human visual processing start with an initial stage with parallel independent processing of different physical attributes or features (e.g., color, orientation, motion). A second stage in these models is a temporally serial mechanism (visual attention) that combines or binds information across feature dimensions. Evidence for this serial mechanism is based on experimental results for visual search. I conducted a study of visual search accuracy that carefully controlled for low-level effects: physical similarity of target and distractor, element eccentricity, and eye movements. The larger set-size effects in visual search accuracy for briefly flashed conjunction displays, compared with feature displays, are quantitatively predicted by a simple model in which each feature dimension is processed independently with inherent neural noise and information is combined linearly across feature dimensions. The data are not predicted by a temporally serial mechanism or by a hybrid model with temporally serial and noisy processing. The results do not support the idea that a temporally serial mechanism, visual attention, binds information across feature dimensions and show that the conjunction-feature dichotomy is due to the noisy independent processing of features in the human visual system.
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Cvetkovic, Milena, and Perica Vasiljevic. "Handedness and phenotypic characteristics of the head and face." Genetika 47, no. 2 (2015): 723–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1502723c.
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Craniofacial characteristics are used to identify similarities and differences between human populations or within a single population. The aim of this study is to provide data on the differences/similarities between two groups of subjects, left-handed and right-handed children, based on the parameters that determine the phenotypic characteristics of the head and face: head dimensions, face dimensions, hair color, eye color and earlobe shape. The study participants included 1354 students aged 7 to 15 years from regular schools of southeastern Serbia. The instruments used include: the Edinburgh Handedness Questionnaire for handedness determination, the cephalometer, and the questionnaire. 135 students (9.97%) were identified as left-handed, and the differences in the observed parameters were recorded between left-handed and right-handed girls in relation to the cephalic index, nasal index, head breadth, face breadth, and eye color.
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Birkmire, Deborah P., Robert Karsh, B. Diane Barnette, Ramakrishna Pillalamarri, and Samantha DiBastiani. "Eye Movements in Search and Target Acquisition." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 19 (October 1993): 1305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118193784162182.
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The frequency distribution of eye fixations and fixation durations during a search and target acquisition task was examined to determine if the allocation of visual attention was related to target, scene, and/or observer characteristics. Ninety computer-generated scenes simulating infrared imagery and containing different levels of clutter and zero, one, two, or three targets were produced. Targets were embedded in these scenes counterbalancing for range and position. Global and local clutter were measured using both statistical variance and probability of edge metrics. Thirty-three aviators, tankers, and infantry soldiers were shown still video images of the 90 scenes and were instructed to search for targets. Results of multiple regression analyses of global clutter, local clutter, range, number of targets, target dimensions, target complexity, and group membershi on eye fixations and fixation durations are given and discussed in terms of search strategies.
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Frens, M. A., and A. J. Van Opstal. "A quantitative study of auditory-evoked saccadic eye movements in two dimensions." Experimental Brain Research 107, no. 1 (November 1995): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00228022.
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Greene, Peter R. "Optical constants and dimensions for the myopic, hyperopic and normal rhesus eye." Experimental Eye Research 51, no. 4 (October 1990): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4835(90)90148-n.
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Russo, Gary S., and Charles J. Bruce. "Supplementary Eye Field: Representation of Saccades and Relationship Between Neural Response Fields and Elicited Eye Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 84, no. 5 (November 1, 2000): 2605–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.5.2605.
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The functional organization of the low-threshold supplementary eye field (SEF) was studied by analyzing presaccadic activity, electrically elicited saccades, and the relationship between them. Response-field optimal vectors, defined as the visual field coordinates or saccadic eye-movement dimensions evoking the highest neural discharge, were quantitatively estimated for 160 SEF neurons by systematically varying peripheral target location relative to a central fixation point and then fitting the responses to Gaussian functions. Saccades were electrically elicited at 109 SEF sites by microstimulation (70 ms, 10–100 μA) during central fixation. The distribution of response fields and elicited saccades indicated a complete representation of all contralateral saccades in SEF. Elicited saccade polar directions ranged between 97 and 262° (data from left hemispheres were transformed to a right-hemisphere convention), and amplitudes ranged between 1.8 and 26.9°. Response-field optimal vectors (right hemisphere transformed) were nearly all contralateral as well; the directions of 115/119 visual response fields and 80/84 movement response fields ranged between 90 and 279°, and response-field eccentricities ranged between 5 and 50°. Response-field directions for the visual and movement activity of visuomovement neurons were strongly correlated ( r = 0.95). When neural activity and elicited saccades obtained at exactly the same sites were compared, response fields were highly predictive of elicited saccade dimensions. Response-field direction was highly correlated with the direction of saccades elicited at the recording site ( r = 0.92, n = 77). Similarly, response-field eccentricity predicted the size of subsequent electrically elicited saccades ( r = 0.49, n = 60). However, elicited saccades were generally smaller than response-field eccentricities and consistently more horizontal when response fields were nearly vertical. The polar direction of response fields and elicited saccades remained constant perpendicular to the cortical surface, indicating a columnar organization of saccade direction. Saccade direction progressively shifted across SEF; however, these orderly shifts were more indicative of a hypercolumnar organization rather than a single global topography. No systematic organization for saccade amplitude was evident. We conclude that saccades are represented in SEF by congruent visual receptive fields, presaccadic movement fields, and efferent mappings. Thus SEF specifies saccade vectors as bursts of activity by local groups of neurons with appropriate projections to downstream oculomotor structures. In this respect, SEF is organized like the superior colliculus and the frontal eye field even though SEF lacks an overall global saccade topography. We contend that all specialized oculomotor functions of SEF must operate within the context of this fundamental organization.
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Collier Wakefield, O., R. Annoh, and M. A. Nanavaty. "Relationship between age, corneal astigmatism, and ocular dimensions with reference to astigmatism in eyes undergoing routine cataract surgery." Eye 30, no. 4 (January 22, 2016): 562–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.2015.274.
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Tang, Yamei, Alan Saul, Moshe Gur, Stephanie Goei, Elsie Wong, Bilgin Ersoy, and D. Max Snodderly. "Eye Position Compensation Improves Estimates of Response Magnitude and Receptive Field Geometry in Alert Monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 5 (May 2007): 3439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00881.2006.
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Studies of visual function in behaving subjects require that stimuli be positioned reliably on the retina in the presence of eye movements. Fixational eye movements scatter stimuli about the retina, inflating estimates of receptive field dimensions, reducing estimates of peak responses, and blurring maps of receptive field subregions. Scleral search coils are frequently used to measure eye position, but their utility for correcting the effects of fixational eye movements on receptive field maps has been questioned. Using eye coils sutured to the sclera and preamplifiers configured to minimize cable artifacts, we reexamined this issue in two rhesus monkeys. During repeated fixation trials, the eye position signal was used to adjust the stimulus position, compensating for eye movements and correcting the stimulus position to place it at the desired location on the retina. Estimates of response magnitudes and receptive field characteristics in V1 and in LGN were obtained in both compensated and uncompensated conditions. Receptive fields were narrower, with steeper borders, and response amplitudes were higher when eye movement compensation was used. In sum, compensating for eye movements facilitated more precise definition of the receptive field. We also monitored horizontal vergence over long sequences of fixation trials and found the variability to be low, as expected for this precise behavior. Our results imply that eye coil signals can be highly accurate and useful for optimizing visual physiology when rigorous precautions are observed.
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Lin, Tong, Lan Gong, Xiaoxu Liu, and Xiaopeng Ma. "Fourier-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography for Monitoring the Lower Tear Meniscus in Dry Eye after Acupuncture Treatment." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/492150.
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Dry eye is highly prevalent and has a significant impact on quality of life. Acupuncture was found to be effective to treat dry eye. However, little was known about the effect of acupuncture on different subtypes of dry eye. The objective of this study was to investigate the applicability of tear meniscus assessment by Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography in the evaluation of acupuncture treatment response in dry eye patients and to explore the effect of acupuncture on different subtypes of dry eye compared with artificial tear treatment. A total of 108 dry eye patients were randomized into acupuncture or artificial tear group. Each group was divided into three subgroups including lipid tear deficiency (LTD), Sjögren syndrome dry eye (SSDE), and non-Sjögren syndrome dry eye (Non-SSDE) for data analysis. After 4-week treatment, the low tear meniscus parameters including tear meniscus height (TMH), tear meniscus depth (TMD), and tear meniscus area (TMA) in the acupuncture group increased significantly for the LTD and Non-SSDE subgroups compared with both the baseline and the control groups (allPvalues < 0.05), but not for the SSDE. Acupuncture provided a measurable improvement of the tear meniscus dimensions for the Non-SSDE and LTD patients, but not for the SSDE patients.
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Krysan, Maria, Reynolds Farley, and Mick P. Couper. "IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 5, no. 1 (2008): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x08080028.
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AbstractThere is a lively debate about the causes of racial residential segregation. Counter to the racial-proxy hypothesis (Harris 1999, 2001), we argue that race,per se, continues to be influential when Whites make housing decisions. Using a survey-based experiment, we ask: Does information about neighborhood racial composition influence how Whites judge the quality of that neighborhood, quite apart from the actual characteristics of the homes located in it? A random sample of adults aged twenty-one and older in the Chicago and Detroit metropolitan areas watched videos embedded in a face-to-face interview. These videos portrayed neighborhoods ranging from lower working class to upper class. All respondents saw the same neighborhoods but were randomly assigned to see either (1) White residents, (2) Black residents, or (3) a mix of both White and Black residents. Respondents then evaluated the neighborhoods in terms of housing cost, property upkeep, safety, trajectory of housing values, and quality of the schools. Results show that Whites who saw White residents rated the neighborhood more positively on four of five dimensions than did Whites who saw the identical neighborhood with Black residents; racially mixed neighborhoods fell in between. In addition, Whites who endorsed negative stereotypes about Blacks were more likely to give low evaluations to neighborhoods with Black residents than were Whites who did not endorse stereotypes.
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Schroeder, Brian. "The Listening Eye: Nietzsche and Levinas." Research in Phenomenology 31, no. 1 (2001): 188–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691640160048621.
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AbstractNietzsche's recognition of existence as an ever-shifting play of surface appearances presages his "revaluation of all values," his response to those who would stabilize becoming by metaphysically reifying it as being. Nietzsche arguably provides Levinas with his deepest ethical challenge. Consequently, Levinas himself undertakes a similar revaluation of the ground of traditional values and of the subject. Both put forth heterodox notions of subjectivity insofar as the subject is constituted by a radical exteriority that is paradoxically realized as such interiorly. However, Levinas repudiates the post-modern conception of the subject as an empty, fragmented phantasm (a position often attributed to Nietzsche), the hollow legacy of a now debunked and defunct modernist project, characterizing his ethical philosophy as a "defense of subjectivity." Nietzsche and Levinas simultaneously invert and intertwine the traditional hierarchical relation between seeing and hearing. In doing so, they reveal essential dimensions of the ethical relationship that would appear to be contradictory, self-negating, or at least incompatible. However, they also have their sights set on a similar site - that of the "eye that listens." This essay interrogates the role that the metaphor of the "listening eye" plays in determining their respective conceptions of subjectivity and ethics. Both employ this provocative and necessarily ambiguous metaphor to emphasize the radical role that teaching plays in their philosophies.