Academic literature on the topic 'Eysenck’s PEN model of personality'

The principal aim of this paper is to investigate whether it is possible to create a personality taxonomy of clinical relevance out of Eysenck’s original PEN model by repairing the various shortcomings that can be noted in Eysenck’s personality theory, particularly in relation to P or Psychoticism. Addressing three approaches that have been followed to answer the question ‘which personality factors are basic?’, arguments are listed to show that particularly the theory-informed approach, originally defended by Eysenck, may lead to scientific progress. However, also noting the many deficiencies in the nomological network surrounding P, the peculiar situation arises that we adhere to Eysenck’s theory-informed methodology, but criticize his theory. These arguments and criticisms led to the replacement of P by three orthogonal and theory-based factors, Insensitivity (S), Orderliness (G), and Absorption (A), that together with the dimensions E or Extraversion and N or Neuroticism, that were retained from Eysenck’s PEN model, appear to give a comprehensive account of the main vulnerability factors in schizophrenia and affective disorders, as well as in other psychopathological conditions.

Personality has been linked to individual variation in interest and performance in cognitive tasks. Nevertheless, this relationship is still poorly understood and has rarely been considered in animal cognition research. Here, we investigated the association between personality and interest, motivation and task performance in 13 sanctuary chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) housed at Fundació Mona (Spain). Personality was assessed with a 12-item questionnaire based on Eysenck’s Psychoticism-Extraversion-Neuroticism model completed by familiar keepers and researchers. Additionally, personality ratings were compared to behavioral observations conducted over an 11-year period. Experimental tasks consisted in several puzzle boxes that needed to be manipulated in order to obtain a food reward. Dependent variables included participation (as an indicator of interest), success and latency (as measures of performance), and losing contact with the task (as an indicator of motivation). As predicted, we obtained significant correlations between Eysenck’s personality traits and observed behaviors, although some expected associations were absent. We then analyzed data using Generalized Linear Mixed Models, running a model for each dependent variable. In both sexes, lower Extraversion and lower Dominance were linked to a higher probability of success, but this effect was stronger in females. Furthermore, higher Neuropsychoticism predicted higher probability of success in females, but not in males. The probability of losing contact with the task was higher in young chimpanzees, and in those rated lower on Extraversion and higher on Dominance. Additionally, chimpanzees rated higher on Neuropsychoticism were also more likely to stop interacting with the task, but again this was more evident in females. Participation and latency were not linked to any personality trait. Our findings show that the PEN may be a good model to describe chimpanzee personality, and stress the importance of considering personality when interpreting the results of cognitive research in non-human primates.

The main purpose of this research was to evaluate dimensions of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire-50-CC (ZKPQ-50-CC) in the Serbian culture in the light of some of the basic assumptions of the alternative five-factor model – the cross-cultural stability, construct validity and heritability. The study had two parts. The aim of the first study is to evaluate the replicability of the alternative FFM in a Serbian sample (N = 1155). Three structural models were tested using confirmatory factor analysis. The model which included correlated dimensions and four omitted items showed the best fit. The second study, conducted on a sample of 200 participants (90 male and 110 female), was set to test several models of relations between the alternative FFM and Eysenck's PEN model. Four models were tested using the structural equation modeling. The best- fitting model included three latent dimensions, which corresponded to PEN dimensions.

The main aim of this study is to estimate the heritability of AFFM and PEN dimensions, including 67 pairs of twins (34 monozygotic and 33 dizygotic) of both genders, aged 18 - 44. The heritability has been estimated by the biometric method, two full (ACE and ADE) and three reduced (AE, DE and CE) models tested for each personality trait. Taking into consideration the AFFM dimensions, additive genetic factors and a non-shared environment contribute the most significantly to the phenotypic variation of activity, sociability and the impulsive sensation seeking; anxiety and aggressiveness are best accounted for by the dominant genetic effects. In the PEN domain, fit indicators suggest that ACE and the reduced AE models provide the best explanation for the phenotypic manifestations of neuroticism, while ACE and CE models account for the variation of L scale. Although the fit indicators calculated for extraversion and psychotic behavior are somewhat problematic, the parameter estimates show that extraversion is best accounted for by the additive genetic variance, shared environmental effects, and the non-shared environment, whereas psychotic behavior is the most adequately explained by both shared and non-shared environmental effects.

Several personality models are known for being replicable across cultures, such as the Five–Factor Model (FFM) or Eysenck's Psychoticism–Extraversion–Neuroticism (PEN) model, and are for this reason considered universal. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the cross–cultural replicability of the recently revised Alternative FFM (AFFM). A total of 15 048 participants from 23 cultures completed the Zuckerman–Kuhlman–Aluja Personality Questionnaire (ZKA–PQ) aimed at assessing personality according to this revised AFFM. Internal consistencies, gender differences and correlations with age were similar across cultures for all five factors and facet scales. The AFFM structure was very similar across samples and can be considered as highly replicable with total congruence coefficients ranging from .94 to .99. Measurement invariance across cultures was assessed using multi–group confirmatory factor analyses, and each higher–order personality factor did reach configural and metric invariance. Scalar invariance was never reached, which implies that culture–specific norms should be considered. The underlying structure of the ZKA–PQ replicates well across cultures, suggesting that this questionnaire can be used in a large diversity of cultures and that the AFFM might be as universal as the FFM or the PEN model. This suggests that more research is needed to identify and define an integrative framework underlying these personality models. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology

The purpose of this research was to examine the relations between different aspects of aggressiveness and personality traits. Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), which represent psychobiological model, and inventory Big Five Plus Two Inventory (BF+2), which represent psycholexical model of personality in Serbian language, were administered to 478 participants. The results revealed that affective impulsive aggressiveness and predatory or instrumental aggressiveness could be identified in the aggressiveness - personality traits relationships. Those aspects of aggressiveness could take manifest or latent character. As expected, Psychoticism from EPQ, Aggressiveness, and Negative Valence from BF+2 showed a significant contribution to all identified forms, except for Aggressiveness in relations with ?acting out? physical aggression. Although these personality traits carry out significant loadings, these loadings were not always the highest. Affective-impulsive aggressiveness, which was mainly determined by the components of latent domain AQ, was related to Neuroticism from both models. The remaining forms of manifest aggressiveness were related to low Consciousness, whereas Physical aggression is connected to Extraversion and Oppennes. This connection represents possible ?acting out? reaction or more frequent tendency of impulsive physical aggression. The results showed that aggressiveness represents a multidimensional construct which could be explained by specific constellation of personality traits, depending which aspects of aggressivenes are of interest.

The paper presents two studies aimed at the examination of the factor structure of The Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) and joint factor structure of the scales of MPQ and SPSRQ (The Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire). In the first research conducted on the sample of 1127 participants of both sexes, age 18 to 67, the results of the principal component analysis of the MPQ scales point to the existence of three higher-order dimensions, named General Adaptedness, Psychopathic Tendencies and Negative Emotionality. These dimensions correspond to the dimensions of the Eysenck?s PEN model to the greater extent than they achieve the assumed similarity with the dimensions of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. In the second study conducted on the sample of 199 respondents of both sexes, age 18 to 59, the results of the joint principal component analysis of the MPQ and SPSRQ scales point to the existence of three higher order dimensions, which correspond to the Tellegen?s Positive Emotionality, Negative Emotionality, and Constraint. .

The aim of this study was to scrutinize the relationship between personality type as described by Grossarth‐Maticek and Eysenck, health‐related behaviours, and indicators of transitory ill health in a community sample. The sample consisted of all per sons aged 40 years (45 men and 35 women) in a Swedish municipality who agreed to take part in a health examination at the primary health care centre of the municipality. The Short Interpersonal Reactions Inventory (Grossarth‐Maticek and Eysenck, 1990) was used to measure personality type. Self‐report data were obtained regarding seven health‐related behaviours. Health was assessed in three ways; self‐report (paper and pencil), self‐report (interview response to physician), and measures of 36 biological variables including immune system indicators. The allocation of persons to the different personality types proved problematic using the established methods. By combining the types, according to Eysenck's personality model, and performing a cluster analysis on this combination, a ‘healthy’ and a ‘stressed’ profile were identified within both the male and the female group of subjects. Persons in the healthy personality cluster showed more favourable scores on the health‐related behaviour indices and on the self‐report health scales than the persons in the stressed cluster. They also tended to score lower than those in the stressed cluster on most of the biological markers known to increase during acute stress. The possibility that this implies a higher level of strain for the persons in the stressed cluster on various bodily systems is discussed.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Organisational culture can contribute towards or detract from an organisation’s success. It is therefore important to manage this aspect of the organisation. Effective management requires the measurement and assessment of the activities and elements of the organisation. This mini-research report aims to produce a tool which can assess the personality of an organisation’s culture and its sub-cultures; and to relate this to organisational leadership and recruitment. Secondary literature was reviewed in order to identify candidate dimensions of personality. The candidate dimensions of personality are derived from salient themes within Eysenck’s PEN model of personality and these are mindfulness, sociability and propensity to activity. These themes are translated into business equivalents as ‘strategic awareness’, ‘engaged leadership’ and ‘collective performance’. Factor analysis was applied to the completed questionnaires of Havenga’s Integrated Leadership, Climate and Culture survey. The survey contains 24 questions which assess organisational culture in terms of performance and intergroup behaviour. Over 800 responses were analysed in order to validate the candidate dimensions of personality. The factor analysis yielded two factors which were utilised as dimensions in the produced tool and these were labelled as ‘strategic awareness’ and ‘engaged leadership’. A third dimension, ‘collective performance’, was included in the tool and was measured by two of the questions contained in the ILCC survey. Eight questions in total are utilised by the tool. The tool is tested against an organisation represented in the sample and the results are compared to the initial ILCC survey and assessment of the same organisation. The tool is found to be valid for the organisation and is considered to be generalisable to the leisure industry in South Africa. Organisational leadership and the recruitment of personnel are also found to be contributing factors of an organisation’s culture. The author recommends that this tool be used to assess an organisation’s culture, within its limitations; and that the members’ propensity to thoughtfulness, sociability and activity are considered during the recruitment process.

Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia Jurídica.
O presente estudo pretendeu verificar se os adolescentes que manifestam comportamentos anti-sociais obtêm pontuações diferentes nos traços de personalidade do que aqueles que nunca tiverem esse tipo de condutas. Para este efeito, depois de se fazer uma revisão da literatura existente acerca dos comportamentos anti-sociais e seus factores relacionados, nomeadamente a nível individual, como a Personalidade e Procura de Sensações, foi executado um estudo empírico em que participaram trezentos e cinquenta e seis estudantes do ensino básico, que frequentam desde o 5.º ao 9.º ano. Os instrumentos administrados para a realização desta investigação foram: uma ficha de informação sócio-demográfica; o Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ júnior, de Eysenck, 1965), traduzido e adaptado por Fonseca e Eysenck (1989); uma adaptação do Sensation Seeking Scale for Children (SSSC) de Russo et al. (1991); e o CCA de Mirón (1990) traduzido e adaptado por Martins (2005). Os resultados desta investigação indicaram que existe uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os adolescentes que admitiram realizar comportamentos anti-sociais tanto a nível das dimensões de Personalidade de Eysenck (nomeadamente a nível de Psicoticismo e Neuroticismo – uma vez que a nível da Extraversão não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas), bem como relativamente à Procura de Sensações. Registaram-se ainda diferenças com significância relativamente aos elementos sócio-demográficos dos jovens (como sexo, idade e número de reprovações). Desta forma, os resultados parecem indicar uma necessidade de investigação nesta área, para mais facilmente encontrarmos forma de lidar com esta problemática, que cada vez mais interfere com o bem-estar das sociedades actuais. This study pretended to verify whether the teenagers who show antisocial behavior show different scores of personality traits than those who have never had this kind of conduct. For this purpose, after a review of the literature about antisocial behavior and its related factors, namely the individual level, such as Personality and Sensation-Seeking, an empirical study was performed involving three hundred fifty-six students of a middle school, attending 5th to 9th grade. The instruments administered to carry out this research were: a form of socio-demographic information; the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ junior of Eysenck, 1965), translated and adapted by Fonseca and Eysenck (1989); an adaptation of the Sensation Seeking Scale for Children (SSSC) by Russo et al. (1991); and the CCA of Miron (1990), translated and adapted by Martins (2005). The results of this investigation indicated that there is a statistically significant difference between teens who admitted to realize antisocial behavior such as in the level of the Personality dimensions of Eysenck (including the level of Psychoticism and Neuroticism – since the level of Extraversion no statistically significant differences were found), as well as for the Sensation-Seeking. There were also found significant differences regarding socio-demografics elements on young people (such as gender, age and number of failures). In this matter, the results seem to indicate a need for research in this area, to more easily find ways to deal with this problematic, which increasingly interferes with the welfare of modern society. Cette étude vise à vérifier si les adolescents qui présentent un comportement antisocial montrent différents scores sur les traits de personnalité vis-à-vis de ceux qui n’ont jamais eu ce genre de comportement. À cette fin, après une revue de la littérature à propos des comportements antisociaux et de ses facteurs connexes, à savoir au niveau individuel, comme la Personnalité et la Recherche de Sensations, une étude empirique a été réalisée impliquant trois cents cinquante seize élèves du collège, dés la sixième, à la troisième année. Les instruments appliqués pour la réalisation de cette recherche ont été: un questionnaire d’informations sócio-démographiques; le questionnaire de personnalité d’Eysenck (EPQ junior d’Eysenck, 1965), traduit et adapté par Fonseca et Eysenck (1989); une adaptation de Sensation Seeking Scale for Children (SSSC) par Russo et al. (1991); le CCA de Mirón (1990) traduit et adapté par Martin (2005). Les résultats de cette investigation ont révélé qu’il ya une différence statistiquement significative entre les adolescents qui ont admis réaliser des comportements anti-sociaux au niveau des dimensions de la Personnalité d’Eysenck (y compris le niveau de névrosisme et psychoticisme – puisque au niveau de l’extraversion il n´y a aucune différence statistiquement significative), ainsi que pour la Recherche de Sensations. Il y a été trouvés également des différences significatives par rapport aux facteurs sócio-démographiques des jeunes (comme para exemple le sexe, l’âge et le nombre d’échecs). Ainsi, les résultats semblent indiquer un besoin de recherche dans ce domaine, afin de trouver plus facilement des moyens pour faire face à ce problème, qui interfère avec le bien-être de la société actuelle.

We describe a newly developed 12-item short form version of the self-report Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) originally developed by Eysenck and Eysenck (1977) and most recently revised by Eysenck, Eysenck, and Barrett (EPQ-R; 1985). The original EPQ consists of 90 items while the EPQ-R involves 36 items. Both instruments were designed to assess three dimensions of personality – extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism. An understanding of the hierarchical model for personality envisaged by Eysenck (1947) facilitates our explication of these personality dimensions. Eysenck’s system involved four levels. At the lowest level of this system are singly occurring acts or cognitions. Habitual acts or cognitions are at the second level. The third level is composed of traits, defined in terms of significant intercorrelations between different habitual behaviors. The final level is that of personality types or dimensions defined in terms of substantial intercorrelations between traits. Against this backdrop, Eysenck (see Eysenck,1990; Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985) defined extraversion by the observed correlations between the traits sociable, lively, active, assertive, sensation-seeking, carefree, dominant, and venturesome. Neuroticism was defined by the traits anxious, depressed, guilt feelings, low self-esteem, tense, irrational, shy, moody, and emotional. Finally, psychoticism was defined by the traits aggressive, cold, egocentric, impersonal, impulsive, antisocial, unempathic, and tough-minded.