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van Kampen, Dirk. "Personality and Psychopathology: a Theory-Based Revision of Eysenck’s PEN Model." Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 5, no. 1 (December 8, 2009): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017900905010009.
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The principal aim of this paper is to investigate whether it is possible to create a personality taxonomy of clinical relevance out of Eysenck’s original PEN model by repairing the various shortcomings that can be noted in Eysenck’s personality theory, particularly in relation to P or Psychoticism. Addressing three approaches that have been followed to answer the question ‘which personality factors are basic?’, arguments are listed to show that particularly the theory-informed approach, originally defended by Eysenck, may lead to scientific progress. However, also noting the many deficiencies in the nomological network surrounding P, the peculiar situation arises that we adhere to Eysenck’s theory-informed methodology, but criticize his theory. These arguments and criticisms led to the replacement of P by three orthogonal and theory-based factors, Insensitivity (S), Orderliness (G), and Absorption (A), that together with the dimensions E or Extraversion and N or Neuroticism, that were retained from Eysenck’s PEN model, appear to give a comprehensive account of the main vulnerability factors in schizophrenia and affective disorders, as well as in other psychopathological conditions.
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Beattie, Elaine K., and Philip J. Corr. "Reinforcement, Arousal and Temporal Factors in Procedural Learning." Journal of Individual Differences 31, no. 4 (January 2010): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000008.
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An experiment examining the effects of reinforcement and personality on a procedural learning task tested H. J. Eysenck’s (1968 , 1979 ) incubation theory of the development of fear, relating to a “reminiscence” effect during a rest pause. Eysenck’s arousal-based personality predictions for enhanced learning were contrasted with J. A. Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) of personality. Measures of Extraversion (E) and Neuroticism (N) and Trait Anxiety were taken. Participants completed six blocks of a procedural learning task, under either punishment or control (no reinforcement) in one of two training conditions: (a) spaced training (four blocks of the task in the first session followed by retest on one block in two subsequent sessions, 24 h and 5 days later); or (b) massed training (six blocks of the task in a single session). Results showed that, under punishment, high trait anxiety led to enhanced learning in both training conditions; however, this increase was not predicted by Eysenck’s arousal-based personality theory, but rather high anxiety facilitated learning in a manner consistent with RST predictions. There was no effect of spaced vs. mass training: Procedural learning increased over the course of the testing sessions under both conditions. Results failed to support Eysenck’s predictions for reminiscence as a function of personality but suggested that learning was enhanced under punishment in line with RST’s predictions for high anxiety. The implications of these data for current theories of personality are discussed.
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Dorfman, L. Ya, A. V. Dubrovsky, E. A. Kurochkin, and V. N. Liadov. "PERSONALITY TRAITS IN THE INTEGRATION OF DISCIPLINE AND CREATIVITY." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy 31, no. 4 (December 28, 2021): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9550-2021-31-4-381-390.
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L.Ya. Dorfman's concept of discipline and K. Martindale's theory of creativity are considered as integrated ones. The mediators between them were personality traits in the theory of H. Eysenck. To measure social discipline, self-discipline, general discipline we used "Discipline Questionnaire" by V.P. Pryadein and L.Ya. Dorfman; creativity - "Unusual Use" test adapted by I.S. Averina and E.I. Shcheblanova; personality traits - H. Eysenck and S.B.H. Eysenck’s questionnaire. We studied cross-theoretical and empirical models of integration as applied to discipline and creativity through extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism. Empirical models served as mediator models (path analysis), which included the structural components of discipline (general and social discipline, self-discipline) as exogenous variables. Variables of extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism were considered as mediators; creativity with components as an endogenous variable. The study involved 243 junior cadets of the Perm Institute of the National Guard of Russia, young men, aged from 17 to 22 (M = 18.60, SD = 0.94). The obtained results indicate that psychoticism integrates general and social discipline with creativity, and extraversion integrates general discipline with creativity. The dual mechanisms, namely disinhibition (impulsivity) and inhibition (restraint), are assumed to be the basis of the results obtained.
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Lester, David. "A Neurotransmitter Basis for Eysenck's Theory of Personality." Psychological Reports 64, no. 1 (February 1989): 189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.1.189.
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A physiological basis for Eysenck's theory of personality is proposed which is different from those bases suggested by Eysenck himself. Psychoticism, neuroticism and extraversion are associated with varying levels of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, respectively.
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Kalasūnienė, Loreta, Antanas Goštautas, and Algimantas Sinkus. "Heredity of Cognitive Functions and Personality in Twins." Medicina 49, no. 7 (August 4, 2013): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina49070050.
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Background and Objective. The inheritance of cognitive functions and personality is still a problem under investigation. A classical method, investigation of twins, is often used to find relative contributions from genetics and the environment to quantitative traits. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible influence of heredity on cognitive functions (by applying the Raven test) and personality traits (according to the Eysenck’s theory) in twins. Material and Methods. In total, 139 pairs of same-sex twins were investigated. The zygosity of the twin pairs was confirmed through genotyping with 15 molecular DNA markers. Constructive thinking was assessed using the Raven test. Personality assessment was conducted using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) in Lithuanian. Results. The difference in the total number of incorrect solutions between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs younger than 15 years was not significant; however, in the group older than 15 years, this difference was found to be significant. Based on the total number of incorrect solutions, the concordance in the MZ twins was greater than in the DZ twins. The same tendency was found with cumulative EPQ scores on the extraversion scale. Conclusions. The results imply that the quality of cognitive functions and personality traits (extraversion) can be influenced by heredity. This confirms previous findings on the heritability of cognitive factors and personality traits.
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Bech, Per, Marianne Lunde, and Stine Bjerrum Møller. "Eysenck’s Two Big Personality Factors and Their Relationship to Depression in Patients with Chronic Idiopathic Pain Disorder: A Clinimetric Validation Analysis." ISRN Psychiatry 2012 (September 4, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/140458.
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Aim. The clinimetric aspects of Eysenck’s two big personality factors (neuroticism and extraversion) were originally identified by principal component analysis but have been insufficiently analysed with item response theory models. Their relationship to states of melancholia and anxiety was subsequently analysed. Method. Patients with chronic idiopathic pain disorder were included in the study. The nonparametric item response model (Mokken) was compared to the coefficient alpha to validate the anxiety and depression subscales within the neuroticism scale and the extraversion and introversion subscales within the extraversion scale. When measuring states of depression and anxiety, the Melancholia Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale were used. Results. We identified acceptable subscales of anxiety and depression in the Eysenck factor of neuroticism and extraversion versus introversion subscales within the Eysenck factor of extraversion. Focusing on the item of “Does your mood often go up and down?” we showed a statistically significant association with melancholia and anxiety for patients with a positive score on this item. Conclusion. Within the Eysenck factor of neuroticism it is important to differentiate between the anxiety and depression subscales. The clinimetric analysis of the Eysenck factor of extraversion identified valid subscales.
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Lewis, Christopher Alan, and Leslie J. Francis. "Personality and religion among female university students in France." Psychology, Society, & Education 6, no. 2 (April 28, 2017): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/psye.v6i2.509.
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Abstract: The short-form Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was completed by 462 female university students between the ages of 18 and 30 in France, together with the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity. The findings are consistent with those from a series of studies employing the same measure of religiosity among school pupils and adults in England and Wales, thus adding to the cross-cultural evidence concerning the stability of the association between personality and religion. According to these findings there is an inverse relationship between psychoticism and religiosity, while neither neuroticism nor extraversion is either positively or negatively related to religiosity. These findings are discussed in terms of Eysenck’s theory relating personality to social attitudes and in light of discrepant findings proposed by other studies conducted among adult samples. Personalidad y religión entre los estudiantes del sexo femenino en universidades de Francia Resumen: 462 jóvenes francesas de entre 18 y 30 años cumplimentaron la forma abreviada y revisada del cuestionario de personalidad de Eysenck junto con la escala de actitudes hacia el Cristianismo de Francis. Los resultados son equivalentes a una serie de resultados de estudios utilizando la misma escala de religión entre estudiantes y adultos en Inglaterra y Gales. Según estos resultados, existe una relación inversa entre el psicoticismo y la religión, aunque ni el neuroticismo ni la extraversión tienen una relación positiva o negativa con la religión. Se habla de estos resultados en términos de la teoría de Eysenck que relaciona la personalidad con las actitudes sociales y teniendo en cuenta los resultados discrepantes propuestos por otros estudios con muestras adultas.
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Jawinski, Philippe, Sebastian Markett, Christian Sander, Jue Huang, Christine Ulke, Ulrich Hegerl, and Tilman Hensch. "The Big Five Personality Traits and Brain Arousal in the Resting State." Brain Sciences 11, no. 10 (September 26, 2021): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101272.
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Based on Eysenck’s biopsychological trait theory, brain arousal has long been considered to explain individual differences in human personality. Yet, results from empirical studies remained inconclusive. However, most published results have been derived from small samples and, despite inherent limitations, EEG alpha power has usually served as an exclusive indicator for brain arousal. To overcome these problems, we here selected N = 468 individuals of the LIFE-Adult cohort and investigated the associations between the Big Five personality traits and brain arousal by using the validated EEG- and EOG-based analysis tool VIGALL. Our analyses revealed that participants who reported higher levels of extraversion and openness to experience, respectively, exhibited lower levels of brain arousal in the resting state. Bayesian and frequentist analysis results were especially convincing for openness to experience. Among the lower-order personality traits, we obtained the strongest evidence for neuroticism facet ‘impulsivity’ and reduced brain arousal. In line with this, both impulsivity and openness have previously been conceptualized as aspects of extraversion. We regard our findings as well in line with the postulations of Eysenck and consistent with the recently proposed ‘arousal regulation model’. Our results also agree with meta-analytically derived effect sizes in the field of individual differences research, highlighting the need for large (collaborative) studies.
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Francis, Leslie J. "Personality and Attitude towards Religion among Adult Churchgoers in England." Psychological Reports 69, no. 3 (December 1991): 791–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1991.69.3.791.
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A sample of 165 regular churchgoers completed the short form of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, together with the Francis scale of attitude towards Christianity. While the data demonstrate that the central thesis of Eysenck's theory relating personality with religious attitudes holds good among a religious sample, they also suggest that other aspects of personality theory and measurement relating personality with religious attitudes may function differently in a religiously committed sample than in more general samples.
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Buckalew, L. W., N. M. Buckalew, and Weldon J. Bowling. "ATTENTIONAL PERFORMANCE, GENDER AND AN INDEX OF EXCITABILITY." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1991.19.1.21.
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Introversion-extraversion and gender effects on attention were investigated. Eysenck's theory, based on excitability, underlying the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire suggests introverts performing better than extraverts on tasks of time to first identification and number identified in an attentional task (discerning differences between two similar cartoons). Based on 45 college students, gender-specific analysis showed increasing extraversion in men tended to relate to poorer performance in number identified and longer times in first identification while opposite relationships were found for women. Findings suggest gender differences on the EPQ and differential gender effects of EPQ-defined extraversion on attentional tasks. Eysenck's theory appeared upheld for men but not women. Extraversion defined by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (based on Jungian theory) was related to fewer numbers identified and longer times for first identification. Further research is needed to better identify underpinnings of this personality dimension and conditions for its effects.
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McDonald, Michelle J., and Paul D. Linden. "Interpersonal Problems and Personality: Using Three Factor Solutions." Psychological Reports 93, no. 2 (October 2003): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.93.2.371.
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Attempting to bridge the gap between psychotherapy research on interpersonal discord and personality research on factors of normal and abnormal personality, the present study uses personality factors to predict interpersonal problems. Eysenck's P-E-N (Psychoticism-Extraversion-Neuroticism) model of personality and its correspondent index, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised is used as a schema from which to conceptualize and measure personality. Horowitz's Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, which includes six problems commonly reported by psychotherapy patients at intake (hard to be assertive, hard to be submissive, hard to be intimate, hard to be sociable, too controlling, and too responsible), was used as an index of interpersonal distress. Hierarchical multiple regression, in which the most significant predictor was entered into the equation first, indicate significant prediction of various problems by the personality factors considered here. Results are discussed in the context of interpersonal theory.
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Kajonius, Petri J., Björn N. Persson, Patricia Rosenberg, and Danilo Garcia. "The (mis)measurement of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen: exploitation at the core of the scale." PeerJ 4 (March 1, 2016): e1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1748.
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Background.The dark side of human character has been conceptualized in the Dark Triad Model: Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism. These three dark traits are often measured using single long instruments for each one of the traits. Nevertheless, there is a necessity of short and valid personality measures in psychological research. As an independent research group, we replicated the factor structure, convergent validity and item response for one of the most recent and widely used short measures to operationalize these malevolent traits, namely, Jonason’s Dark Triad Dirty Dozen. We aimed to expand the understanding of what the Dirty Dozen really captures because the mixed results on construct validity in previous research.Method. We used the largest sample to date to respond to the Dirty Dozen (N= 3,698). We firstly investigated the factor structure using Confirmatory Factor Analysis and an exploratory distribution analysis of the items in the Dirty Dozen. Secondly, using a sub-sample (n= 500) and correlation analyses, we investigated the Dirty Dozen dark traits convergent validity to Machiavellianism measured by the Mach-IV, psychopathy measured by Eysenck’s Personality Questionnaire Revised, narcissism using the Narcissism Personality Inventory, and both neuroticism and extraversion from the Eysenck’s questionnaire. Finally, besides these Classic Test Theory analyses, we analyzed the responses for each Dirty Dozen item using Item Response Theory (IRT).Results.The results confirmed previous findings of a bi-factor model fit: one latent core dark trait and three dark traits. All three Dirty Dozen traits had a striking bi-modal distribution, which might indicate unconcealed social undesirability with the items. The three Dirty Dozen traits did converge too, although not strongly, with the contiguous single Dark Triad scales (rbetween .41 and .49). The probabilities of filling out steps on the Dirty Dozen narcissism-items were much higher than on the Dirty Dozen items for Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Overall, the Dirty Dozen instrument delivered the most predictive value with persons with average and high Dark Triad traits (theta> −0.5). Moreover, the Dirty Dozen scale was better conceptualized as a combined Machiavellianism-psychopathy factor, not narcissism, and is well captured with item 4: ‘I tend to exploit others towards my own end.’Conclusion.The Dirty Dozen showed a consistent factor structure, a relatively convergent validity similar to that found in earlier studies. Narcissism measured using the Dirty Dozen, however, did not contribute with information to the core of the Dirty Dozen construct. More importantly, the results imply that the core of the Dirty Dozen scale, a manipulative and anti-social trait, can be measured by a Single Item Dirty Dark Dyad (SIDDD).
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Eagleton, Jessica R., Stuart J. McKelvie, and Anton De Man. "Extra Version and Neuroticism in Team Sport Participants, Individual Sport Participants, and Nonparticipants." Perceptual and Motor Skills 105, no. 1 (August 2007): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.1.265-275.
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Scores on Extraversion and on Neuroticism as measured by the Eysenck Personality Inventory were compared for 90 undergraduate team sport participants, individual sport participants, and nonparticipants (43 men, 47 women, M age = 20.3 yr.). From past research and Eysenck's biological theory of personality, it was hypothesized that sport participants would score higher on Extraversion and lower on Neuroticism than nonparticipants, and that team participants would score higher on Extraversion and perhaps higher on Neuroticism than individual sport participants. By comparing scores for students in first year and final year, it was also investigated whether pre-existing personality differences drew people to sport (the gravitational hypothesis) or whether personality changed as a function of sport participation (the developmental hypothesis). The main findings were that team participants scored higher on Extraversion than both individual sport participants and nonparticipants, and that test scores did not change over time, supporting the gravitational hypothesis for Extraversion.
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Francis, Leslie J., and Shirley Kerr. "Research Note: Personality and Religion Among Secondary School Pupils in South Africa in the Early 1990S." Religion and Theology 10, no. 2 (2003): 224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157430103x00051.
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AbstractThe short form Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was completed by 453 white English-speaking secondary school pupils in South Africa during the early 1990s, together with the Francis scale of attitude toward Christianity. The findings are consistent with those from a series of studies employing the same measure of religiosity among school pupils and adults in the UK. According to these findings there is an inverse relationship between psychoticism and religiosity, while neither neuroticism nor extraversion is either positively or negatively related to religiosity. These findings are discussed in terms of Eysenck's theory relating personality to social attitudes and in light of discrepant findings proposed by other studies conducted among adult samples. Replication is now recommended within the new educational framework of South Africa.
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Yusoff, Nasir, Nik NurAzhani Anuar, Wan Nor Arifin, Tahamina Begum, and Faruque Reza. "Emotional Arousal Substrate in Relation to Eysenck Theory of Extraversion." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.22 (August 8, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.22.17115.
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Background: Eysenck theory posits that extraverts possess a trait of personality that is associated with personal enjoyment. Objectives: This study aims to examine the combination effect of extraversion and arousal intensity on the neural process of emotional arousal. Methods: This study was implemented in two parts – (1) Validation of Extraversion-Five Factor Non Verbal Personality Questionnaire (E-FF-NPQ) for personality screening, and (2) Event Related Potential (ERP)/electroencephalograph (EEG) recording session. In part one, the E-FF-NPQ was validated by 153 respondents, recruited from Universiti Sains Malaysia. In part two, after having their personality trait screened, electroencephalogram was recorded in 90 participants (N=30 for each personality) during the Event Related Potential session. Emotional arousal pictures that were taken randomly from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) were used as visual stimuli and divided into three categories (high, moderate, low) based on the normative mean values of IAPS. Results: Interaction effect of the extraversion trait and emotional arousal intensity was detected in the frontal region as indicated by the latency of N200. Conclusion: The Theory of Eysenck on the connection between extraversion and well-being is almost supported.
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Pickering, Alan D. "The Conceptual Nervous System and Personality." European Psychologist 2, no. 2 (January 1997): 139–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.2.2.139.
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In this paper the conceptual nervous system approach to the study of personality is traced back to the ideas of Pavlov. The links between his ideas and two strands of modern European personality theory ( Eysenck's, 1967 , arousal theory of extraversion; Gray's, 1970 , reinforcement sensitivity theory) are emphasized. Recent data concerning reinforcement sensitivity theory have revealed a diversity of relationships between personality trait measures and the behavioral responses to the signals of reinforcement present. In view of these data, a reappraisal of the basics of reinforcement sensitivity theory are then presented, using neural network techniques to explore the conceptual nervous system features fundamental to reinforcement sensitivity theory. Simulations using these techniques are also presented which provide possible explanations for the variations in the experimental data, thereby suggesting that reinforcement sensitivity theory should be revised, rather than abandoned. One revision proposes that the fundamental brain systems involved may produce their behavioral effects solely via the influences of their outputs on arousal levels, with arousal linked to aspects of performance in a manner resembling Pavlovian transmarginal inhibition.
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Center, David B., and Dawn E. Kemp. "Antisocial Behaviour in Children and Eysenck's Theory of Personality: An evaluation." International Journal of Disability, Development and Education 49, no. 4 (December 2002): 353–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1034912022000028330.
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Matthews, Gerald. "Traits, cognitive processes and adaptation: An elegy for Hans Eysenck's personality theory." Personality and Individual Differences 103 (December 2016): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.037.
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Taub, John M. "Eysenck's Descriptive and Biological Theory of Personality: A Review of Construct Validity." International Journal of Neuroscience 94, no. 3-4 (January 1998): 145–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00207459808986443.
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Neubauer, Aljoscha C., and Bertram F. Malle. "Questionnaire Response Latencies: Implications for Personality Assessment and Self-Schema Theory." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 13, no. 2 (May 1997): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.13.2.109.
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We investigated whether the speed of responding to personality questionnaires affects the psychometric quality of the resulting questionnaire scores. Austrian adolescents (n = 106) completed Eysenck's Personality Inventory in a computerized version, which assessed single-item response latencies and the trait levels for neuroticism (N) and extraversion (E). We examined, first, the impact of questionnaire response instructions (speeded versus unspeeded) on test-retest reliability (7 weeks apart) and validity (self-peer agreement). A speeded instruction shortened response latencies, as expected, and made questionnaire scores more reliable (but not more valid). Second, we examined individual differences in habitual response speed. For N, fast responders showed greater validity (but not greater reliability) than slow responders; for E, no such effect was found. We explain these results by means of self-schemata, which appear to moderate the validity of personality assessments, but may do so differently for different traits.
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Meuser, Thomas M., and Samuel J. Marwit. "An Integrative Model of Personality, Coping and Appraisal for the Prediction of Grief Involvement in Adults." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 40, no. 2 (March 2000): 375–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/p6bm-qu6c-6xy9-bnum.
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This Study Contrasts Two Opposing Conceptualizations Of Personality's Effect Upon Grief: A Traditional Ego Psychology (Risk Factor) View And Lazarus And Folkman's Contextual Coping Model. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, and the Revised Grief Experience Inventory were administered to 101 bereaved adults. Predictor variables included neuroticism, extraversion, threat appraisal, emotion-oriented coping, task/problem-oriented coping, and avoidance coping. Significant predictive effects for emotion oriented coping, task/problem oriented coping, and grief-related variables were found. Results support contextual coping theory, indicating that immediate coping processes may be better predictors of grief involvement than longstanding personality traits. Clinical implications are discussed.
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Krasilnikov, Igor. "Intrapersonal Proneness to Conflict as a Disposition in Foreign and Russian Psychology." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Educational Acmeology. Developmental Psychology 2, no. 2 (2013): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/2304-9790-2013-2-2-134-140.
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The article views intrapersonal proneness to conflict as a personal disposition. We have made an attempt to interpret proneness to conflict from the point of view of traits theory. The article overviews opinions of Russian psychologists that deal with proneness to conflict from the perspective of consciousness problem. Proneness to conflict is viewed through the idea of a personality that possesses an in-born set of dispositions, which allow it to react in a steady and certain way in different situations. The article presents Gordon Willard Allport’s statement that the quality of personal maturity is opposed to inner proneness to conflict. The article examines the point of view, which states that threat is closely interconnected with experiencing anxiety, emotional strain, and personal anxiety is a thorough personal characteristic, that acts as a predictor of a neurotic conflict and psychosomatic disorders. The article presents Hans Jürgen Eysenck’s research results that prove that emotion of fear is fixed at the physiological level and can be consistent in emotionally unstable persons. We view Karl Leonhard’s personal accentuation concept, which shows that certain personal formations, notwithstanding hereditary determination can be developed under the influence of certain types of psychological traumas or difficult life situations.
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Goh, David S., and Frederick T. L. Leong. "The relationship between Holland's theory of vocational interest and Eysenck's model of personality." Personality and Individual Differences 15, no. 5 (November 1993): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(93)90339-5.
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Rubio, Víctor J., David Aguado, Pedro M. Hontangas, and José M. Hernández. "Psychometric Properties of an Emotional Adjustment Measure." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 23, no. 1 (January 2007): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.1.39.
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Item response theory (IRT) provides valuable methods for the analysis of the psychometric properties of a psychological measure. However, IRT has been mainly used for assessing achievements and ability rather than personality factors. This paper presents an application of the IRT to a personality measure. Thus, the psychometric properties of a new emotional adjustment measure that consists of a 28-six graded response items is shown. Classical test theory (CTT) analyses as well as IRT analyses are carried out. Samejima's (1969) graded-response model has been used for estimating item parameters. Results show that the bank of items fulfills model assumptions and fits the data reasonably well, demonstrating the suitability of the IRT models for the description and use of data originating from personality measures. In this sense, the model fulfills the expectations that IRT has undoubted advantages: (1) The invariance of the estimated parameters, (2) the treatment given to the standard error of measurement, and (3) the possibilities offered for the construction of computerized adaptive tests (CAT). The bank of items shows good reliability. It also shows convergent validity compared to the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPQ-A; Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975 ) and the Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ; Caprara, Barbaranelli, & Borgogni, 1993 ).
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Muhabat, Fakharh, and Muhammad Shahbaz. "The Unloved Variable of Extraversion and Academic Achievement in SLA." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 4, no. 1 (June 17, 2014): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v4i1.5210.
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This study is based on extraversion vs. introversion and their relation with academic achievements. It is conducted to find effects of these two personality types in SLA. It is a qualitative type of research and descriptive method is used for this research. Eysenck's theory of personality is used as a theoretical framework. Data is collected through interview from twenty students studying at a public sector university. After analyzing the data, this research supports the claim of applied linguists who believe that extraversion has the advantage in second language learning and extroverts obtained higher marks. This research is beneficial for those future researchers who want to conduct research on personality types and achievement in Pakistan and elsewhere in the world.
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Bilsky, Wolfgang, and Shalom H. Schwartz. "Values and personality." European Journal of Personality 8, no. 3 (September 1994): 163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410080303.
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Personality and differential psychology have paid little attention to values research. Consequently, the constructs used in these subdisciplines have developed independently, and evidence regarding the relations of personality to values is minimal. This study seeks to advance our understanding of these relations and to arrive at a theoretical integration of constructs. Starting from recent developments in values theory (Schwartz, 1992; Schwartz and Bilsky, 1987, 1990) and drawing on Maslow's (1955) distinction between ‘deficiency’ and ‘growth’ needs, we elaborate theoretical links between personality and values with special emphasis on structural relations. A set of hypotheses regarding these relations is generated and tested next, using data from a study with 331 German students. These students completed both the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) and the Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI), measuring ten primary and two secondary personality variables, namely extraversion and emotionality. Joint Similarity Structure Analyses (SSAs) of values and personality variables were conducted. The findings reveal both meaningful and systematic associations of value priorities with personality variables, confirming the hypothesized structural relationships. The compatibility of our hypotheses with the complex findings of George (1954) using totally different indexes of both values (Allport–Vernon Study of Values) and personality (drawn from Eysenck and Guilford) further supports the theoretical connections proposed in this study.
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Mwamwenda, Tuntufye S. "Africans and Canadians: Cross-Cultural Personality Similarity in Extraversion." Psychological Reports 69, no. 3_suppl (December 1991): 1213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1991.69.3f.1213.
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Eysenck developed a theory and an inventory for classifying people along a continuum as extraverts to introverts. When examined cross-culturally, no difference in personality was noted between 98 black South Africans and 192 Canadians (mean age 22.4 yr. and 17.4 yr., respectively). Statistically significant sex differences were observed between women and men within both Canadian and South African samples.
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Carrillo, Jesús M., Nieves Rojo, and Arthur W. Staats. "Women and Vulnerability to Depression: Some Personality and Clinical Factors." Spanish Journal of Psychology 7, no. 1 (May 2004): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600004728.
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The purpose of this study is to explore the role of sex differences and personality in vulnerability to depression. Sex differences in personality and some clinical variables are described. We also assess the value of the variables that revealed significant sex differences as predictors of vulnerability to depression. In a group of adult participants (N = 112), 50% males and 50% females (mean age = 41.30; SD = 15.09; range 17- 67), we studied sex differences in the three-factor personality model, using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Form A (EPQ-A; Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975), and in the Five-Factor Personality Model, with the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI; Costa & McCrae, 1985). The following clinical scales were used: the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979), the Schizotypy Questionnaire (STQ; Claridge & Broks, 1984; Spanish version, Carrillo & Rojo, 1999), the THARL Scales (Dua, 1989, 1990; Spanish version, Dua & Carrillo, 1994) and the Adjustment Inventory (Bell, 1937; Spanish version, Cerdá, 1980). Subsequently, simple linear regression analysis, with BDI scores as criterion, were performed to estimate the value of the variables as predictors of vulnerability to depression. The results indicate that a series of personality variables cause women to be more vulnerable to depression than men and that these variables could be explained by a negative emotion main factor. Results are discussed within the framework of the psychological behaviorism theory of depression.
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Lindín, Mónica, Montserrat Zurrón, and Fernando Díaz. "Influences of Introverted/Extraverted Personality Types on P300 Amplitude Across Repeated Stimulation." Journal of Psychophysiology 21, no. 2 (January 2007): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.21.2.75.
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Abstract. Subjects with high and low scores on Eysenck's extraversion scale were presented with a block of 500 tones which was then divided into five subblocks. The subjects' task was to identify a higher-pitched tone (target tones) in a series of lower-pitched tones (standard tones), and to quickly press a button when they were sure that the tone they had heard was the target. In both extraverts and introverts, P300 amplitude was lower in the first than in the second subblock; it then showed a gradual decrease from the second subblock onward but only in extraverts. There were no differences in P300 latency between the groups. Differences in personality affect the intrablock changes of P300 amplitude when the target stimulus is repeated, and reflect that introverts and extraverts use different processing strategies in response to monotonous stimulation. The results are interpreted in the context of Eysenck's arousal theory and the cognitive-energetical approaches.
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Gomez, Rapson, Andre Gomez, and Andrew Cooper. "Neuroticism and extraversion as predictors of negative and positive emotional information processing: comparing Eysenck's, Gray's, and Newman's theories." European Journal of Personality 16, no. 5 (September 2002): 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.459.
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This study compared how extraversion, neuroticism, and extraversion × neuroticism are related to processing of pleasant and unpleasant emotional information as predicted by Eysenck's, Gray's, and Newman's theories. Initially, the participants' levels of extraversion (as measured by the sociability subscale) and neuroticism were assessed with Eysenck's Personality Inventory. They were then tested individually. After completing a questionnaire of current positive and negative moods, they completed three tasks measuring processing of pleasant, unpleasant, and also neutral information. The results showed that extraversion was associated positively with the processing of pleasant information, while neuroticism was associated positively with the processing of unpleasant information. These findings support predictions from Eysenck's theory. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Francis, L. J., and William K. Kay. "Personality, Mental Health and Glossolalia." Pneuma 17, no. 1 (1995): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157007495x00246.
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AbstractThis article reports on a survey of young men and women training for Pentecostal ministry. The survey was designed to test the relationship between glossolalia, or speaking in tongues, and personality. Personality theory, briefly outlined below, is complex and divided into several schools. For this reason it is necessary to show how findings derived from one school may be interpreted differently by another. Nevertheless, the general outline of previous work is clear. Most critically important for young men and women preparing for Pentecostal ministry is the fact that some research has questioned the mental health of those who speak in tongues. This article is able to show that, on the contrary, those who speak in tongues in the current sample under study are less neurotic than the general population. In order to demonstrate the validity of this thesis, this article will first outline the optional psychological theories of personality with their explanations of mental health and mental illness, then delineate the findings of various psychological studies of glossolalia, and finally present the results of our study of Pentecostal ministry candidates from a data analysis of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.
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Reuter, M., J. Panksepp, N. Schnabel, N. Kellerhoff, P. Kempel, and J. Hennig. "Personality and biological markers of creativity." European Journal of Personality 19, no. 2 (March 2005): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.534.
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The aim of the present study was to test (i) Eysenck's theory that psychoticism (P) should be related to creativity, (ii) whether testosterone (T), due to its association with P claimed in the literature, can be identified as a biological marker of creativity, and (iii) whether the SEEK dimension of the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) was also related to creativity and to testosterone due to its relationship to Sensation Seeking. In a sample of N = 48 male and female subjects, test scores on figural, verbal, and numeric creativity were compared between high and low P‐scorers as well as between high and low SEEK‐scorers. Effects were controlled for fluid intelligence as measured by Cattell's CFT‐3 and crystallized intelligence as assessed by the Structure‐of‐Intelligence‐Test (Intelligenz‐Struktur‐Test, I‐S‐T 2000 R). Neither a main effect of P or T nor an interaction effect P×T on creativity could be obtained. Instead, SEEK was related to all components of creativity and explained more than 15% of the variance of total creativity. Moreover, significant differences in SEEK could be explained by differences in T, independently of gender. Furthermore, 39% of the variance of SEEK could be explained by the two uncorrelated indicators testosterone and creativity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Bahrudin, Eko Rahmad. "PROFIL PEMAHAMAN KONSEP SISWA KELAS VII MATERI BANGUN DATAR DITINJAU DARI TIPE KEPRIBADIAN EKSTROVERT DAN INTROVERT." EDU-MAT: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika 7, no. 2 (December 23, 2019): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/edumat.v7i2.6408.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan pemahaman siswa SMP memahami konsep bangun datar ditinjau dari tipe kepribadian ekstrovert dan introvert. Konsep yaitu ide abstrak untuk pengklasifikasian objek atau kejadian. Individu yang paham dengan konsep dapat menyatakan apakah objek tersebut termasuk dalam konsep yang dipahaminya atau tidak. Sikap individu dalam mengambil keputusan dipengaruhi oleh kebiasaan yang ada pada diri individu itu sendiri. Oleh karena itu, kepribadian memiliki peran dalam proses belajar siswa. Teori APOS merupakan teori konstruktivis yang mempelajari bagaimana konsep matematika terjadi. Teori APOS merupakan elaborasi dari konstruksi struktur mental yang disebut Action, Process, Object, dan Schema. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek dalam penelitian yaitu 2 siswa dengan tipe kepribadian ekstrovert dan introvert. Teknik pemilihan subjek dengan memberikan angket kepribadian dan tes penyelesaian soal. Instrumen utama adalah peneliti, sedangkan instrumen pendukung yaitu angket kepribadian dari Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) dan tes penyelesaian soal. Terdapat perbedaan antara tipe kepribadian ekstrovert dan introvert dalam memahami konsep bangun datar berdasarkan teori APOS, yaitu subjek ekstrovert hanya berhasil pada tahap Aksi. Sedangkan introvert berhasil pada tahap Aksi, Proses, dan Skema. Ekstrovert mudah menyerah dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan dan tidak menuliskan jawaban secara rinci. Introvert terlihat berhati-hati dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan dan mampu menuliskan jawaban secara lengkap. Kata kunci: konsep, kepribadian, APOS Abstract: This study aims to describe the understanding of Junior High School students on concept of plane figures based on extrovert and introvert personality types. Concepts are abstract ideas for classifying objects or events. Individuals who understand the concept can state whether the object is included in the concept that is understood or not. The attitude of the individual in making decisions is influenced by the habits that exist in the individual itself. Therefore, personality has a role in the learning process of students. APOS theory is a constructivist theory that studies how mathematical concepts occur. APOS theory is an elaboration of the construction of mental structures called Action, Process, Object, and Scheme. This Study is a qualitative descriptive study. Subjects in the study were two students with extrovert and introvert personality types. Subject selection techniques by providing personality questionnaires and problem solving tests. The main instrument is the researcher, while the supporting instrument is the personality questionnaire from the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and the problem solving test. There is a difference between extrovert and introvert personality types in understanding the concept of plane figures on APOS theory, extrovert subject only succeed at the Action stage. While introvert succeed at the Action, Process, and Scheme stages. Extrovert give up easily in solving problem and did not write down answers in detail. Introvert appear to be careful in solving problem and are able to write complete answers. Keywords: consepts, personality types, APOS
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Torki, Mostafa A. "Associations between Personality and Stress Reactions during and after Invasion of Kuwait." Psychological Reports 74, no. 2 (April 1994): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.74.2.667.
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Correlations between the personality dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism and symptoms of stress reaction during and after the invasion of Kuwait were investigated. An Arabic version of the Eysenck Personality Inventory and a Stress Reactions Checklist were administered to 503 undergraduate Kuwaiti students (225 men and 278 women). Analysis showed no correlation between scores on Extraversion and stress reactions for men and women during and after the invasion and a high positive correlation between scores on Neuroticism and stress reactions for men and women during and after the invasion. These findings were discussed in terms of arousal theory and previous research.
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Twomey, David Rawlings Fionnuala, Elizabeth Burns, and Sharon Morris. "Personality, Creativity, and Aesthetic Preference: Comparing Psychoticism, Sensation Seeking, Schizotypy, and Openness to Experience." Empirical Studies of the Arts 16, no. 2 (July 1998): 153–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/8gvj-erl3-hyum-eh88.
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Three studies examined the relationship between several measures of creativity and aesthetic preference and several established personality scales. Study 1 derived indices of Fluency, Originality, and Preference for Complexity and Meaningfulness using random polygons varying in complexity (turns); the scales of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Revised) (EPQ-R), the Schizotypal Personality Scale (STA), and the Sensation Seeking Scale, Form V (SSS-V) were the personality measures. Study 2 added Openness to Experience from the NEO Personality Inventory (Revised) to the personality measures; factors derived from the Litle and Zuckerman Music Preference Scale were added to the creativity/preference set. Study 3 replaced the polygons used in Study 2 with two Kogan-Wallach creativity tests, and added a word association task. Canonical correlations suggested a substantial relationship between SSS-V, Openness, and EPQ-R Psychoticism, and a creativity/preference set particularly represented by Preference for Complexity, dislike of “soft popular” music, and originality or number of divergent thinking responses. Subscale analyses implicated willingness to question conventional values as a major component of the “creative personality.”
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Mitrovic, Dusanka, and Snezana Smederevac. "Construct validity of multidimensional personality questionnaire (MPQ)." Psihologija 40, no. 2 (2007): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0702211m.
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The paper presents two studies aimed at the examination of the factor structure of The Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) and joint factor structure of the scales of MPQ and SPSRQ (The Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire). In the first research conducted on the sample of 1127 participants of both sexes, age 18 to 67, the results of the principal component analysis of the MPQ scales point to the existence of three higher-order dimensions, named General Adaptedness, Psychopathic Tendencies and Negative Emotionality. These dimensions correspond to the dimensions of the Eysenck?s PEN model to the greater extent than they achieve the assumed similarity with the dimensions of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. In the second study conducted on the sample of 199 respondents of both sexes, age 18 to 59, the results of the joint principal component analysis of the MPQ and SPSRQ scales point to the existence of three higher order dimensions, which correspond to the Tellegen?s Positive Emotionality, Negative Emotionality, and Constraint. .
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Francis, Leslie J. "Gender Role Orientation and Attitude toward Christianity: A Study among Older Men and Women in the United Kingdom." Journal of Psychology and Theology 33, no. 3 (September 2005): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009164710503300303.
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A sample of 496 older men and women in England, mainly in their sixties and seventies, completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory together with the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity. The data demonstrated that psychological femininity is key to individual differences in religiosity (as assessed by attitude toward Christianity) within the sexes and that, after taking gender role orientation into account, biological sex conveyed no additional predictive power in respect of individual differences in religiosity (as assessed by attitude toward Christianity). This finding is explained in terms of Eysenck's biologically-based dimensional model of personality which construes psychological masculinity and femininity as one of the seven constituent components of one of the three major dimensions of personality (psychoticism). This psychologically-based theory renders redundant sociologically-based socialization theories designed to account for differences in religiosity between the sexes.
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Barko, Vadym I., Vadym V. Barko, and Viktor Bondarenko. "THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE BELBIN TEAM ROLES TEST AND ITS USE IN LAW-ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES OF UKRAINE." PSYCHOLOGICAL JOURNAL 7, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/1.2021.7.3.2.
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The article examines of theoretical approaches to the Belbin Team Roles test – a psychological examining instrument widely used from the eighties of the last century in English-speaking countries by psychologists for professional selection and psychological support of organizational staff, including law enforcement structures. The test is currently considered as one of the most proven psychological examining instrument assessing team roles that a person plays in professional activities. The Belbin Team Roles test was developed on the basis of multi-stage research involving various organizations and teams.Ukraine does not have any Ukrainian-language version of this test, although its structure and diagnostic capabilities allow its usage in different law enforcement agencies. The article reveals the theoretical basis of the Belbin Team Roles test, which is based on an orthogonal model of the interaction of two basic personality scales, according to Eysenck’s theory, - introversion-extraversion and anxiety-stability. The study confirmed the feasibility of carrying out special work to adapt the Belbin Team Roles test into Ukrainian for the needs of the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. This is due to the fact that the tests gives a comprehensive psychological examination of a person's predisposition to perform one or more team roles in a unit – a chief, a planner, a think tank, an evaluator, an investigator, a work addict, a team coordinator and a finisher. The test contains a set of statements, grouped into seven thematic groups; the respondents do not require a significant amount of time to complete the proposed tasks. After test filling by employees of a body of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, a psychologist can determine their belonging to a certain personality type, which determines their ability to perform certain roles in a unit; this will help to correctly determine employees’ specializations in a body of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in a particular law enforcement area, as well as the optimal role in a unit. The authors have convincingly confirmed the expediency of using this test in psychological work with personnel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, because the test allows complex psychological examination of important social-psychological characteristics and can determine employees’ inclination to perform one of eight key team roles during the professional activities.
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Aulia Maharani, Shanaz Nadia, IGAA Noviekayati, and Tatik Meiyuntariningsih. "EFEKTIVITAS EXPRESSIVE WRITING THERAPY DALAM MENURUNKAN TINGKAT STRESS PADA REMAJA DENGAN ALBINO DITINJAU DARI TIPE KEPRIBADIAN INTROVERT DAN EKSTROVERT." Persona:Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia 6, no. 2 (December 15, 2017): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/persona.v6i1.1299.
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                                                                              Abstract                             The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of expressive writing therapy in reducing stress levels in adolescents with albinism, and to see the difference in the effects of expressive writing therapy to reduce stress in adolescence with albinism in terms of introverted personality types and. This study included experimental research with Quasi Experiment with one group pretest-posttest design. Subjects used in this study were 6 (six) adolescents with albinism, 3 (three) subjects with introverted personality type and 3 (three) subjects with extrovert personality type. The six subjects were selected for having a high stress score. The instrument used is a stress scale developed from the Lazarus theory with reliability of 0.948 and the scale of personality types developed from Eysenck theory with reliability and validity of 0.720. The results showed expressive writing therapy method is effective to reduce stress in adolescents with albinism. The results also showed no difference in stress reduction between subjects with introverted personality and subjects with extroverted personality.Keywords: Expressive Writing Therapy, Stress, Introvert, ExtrovertÂ
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Jun Koo, Se, Ye Jin Kim, Eunchong Seo, Hye Yoon Park, Jee Eun Min, Minji Bang, Eun Lee, and Suk Kyoon An. "S73. RELATIONSHIP OF COGNITIVE ABILITY AND PERSONALITY TRAITS WITH HOSTILE ATTRIBUTION BIAS IN NONCLINICAL SUBJECTS: THEORY OF MIND AS A MEDIATOR." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa031.139.
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Abstract Background Hostile attribution bias has been reported to be common from nonclinical population to serious mental illness such as schizophrenia and is known to be closely related to social cognition. The aims of this study was to investigate whether theory of mind (ToM) skills mediate the relationship between cognitive ability and personality traits and attribution bias by using the Korean version of Reading the Minds in the eyes test (K-RMET). Methods One hundred ninety-six (101 females) nonclinical youths were recruited. To assess general cognitive ability and ToM skills, participants were asked to complete the Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) and the K-RMET. For personality traits, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (psychoticism) and Interpersonal Reactivity Index (perspective taking) were administered. To evaluate the hostile attribution bias, the Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire was also administered. Path analysis and the bias-corrected percentile bootstrap method were performed to estimate the parameters of mediating effects. Results Based on Akaike Information Criterion(AIC) the best model characterized 1) two direct pathways from psychoticism and the K-RMET to hostility attribution bias and 2) four indirect pathways, wherein SPM, perspective taking and psychoticism influence hostile attribution bias through the K-RMET. The K-RMET fully mediated the association between SPM (p=.028), perspective taking (p=.027), psychoticism (p=.041) and hostile attribution bias. Discussion The main findings suggested that ToM skill such as the RMET plays an important role in explaining the relationship between cognitive ability and personality traits and hostile attribution bias. The development of remediation strategy of theory of mind skills may be needed to balance the enhanced hostility bias which is underlying the paranoia.
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Netter, Petra, Juergen Hennig, and Aisha Judith Munk. "Principles and approaches in Hans Eysenck's personality theory: Their renaissance and development in current neurochemical research on individual differences." Personality and Individual Differences 169 (February 2021): 109975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.109975.
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Colledani, Daiana, Pasquale Anselmi, and Egidio Robusto. "Development of a new abbreviated form of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised with multidimensional item response theory." Personality and Individual Differences 149 (October 2019): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.044.
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Whissell, Cynthia. "Emotion and the Humors: Scoring and Classifying Major Characters from Shakespeare's Comedies on the Basis of Their Language." Psychological Reports 106, no. 3 (June 2010): 813–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.106.3.813-831.
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The theory of humors, which was the prevalent theory of affect in Shakespeare's day, was used to explain both states (moods, emotions) and traits (personalities). This article reports humoral scores appropriate to the major characters of Shakespeare's comedies. The Dictionary of Affect in Language was used to score all words ( N = 180,243) spoken by 105 major characters in 13 comedies in terms of their emotional undertones. These were translated into humoral scores. Translation was possible because emotional undertones, humor, and personality (e.g., Eysenck's model) are defined by various axes in the same two-dimensional space. Humoral scores differed for different types of characters, e.g., Shakespeare's lovers used more Sanguine language and his clowns more Melancholy language than other characters. A study of Kate and Petruchio from The Taming of the Shrew demonstrated state-like changes in humor for characters as the play unfolded.
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Eysenck, Hans J., and Paul Barrett. "The Nature of Schizotypy." Psychological Reports 73, no. 1 (August 1993): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.73.1.59.
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The matrix of intercorrelations between scales of schizotypy presented by Kendler and Hewitt in 1992 was reanalyzed, and results rather different from those reported by the original authors were found. The new structure shows good agreement with the theory of personality disorder published by Eysenck in 1987. In all, the different scales seem to fall into three groups or factors, identified as Neuroticism (N), Extraversion (E), and Psychoticism (P). It is doubtful if there is a common element left over once these three groups have been eliminated.
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Ireland, Jane L., and Carol A. Ireland. "Personality structure among prisoners: How valid is the five-factor model, and can it offer support for Eysenck's theory of criminality?" Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 21, no. 1 (August 24, 2010): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbm.770.
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كريم, عادل شكري. "بعض سمات شخصية أطفال الشوارع في ضوء نظرية الأبعاد ( لأيزنك ) = Personality Traits among Street Children in Light of Eysenck's Dimensional Theory." مجلة السلوك البيئي 2, no. 3 (2014): 186–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0019699.
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Cruise, Sharon Mary, Christopher Alan Lewis, and Conor Mc Guckin. "Revisiting Eysenck’s personality dimensions and gender orientation." Irish Journal of Psychology 28, no. 3-4 (January 2007): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03033910.2007.10446258.
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Deinzer, Renate, Rolf Steyer, Michael Eid, Peter Notz, Peter Schwenkmezger, Fritz Ostendorf, and Aljoscha Neubauer. "Situational effects in trait assessment: The FPI, NEOFFI, and EPI questionnaires." European Journal of Personality 9, no. 1 (March 1995): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410090102.
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While most researchers do agree now that situations may have an effect in the assessment of traits, the consequences have been neglected, so far: if situations affect the assessment of traits we have to take this fact into account in studies on reliability and validity of measurement instruments and their application. In the theoretical part of this article we provide a more formal exposition of this point, introducing the basic concepts of latent state–trait (LST) theory. LST theory and the associated models allow for the estimation of the situational impact on trait measures in non‐experimental, correlational studies. In the empirical part, LST theory is applied to three well known trait questionnaires: the Freiburg Personality Inventory, the NEO Five‐Factor Inventory and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. It is shown that significant proportions of the variances of the scales of these questionnaires are due to situational effects. The following consequences of this finding are discussed, (i) Instead of the reliability coefficient, the proportion of variance due to the latent trait, the consistency coefficient, should be used for the estimation of confidence intervals for trait scores, (ii) To reduce the situational effects on trait estimates it may be useful to base such an estimate on several occasions, i.e., to aggregate data across occasions. (iii) Reliability and validity studies should not only be based on a sample of persons representative of those to whom the test will be applied; they should also be conducted in situational contexts representative of the intended applications.
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Arendasy, Martin E., Andreas Hergovich, Markus Sommer, and Bettina Bognar. "Dimensionality and Construct Validity of a Video-Based, Objective Personality Test for the Assessment of Willingness to Take Risks in Road Traffic." Psychological Reports 97, no. 1 (August 2005): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.97.1.309-320.
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The study at hand reports first results about the dimensionality and construct validity of a newly developed objective, video-based personality test, which assesses the willingness to take risks in traffic situations. On the basis of the theory of risk homeostasis developed by Wilde, different traffic situations with varying amounts of objective danger were filmed. These situations mainly consisted of situations with passing maneuvers and speed choice or traffic situations at intersections. Each of these traffic situations describes an action which should be carried out. The videos of the traffic situations are presented twice. Before the first presentation, a short written explanation of the preceding traffic situation and a situation-contingent reaction is provided. The respondents are allowed to obtain an overview of the given situations during the first presentation of each traffic situation. During the second presentation the respondents are asked to indicate at which point the action that is contingent on the described situation will become too dangerous to carry out. Latencies for items were recorded as a measure for the magnitude of the person's subjectively accepted willingness to take risks in the sense of the risk homeostasis theory by Wilde. In a study with 243 people with different education and sex, the one-dimensionality of the test corresponding to the latency model by Scheiblechner was investigated. Analysis indicated that the new measure assesses a one-dimensional latent personality trait which can be interpreted as subjectively accepted amount of risk (target risk value). First indicators for the construct validity of the test are given by a significant correlation with the construct-related secondary scale, adventurousness of the Eysenck Personality Profiler with, at the same time, nonsignificant correlations to the two secondary scales, extroversion and emotional stability, that are not linked to the construct.
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OLIYNYK, VASIL, and SOPHIIA MARCHUK. "SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF VOLUNTEER-PARTICIPANTS OF ARMED CONFLICT." Psychology Travelogs, no. 2 (November 10, 2021): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/pt-2021-2-12.
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The article presents the results of an empirical investigation of personal peculiarities of randomized groups of military personnel of volunteer battalions, mobilized servicemen and personnel, depending on the freedom of choice of risk.
The methodological basis of the study was the scientific positions and conclusions of the natural–scientific theory concerning the regularities of higher nervous activity developed by V.M. Bekhterev, M.E.Vvedensky, I.I. Pavlov, I.M. Sechenov etc., ideas and provisions concerning psychological theory of personality (B.G. Ananiev, K.K. Platonov, S.L. Rubinstein, etc.), psychological theory of activity (O.M. Leontiev, B.F. Lomov, S.D. Maksimenko, D.N. Uznadze, etc.), practical psychology and psycho diagnostics (L.F. Burlachuk, K.M. Gurevich, V.S. Kompanets, R. Lazarus, M.D. Levitov, N.I. Nayenko, G. Selye, S.I. Yakovenko, etc.), psycho corrections (P.K. Anokhin, O.A. Konopkin, K.Rudestam, O.V. Timchenko, Ye.M. Potapchuk), theoretical and practical provisions of human psychology (A. Maslow, K. Rogers, etc.), as well as theoretical principles of management of personality development in a social environment (A.F. Bondarenko, T.S.Yatsenko).
To solve the problems posed in the research, the author was selected and a number of techniques were used that included the following methods: adapted versions of tests for MMPL 16 PF (FOO), multi-level test questionnaire "Adaptability", questionnaire of general health, (GHQ-28), Personal Health Questionnaire by G. Eysenck (EPI), the method of diagnostics of character logical features G. Shmyshek - K. Leonhard, patoharakterologicheskii questionnaire A.E. Lichko, the pollster of traumatic stress under the editorship I.O. Kotenko, T. Liri (interpersonal relations), a modified social-psychological questionnaire (Joint Study Project 1993) - a "questionnaire of dangers" and socio-psychological and sociometric methods that allow to evaluate interpersonal relationships, standardized interviews, individual psycho diagnostic conversation, observation, analysis of independent characteristics.
Excel 2010 spreadsheets (MS Windows) have been used as a database structure. The statistical analysis is carried out in the program Statistica 10.0 (Stat Soft) with the help of parametric and nonparametric criteria.
The hypothesis of the study is to assume that excessively reinforced individual personality traits will most clearly be manifested by the freedom of choice of a soldier of risk and have different dynamics and mechanisms for responding to specific psychogenic influences of armed conflict.
The use of adequate psychological aids to personality disorders will significantly affect the reduction of anxiety, frustration, aggressiveness on the results of professional activity and health of the staff of the armed forces.