Journal articles: 'Eye Rats'

1

Choi, Soo Youn. "Effect of natural extract eye drops in dry eye disease rats." International Journal of Ophthalmology 13, no. 7 (July 18, 2020): 1023–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2020.07.02.

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Culoso, Ashley, Cynthia Lowe, and Craig Evinger. "Sex, blinking, and dry eye." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 831–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00635.2019.

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Blinking sustains the corneal tear film generated by sexually dimorphic lacrimal and meibomian glands. Our study examines whether trigeminal control of blinking is also sexually dimorphic by investigating trigeminal reflex blinking, associative blink modification, and spontaneous blinking in male and female rats before and after unilateral dry eye caused by exorbital gland removal. Before gland removal, female rats exhibited a lower threshold for evoking trigeminal reflex blinks, a weaker effect of associative blink modification, and longer-duration spontaneous blinks than males. Spontaneous blink rate, reflex blink excitability, and occurrence of blink oscillations did not differ between the sexes. Reanalysis of previous data showed that humans showed the same blink sexual dimorphisms as rats. During the first 2 wk of dry eye, trigeminal blink circuit excitability and blink oscillations steadily rose in male rats, whereas excitability and blink oscillations did not change in females. Following dry eye, spontaneous blink duration increased for both males and females, whereas spontaneous blink rate remained constant for males but decreased for females. The associative modification treatment to depress trigeminal blink amplitude initially produced blink depression in males that converted to blink potentiation as trigeminal excitability rose, whereas females exhibited progressively more blink depression. These data indicated that dry eye increased excitability in male trigeminal reflex blink circuits at the expense of circuit modifiability, whereas trigeminal modifiability increased in females. This increased modifiability of female trigeminal blink circuits with dry eye may contribute to the preponderance of females developing the focal dystonia, benign essential blepharospasm. NEW & NOTEWORTHY All the elements controlling the corneal tear film are sexually dimorphic. Blinking, which smooths and maintains the tear film, also exhibits sex differences. Dry eye increases the sexual dimorphisms of blinking, including increased exaggeration of excitability in males and enhanced modifiability of the female trigeminal complex. This increased modifiability may explain female predominance in the development of the focal dystonia, benign essential blepharospasm.

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Coghlan, Andy. "Men have a sharper eye for love-rats." New Scientist 200, no. 2680 (October 2008): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(08)62733-5.

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Lund, R. D., and P. J. Coffey. "Visual information processing by intracerebral retinal transplants in rats." Eye 8, no. 2 (March 1994): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.1994.55.

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5

Nishimura, H., N. Nishimura, S. Kobayashi, and C. Tohyama. "Immunohistochemical localization of metallothionein in the eye of rats." Histochemistry 95, no. 6 (April 1991): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00266738.

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Fernandez, Eduardo, Carlo Gangitano, Aurora Del Fà, Corrado Olivieri Sangiacomo, Giuseppe Talamonti, Francesco Draicchio, and Alessandro Sbriccoli. "Oculomotor nerve regeneration in rats." Journal of Neurosurgery 67, no. 3 (September 1987): 428–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1987.67.3.0428.

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✓ To study oculomotor nerve regeneration in rats, the oculomotor nerve was approached microsurgically and was sectioned at the base of the skull. The nerve stumps were reapproximated and affixed with a plasma clot in Group I animals and were separated by a gap in Group II animals. Visceral eye motility was evaluated weekly between 1 day and 40 weeks after surgery by recording the pupillary diameter under standardized photic stimulation. Somatic eye motility was assessed after 26 weeks by measuring the ocular displacement evoked by vestibular stimulation in the horizontal and vertical planes. Nerve regeneration was documented histologically and morphometrically at 8, 16, and 40 weeks after section. The selectivity of axonal regeneration to the extraocular muscles was investigated after 26 weeks by mapping (with injection of retrograde horseradish peroxidase) the motoneurons that supplied each reinnervated muscle. Between 6 and 20 weeks after section, the pupil diameter showed a progressive reduction in Group I rats, and no changes were observed in Group II rats. Compared with normal rats, the amplitude of horizontal and vertical ocular displacements was decreased, respectively, by 30% and 45% in Group I and by 65% and 80% in Group II. In Group I rats, the vestibular stimulation in the horizontal plane evoked anomalous eye movements with vertical components. On histological examination, regenerated nerves showed a progressive increase of axonal diameter and myelin-sheath thickness. Reinnervated muscles were associated with a less specific, bilateral representation in the midbrain compared with normal muscles, which have unilateral representation. The changes of the somatotopic organization were interpreted as being the result of the misdirected regrowth of axons in the postlesional nerve stump and of the collateral sprouting in the midbrain.

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Lunardi, Nadia, Ryan Sica, Navya Atluri, Kathryn A. Salvati, Caroline Keller, Mark P. Beenhakker, Howard P. Goodkin, and Zhiyi Zuo. "Disruption of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Homeostasis in Adolescent Rats after Neonatal Anesthesia." Anesthesiology 130, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 981–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000002660.

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Abstract Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New Background Previous studies suggest that rapid eye movement sleep rebound and disruption of rapid eye movement sleep architecture occur during the first 24 h after general anesthesia with volatile anesthetics in adult rats. However, it is unknown whether rapid eye movement sleep alterations persist beyond the anesthetic recovery phase in neonatal rats. This study tested the hypothesis that rapid eye movement sleep disturbances would be present in adolescent rats treated with anesthesia on postnatal day 7. Methods Forty-four neonatal rats were randomly allocated to treatment with anesthesia consisting of midazolam, nitrous oxide, and isoflurane or control conditions for 2 h or 6 h. Electroencephalographic and electromyographic electrodes were implanted and recordings obtained between postnatal days 26 and 34. The primary outcome was time spent in rapid eye movement sleep. Data were analyzed using two-tailed unpaired t tests and two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Results Rats treated with midazolam, nitrous oxide, and isoflurane exhibited a significant increase in rapid eye movement sleep three weeks later when compared with control rats, regardless of whether they were treated for 2 h (174.0 ± 7.2 min in anesthetized, 108.6 ± 5.3 in controls, P < 0.0001) or 6 h (151.6 ± 9.9 min in anesthetized, 108.8 ± 7.1 in controls, P = 0.002). Conclusions Treatment with midazolam, nitrous oxide, and isoflurane on postnatal day 7 increases rapid eye movement sleep three weeks later in rats.

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Özdemir, G., Y. Ergün, S. Bakariş, M. Kılınç, H. Durdu, and E. Ganiyusufoğlu. "Melatonin prevents retinal oxidative stress and vascular changes in diabetic rats." Eye 28, no. 8 (June 13, 2014): 1020–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.2014.127.

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Fukushima, Harumi, Satoshi Kato, Yoshie Hayashi, and Tetsuro Oshika. "Influence of subconjunctival steroid injection on blood glucose profile in diabetic rats." Eye 15, no. 3 (May 2001): 326–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.2001.104.

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10

DeMesquita, S., and G. A. Hale. "Cardiopulmonary regulation after rapid-eye-movement sleep deprivation." Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 970–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.3.970.

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Arterial blood pressure, chest movement, electroencephalogram, and electromyogram were monitored in six normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats for 4 h/day 3 days before and 4 days after 114 h of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep deprivation. During recovery sleep immediately after REM sleep deprivation (RD), there was a significant increase in the amount of time spent in REM sleep. During this rebound in REM sleep, there was a significant rise (26%) in heart rate in wakefulness, non-REM sleep, and REM sleep during the first 4 h after RD. Systolic blood pressure was also significantly elevated (14%) but only during wakefulness before recovery sleep. Rats with the greatest waking systolic blood pressure after RD had the lowest REM sleep rebound in the 4 h immediately after RD (r = -0.885, P less than 0.05). The rise in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and REM sleep time evident on day 1 immediately after RD was absent on recovery days 2–4. The respiratory rate tended to be higher throughout the recovery period in every state of consciousness; however, these values never reached the level of significance. In the initial recovery sleep period, regulation of heart rate was more disrupted by REM sleep deprivation than either arterial blood pressure or respiratory rate.

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Yu, Yue, Jun Huang, Chun-Ming Zhang, Tian-Wen Chen, David S. Sandlin, Shao-Xun Wang, Alberto A. Arteaga, et al. "Passive eye movements induced by electromagnetic force (EMF) in rats." Zoological Research 40, no. 3 (2019): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2019.024.

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12

Trachsel, L., I. Tobler, and A. A. Borbely. "Electroencephalogram analysis of non-rapid eye movement sleep in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 255, no. 1 (July 1, 1988): R27—R37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1988.255.1.r27.

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Sleep states and power spectra of the electroencephalogram were determined for consecutive 4-s epochs during 24 h in rats that had been implanted with electrodes under deep pentobarbital anesthesia. The power spectra in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) showed marked trends: low-frequency activity (0.75-7.0 Hz) declined progressively throughout the 12-h light period (L) and remained low during most of the 12-h dark period (D); high-frequency activity (10.25-25.0 Hz) rose toward the end of L and reached a maximum at the beginning of D. Within a single NREMS episode (duration 0.5-5.0 min), slow-wave activity (0.75-4.0 Hz) increased progressively to a plateau level. The rise was approximated by a saturating exponential function: although the asymptote level of the function showed a prominent 24-h rhythm, the time constant remained relatively stable (approximately 40 s). After short interruptions of NREMS episodes, slow-wave activity rose more steeply than after long interruptions. The marked 24-h variation of maximum slow-wave activity within NREMS episodes may reflect the level of a homeostatic sleep process.

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13

Liu, Z. H., and L. S. Jen. "Displaced retinal ganglion cells in normal rats and rats with one eye enucleated at birth." Neuroscience Letters 67, no. 3 (June 1986): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(86)90315-0.

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14

Hillman, Nicola, Susan Cox, Alan R. Noble, and Patrick J. Gallagher. "Increased numbers of caveolae in retinal endothelium and pericytes in hypertensive diabetic rats." Eye 15, no. 3 (May 2001): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.2001.103.

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15

Okubo, H., M. C. Koss, H. Nguyen, M. P. Lerner, T. Gherezghiher, J. Wen, and R. E. Nordquist. "Anatomical Variations in the Ocular Vasculatue of Rabbits, Rats and Cats." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (August 12, 1990): 268–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100158893.

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Anatomical studies of the vasculature of the eye have been reported in a variety of animals. However, published reports of comparative studies are few in number and there are fewer yet published reports on the long posterior ciliary artery (LPCA). The present study focuses on the organization and structure of the LPCA and its branches in three different species. Our study of the vasculature of the eye was performed utilizing methacrylate vascular casting and observation by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The study was designed to elucidate the anatomical formation of the long posterior ciliary artery and its branches and how this system differed in rabbits, cats and rats. Our findings showed that each species had a characteristic vascular pattern. In the rabbit eye, the LPCA supplied the anterior segment, the choroid, and was considered the only arterial supply of the uvea. In cat eyes, the choroid was supplied by many short posterior ciliary arteries (SPCAs) that arose from the ophthalmic artery.

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16

Ooi, Y. L., T. F. Khang, M. Naidu, and K. C. S. Fong. "The structural effect of intravitreal Brilliant blue G and Indocyanine green in rats eyes." Eye 27, no. 3 (November 30, 2012): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.2012.260.

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17

Li, I.-Chen, Ting-Wei Lin, Tung-Yen Lee, Yun Lo, Yih-Min Jiang, Yu-Hsuan Kuo, Chin-Chu Chen, and Fang-Chia Chang. "Oral Administration of Armillaria mellea Mycelia Promotes Non-Rapid Eye Movement and Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Rats." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7050371.

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The present study aimed to explore whether water and ethanol extracts of Armillaria mellea mycelia produce sedative and hypnotic effects in rats. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were surgically implanted with two electroencephalogram electrodes on the skull and an electromyogram electrode on neck muscle to evaluate the alterations in rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep after oral administration of the water and ethanol extracts. Following post-surgical recovery, thirty-six rats were randomly divided into four treatment groups and two control groups. They were treated orally with vehicle, 75 and 150 mg/kg doses of water and ethanolic extracts 15 min prior to the onset of dark (active) period. Electroencephalography results showed that the low dose of A. mellea mycelia water extract increased REM sleep time while the high dose enhanced both REM and NREM sleep times during the subsequent light (rest) period. On the other hand, although the low dose of A. mellea mycelia ethanolic extract did not alter both NREM sleep and REM sleep during the dark and light periods, the high dose increased both REM and NREM sleep during the light periods in naive rats. The HPLC-DAD analyses of both extracts allowed the identification of GABA and seven sesquiterpenoids. Based on these findings, the present study showed for the first time that water and ethanolic extracts of A. mellea mycelia, containing a source of biologically active compounds, could increase both NREM sleep and REM sleep during the rest period and may be useful for the treatment of insomnia.

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DeMaman, A. S., P. Melo, J. M. Homem, M. A. Tavares, and J.-J. Lachat. "Effectiveness of iron repletion in the diet for the optic nerve development of anaemic rats." Eye 24, no. 5 (August 14, 2009): 901–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.2009.205.

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19

Madar, Z., A. Hazan, and A. Pollack. "Beneficial effects of acarbose on daily plasma glucose profile and cataract development in sand rats." Eye 8, no. 3 (May 1994): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.1994.74.

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Torres, A., and D. C. Tucker. "Effects of thyroid hormones on cardiac development in oculo." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 264, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): H244—H251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1993.264.1.h244.

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Embryonic rat myocardium was grafted into the anterior eye chamber (in oculo) of adult host rats in a series of two experiments that studied the effects of thyroid hormones [triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)] on heart tissue developing without hemodynamic load. In each experiment, surgical sympathectomy of one eye chamber was used to define possible interactions between thyroid hormones and sympathetic innervation to the graft. In the first experiment, propylthiouracil (PTU, 20 mg/kg sc) greatly suppressed growth and beating rate of whole heart grafts, while excess T4 (0.1 mg/kg sc) transiently increased beating rate but not growth. In the second experiment, T3 (5 mg/21 days, slow-release pellet) failed to promote growth in ventricular grafts. However, the size of atrial grafts in surgically sympathectomized eye chambers was larger in T3-treated compared with control rats. T3 administration increased beating rate in ventricular grafts. In both experiments, thyroid hormone treatments were effective in increasing heart weight-to-body weight ratios in the host rats. The data suggest that exposure to normal levels of thyroid hormones may be necessary for optimal cardiac growth. The data also support the hypothesis that a hemodynamic load is required for thyroid hormone-induced cardiac growth.

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Van Someren, E. J. W., M. Mirmiran, N. P. A. Bos, A. Lamur, A. Kumar, and P. C. M. Molenaar. "Quantitative analysis of eye movements during REM-sleep in developing rats." Developmental Psychobiology 23, no. 1 (January 1990): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.420230106.

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Hu, Zhenzhen, Chung-Il Lee, Vikash Kumar Shah, Eun-Hye Oh, Jin-Yi Han, Jae-Ryong Bae, Kinam Lee, Myong-Soo Chong, Jin Tae Hong, and Ki-Wan Oh. "Cordycepin Increases Nonrapid Eye Movement Sleep via Adenosine Receptors in Rats." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/840134.

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Cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine) is a naturally occurring adenosine analogue and one of the bioactive constituents isolated fromCordyceps militaris/Cordyceps sinensis, species of the fungal genusCordyceps. It has traditionally been a prized Chinese folk medicine for the human well-being. Because of similarity of chemical structure of adenosine, cordycepin has been focused on the diverse effects of the central nervous systems (CNSs), like sleep regulation. Therefore, this study was undertaken to know whether cordycepin increases the natural sleep in rats, and its effect is mediated by adenosine receptors (ARs). Sleep was recorded using electroencephalogram (EEG) for 4 hours after oral administration of cordycepin in rats. Sleep architecture and EEG power spectra were analyzed. Cordycepin reduced sleep-wake cycles and increased nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Interestingly, cordycepin increasedθ(theta) waves power density during NREM sleep. In addition, the protein levels of AR subtypes (A1,A2A,andA2B) were increased after the administration of cordycepin, especially in the rat hypothalamus which plays an important role in sleep regulation. Therefore, we suggest that cordycepin increases theta waves power density during NREM sleep via nonspecific AR in rats. In addition, this experiment can provide basic evidence that cordycepin may be helpful for sleep-disturbed subjects.

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Maddirala, Sri Krishna Yasaswi, Shakila Tobwala, and Nuran Ercal. "Reversing Selenite-Induced Cataractogenesis in Rats by N-Acetylcysteineamide Eye Drops." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 76 (November 2014): S80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.284.

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May, Ulrike, Thomas Schiffelholz, Paul Christian Baier, James M. Krueger, Stefan Rose-John, and Jürgen Scheller. "IL-6-trans-signalling increases rapid-eye-movement sleep in rats." European Journal of Pharmacology 613, no. 1-3 (June 2009): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.04.023.

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Muncey, Aaron R., Adam R. Saulles, Lauren G. Koch, Steven L. Britton, Helen A. Baghdoyan, and Ralph Lydic. "Disrupted Sleep and Delayed Recovery from Chronic Peripheral Neuropathy Are Distinct Phenotypes in a Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome." Anesthesiology 113, no. 5 (November 1, 2010): 1176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3181f56248.

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Background Sleep apnea, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and obesity are features of metabolic syndrome associated with decreased restorative sleep and increased pain. These traits are relevant for anesthesiology because they confer increased risks of a negative anesthetic outcome. This study tested the one-tailed hypothesis that rats bred for low intrinsic aerobic capacity have enhanced nociception and disordered sleep. Methods Rats were developed from a breeding strategy that selected for low aerobic capacity runners (LCR) and high aerobic capacity runners (HCR). Four phenotypes were quantified. Rats underwent von Frey sensory testing (n = 12), thermal nociceptive testing (n = 12), electrographic recordings of sleep and wakefulness (n = 16), and thermal nociceptive testing (n = 14) before and for 6 weeks after a unilateral chronic neuropathy of the sciatic nerve. Results Paw withdrawal latency to a thermal nociceptive stimulus was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in LCR than HCR rats. There were also significant differences in sleep, with LCR rats spending significantly (P < 0.01) more time awake (18%) and less time in nonrapid eye movement sleep (-19%) than HCR rats. Nonrapid eye movement sleep episodes were of shorter duration (-34%) in LCR than HCR rats. Rapid eye movement sleep of LCR rats was significantly more fragmented than rapid eye movement sleep of HCR rats. LCR rats required 2 weeks longer than HCR rats to recover from peripheral neuropathy. Conclusions Rodents with low aerobic capacity exhibit features homologous to human metabolic syndrome. This rodent model offers a novel tool for characterizing the mechanisms through which low aerobic function and obesity might confer increased risks for anesthesia.

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Skrzypecki, Janusz, Karolina Niewęgłowska, and Emilia Samborowska. "Valeric Acid, a Gut Microbiota Product, Penetrates to the Eye and Lowers Intraocular Pressure in Rats." Nutrients 12, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12020387.

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Mechanisms controlling intraocular pressure (IOP) and arterial blood pressure (BP) share similar mediators, including gut bacteria metabolites. Here, we investigated the effects of valeric acid (VA), a short chain fatty acid produced by microbiota from undigested carbohydrates, on IOP and BP. To test if gut VA penetrates to the eye we evaluated eyes’ homogenates after the administration of D9-VA into the colon. Additionally, the following experimental series were performed on 16-week-old Sprague Dawley rats to analyze the influence of VA on IOP: vehicle treatment; VA treatment; VA + hydroxybutyrate - a short chain fatty acids’ G protein-coupled receptor 41/43 (GPR 41/43) blocker (ANT); hydroxybutyrate; VA + angiotensin II; angiotensin II; VA treatment in rats with superior cervical ganglion excision and sham operated rats. D9-VA rapidly penetrated from the colon to the eye. VA significantly decreased IOP and BP. The decrease in IOP was gradual and lasted through the experiment. In contrast, a decrease in BP was instantaneous and lasted no longer than 10 min. Angiotensin II, ANT, and sympathetic denervation did not influence the effect of VA on IOP. In conclusion, colon-derived VA penetrates to the eye and decreases IOP. The effect is independent from BP changes, angiotensin II, GPR41/43, and sympathetic eye innervation.

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Eikermann, Matthias, Philipp Fassbender, Sebastian Zaremba, Amy S. Jordan, Carl Rosow, Atul Malhotra, and Nancy L. Chamberlin. "Pentobarbital Dose-dependently Increases Respiratory Genioglossus Muscle Activity while Impairing Diaphragmatic Function in Anesthetized Rats." Anesthesiology 110, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 1327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3181a16337.

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Background Anesthetics depress both ventilatory and upper airway dilator muscle activity and thus put the upper airway at risk for collapse. However, these effects are agent-dependent and may involve upper airway and diaphragm muscles to varying degrees. The authors assessed the effects of pentobarbital on upper airway dilator and respiratory pump muscle function in rats and compared these results with the effects of normal sleep. Methods Tracheostomized rats were given increasing doses of pentobarbital to produce deep sedation then light and deep anesthesia, and negative pressure airway stimuli were applied (n = 11). To compare the effects of pentobarbital with those of natural sleep, the authors chronically instrumented rats (n = 10) with genioglossus and neck electromyogram and electroencephalogram electrodes and compared genioglossus activity during wakefulness, sleep (rapid eye movement and non-rapid eye movement), and pentobarbital anesthesia. Results Pentobarbital caused a dose-dependent decrease in ventilation and in phasic diaphragmatic electromyogram by 11 +/- 0.1%, but it increased phasic genioglossus electromyogram by 23 +/- 0.2%. Natural non-rapid eye movement sleep and pentobarbital anesthesia (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) decreased respiratory genioglossus electromyogram by 61 +/- 29% and 45 +/- 35%, respectively, and natural rapid eye movement sleep caused the greatest decrease in phasic genioglossus electromyogram (95 +/- 0.3%). Conclusions Pentobarbital in rats impairs respiratory genioglossus activity compared to the awake state, but the decrease is no greater than seen during natural sleep. During anesthesia, in the absence of pharyngeal airflow, phasic genioglossus activity is increased in a dose-dependent fashion.

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DAMIAN, DANIELA BIANCA DAMIAN, SANZIANA ISTRATE, MIHAIL ZEMBA, IOANA CRISTINA COMAN, AURELIAN MIHAI GHITA, and MAGDA GONCIAROV. "THE PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION OF CHOLINERGIC SUBSTANCES ON NEW CORNEAL BLOOD VESSELS IN RATS." Journal of Science and Arts 21, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46939/j.sci.arts-21.1-b02.

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This study aimed to evaluate the existence of muscarinic receptors in the new corneal blood vessels, experimentally induced with ketamine in rat pups. The experimental model of neovascularization was performed on 15-day-old Wistar rats, in which 5 intraperitoneal injections of ketamine were administered at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight at 5-day intervals. Examination of the reactivity of new corneal blood vessels was performed on day 45 of life. Each eye that developed neovascularization was evaluated with a Nikon stereomicroscope, coupled to a Mshot video camera, and the total magnification of the system was 400X. The vascular diameter was measured at a chosen point, the same point /points for each recording made to that eye, and the acquisition of images was performed at set time intervals, every 60 seconds for each eye to be examined, throughout the recording period. The parameters under investigation were the variations of the vascular diameter, and the processing of the obtained data was performed with the help of Microsoft Office Excel. Our results suggest that muscarinic receptors are present in the new corneal blood vessels because the administration of conjunctival instillations of acetylcholine caused statistically significant vasodilation, while atropine, a blocker of muscarinic receptors, antagonized this effect.

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Murai, T., K. Nakamichi, I. Shimizu, and K. Ikeda. "Lurasidone Suppresses Rapid Eye Movement Sleep and Improves Sleep Quality in Rats." European Psychiatry 30 (March 2015): 1779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(15)31371-7.

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Kuwata, Chiharu, Naoko Saeki, Kumi Honda, Toshiki Matsuoka, Yoshimi Tsuchiya, and Kazuhiro Shimomura. "Effects of maternal hypoglycemia on fetal eye and skeleton development in rats." Reproductive Toxicology 71 (August 2017): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.05.009.

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Vyalkina, Margarita. "Metabolic and Morphological Changes in Rats’ Eye after 7-Days Microgravity Simulation." American Journal of Life Sciences 3, no. 1 (2015): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.14.

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Mion, Decio, and Eduardo M. Krieger. "Blood pressure regulation after deprivation of rapid-eye-movement sleep in rats." Journal of Hypertension 6, no. 4 (December 1988): S74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-198812040-00019.

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Kálmán, M., A. Tuba, E. Adeghate, and Z. Fülöp. "Development of Striatal Tissue Implanted Into the Anterior Eye Chamber of Rats." Journal of Neural Transplantation and Plasticity 3, no. 4 (1992): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/np.1992.183.

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Brolin, Sven Elov, and Hans Hammar. "THE FLUORESCENCE OF THE EYE LENS IN RATS AFTER LOCAL ROENTGEN IRRADIATION." Acta Ophthalmologica 37, no. 3 (May 27, 2009): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1959.tb03433.x.

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NAGATA, MASANOBU, MASAMI KOJIMA, and KAZUYUKI SASAKI. "Effect of Vitamin E Eye Drops on Naphthalene-Induced Cataract in Rats." Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 15, no. 4 (August 1999): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jop.1999.15.345.

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Garcia-Garcia, Fabio, Hitoshi Yoshida, and James M. Krueger. "Interleukin-8 promotes non-rapid eye movement sleep in rabbits and rats." Journal of Sleep Research 13, no. 1 (March 2004): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2004.00386.x.

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Murai, Takeshi, Keiko Nakamichi, Isao Shimizu, and Kazuhito Ikeda. "Lurasidone Suppresses Rapid Eye Movement Sleep and Improves Sleep Quality in Rats." Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 126, no. 2 (2014): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1254/jphs.14155sc.

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Dieringer, N., and R. K. Meier. "Evidence for separate eye and head position command signals in unrestrained rats." Neuroscience Letters 162, no. 1-2 (November 1993): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(93)90577-8.

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Fang, Jidong, Linda Payne, and James M. Krueger. "Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide enhances rapid eye movement sleep in rats." Brain Research 686, no. 1 (July 1995): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)00443-t.

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Fouad, Amr A., and Fahad Alwadani. "Ameliorative effects of thymoquinone against eye lens changes in streptozotocin diabetic rats." Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 40, no. 3 (November 2015): 960–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2015.09.010.

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41

Lu, H., Q. J. Lu, T. Fu, Z. Q. Pan, and N. L. Wang. "The effects of glaucoma filtering surgery on anterior chamber-associated immune deviation and contribution of lymphatic drainage in rats." Eye 23, no. 1 (May 23, 2008): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.2008.151.

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Prada, J., S. Schruender, T. Ngo-Tu, H. Baatz, C. Hartmann, and U. Pleyer. "Expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in corneal cells after excimer laser ablation in Wistar rats." Eye 25, no. 4 (February 4, 2011): 534–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.2011.6.

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Adeghate, Ernest, and Tibor Donáth. "Ultrastructural Cytochemistry of Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme Activity in Pancreatic Tissue Transplants in Rats." Cell Transplantation 3, no. 2 (March 1994): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096368979400300205.

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The distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at the ultrastructural level was investigated in normal and in pancreatic fragments transplanted for 56 days into the anterior eye chamber of heterologous rats using enzyme cytochemical methods. Acetylcholinesterase reaction products were seen on the basal surface of the acinar cells in normal pancreas. Acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity was also detected on the axolemma of the surviving nerve fibres. This enzyme reaction product forms alternating thick and thin bands on the axolemma. Some of these AChE-positive nerve fibres accompany blood vessels that also survive after transplantation. AChE were seen in cytoplasm adjacent to the surviving alpha and pancreatic polypeptide cells. We conclude that the ability of some neurons and cells to produce and or store acetylcholinesterase is still retained after transplantation of pancreatic tissue into the anterior eye chamber of rats.

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Szentirmai, E., and J. M. Krueger. "Central administration of neuropeptide Y induces wakefulness in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 291, no. 2 (August 2006): R473—R480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00919.2005.

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Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a well-characterized neuromodulator in the central nervous system, primarily implicated in the regulation of feeding. NPY, orexins, and ghrelin form a hypothalamic food intake regulatory circuit. Orexin and ghrelin are also implicated in sleep-wake regulation. In the present experiments, we studied the sleep-modulating effects of central administration of NPY in rats. Rats received intracerebroventricular injection of physiological saline or three different doses of NPY (0.4, 2, and 10 μg in a volume of 4 μl) at light onset. Another group of rats received bilateral microinjection of saline or 2 μg NPY in the lateral hypothalamus in a volume of 0.2 μl. Sleep-wake activity and motor activity were recorded for 23 h. Food intake after the control and treatment injections was also measured on separate days. Intracerebroventricular and lateral hypothalamic administration of NPY suppressed non-rapid-eye-movement sleep and rapid-eye-movement sleep in rats during the first hour after the injection and also induced changes in electroencephalogram delta power spectra. NPY stimulated food intake in the first hour after both routes of administration. Data are consistent with the hypothesis that NPY has a role in the integration of feeding, metabolism, and sleep regulation.

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Peng, QH. "Effects of eye drops of Buddleja officinalis Maxim. extract on lacrimal gland cell apoptosis in castrated rats with dry eye." Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine 8, no. 3 (March 15, 2010): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3736/jcim20100308.

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ARTAL, PABLO, PILAR HERREROS de TEJADA, CARMEN MUÑOZ TEDÓ, and DANIEL G. GREEN. "Retinal image quality in the rodent eye." Visual Neuroscience 15, no. 4 (April 1998): 597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523898154020.

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Many rodents do not see well. For a target to be resolved by a rat or a mouse, it must subtend a visual angle of a degree or more. It is commonly assumed that this poor spatial resolving capacity is due to neural rather than optical limitations, but the quality of the retinal image has not been well characterized in these animals. We have modified a double-pass apparatus, initially designed for the human eye, so it could be used with rodents to measure the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the eye's optics. That is, the double-pass retinal image of a monochromatic (λ = 632.8 nm) point source was digitized with a CCD camera. From these double-pass measurements, the single-pass MTF was computed under a variety of conditions of focus and with different pupil sizes. Even with the eye in best focus, the image quality in both rats and mice is exceedingly poor. With a 1-mm pupil, for example, the MTF in the rat had an upper limit of about 2.5 cycles/deg, rather than the 28 cycles/deg one would obtain if the eye were a diffraction-limited system. These images are about 10 times worse than the comparable retinal images in the human eye. Using our measurements of the optics and the published behavioral and electrophysiological contrast sensitivity functions (CSFs) of rats, we have calculated the CSF that the rat would have if it had perfect rather than poor optics. We find, interestingly, that diffraction-limited optics would produce only slight improvement overall. That is, in spite of retinal images which are of very low quality, the upper limit of visual resolution in rodents is neurally determined. Rats and mice seem to have eyes in which the optics and retina/brain are well matched.

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Li, H., and E. Satinoff. "Changes in circadian rhythms of body temperature and sleep in old rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 269, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): R208—R214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.269.1.r208.

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We examined the relationship between circadian rhythms of body temperature (CTR) and sleep in adult and old female rats. Body temperature was recorded telemetrically for months and sleep for 24 h in a 12:12-h light-dark cycle at 23 degrees C. Some old rats had robust CTRs (old good), and some had unstable or absent CTRs (old unstable). Old unstable rats had lower daily mean body temperatures, smaller daily amplitudes, and a more advanced CTR phase than adult rats and old good rats. Old good rats matched adult rats in all measures. In old good rats, circadian parameters of sleep were normal, whereas in old unstable rats the amplitudes of slow-wave and rapid eye movement sleep were decreased, although the amounts were equivalent. Rhythmic parameters of sleep correlate well with the stability or instability of the CTR, whereas homeostatic regulation of rapid eye movement and slow-wave sleep do not seem to be impaired during aging and are independent of the stability of the CTR.

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Muz, Omer Ersin, Cemal Orhan, Fusun Erten, Mehmet Tuzcu, Ibrahim Hanifi Ozercan, Prafull Singh, Abhijeet Morde, Muralidhara Padigaru, Deshanie Rai, and Kazim Sahin. "A Novel Integrated Active Herbal Formulation Ameliorates Dry Eye Syndrome by Inhibiting Inflammation and Oxidative Stress and Enhancing Glycosylated Phosphoproteins in Rats." Pharmaceuticals 13, no. 10 (October 7, 2020): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph13100295.

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Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a chronic condition of the eye with insufficient production of tears leading to inadequate lubrication of eyes. Symptoms of DES are associated with discomfort and redness of the eye, blurred vision, and tear film instability which leads to the damaged ocular surface. Inflammation and oxidative stress play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this study, the protective effect of different doses (100 or 200 mg/kg) of a novel multi-component oral formulation of lutein/zeaxanthin, curcumin, and vitamin D3 (LCD) was evaluated using a rat model with benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-induced dry eye syndrome. The formulation was administered orally to rats for 4 weeks. We observed a significant improvement in tear volume, tear breakup time, tear film integrity, and reduction in overall inflammation in rats fed with the LCD at dose 200 mg/kg performing better than 100 mg/kg. Furthermore, the formulation helped in lowering oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant levels and restored protective tear protein levels including MUC1, MUC4, and MUC5AC with 200 mg of LCD having the most significant effect. The results strongly suggest that the combination of lutein/zeaxanthin, curcumin, and vitamin-D3 is effective in alleviating the symptoms of dry eye condition with a multi-modal mechanism of action.

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Megirian, David, Jacek Dmochowski, and Gaspar A. Farkas. "Mechanism controlling sleep organization of the obese Zucker rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 84, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.253.

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Megirian, David, Jacek Dmochowski, and Gaspar A. Farkas. Mechanism controlling sleep organization of the obese Zucker rat. J. Appl. Physiol. 84(1): 253–256, 1998.—We tested the hypothesis that the obese ( fa/fa) Zucker rat has a sleep organization that differs from that of lean Zucker rats. We used the polygraphic technique to identify and to quantify the distribution of the three main states of the rat: wakefulness (W), non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM), and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep states. Assessment of states was made with light present (1000–1600), at the rats thermoneutral temperature of 29°C. Obese rats, compared with lean ones, did not show significant differences in the total time spent in the three main states. Whereas the mean durations of W and REM states did not differ statistically, that of NREM did ( P = 0.046). However, in the obese rats, the frequencies of switching from NREM sleep to W, which increased, and from NREM to REM sleep, which decreased, were statistically significantly different ( P = 0.019). Frequency of switching from either REM or W state was not significantly different. We conclude that sleep organization differs between lean and obese Zucker rats and that it is due to a disparity in switching from NREM sleep to either W or REM sleep and the mean duration of NREM sleep.

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Sreelakshmi, V., and Annie Abraham. "Anthraquinones and flavonoids of Cassia tora leaves ameliorate sodium selenite induced cataractogenesis in neonatal rats." Food & Function 7, no. 2 (2016): 1087–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fo00905g.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Eye Rats'

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