Academic literature on the topic 'Eye Pattern perception'

Although it is known that stereo-acuity declines with increasing eccentricity of the targets, it is not clear how we use disparity information in the peripheral visual field for pattern perception. To examine this question, we investigated pattern perception by restricting the area that presented stereo or luminance information in the periphery. We measured the reaction time for recognising a letter defined by binocular disparity or by luminance in a random-dot display. We restricted the area containing the specific information (disparity or luminance) using an eye-contingent window technique. Disparity or luminance information was thus present only inside a window centred on the fixation point. Observers viewed the display with free eye movement. The magnitudes of the disparity and luminance contrast were chosen so as to give the same reaction times when the area containing the pattern information was not restricted. Eye movements were measured by a limbus-tracking system and the signal was fed into a computer for real-time control of the window position. The reaction time increased as the window size decreased. The increase in reaction time, however, was steeper for the stimuli defined by disparity than for the stimuli defined by luminance. We conclude that disparity information in the periphery is used for recognising a pattern and is more effective than luminance information for a given window size.

A new cyclopean illusion of motion may bear on neural mechanisms of direction selectivity. Stationary flickering patterns were presented to each eye, and the resulting fused pattern was perceived to be moving. To determine direction of motion, the visual system seems to integrate image components differing by 90 degrees in spatial and temporal phase. On the other hand, image speed seems to be derived from displacement of features over time. A model of neural direction selectivity is discussed in light of these results.

The cortical representation of visual perception requires the integration of several-signal processing distributed across many cortical areas, but the neural substrates of such perception are largely unknown. The type of firing pattern exhibited by single neurons is an important indicator of dynamic circuitry within or across cortical areas. Neurons in area PEc are involved in the spatial mapping of the visual field; thus, we sought to analyze the firing pattern of activity of PEc optic flow neurons to shed some light on the cortical processing of visual signals. We quantified the firing activity of 152 optic flow neurons using a spline interpolation function, which allowed determining onset, end, and latency of each neuronal response. We found that many PEc neurons showed multiphasic activity, which is strictly related to the position of the eye and to the position of the focus of expansion (FOE) of the flow field. PEc neurons showed a multiphasic activity comprised of excitatory phases interspersed with inhibitory pauses. This phasic pattern seems to be a very efficient way to signal the spatial location of visual stimuli, given that the same neuron sends different firing patterns according to a specific combination of FOE/eye position.

Eye Detection is used in many applications like pattern recognition, biometric, surveillance system and many other systems. In this paper, a new method is presented to detect and extract the overall shape of one eye from image depending on two principles Helmholtz & Gestalt. According to the principle of perception by Helmholz, any observed geometric shape is perceptually "meaningful" if its repetition number is very small in image with random distribution. To achieve this goal, Gestalt Principle states that humans see things either through grouping its similar elements or recognize patterns. In general, according to Gestalt Principle, humans see things through general description of these things. This paper utilizes these two principles to recognize and extract eye part from image. Java programming language and OpenCV library for image processing are used for this purpose. Good results are obtained from this proposed method, where 88.89% was obtained as a detection rate taking into account that the average execution time is about 0.23 in seconds.

Information-processing theory predicts that sport performers gain information from their environment through use of a systematic pattern of eye movements/fixations. Of interest here was the visual-search pattern used in viewing an oncoming baseball pitch and whether this pattern differed for expert and novice batters. Ocular latencies were also examined during the task. Subjects were 9 varsity collegiate baseball players (expert) and 9 novice players. Each subject was shown 20 pitches on videotape, with the type of pitch (curve, fastball) and type of motion (wind-up, stretch) varied During the viewing eye movements were recorded by a photoelectric technique. Expert players fixated during wind-up on the anticipated release point and then, after a latency of about 150 msec. following release, moved their eyes to the oncoming ball. Novice batters tended to move their eyes before release or to fixate somewhere other than the release point, such as the pitcher's head. Performance differences in hitting may be partially attributable to these differences in visual search pattern. This latter finding supports the information-processing viewpoint, yet the existence of an eye-movement latency supports a direct perception perspective.

The present study employed a novel approach to extend current knowledge of how ideal leader prototypes and self-concepts solely and dually influence leader categorization and effectiveness judgments. Cluster analysis and policy-capturing were employed to examine independent and dependent variables as patterns. Findings partially supported hypotheses and corroborated previous research. Leader categorization and effectiveness judgments were self-affirming across multiple managerial performance scenarios; implicit policies varied based on the pattern of traits exhibited within their self-concepts and ideal leader prototypes. On average, people who endorsed prototypical ideal leader prototypes and self-concepts were more stringent compared to individuals with less prototypical patterns. They categorized fewer managers as leaders, perceived them as less effective, and weighed Planning, Motivating, and Controlling performance behaviors more in their judgments. The study also showed ideal leader prototypes explained variance in implicit policies for leader categorization and effectiveness beyond the variance accounted for by self-concepts; however, the self-concept remained a significant predictor of implicit policies for leader effectiveness. This novel finding suggests the self-concept, like the ideal leader prototype, is relevant in weighting performance behaviors for effectiveness judgment.
Ph. D.

L'objectif de ce travail est de montrer que l’'expertise peut-être une solution aux baisses de performances observées dans un paradigme de multitâche. Beaucoup d'expériences sur l'expertise expliquent que les experts vont mobiliser leurs connaissances antérieurement acquises afin de réaliser une tâche (stratégie top-down). Au contraire des novices, qui vont explorer le matériel de manière plus exhaustive en partant uniquement de l’objectif de la tâche à réaliser (stratégie bottom-up). Nous avons réalisé trois études. La première porte sur les patterns visuels des experts du jeu WoW. Alors que les experts devaient mémoriser des éléments d’une vidéo (simple vs complexe) tout en écoutant une histoire, on observe que lorsque le matériel est simple, les experts mettent en place une stratégie top-down, au contraire lorsque la tâche est plus complexe ils vont retourner progressivement à une stratégie bottom-up. Les novices, quant à eux suivront une stratégie bottom-up tout le long de l’expérience. La saillance capturerait le regard des novices, au contraire des experts qui arriveraient à l'inhiber. Grâce à ces résultats, nous avons mis à jour une grille d’heuristiques ergonomique. Enfin, nous avons étudié les patterns visuels dans un environnement plus écologique comme la réservation de billets d’avion en ligne. Les résultats, tout comme ceux de la première expérience, montrent le même type de pattern visuel trouvé dans les recherches n’impliquant que l’expertise. Les experts dans un domaine seraient aussi experts en multitâche dans ce domaine. De plus, la dernière expérience montre que les experts, quelques soient la charge de travail, mettent en place des stratégies top-down
The aim of this project is to show how expertise can be a solution to the decrease of the performance in a multitasking paradigm. A lot of experience on the expertise explain that these experts will use their knowledge previously learned to explore an interface (top-down strategy). Unlike novices, who will explore the material in a more exhaustive way based on the objective of the task to be achieved (bottom-up strategy).We have carried out three studies to answer this problem. We studied the visual patterns of the WoW game experts, while asking them to memorize elements of a video (simple vs complex) and listening a story . We observe ambivalence in the strategy of exploration. Effectively, when the material is simple, experts will use a top-down strategy, and progressively with the complexity of the task, they will return to a bottom-up strategy. The novices, meanwhile, will follow a bottom-up strategy throughout the experience. The study of the map of salience shows that the attention of the novices will be captured by this one. This is not the case for experts who will inhibit it and explore the most important information for the task. From these results, we have updated an usability heuristic grid. Finally, we have completed this research by studying visual patterns in a more ecological context as booking airline tickets online. The results, like those of the first experiment, show the same type of visual pattern found in research involving only expertise. Experts in one field would also be experts in multitasking in this field. Moreover, in the last research, we found experts use all long these top-down’ strategy even on the more complex condition

Dans notre communication quotidienne avec les autres, nous avons autant de considération pour l’interlocuteur lui-même que pour l’information transmise. En permanence coexistent en effet deux modes de transmission : le verbal et le non-verbal. Sur ce dernier thème intervient principalement l’expression faciale avec laquelle l’interlocuteur peut révéler d’autres émotions et intentions. Habituellement, un processus de reconnaissance d’émotions faciales repose sur 3 étapes : le suivi du visage, l’extraction de caractéristiques puis la classification de l’expression faciale. Pour obtenir un processus robuste apte à fournir des résultats fiables et exploitables, il est primordial d’extraire des caractéristiques avec de forts pouvoirs discriminants (selon les zones du visage concernées). Les avancées récentes de l’état de l’art ont conduit aujourd’hui à diverses approches souvent bridées par des temps de traitement trop couteux compte-tenu de l’extraction de descripteurs sur le visage complet ou sur des heuristiques mathématiques et/ou géométriques.En fait, aucune réponse bio-inspirée n’exploite la perception humaine dans cette tâche qu’elle opère pourtant régulièrement. Au cours de ces travaux de thèse, la base de notre approche fut ainsi de singer le modèle visuel pour focaliser le calcul de nos descripteurs sur les seules régions du visage essentielles pour la reconnaissance d’émotions. Cette approche nous a permis de concevoir un processus plus naturel basé sur ces seules régions émergentes au regard de la perception humaine. Ce manuscrit présente les différentes méthodologies bio-inspirées mises en place pour aboutir à des résultats qui améliorent généralement l’état de l’art sur les bases de référence. Ensuite, compte-tenu du fait qu’elles se focalisent sur les seules parties émergentes du visage, elles améliorent les temps de calcul et la complexité des algorithmes mis en jeu conduisant à une utilisation possible pour des applications temps réel
Communication in any form i.e. verbal or non-verbal is vital to complete various daily routine tasks and plays a significant role inlife. Facial expression is the most effective form of non-verbal communication and it provides a clue about emotional state, mindset and intention. Generally automatic facial expression recognition framework consists of three step: face tracking, feature extraction and expression classification. In order to built robust facial expression recognition framework that is capable of producing reliable results, it is necessary to extract features (from the appropriate facial regions) that have strong discriminative abilities. Recently different methods for automatic facial expression recognition have been proposed, but invariably they all are computationally expensive and spend computational time on whole face image or divides the facial image based on some mathematical or geometrical heuristic for features extraction. None of them take inspiration from the human visual system in completing the same task. In this research thesis we took inspiration from the human visual system in order to find from where (facial region) to extract features. We argue that the task of expression analysis and recognition could be done in more conducive manner, if only some regions are selected for further processing (i.e.salient regions) as it happens in human visual system. In this research thesis we have proposed different frameworks for automatic recognition of expressions, all getting inspiration from the human vision. Every subsequently proposed addresses the shortcomings of the previously proposed framework. Our proposed frameworks in general, achieve results that exceeds state-of-the-artmethods for expression recognition. Secondly, they are computationally efficient and simple as they process only perceptually salient region(s) of face for feature extraction. By processing only perceptually salient region(s) of the face, reduction in feature vector dimensionality and reduction in computational time for feature extraction is achieved. Thus making them suitable for real-time applications

Recently, two attentional modes have been associated with specifi c eye movement patterns during scene processing. Ambient mode, characterized by short fi xations and long saccades during early scene inspection, is associated with localization of objects. Focal mode, characterized by longer fi xations, is associated with more detailed object feature processing during later inspection phase. The aim of the present study was to investigate the development of these attentional modes. More specifi cally, we examined whether indications of ambient and focal attention modes are similar in infants and adults. Therefore, we measured eye movements in 3- to 12-months-old infants while exploring visual scenes. Our results show that both adults and 12-month-olds had shorter fi xation durations within the fi rst 1.5 s of scene viewing compared with later time phases (>2.5 s); indicating that there was a transition from ambient to focal processing during image inspection. In younger infants, fi xation durations between two viewing phases did not differ. Our results suggest that at the end of the fi rst year of life, infants have developed an adult-like scene viewing behavior. The evidence for the existence of distinct attentional processing mechanisms during early infancy furthermore underlines the importance of the concept of the two modes.

The work that follows introduces a new visual illusion. The ‘jitter’ illusion arises in response to single brief presentations of stationary Glass patterns composed of decrement- and increment-defined dot-pairs. Remarkably, the perceptions that arise are of coherent global motion in trajectories that are consistent with the spatial configuration of the Glass patterns; patterns configured according to concentric functions give rise to perceptions of motion in concentric trajectories, those configured according to radial functions give rise to perceptions of motion in radial trajectories, and so on. The aim of the work that follows was to develop a model of the neural correlates of this illusion. An additional aim was to explore the implications of such a model for developing a broader understanding of the means by which coherent visual perceptions arise. Experiments were conducted under the working hypothesis that the jitter illusion is mediated by activity that arises within the magno-cellular (M-), and not the parvo-cellular (P-) pathway of the visual system. It is argued that a model based entirely on M-pathway activity can effectively account for the illusion if two critical conditions are met. The first is that the model must propose the mechanism by which presentations of stationary Glass patterns stimulate activity in the motion-sensitive cells of the M-pathway. The second is that it must propose plausible mechanism(s) by which the ensuing M-pathway activity gives rise to perceptions of coherent global motion. Experiments reported in chapters 3 and 4 address the first of these conditions. Data from these experiments suggest that abrupt changes in luminance introduced at the onset and offset of stationary Glass patterns (and not eye-movements) mediate the M-pathway activity on which the illusion is based. Experiments reported in chapters 5 through to 8 address the second condition. In chapters 5 and 6, the data suggest that the patterns of Off- and On-channel responses elicited by individual Glass pattern dot-pairs somehow stimulates cells that act as ‘local’ motion detectors. In chapters 7 and 8, models of the means by this occurs were tested. The resulting data rule out the possibility that the stimulation is a product of a processing asynchrony in the M-pathway Off- and On-channels. Instead, they are consistent with a model based on the diphasic temporal impulse-response functions attributed to cells that make up the M-pathway. Based on its ability to satisfy each of the stated conditions, the so-called diphasic TIRF model is presented as a plausible account of some of the neural correlates of the jitter illusion. The implications of the diphasic TIRF model are discussed in relation to both the jitter illusion and to visual processing more generally. One of the critical (and novel) implications of the model is that under some circumstances, M-pathway mechanisms ‘extract’ structural information from static visual images that P-pathway mechanisms cannot. On this basis, it is argued that both the jitter illusion and the diphasic TIRF model offer valuable insights into some of the means by which light-induced activity within the human visual system gives rise to coherent global perceptions.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
One of the biggest hurdles to the development of an effective driver state monitor is the that there is no real-time eye-gaze detection. This is primarily due to the fact that such systems require calibration. In this thesis the various aspects that comprise an eye gaze tracker are investigated. From that we developed an eye gaze tracker for automobiles that does not require calibration. We used a monocular camera system with IR light sources placed in each of the three mirrors. The camera system created the bright-pupil effect for robust pupil detection and tracking. We developed an SVM based algorithm for initial eye candidate detection; after that the eyes were tracked using a hybrid Kalman/Mean-shift algorithm. From the tracked pupils, various features such as the location of the glints (reflections in the pupil from the IR light sources) were extracted. This information is then fed into a Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN). The GRNN then maps this information into one of thirteen gaze regions in the vehicle.

The shifted chessboard or café wall illusion yields to analysis at the two poles of the practice of vision science: bottom-up, pursuing its course from the visual stimulus into the front end of the visual apparatus, and top-down, figuring how the rules governing perception might lead to it. Following the first approach, examination of the effects of light spread in the eye and of nonlinearity and center-surround antagonism in the retina has made some inroads and provided partial explanations; with respect to the second, principles of perspective and of continuity and smoothness of contours can be evoked, and arguments about perception as Bayesian inference can be joined. Insights from these two directions are helping neurophysiologists in their struggle to identify a neural substrate of the phenomenon Münsterberg described in 1897.

The image on the retina is always blurred because of optical aberrations of the eye. Yet typically the world does not “look” blurred, and although the acuity of the eye varies dramatically from the center of gaze to the periphery, the outside world generally “feels” focused throughout the visual field. This perception of focus is one of many illusions where the brain appears unaware of its own imperfections. The perceived focus of an image can be strongly biased by prior adaptation to a blurred or sharpened image or by simultaneous contrast from a blurred or sharpened surround. Adaptation to blur can selectively adjust to the patterns of blur introduced by different optical aberrations and may reflect adjustments that help compensate spatial perception for the optical and neural sensitivity limits of the visual system.

Of the many mysteries of sensory perception, one of the greatest is surely our ability to see in three dimensions. While the world is 3D, the retinal images are 2D: So how does the brain work out the extra dimension? Under ordinary conditions, viewing the world with two eyes provides rich sources of information for inferring depths. However, we are also very good at working out 3D shape even from single, static photographs of objects. This chapter presents a novel illusion in which 2D patterns appear vividly 3D, revealing specific image information that the brain uses for inferring 3D shape, based on the way texture appears distorted in the image.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

In Сhapter 3 we compare how verbal and non-verbal visual information is processed. The questions we addresses are: How do the readers integrate text-figure information when reading and understanding verbal and non-verbal patterns, namely one and the same text in verbal for- mat and infographics? How the way humans perceive visual information determines the way they express it in natural language? How the verbalization affects the oculomotor behavior in visual processing? Our results support the assumption of the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning that integration of verbal and pictural information with each other (a polycode text) helps the learners to understand and memorize the text and makes the comprehension easier. We demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of the infographics (graphical visual repre- sentations of complex information) and verbal text. Also we discuss the relationship between visual processing of images and their verbalization. On one hand, the characteristics of eye movements when looking at the image determine its subsequent verbal description: the more fixations are made and the longer the gaze is directed to the certain area of the image, the more words are dedicated to this area in the following description. On the other hand, verbalization of the previously seen image affects the parameters of eye movements when re-viewing the same image, resulting with the appearance of the ambient processing pattern (short fixations and long saccades), while the re-viewing without verbalization results with the focal processing pattern (longer fixations and shorter saccades). The results obtained open up prospects for fur- ther research on visual perception and can also be used for computer vision models.

This chapter describes our research focused on deriving changing cognitive state information from the patterns of data acquired from the user, with the goal of using this information to improve the presentation of multimedia computer information. Detecting individual differences via performance and psychometric tools can be supplemented by using real-time physiological sensors. Described is an example computer task that demonstrates how cognitive load is manipulated. The different types of physiological and cognitive state measures are discussed along with their advantages and disadvantages. Experimental results from eye tracking and the pressures applied to a computer mouse are described in greater detail. Finally, adaptive information filtering is discussed as a model for using the physiological information to improve computer performance. Study results provide support that we can create effective ways to adapt to a person’s cognition in real time and thus facilitate real-world tasks.

‘Lightness and colour’ considers visual perception and attempts to identify some of the characteristics of the patterns of light reaching our eyes that might contribute to the information we need for survival. It discusses trichromatic vision in humans; the problem of metamerism; and the implications trichromacy has for the ability to describe and differentiate colours, including intensity, hue, and saturation. The pick-up of particular perceptual characteristics—the lightness and colour of the surfaces that surround us—should not be thought of as ends in themselves, but rather as a contribution to a perceptual system that has evolved to allow us to act successfully in a particular ecological niche.

Two apparently separate areas of medical science, head and neck and neuroscience, are often combined in the early phases of undergraduate medical education. Perhaps an obvious reason for this is that the brain, together with the organs of special sense — eyes, ears, nose, and taste buds — are located in the head. Head and neck injuries can therefore be serious and are commonly life-threatening. Another reason is embryological. The development of the head and the central nervous system (CNS) are closely intertwined. The whole CNS is essentially a segmented structure, with a pair of spinal (or cranial) nerves arising in each body segment. For the spinal cord and spinal nerves, each segment is marked by its own vertebra. The situation is more complex in the head, where the developing brain undergoes cervical, cephalic, and pontine flexures. These folds in the growing neural tube, plus the development of a protective cranium, obscure the underlying segmental pattern, but each segment of the brain still bears its pair of cranial nerves. The organization of the CNS and peripheral nervous system is complex but ordered, and neurological disorder can often be diagnosed by a process of clinical reasoning if the structural and functional properties of the system are sufficiently well understood. Neurological disorders commonly present as alteration in, or loss of, sensation or disturbance of motor function. Knowing which areas of skin (the dermatomes) and which muscles are innervated by each cranial or spinal nerve, together with understanding the characteristic deficiencies produced by abnormality, will often allow the neurologist to use clinical reasoning skills to localize a lesion with considerable accuracy, before radiological or other investigation is undertaken. The diagnostic process is assisted by specific neurological tests, performed during the physical examination, which investigate the integrity of various neural pathways. Disorders of the CNS can involve alterations of sensory perception, motor performance, emotion, overt behaviour, consciousness, and perceptions of self. Some diagnoses may be made with neurological techniques, others by psychiatric techniques, and in many instances the recognition of characteristic patterns of altered perception, performance, or behaviour may be important clues.

This chapter reveals how many Cubans increasingly associated support for the armed opposition with anti-Communism and disdain for the Partido Socialist Popular (Popular Socialist Party, PSP) with hatred of Batista for two reasons. First, Cuba's Communists continued other traditional political parties' pattern of fighting bullets with words; and second, Batista exercised an apparent double standard in allowing the PSP to operate more freely than mainstream opponents. Rather than threatening Batista's dictatorship, the PSP actually facilitated its continuation in the eyes of many citizens and key opinion makers among the organized opposition. Yet this was not just a matter of public perception; it appears to have been a matter of some fact, at least at the national level.

One of the best known accounts of the psychology of perception is Richard Gregory’s book Eye and Brain (Gregory 1998). It is relevant to this chapter because it uses an example from archaeology to illustrate the way in which the mind creates visual patterns. The author considers the methods by which excavators distinguish between the remains of rectangular and circular buildings. He considers the Middle Bronze Age settlement of Thorny Down in southern England, where different scholars have inferred the existence of different types of buildings on the basis of the same field evidence. The original excavator was uncertain of the precise form of the settlement (Stone 1941), but, in later years, Piggott identified the site of a large rectangular house there (1965: Figure 87) and Musson recognized circular structures (1970: 267; Figure 57). Gregory’s summary of their method is as follows:… Science and perception work by knowledge and rules, and by analogy . . . [In the case of Thorny Down] some of the holes in the ground might be ancient post holes; others might be rabbit holes, to be ignored. One group of archaeologists accepted close-together large holes as evidence of a grand entrance. They were altogether rejected by other archaeologists. One group constructed a large rectangular hut; the other, a small rectangular hut, and a circular building. ‘Bottomup’ rules—holes being close together and forming straight lines or smooth curves, and ‘top-down’ knowledge or assumptions of which kinds of buildings were likely—affected the ‘perceptions’. Both could have been wrong (1998: 11–12)…. The identification of a rectangular building at Thorny Down took place at a time when it was believed that the Netherlands had been settled from England during the Bronze Age. The argument was based on pottery styles and the distribution of metalwork (Theunissen 2009). Most likely there were contacts in both directions. As the Low Countries were characterized by a tradition of rectilinear architecture, what could be more natural than the construction of a longhouse at a site on the Wessex chalk? Dutch prehistorians attempted to find similar links between domestic architecture on both sides of the North Sea and soon they identified roundhouses of British type in their excavations.

Ideas, concepts, perceptions, dreams cannot be seen by eyes or recorded instrumentally (with the help of photo or filming), they can only be the subject of speculation, which is purely individual. Therefore, a long range of images that can be qualified as cognitive graphics is used for their visualization. The most diverse visual means, such as letters of different alphabets and headsets, numbers, mathematical, chemical, biological, astrological, etc. signs and formulas, maps and cartoids, diagrams, schemes, tables, pictograms, etc. can be the components of cognitive graphics. Such components are included in the lettering text or generate extended cognitive-graphic texts that can duplicate (or be duplicated by) lettering texts, exist in unity with the lettering texts or autonomously. Collections of the latter make atlases of cognitive graphics. As an alternative to letter texts, cognitive graphics are the means of facilitating or even creating an opportunity for communication for those who are uncomfortable or inaccessible with letter texts (children, persons of an artistic and intuitive type, introverts, etc.). Cognitive graphics are optionally used in everyday communication, are used much wider in the education process at all levels, and are obligatory used in certain types of professional communication (mathematics, chemistry, geology, etc.). In the latter case, both hard-coded versions and the author’s idiostyles exist, although the most common are usual group patterns. Depending on the type of cognitive graphics, cognitive-graphic texts are created using a pen and pencil (pencils), drawing accessories, paints and brushes, special equipment (drawing apparatus, stereoscope, pinhole camera, printing equipment), or a computer. In the latter case, we are talking about computer cognitive graphics.

Among its many roles, typography also serves to make a text more legible and readable, allowing the reader to follow the content flow with more ease. Typographic hierarchy, in turn, with its use of different logical and visual tools, serves to establish an order of importance of different text elements. To emphasize certain elements – i.e. create eye-catchers, typographers usually resort to making bigger and bolder items. In this paper we wish to examine whether white space can also serve as a means of emphasis. While several studies have already proven that white space influences consumer perception in advertising, no one has yet investigated the effects of white space on text scanning. With that in mind, we examined whether white space could contribute to the effectiveness and speed of text scanning. We used eye-tracking technology to collect accurate quantitative and visual data. Although the results did not show that white space has a positive effect on scanning speed or text structure memorability, we have noted a difference in the eye-movement pattern, which raises hope and leads us to believe that further research is needed.

Much too often a temporospatial gap arises between monuments and non-captive audiences at places of cultural significance. It emerges as the missing link between the tangible and the intangible form of cultural heritage. While material substance or architecture of a monument are perceived by the eye, values and inherent meanings remain inaccessible. This particular condition is further modified for the better or worse by the skills of the audience, which has different origins, mentalities and cultural backgrounds that hinder or enhance the perception and appreciation of cultural heritage. Following the philosophy of hermeneutics, this paper suggests that the temporo-spatial gap between monuments and audiences is principally of cognitive nature: to understand and embrace heritage values and effectively bridge the gap, we need to connect the tangible form of the object to its intangible dimensions, symbols, meanings and values. As much of the supply side offers remain codified in the language of experts, while the public, especially the youth, is looking for compelling stories and multisensory experiences, we need to look for a new narrative discourse. This paper examines evidence from 260 heritage narratives produced through EU funded projects in the Programming Period 2014-2020, in an attempt to evaluate the knowledge acquisition pattern developed and the role of AV technology plays in the development of a validated heritage narrative.

This work investigates reading patterns based on effects of the Meares-Irlen Syndrome (SMI), a visual-perception deficit that affects indirectly our cognitive system. The most common symptoms related to SMI in reading tasks are visual stress, sensation of moving letters and distortions in the text. These effects have been computationally simulated here and using eye-tracking information of a number of participants we have been able to linearly classify each effects with high accuracy.