Academic literature on the topic 'F1 progeny'

Abstract F2 The second filial generation, produced by crossing inter se or by self-pollinating the F1. The inbred grandchildren of a given mating. The term is loosely used to indicate any second-generation progeny from a given mating, but in controlled genetic experimentation, inbreeding of the F1 (or equivalent) is implied.

The construction of non-linear regression relationships between the characteristics of the manifestation of quantitative traits in parental forms and their hybrid progeny in the breeding of vegetable plant species, which allow the formation of prognostic models for the selection of parental pairs for crossing in order to achieve the maximum effect in terms of the level of manifestation of quantitative traits in the obtained progeny. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the prognostic capabilities of the method of planning multifactorial experiments according to the compositional plan of the complete factorial experiment (CFE) of the 3rd order for the construction of polynomial regression models, which express in the breeding of vegetable plant species the functional relationship of one quantitative trait of the progeny depending on three quantitative traits of the original parental forms. Methodology of the study is based on general scientific methods: analysis and synthesis; induction and deduction; observations and abstractions used to systematize research results in the natural sciences. Special methods: evaluation of the biochemical composition of sweet pepper fruits in the phase of biological ripeness; determination of patterns of formation of valuable quantitative traits and their variability in parental forms and derivatives of hybrids F1 of sweet pepper; mathematical and statistical – planning of a multifactorial experiment; programming; construction of nonlinear regression models. Results of the research demonstrate the high efficiency of the calculated regression models for establishing the regularities of the manifestation of quantitative traits between the original forms and their progeny in the selection of sweet pepper. Research samples of sweet pepper created at the Institute of Vegetable and Melon Growing of the National Academy of Sciences were used for the regression analysis. The parental forms and hybrids F1 derived from them were used as objects of statistical calculations. Data from the biochemical evaluation of fruits in the phase of biological ripeness obtained during 2021–2022 were used for statistical calculations. Polynomial regression was used to study the regularities of the total sugar content in the fruits of hybrid F1 plants depending on the content of biochemical components (dry matter, total sugar, and vitamin C) in the fruits of the parental forms. Finally, the results of mathematical modeling allow us to draw the following conclusions: the dominant influence on the expression of the studied trait (the maximum content of total sugar in the fruits of F1 hybrids) provides a similar level of the content of this valuable biochemical component in the parental forms of plants; when analyzing the data of the two-year studies by the degree of influence of the dry matter content in the parent forms of the plants, the optima of the manifestation of the investigated trait in the hybrids F1 were found; the graphical representation of the model functions according to the data of 2021 (Ymod1) and according to the data of 2022 (Ymod2) in the 3-dimensional coordinate system indicates the absence of a linear relationship between the investigated factors-arguments with a predominantly parabolic form of the relationship when displaying the resulting characteristic. Practical implications. In order to calculate mathematical and statistical models that reflect the patterns of manifestation of valuable quantitative traits between parental forms of vegetable plant species and hybrids derived from them, an effective algorithm for building a system of regression equations based on the matrix of the planning of a complete factorial experiment (CFE) of the 3rd order is proposed. Value/originality. The proposed modification of the planning elements of a full factorial experiment of the 3rd order, which provides for the unequal repetition of the number of parallel experiments in the planning matrix and the method of varying the levels of the argument factors (x1, x2, x3), made it possible to calculate multifactorial nonlinear regression equations, the application of which in the breeding of vegetable plant species allows optimal selection of parental components for crossbreeding with the maximum effect of manifestation of the investigated quantitative trait in their hybrid progeny.

Cabbage is widely recognized as a good source of dietary fiber, minerals, vitamins C and provitamin A carotenoids and some glucosinolates that may have a chemoprotective impact in humans. It is a highly cross-pollinated crop where heterosis in F1 hybrid progeny has been exploited for development of hybrids. The self-incompatibility and male sterility systems are present in the crop, which facilitates easy and cheaper hybrid production. Different conventional and biotechnological approaches are being utilized for the improvement of cabbage. Modern breeding approaches such as marker-assisted breeding and transgenic approaches such as Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer and through genome editing techniques, which offer a new opportunity for genetic improvement of the cabbage. The molecular markers represent a useful resource for enhancing selection efficiency via marker-assisted selection (MAS) in cabbage breeding.

Abstract Several terms used in this book need clear definitions. These include hybridization, hybrid, and hybrid zone. Harrison (1993) has discussed the various definitions of the term hybridization that have been used in scientific literature. Each of these relates to levels of divergence between the individuals that undergo reproduction. The extremes of these definitions are crosses between genetically distinct individuals, and between individuals from different species (Harrison, 1993). The former is frequently used by plant and animal breeders and the latter by evolutionary biologists. Harrison’s (1990) definition includes crosses between “individuals from two populations, or groups of populations, which are distinguishable on the basis of one or more heritable characters.” I have adopted this definition with the following modifications. First, natural hybridization involves matings that occur in a natural setting—this excludes cases of experimental hybridizations. Second, I will consider those crosses that are successful in producing some viable F1 progeny that possess some level of fertility. This latter restriction reflects my desire to focus on the potential ongoing evolutionary effects from hybrid generations past the initial F1. However, it is important to point out that almost all cases of natural hybridization result in at least a few viable individuals with some measure of fertility (e.g., Grant, 1963). Thus, when an author states that inviable or infertile offspring are produced, it is usually meant that the offspring are fewer in number or are less fertile relative to progeny from crosses between genetically more similar individuals. The reduction in levels of viability and fertility has led most authors to discount natural hybridization as an evolutionarily important process. This conclusion ignores the importance of rare events in evolution and is contradicted by actual cases where unlikely hybrid events have led to diversification (Arnold and Hodges, 1995a). The validity of the arguments presented in this book do not depend on hybrids being relatively common in nature. However, it is also apparent that natural hybridization does not usually lead to 100% inviability or infertility.

In the current chapter, using different agricultural crops as an example, the effectiveness of pollen selection techniques for drought and heat resistance are demonstrated, as well as methods to evaluate plant drought tolerance by its male gametophyte. Germination of pollen from F1 sunflower hybrid on the stigmas moistened with an osmotic resulted in drought resistance improvement of F2 sporophytic generation, increasing the number of drought tolerant genotypes. Heating sunflower pollen increased both the plant adaptability to drought in dry field conditions and germination of seeds under osmotic stress. Pollination with heated pollen created opportunities to increase the share of drought resistant genotypes in the progeny of oil flax sporophytes. In interspecific tomato hybrids pollen treatment with high temperature was accompanied by a predominant elimination of unstable to various stresses pollen grains with cultivated species alleles in favor of wild ones. The high-temperature impact on the heterogeneous pollen population increased the proportion of drought-resistant genotypes in the sporophyte population and changed the Mendelian segregation ratios for a number of marker genes in maize. The genes were revealed, which influence drought resistance or are linked to the genes responsible for tolerance of pollen and plants to water stress in some crops.

Abstract If the intellectual vigor of a field of study is reflected by the number and intensity of scientific controversies within that field, then evolutionary biology remains a vital discipline. Controversial issues have included, and in many cases continue to include: the nature and origin of species, the basis and mechanisms of inheritance, the extent and nature of genetic variation within populations, and the role of hybridization in evolution (Mayr 1982). In the latter case, I refer to successful mating between individuals from two populations that are genetically distinct in at least one measurable trait. This definition (cf. Harrison 1990; Arnold 1997) emphasizes that hybridization includes mating between conspecifics (from genetically distinct populations). Although Arnold’s (1997) definition includes the additional point that at least some of the F1 progeny are viable and fertile, I will consider “successful” hybridization as not necessarily requiring fertility because even infertile (but viable) hybrids can have evolutionary consequences. For instance, reinforcement, or selection for pre-mating isolation as the result of selection against hybrids, is an important model of speciation (Dobzhansky 1940). Introgressive hybridization, however, clearly requires that hybrids be both viable and fertile as it represents the movement of alleles from one (genetically distinct) population to another by hybridization and backcrossing. Within this context, a hybrid zone is a geographic area where genetically distinct populations overlap spatially and temporally such that hybridization between them occurs (cf. Arnold 1997).

Foliar diseases attack common winter wheat throughout Europe, causing enormous economic damage to this crop. The parental forms and F1 hybrids of wheat under the conditions of the experimental field (2023 year) differed significantly based on the attack of foliar diseases, in particular, yellow rust and septoriosis, which made it possible to classify them into clusters with different degrees of similarity/difference of the tested forms. Most of the F1 hybrids of wheat registered a lower degree of attack of the mentioned diseases, forming a cluster separate from the parental forms, which offers

The results of sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of genomic changes in 9 F1 progeny of males from the isogenic line D. melanogaster irradiated by Co60 Y—rays at a dose of 40 Gy (LD85) and in 3 control samples are presented. In 9 progeny from irradiated males, a total of 46 genomic changes (32 significant and 15 mosaic de novo mutations) were found, which is equal to a frequency of 5.2 mutations/genome. The spectrum of changes included 33 deletions (17-78 000 bp in size), 4 duplications (322-1371 bp), 4 reciprocal translocations and 6 inversions in X, 2 and 3 chromosomes. In 3 studied cont

Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) is an avian retrovirus that can cause immunosuppression, growth retardation and tumors. An attempt to define the extent of the economic damage to the poultry industry that it causes is discussed in this report. In addition to losses experienced by commercial laying flocks, reduced rates of hatchability and embryo developmental disorders were demonstrable due to vertical transmission of the virus. I. Eradication of REV In this project a comprehensive national program was applied for the eradication of REV from Israeli breeding stocks by the elimination of antib

The Cucurbitaceae family includes a broad array of economically and nutritionally important crop species that are consumed as vegetables, staple starches and desserts. Fruit of these species, and types within species, exhibit extensive diversity as evidenced by variation in size, shape, color, flavor, and others. Fruit size and shape are critical quality determinants that delineate uses and market classes and are key traits under selection in breeding programs. However, the underlying genetic bases for variation in fruit size remain to be determined. A few species the Cucurbitaceae family were