Journal articles: 'Eye tracking'

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Wąsikowska, Barbara. "Eye tracking in marketing research." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego. Studia Informatica 36 (2015): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/si.2015.36-13.

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Tanenhaus, Michael K., and Michael J. Spivey-Knowlton. "Eye-Tracking." Language and Cognitive Processes 11, no. 6 (December 1996): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016909696386971.

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Knabl-Schmitz, Patrizia, Mark Cameron, Kyle Wilson, Megan Mulhall, Jeremy Da Cruz, Alexander Robinson, and Nicklas Dahlstrom. "Eye-Tracking." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 13, no. 1 (March 2023): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000240.

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Abstract: Eye-tracking has historically been proposed as a tool to provide insight into pilot performance, although its transition from scientific curiosity to a practical device has been challenging. Advancing technology has recently opened the possibility of deploying eye-tracking measurements for operational use in flight training, thus allowing for improved understanding of pilot monitoring strategies. This aims to support a more focused development for both new trainees and experienced pilots in recurrent training. The paper outlines the cooperative progress made in developing an emerging eye-tracking-based training solution for contemporary airline pilot training. It shares selected findings from three studies conducted and discusses the potential, challenges, and lessons learned so far.

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Nau, Matthias, Markus Frey, and Christian F. Doeller. "DeepMReye: MR-based eye tracking without eye tracking." Journal of Vision 20, no. 11 (October 20, 2020): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.20.11.1014.

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Gerstenberg, Tobias, Matthew F. Peterson, Noah D. Goodman, David A. Lagnado, and Joshua B. Tenenbaum. "Eye-Tracking Causality." Psychological Science 28, no. 12 (October 17, 2017): 1731–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617713053.

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How do people make causal judgments? What role, if any, does counterfactual simulation play? Counterfactual theories of causal judgments predict that people compare what actually happened with what would have happened if the candidate cause had been absent. Process theories predict that people focus only on what actually happened, to assess the mechanism linking candidate cause and outcome. We tracked participants’ eye movements while they judged whether one billiard ball caused another one to go through a gate or prevented it from going through. Both participants’ looking patterns and their judgments demonstrated that counterfactual simulation played a critical role. Participants simulated where the target ball would have gone if the candidate cause had been removed from the scene. The more certain participants were that the outcome would have been different, the stronger the causal judgments. These results provide the first direct evidence for spontaneous counterfactual simulation in an important domain of high-level cognition.

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Henneman, Elizabeth A., and Anna Gawlinski. "Eye-Tracking Technology." Nursing Education Perspectives 37, no. 6 (2016): 356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nep.0000000000000082.

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Kochanowicz, Aneta Maria. "Eye-tracking w diagnozie, terapii i edukacji dzieci z niepełnosprawnością sprzężoną. Zarys problematyki." Edukacja Elementarna w Teorii i Praktyce 14, no. 4(54) (January 29, 2020): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/eetp.2019.1454.08.

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Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie możliwości wykorzystania eye-trackingu w szeroko pojmowanej edukacji dziecka niemówiącego ze sprzężoną niepełnosprawnością. Autorka posłużyła się analizą danych zastanych dokonaną z perspektywy własnego doświadczenia terapeutycznego w stosowaniu eye-trackingu w pracy z dziećmi w wieku przedszkolnym z niepełnosprawnością sprzężoną. W tekście przedstawiła najpierw zasadę działania eye-trackingu, a następnie ukazała jego wykorzystanie w badaniach z zakresu marketingu, kartografii, informatyki, jak również technik uczenia się. Następnie wskazała na eye-tracking jako potencjalne narzędzie do komunikacji z dziećmi niemówiącymi oraz do ich edukacji. W dalszej części zaprezentowała polskie urządzenia wykorzystujące technologię eye-trackingu w działaniach diagnostycznych, terapeutycznych i edukacyjnych. Z badań wynika, iż eye-tracking może odmienić życie dzieci, dla których jedynym kanałem komunikacyjnym jest wzrok, ponieważ oferuje im nowe formy spędzania wolnego czasu, uczenia się i komunikowania z otoczeniem. Ponadto technologię eye-trackingową można i trzeba wykorzystać do ponownej diagnozy dzieci ze sprzężoną niepełnosprawnością, u których poradnie psychologiczno-pedagogiczne posługujące się tradycyjnymi metodami rozpoznały głęboki stopień niepełnosprawności intelektualnej.

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Toki, Eugenia I. "Using Eye-Tracking to Assess Dyslexia: A Systematic Review of Emerging Evidence." Education Sciences 14, no. 11 (November 17, 2024): 1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci14111256.

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Reading is a complex skill that requires accurate word recognition, fluent decoding, and effective comprehension. Children with dyslexia often face challenges in these areas, resulting in ongoing reading difficulties. This study systematically reviews the use of eye-tracking technology to assess dyslexia, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. The review identifies the specific types of eye-tracking technologies used, examines the cognitive and behavioral abilities assessed (such as reading fluency and attention), and evaluates the primary purposes of these evaluations—screening, assessment, and diagnosis. This study explores key questions, including how eye-tracking outcomes guide intervention strategies and influence educational practices, and assesses the practicality and time efficiency of these evaluations in real-world settings. Furthermore, it considers whether eye-tracking provides a holistic developmental profile or a targeted analysis of specific skills and evaluates the generalizability of eye-tracking results across diverse populations. Gaps in the literature are highlighted, with recommendations proposed to improve eye-tracking’s precision and applicability for early dyslexia intervention. The findings underscore the potential of eye-tracking to enhance diagnostic accuracy through metrics such as fixation counts, saccadic patterns, and processing speed, key indicators that distinguish dyslexic from typical reading behaviors. Additionally, studies show that integrating machine learning with eye-tracking data can enhance classification accuracy, suggesting promising applications for scalable, early dyslexia screening in educational settings. This review provides new insights into the value of eye-tracking technology in identifying dyslexia, emphasizing the need for further research to refine these methods and support their adoption in classrooms and clinics.

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Mital, O. H. "Using Eye Tracking Technology in the Neuromarketing Research." Business Inform 6, no. 509 (2020): 366–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-6-366-371.

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Slim, Mieke Sarah, Margaret Kandel, Anthony Yacovone, and Jesse Snedeker. "Webcams as Windows to the Mind? A Direct Comparison Between In-Lab and Web-Based Eye-Tracking Methods." Open Mind 8 (2024): 1369–424. https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00171.

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Abstract There is a growing interest in the use of webcams to conduct eye-tracking experiments over the internet. We assessed the performance of two webcam-based eye-tracking techniques for behavioral research: manual annotation of webcam videos (manual eye-tracking) and the automated WebGazer eye-tracking algorithm. We compared these methods to a traditional infrared eye-tracker and assessed their performance in both lab and web-based settings. In both lab and web experiments, participants completed the same battery of five tasks, selected to trigger effects of various sizes: two visual fixation tasks and three visual world tasks testing real-time (psycholinguistic) processing effects. In the lab experiment, we simultaneously collected infrared eye-tracking, manual eye-tracking, and WebGazer data; in the web experiment, we simultaneously collected manual eye-tracking and WebGazer data. We found that the two webcam-based methods are suited to capture different types of eye-movement patterns. Manual eye-tracking, similar to infrared eye-tracking, detected both large and small effects. WebGazer, however, showed less accuracy in detecting short, subtle effects. There was no notable effect of setting for either method. We discuss the trade-offs researchers face when choosing eye-tracking methods and offer advice for conducting eye-tracking experiments over the internet.

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Mera and Stumpf. "Eye-Tracking Film Music." Music and the Moving Image 7, no. 3 (2014): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/musimoviimag.7.3.0003.

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Grundgeiger, T., T. Wurmb, and O. Happel. "Eye Tracking in Anesthesiology." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 59, no. 1 (September 2015): 493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931215591106.

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Aks, D., H. Haladjian, Z. Pylyshyn, and A. Hakkinen. "Eye-blinks and tracking." Journal of Vision 9, no. 8 (March 22, 2010): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/9.8.249.

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Jiang, Ting, Jan Potters, and Yukihiko Funaki. "Eye-tracking Social Preferences." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 29, no. 2-3 (October 13, 2015): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1899.

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Pentus, Kristian, Kerli Ploom, Tanel Mehine, Madli Koiv, Age Tempel, and Andres Kuusik. "Mobile and stationary eye tracking comparison – package design and in-store results." Journal of Consumer Marketing 37, no. 3 (February 10, 2020): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-04-2019-3190.

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Purpose This paper aims to test the similarity of the results of on-screen eye tracking compared to mobile eye tracking in the context of first fixation location on stimuli. Design/methodology/approach Three studies were conducted altogether with 117 participants, where the authors compared both methods: stationary eye tracking (Tobii Pro X2-60) and mobile eye tracking (Tobii Pro Glasses 2). Findings The studies revealed that the reported average first fixation locations from stationary and mobile eye tracking are different. Stationary eye tracking is more affected by a centre fixation bias. Based on the research, it can be concluded that stationary eye tracking is not always suitable for studying consumer perception and behaviour because of the centre viewing bias. Research limitations/implications When interpreting the results, researchers should take into account that stationary eye tracking results are affected by a centre fixation bias. Previous stationary eye tracking research should be interpreted with the centre fixation bias in mind. Some of this previous work should be retested using mobile eye tracking. If possible small-scale pilot studies should be included in papers to show that the more appropriate method, less affected by attention biases, was chosen. Practical implications Managers should trust research where the ability of package design to attract attention on a shelf is tested using mobile eye tracking. The authors suggest using mobile eye tracking to optimise store shelf planograms, point-of-purchase materials, and shelf layouts. In package design, interpretations of research using stationary eye tracking should consider its centre fixation bias. Managers should also be cautious when interpreting previous stationary eye tracking research (both applied and scientific), knowing that stationary eye tracking is more prone to a centre fixation bias. Originality/value While eye tracking research has become more and more popular as a marketing research method, the limitations of the method have not been fully understood by the field. This paper shows that the chosen eye tracking method can influence the results. No such comparative paper about mobile and stationary eye tracking research has been done in the marketing field.

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Srivastava, Rangoli, and Surbhi Priyadarshi. "Eyes on the future: Navigating dentistry\'s revolution with eye tracking technology." International Dental Journal of Student's Research 12, no. 2 (July 15, 2024): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.idjsr.2024.014.

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This comprehensive review delves into the transformative impact of eye tracking technology on the field of dentistry. Eye tracking, originally developed for psychological research, has evolved to become a powerful tool with applications spanning diagnostics, treatment planning, prosthodontics, and dental education. The technology's ability to monitor and analyze visual attention patterns during image interpretation has resulted in improved diagnostic accuracy, offering practitioners valuable insights to enhance their decision-making processes. In prosthodontics and restorative dentistry, eye tracking contributes to the refinement of designs and procedural precision, ensuring both aesthetic appeal and functional efficacy. The review highlights how this technology extends its benefits to dental education, providing valuable feedback for students and aiding in continuous professional development. Simulation-based learning, enriched by eye tracking insights, enhances training modules, ensuring that dental professionals develop and maintain essential skills.The myriad benefits of eye tracking technology also encompass enhanced patient experiences and improved communication within dental settings. By analyzing practitioners' gaze patterns during patient interactions, the technology facilitates better understanding of non-verbal cues, ultimately fostering positive patient-dentist relationships. However, the review acknowledges challenges such as technical complexities, ethical considerations, and integration hurdles. Overcoming these challenges is crucial for widespread adoption and realization of eye tracking's full potential in dentistry. Looking ahead, the review suggests that collaborative efforts, emerging technologies, and ongoing research will further propel the integration of eye tracking into routine dental practice, fostering a future characterized by precision, efficiency, and personalized patient care.

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Chen, Le Yang, and Fan Zhang. "Study on Eye Movement Technology Website under Eye and Eye Tracking Analysis Based on Thermodynamic." Advanced Materials Research 952 (May 2014): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.952.347.

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Nowadays, so many people are talking about the user experience of the website (UE or UX) and interface design called UI and so on, so let’s analysis the interactive pages by eye thermodynamic diagram and eye tracking based on Eye Tracking Technology.

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Ding, Guoting. "Perspective and the Use of Eye Tracking in Human-Computer Interaction." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 39 (April 1, 2023): 525–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v39i.6581.

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With the increasing demand for information technology, the traditional human-computer interaction (HCI) mode using keyboard and mouse cannot meet the need, which has inspired the research of multi-channel interface based on new interaction technologies such as eye tracking. The direction of human eye contains the information of current task status, so eye gaze is one of the convenient input channels for HCI. To make eye tracking technology more comprehensive and widely used, it is constantly improved. With the development of eye tracking technology, it has been scientifically explored in HCI to record eye movements. The main purpose of this paper is to summarize the update of eye tracking technology currently used for HCI, summarize the development direction and shortcomings of the current technology, and help new researchers to study various methods and algorithms of eye tracking. This paper will briefly introduce the eye tracking technology, summarizes the current application of eye tracking technology in HCI, and discusses the future direction.

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Selinger, Evan, Ely Altman, and Shaun Foster. "Eye-Tracking in Virtual Reality." Privacy Studies Journal 2 (March 24, 2023): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/psj.v2i.134656.

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Eye-tracking is in our future. Across many fields, eye-tracking is growing in prominence. This paper focuses on eye-tracking in virtual reality as a case study to illuminate novel privacy risks and propose a governance response to them: a design shift that provides users with an experientially resonant means of understanding privacy threats. It is a strategy that Ryan Calo calls “visceral notice.” To make our case for visceral notice, we proceed as follows. First, we provide a concise account of how eye-tracking works, emphasizing its threat to autonomy and privacy. Second, we discuss the sensitive personal information that eye-tracking reveals, complications that limit what eye-tracking studies establish, and the comparative advantage large technology companies may have when tracking our eyes. Third, we explain why eye-tracking will likely be crucial for developing virtual reality technology. Fourth, we review Calo’s conception of visceral notice and offer suggestions for applying it to virtual reality to help users better appreciate eye-tracking risks. Finally, we consider seven objections to our proposals and provide counterpoints to them.

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Kee, Jennifer, Melinda Knuth, Joanna N. Lahey, and Marco A. Palma. "Does eye-tracking have an effect on economic behavior?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): e0254867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254867.

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Eye-tracking is becoming an increasingly popular tool for understanding the underlying behavior driving human decisions. However, an important unanswered methodological question is whether the use of an eye-tracking device itself induces changes in participants’ behavior. We study this question using eight popular games in experimental economics chosen for their varying levels of theorized susceptibility to social desirability bias. We implement a simple between-subject design where participants are randomly assigned to either a control or an eye-tracking treatment. In seven of the eight games, eye-tracking did not produce different outcomes. In the Holt and Laury risk assessment (HL), subjects with multiple calibration attempts demonstrated more risk averse behavior in eye-tracking conditions. However, this effect only appeared during the first five (of ten) rounds. Because calibration difficulty is correlated with eye-tracking data quality, the standard practice of removing participants with low eye-tracking data quality resulted in no difference between the treatment and control groups in HL. Our results suggest that experiments may incorporate eye-tracking equipment without inducing changes in the economic behavior of participants, particularly after observations with low quality eye-tracking data are removed.

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Schimpfky, Nicole. "Auf dem Wege zu gebrauchstauglichen Eye-Tracking-Systemen (Towards Usable Eye-Tracking Systems)." i-com 3, no. 3/2004 (March 1, 2004): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/icom.3.3.4.52419.

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ZusammenfassungEye-Tracking-Systeme könnten für die Untersuchung von Nutzungsproblemen, die Benutzer mit Anwendungssoftware haben, besser eingesetzt werden, wenn bestimmte technische und methodische Voraussetzungen erfüllt wären. In diesem Artikel werden methodische Anforderungen an die Nutzung solcher Systeme entwickelt. Mit Blick auf diese Anforderungen werden technische Defizite aufgedeckt. Die Integration methodischer und technischer Anforderungen für die Anwendung von Eye-Tracking-Systemen in Usability-Laboratorien wird angeregt.

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Peša, Anita, Marko Valčić, Ana Maria Smokrović, and Izabela Laura. "Overview of the Use of Eye-Tracking Technology for Monitoring Consumer Views." Naše gospodarstvo/Our economy 70, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ngoe-2024-0006.

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Abstract Eye-tracking technology has become increasingly popular in studying consumer behavior and decision-making as a part of the marketing research area. The paper highlights the importance of eye tracking in the study of consumer behavior including the use of eye tracking in virtual reality environments, the integration of eye tracking with other physiological measures, and the development of more sophisticated analytical techniques. By observing eye movements and fixations researchers can gain insight into the visual and cognitive processes underlying consumer choices. For this reason, a literature review of relevant studies provides a detailed synthesis of the development of eye-tracking experiments. This paper contributes to the latest findings on consumer behavior in the field of eye-tracking technology.

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Muna, Khairiatul, and Muhammad Bahit. "Eye Tracking Trends in Chemistry Learning: Bibliometric Study 2018-2023 on Google Scholar with VOSviewer and Pivot Table." Journal of Innovative Science Education 12, no. 3 (December 6, 2023): 309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jise.v12i3.76885.

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The development of research topics in the field of eye tracking has become a good trend at the international level because eye tracking is not only used in the fields of health or psychology but can also be used in education, including chemistry and science learning. This research aims to look at trends and updates on the topic of eye tracking in chemistry learning so that gaps and research opportunities can be found. This research uses bibliometric methods with articles collected from Google Scholar and VOSviewer software is used to analyze and visualize the relationship of various elements in the dataset. From the results of the analysis, information was obtained: (1) the development of eye tracking publications in the context of learning chemistry, science and pure chemistry experienced fluctuations in the publication timeframe 2018-2023; (2) the publisher that publishes a lot of eye-tracking literature is Elsavier; (3) United States is the country with the most authors; (4) the journal that receives the most eye-tracking articles is Computers & Education; (5) It is known that 83.5% of eye tracking articles are published in Q1-Q3 journals; (6) authors who have conducted a lot of research on the topic of eye tracking are "Sigfredo Fuentez, Claudia Gonzalez Viejo and Richard E. Mayer"; (7) There are 162 keywords divided into 19 clusters; ; (8) "eye movements, eye tracking and virtual reality" are keywords that appear frequently; (9) Eye tracking research topics in chemistry learning that are still little researched are "drawing, learning processes, stem content knowledge, visual spatial content, gaze tracking, visual problems, perceptual learning". This research also found trends as well as research gaps and opportunities related to the topic of eye tracking in chemistry, science and pure chemistry learning

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Nadella, Bhargavi. "Eye Detection and Tracking and Eye Gaze Estimation." Asia-pacific Journal of Convergent Research Interchange 1, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21742/apjcri.2015.06.04.

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Suprapto, Nadi, Abd Kholiq, Fang-Ying Yang, Septian Rahman Hakim, Raden Roro Hapsari Peni Agusti, Hasan Nuurul Hidaayatullaah, and Khoirun Nisa'. "The use of eye movement technology in education: a review and bibliometric study." Multidisciplinary Reviews 7, no. 9 (June 24, 2024): 2024214. http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024214.

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This study aims to analyze research patterns connected with eye-tracking innovation in education through bibliometric analysis and to investigate the level of commitment of scientists in the Scopus dataset. A total of 774 documents related to eye tracking or eye movement technology in education were found in the Scopus database, and this number has increased significantly every year. The most papers are held by the United States, while the institution that secured the first place was Open Universiteit. Most of the papers are in English and are of the article type. The most prolific writers on this topic are Klein, P., Kuhn, J., and Schindler, M. Research trends in eye-tracking technology in education are visualized in four clusters: (1) paper and eye-tracking framework; (2) tracking process and focus of study; (3) experimental treatment and duration of eye-tracking; (4) eye-tracking in terms of teaching and learning processes. Trends related to eye-tracking technology in education research worldwide can be identified through this research, providing an overview for further study.

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Biswas, Pradipta, and Pat Langdon. "A new input system for disabled users involving eye gaze tracker and scanning interface." Journal of Assistive Technologies 5, no. 2 (June 17, 2011): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17549451111149269.

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PurposeThis paper aims to present a new input interaction system for people with severe disabilities. The new system works based on eye gaze tracking and single switch scanning interaction techniques. It combines eye gaze tracking and scanning in a unique way which is faster than only scanning‐based systems while more comfortable to use than only eye gaze tracking‐based systems, which is also supported by a user study.Design/methodology/approachThe aim was to design a new interaction technique combining eye tracking and scanning technique for severely disabled people. A comparative study with eight users involving only an eye tracking system and the system combining eye tracking and scanning was conducted.FindingsThe participants rated the new system easier and less strenuous to use than the eye gaze tracking‐based system, while the new system did not slow the speed of interaction.Originality/valueThis new method based on eye gaze tracking and single switch scanning interaction techniques has potential to be a new interaction technique combining free source eye tracker and scanning switches. It is hoped users who can move a limb to use a single switch‐based scanning system will be hugely benefitted by this new system.

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Keehn, Brandon, Patrick Monahan, Brett Enneking, Tybytha Ryan, Nancy Swigonski, and Rebecca McNally Keehn. "Eye-Tracking Biomarkers and Autism Diagnosis in Primary Care." JAMA Network Open 7, no. 5 (May 14, 2024): e2411190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.11190.

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ImportanceFinding effective and scalable solutions to address diagnostic delays and disparities in autism is a public health imperative. Approaches that integrate eye-tracking biomarkers into tiered community-based models of autism evaluation hold promise for addressing this problem.ObjectiveTo determine whether a battery of eye-tracking biomarkers can reliably differentiate young children with and without autism in a community-referred sample collected during clinical evaluation in the primary care setting and to evaluate whether combining eye-tracking biomarkers with primary care practitioner (PCP) diagnosis and diagnostic certainty is associated with diagnostic outcome.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsEarly Autism Evaluation (EAE) Hub system PCPs referred a consecutive sample of children to this prospective diagnostic study for blinded eye-tracking index test and follow-up expert evaluation from June 7, 2019, to September 23, 2022. Participants included 146 children (aged 14-48 months) consecutively referred by 7 EAE Hubs. Of 154 children enrolled, 146 provided usable data for at least 1 eye-tracking measure.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcomes were sensitivity and specificity of a composite eye-tracking (ie, index) test, which was a consolidated measure based on significant eye-tracking indices, compared with reference standard expert clinical autism diagnosis. Secondary outcome measures were sensitivity and specificity of an integrated approach using an index test and PCP diagnosis and certainty.ResultsAmong 146 children (mean [SD] age, 2.6 [0.6] years; 104 [71%] male; 21 [14%] Hispanic or Latine and 96 [66%] non-Latine White; 102 [70%] with a reference standard autism diagnosis), 113 (77%) had concordant autism outcomes between the index (composite biomarker) and reference outcomes, with 77.5% sensitivity (95% CI, 68.4%-84.5%) and 77.3% specificity (95% CI, 63.0%-87.2%). When index diagnosis was based on the combination of a composite biomarker, PCP diagnosis, and diagnostic certainty, outcomes were concordant with reference standard for 114 of 127 cases (90%) with a sensitivity of 90.7% (95% CI, 83.3%-95.0%) and a specificity of 86.7% (95% CI, 70.3%-94.7%).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this prospective diagnostic study, a composite eye-tracking biomarker was associated with a best-estimate clinical diagnosis of autism, and an integrated diagnostic model including PCP diagnosis and diagnostic certainty demonstrated improved sensitivity and specificity. These findings suggest that equipping PCPs with a multimethod diagnostic approach has the potential to substantially improve access to timely, accurate diagnosis in local communities.

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Lund, Haakon. "Eye tracking in library and information science: a literature review." Library Hi Tech 34, no. 4 (November 21, 2016): 585–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lht-07-2016-0085.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic literature review of the application of eye-tracking technology within the field of library and information science. Eye-tracking technology has now reached a level of maturity, which makes the use of the technology more accessible. Subsequently, a growing interest in employing eye tracking as a methodology within library and information science research must be anticipated. Design/methodology/approach The review follows the guidelines set in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses recommendations. Two reference databases are searched for relevant references: Library and Information Science Abstracts and Library, Information Science and Technology Abstracts. The main selection criteria are peer-reviewed literature that describes the experimental setting, including which eye-tracking equipment was used, the number of test persons and reports on the eye-tracking measures. Furthermore, this study will report which other methods were applied in combination with eye tracking. Findings The number of published research utilizing eye-tracking technologies within library and information science (LIS) is still limited although an increase in the use of eye-tracking technologies is observed during recent years. Originality/value To the knowledge of the author, this is the first systematic review on eye-tracking technology and application in LIS.

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Wang, ZhengYu, Tao He, Guanghang Mei, Shunli Zang, ChaoHao Wang, Lei Zhao, and XiaoChen Zhou. "35‐3: Modeling Eye Movement and Reflection in Virtual Environments for Eye Tracking." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 55, no. 1 (June 2024): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.17556.

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Eye movement tracking plays a pivotal role in use interaction within Virtual Reality (VR) environments. Our research focuses on an advanced eye movement simulation using virtual environment for eye tracking training and eye tracking precision evaluating platform. We developed a real‐eye model, enhanced light refraction and corneal reflections under infrared LED light with eye rotation. Our study also customized screen,light source and cameras placement to capture eye images more faithfully. We also presents a noval testing methology and equipments of spatial accuracy testing of the eye‐tracking systems. The proposed proprietary eye‐tracking test system designed to recreate scenarios of human gaze and provide true values for eye gaze directions. Overall, the integration of Pupil Center Corneal Reflection (PCCR) based dataset generation and testing platform mark a significant advancement, enabling huge database, precise groudtruth training and accurate results testing.

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Simon, Judy. "Human Computer Interface using Eye Gazing with error fixation in Smooth and Saccadic Eye Movement." Journal of Innovative Image Processing 3, no. 4 (December 22, 2021): 336–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jiip.2021.4.005.

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Human Computer Interface (HCI) requires proper coordination and definition of features that serve as input to the system. The parameters of a saccadic and smooth eye movement tracking are observed and a comparison is drawn for HCI. This methodology is further incorporated with Pupil, OpenCV and Microsoft Visual Studio for image processing to identify the position of the pupil and observe the pupil movement direction in real-time. Once the direction is identified, it is possible to determine the accurate cruise position which moves towards the target. To quantify the differences between the step-change tracking of saccadic eye movement and incremental tracking of smooth eye movement, the test was conducted on two users. With the help of incremental tracking of smooth eye movement, an accuracy of 90% is achieved. It is found that the incremental tracking requires an average time of 7.21s while the time for step change tracking is just 2.82s. Based on the observations, it is determined that, when compared to the saccadic eye movement tracking, the smooth eye movement tracking is over four times more accurate. Therefore, the smooth eye tracking was found to be more accurate, precise, reliable, and predictable to use with the mouse cursor than the saccadic eye movement tracking.

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Lynch, Edward J., and Lindsay M. Andiola. "If Eyes are the Window to Our Soul, What Role does Eye-Tracking Play in Accounting Research?" Behavioral Research in Accounting 31, no. 2 (September 1, 2018): 107–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria-52283.

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ABSTRACT Recent advances in technology have increased the accessibility and ease in using eye-tracking as a research tool. These advances have the potential to benefit behavioral accounting researchers' understanding of the cognitive processes underlying individuals' judgments, decisions, and behaviors. However, despite its potential and wide use in other disciplines, few behavioral accounting studies use eye-tracking. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize accounting researchers with eye-tracking, including its advantages and limitations as a research tool. We start by providing an overview of eye-tracking and discussing essential terms and useful metrics, as well as the psychological constructs they proxy. We then summarize eye-tracking research across research domains, review accounting studies that use eye-tracking, and identify future research directions across accounting topics. Finally, we provide an instructional resource to guide those researchers interested in using eye-tracking, including important considerations at each stage of the study. JEL Classifications: M41; C91.

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Damji, Omar, Patricia Lee-Nobbee, David Borkenhagen, and Adam Cheng. "Analysis of eye-tracking behaviours in a pediatric trauma simulation." CJEM 21, no. 1 (October 8, 2018): 138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.450.

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ABSTRACTEye-tracking devices are able to capture eye movements, which are further characterized by fixations. The application of eye tracking in a trauma setting has not been explored. Visual fixation can be utilized as a surrogate measure of attention during the management of a trauma patient. We aimed to determine the feasibility of using eye tracking and to characterize eye tracking behaviours of pediatric emergency medicine physicians during management of a simulated pediatric trauma patient. Each participant was equipped with a head-mounted eye-tracking device during a standardized simulated pediatric trauma scenario. Each session was video recorded, with visual fixations defined as >0.2 seconds, and characterized by start time, duration, and the area of interest. Data from seven videos were analysed; 35% of eye fixations were directed towards the mannequin, 16% towards the monitor, and 13% towards the bedside doctor. Visual eye tracking in a trauma simulation is feasible. Frequency of fixations tends to be highest towards the patient. Eye tracking within trauma simulation may provide new insights into quality improvement and inform advancements in pediatric trauma.

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Ruppenthal, Tonia. "Eye-Tracking Studies on Sustainable Food Consumption: A Systematic Literature Review." Sustainability 15, no. 23 (November 30, 2023): 16434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152316434.

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In recent decades, sustainable products have been increasingly investigated using eye-tracking. Eye-tracking is applied to the record eye movements and visual attention of consumers as they search for food, and from this, conclusions can be drawn about their sustainable food consumption. To obtain a comparative overview of the previous utilization of eye-tracking in studies on sustainable food and consumption, a systematic literature search following the guidelines of the PRISMA statement was applied. In total, 38 eye-tracking studies were identified, with six main areas of investigation emerging: eye-tracking application, labeling, consumer attention, consumer choice and preference, consumer attitude and behavior, and willingness-to-pay. The review is aimed at both researchers and managers. In future research, the sample size of eye-tracking should be increased or focused on certain age groups in order to uncover sustainable consumer habits. In addition, field and not just laboratory studies with eye-tracking need to be conducted. To obtain comparable results, it is necessary that researchers apply the same eye-tracking metrics and terms. Organic labels can influence consumer attention and purchase decisions if bottom-up factors of the labels are better aligned with other product information. Top-down factors, i.e., consumer attitude and choice, must also be taken into account.

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Godfroid, Aline, and Bronson Hui. "Five common pitfalls in eye-tracking research." Second Language Research 36, no. 3 (May 18, 2020): 277–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658320921218.

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Eye tracking has become an increasingly popular research methodology among language researchers to examine online cognitive processing of second-language (L2) speakers and bilinguals. As the scope of eye-tracking research expands, there is a need to ensure that the methodology is used properly, so as to safeguard the validity of research findings and the empirical basis upon which theories are built. We present five pitfalls in eye-tracking research that may threaten the internal or external validity of the study. We offer concrete recommendations to avoid each pitfall and demonstrate how these recommendations can be implemented so researchers may take full advantage of the opportunities of eye-tracking research. The five pitfalls occur at all stages of the research cycle. We emphasize (1) adopting a confirmatory (theory-driven, hypothesis-testing) approach to research, (2) selecting and handling eye-movement measures in a principled manner, (3) aligning the research design with the eye tracker properties (spatial accuracy, precision), (4) inspecting raw, sample-level eye-tracking data and their preprocessing by the eye-tracking software. We conclude by inviting eye-tracking researchers (5) to embrace open science practices to enhance the replication and reproducibility of their work.

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Souhad A. Lawand. "Eye tracking techniques and medical applications: A comprehensive review." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 13, no. 2 (December 30, 2024): 2124–38. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.13.2.2406.

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Eye tracking is a powerful tool that has been widely used to study human behavior and cognition. This article provides a comprehensive review of eye tracking techniques, their efficiencies in accurately evaluating eye movements, and their medical applications. The article discusses different eye tracking techniques, including video-based electrooculography (EOG), and scleral search coil methods, and their advantages and limitations. It also reviews the medical conditions that can be evaluated with eye tracking, including ophthalmological and neurological disorders.

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Pavlas, Davin, Heather Lum, and Eduardo Salas. "How to Build a Low-Cost Eye-Tracking System." Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications 20, no. 1 (January 2012): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1064804611428928.

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Eye tracking, previously the purview of well-funded laboratories, is now available to any individual who wishes to study gaze patterns. Advances in eye-tracking technology have made it possible for those with meager budgets but an abundance of motivation to engage in studies that examine participants’ eye movements and fixations. This article presents a how-to guide for creating low-cost eye-tracking solutions and includes discussion of optical hardware, tracking software, and data analysis programs. The wider availability of eye-tracking technology ensures that the broader scientific community has access to techniques that can inform design and enhance research.

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Goldberg, Joseph H. "Eye Movement-Based Interface Evaluation: What can and Cannot be Assessed?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, no. 37 (July 2000): 625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004403721.

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Interface evaluation by eye tracking-derived data is discussed in this review and synthesis paper. While analysis of eye movements during interface use is becoming more popular, there is little basis for justification of eye tracking methods. A review of traditional interface assessment methods and criteria is provided, to establish areas where eye tracking may potentially impact interface evaluations. Studies are then reviewed, that have used eye tracking-derived measures for performance assessment as interfaces are manipulated. A synthesis is then provided, suggesting that eye tracking-based analysis could have a positive impact in evaluations of consistency, resources, visual clarity, and flexibility, and should have difficulty in ascertaining interface compatibility and locus of control.

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Snehitha, Kanaparthi. "Eye Tracking System using Matlab." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 10, 2021): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35017.

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There are many people around us who suffer from diseases like paralysis, quadriplegia due to which they cannot move their hands and legs. People suffering from such diseases need a person to be with them all the time to understand their needs and assist them. So, for their aid we want to implement an EYE DIRECTIVE WHEEL CHAIR, which moves in the direction based on the movement of eye balls of the person, helping in mobility. For this project we are designing a system called EYE TRACKING SYSTEM. This system consists of a camera, which is mounted on the wheel chair, which captures the movement of the eye balls of the person continuously. And these images are processed by a simulation software called MATLAB. This directs the motion of the EYE DIRECTIVE WHEEL CHAIR. When the person looks in a direction, the angle of rotation of the eyeball is calculated using MATLAB by processing the images continuously captured by the camera. When the person moves his eye balls in left direction, it shows to move left. Similarly, if he moves his eye balls in right direction, it shows move right. It shows move forward when eye balls or looking straight. And in every other situation it shows stop.

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Godfroid, Aline, Paula Winke, and Kathy Conklin. "Exploring the depths of second language processing with eye tracking: An introduction." Second Language Research 36, no. 3 (June 2, 2020): 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658320922578.

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In this paper, we review how eye tracking, which offers millisecond-precise information about how language learners orient their visual attention, can be used to investigate a variety of processes involved in the multifaceted endeavor of second language acquisition (SLA). In particular, we review the last 15 years of research in SLA, in which applied linguists have exploited the information gleaned from eye-tracking metrics to advance the field. As we explain, eye-tracking researchers within SLA have diversified which aspects of SLA they investigate and are entering new territory by pairing eye-tracking metrics with other data-collection methods for data-triangulation purposes. Eye tracking in SLA is also an inherently interdisciplinary endeavor, for which research partnerships with computer scientists hold special promise in the areas of automated language assessment and the evaluation of cognitive functioning and processing. We describe how the papers in this special issue on eye tracking in Second Language Research push the boundaries by: (a) ensuring greater standardization of how eye tracking is used in SLA (Godfroid and Hui, 2020); (b) embedding eye-tracking metrics within a mixed-methods design for more valid and complete data interpretation (Andringa, 2020; Michel et al., 2020); (c) using eye trackers to investigate the nuanced differences in cognitive processes involved across multimodal input and feedback types in SLA (Conklin et al., 2020; McDonough et al., 2020).

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Lahey, Joanna N., and Douglas Oxley. "The Power of Eye Tracking in Economics Experiments." American Economic Review 106, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20161009.

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Eye tracking is a technology that tracks eye activity including how long and where a participant is looking. As eye tracking technology has improved and become more affordable its use has expanded. We discuss how to design, implement, and analyze an experiment using this technology to study economic theory. Using our experience fielding an experiment to study hiring decisions we guide the reader through how to choose an eye tracker, concerns with participants and set-up, types of outputs, limitations of eye tracking, data management and data analysis. We conclude with suggestions for combining eye tracking with other measurements.

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Dostálová, Nicol, and Lukáš Plch. "A Scoping Review of Webcam Eye Tracking in Learning and Education." Studia paedagogica 28, no. 3 (April 2, 2024): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sp2023-3-5.

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The use of eye tracking in educational research has shown great potential in recent decades. There are various approaches to the usage of eye tracking technology in this area, including investigation of self-regulated learning from different types of learning environments. Nonetheless, the majority of published research studies have one tremendous limitation: using expensive remote or tower-based eye trackers to provide high-quality data in laboratory conditions. Now, new webcam eye trackers may offer an easily affordable approach allowing eye tracking measurements in the real environment, such as the investigation of learning behavior in online learning environments. The main aim of this scoping review is to explore the use of webcam eye tracking technology in the field of learning and education. We established three specific purposes: 1) to introduce educational topics being explored using webcam eye tracking, 2) to discuss the methodological aspects when exploring educational topics with webcam eye tracking, and 3) to investigate the eye tracking aspects used for the analysis. To do this, we analyzed 16 studies that used webcam eye tracking. The results of the scoping review show that 1) selected studies focus mainly on students’ behavior in online learning environments, such as engagement, lack of attention, cheating and others; 2) a wide range of studies aimed at the development of automatized detection tools; and 3) studies are mainly focused on extracting raw and event data features using them mostly for automatized detection purposes.

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Djamasbi, Soussan. "Eye Tracking and Web Experience." AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17705/1thci.00060.

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Wedel, Michel, and Rik Pieters. "Eye Tracking for Visual Marketing." Foundations and Trends® in Marketing 1, no. 4 (2006): 231–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1700000011.

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McCoy-Thomas, Tiffanye. "Eye Tracking and Learning Predictability." Journal of International Education and Practice 2, no. 4 (January 10, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jiep.v2i4.1632.

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Eye-tracking is a unique research method in education to help understand learners’ attention, reading struggles, learning strategies, and learning behaviors within the context of multimedia. This study overviews the empirical studies in this field, examines the role of eye-tracking in learning predictability, and discusses the ways that eye-tracking can be used for early intervention.

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Kano, Fumihiro, and Junichi Yamamoto. "Eye tracking with great apes." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 81 (September 20, 2017): ITL—004—ITL—004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.81.0_itl-004.

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Smołucha, Danuta. "Eye-tracking in Cultural Studies." Perspektywy Kultury 27, no. 4 (January 1, 2020): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/pk.2019.2704.12.

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Eye-tracking is a technology based on tracking the movement of eyeballs. The results of the study allow a detailed analysis of the path of sight, and provide answers to the questions: what are we looking at, what we focus on and what we ignore despite that the objects are located in our field of view. The eye movement tracking is not a new technology, but it is constantly improved and is gaining importance in many fields of science and consumer market research. Contemporary culture, oriented to image absorption, is a perfect surface for non-standard eye-tracking research.

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Judt, Ewald, and Claudia Klausegger. "Was ist eigentlich … Eye Tracking?" Zeitschrift für das gesamte Bank- und Börsenwesen 66, no. 12 (2018): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.47782/oeba201812088601.

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Gredebäck, Gustaf, Scott Johnson, and Claes von Hofsten. "Eye Tracking in Infancy Research." Developmental Neuropsychology 35, no. 1 (December 16, 2009): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87565640903325758.

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Lee, Chieh-Sen, Bin Bai, Qin-Rui Song, Zhi-Qiang Wang, and Guo-Fen Li. "Microwave Resonator for Eye Tracking." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 67, no. 12 (December 2019): 5417–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2019.2947683.

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Lentz, Leo. "Eye-tracking and Information Design." Information Design Journal 13, no. 3 (November 25, 2005): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/idjdd.13.3.12len.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Eye tracking'

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