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1
Coetzee, Zahné. "Profiling sectoral risks of foreign direct investment in Africa." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9007.
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Attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) is of utmost importance for African countries in order to create employment opportunities, reduce poverty and to ensure sustainable economic growth. Despite Africa’s exceptional FDI performance during the past decade, the majority of FDI inflows have been directed to a few selected countries. As investors face many risks when investing in developing countries it is argued that risk perception plays a vital role in the FDI inflows into Africa. This thesis focuses on the relationship between risk and FDI. A structural equation model is used to analyse this relationship with a dataset of ten risk categories and FDI data from 42 African countries. The importance of SEM for this study lies in the capability of modelling data from multiple groups. Hence, the four sectors used comprise metals, automotive, communications and the real estate sector. Overall results indicate that government effectiveness and legal and regulatory risks produce the biggest concern for investors. The conclusion is that there are different risk patterns regarding FDI in Africa. The empirical results further imply that if African countries wish to attract the levels of FDI required to stimulate economic growth, policies are needed to reduce risks in order to create a favourable investment climate for investors.Thesis (MCom (International Trade))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
2
Bellak, Christian. "The investment development path of Austria." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2000. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1156/1/document.pdf.
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We explore some empirical properties of Austria's "Investment Development Path" (IDP) on the macro level as well as on the structural and the bilateral level. Three dimensions are analyzed, namely the growth, the stability, and the sign of the Net Outward Investment Position (NOIP). While the NOIP on the macro level has been negative throughout the last two decades, there is considerable variation on the industry and the bilateral level. Given the small domestic market size, the NOIP of Austria does not reflect the high level of development in terms of GDP. Several explanations for the below-average NOIP of Austria are provided.Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
3
Foster-McGregor, Neil, Florian Kaulich, and Robert Stehrer. "Global Value Chains in Africa." United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4753/1/FosterMcGregor_Kaulich_Stehrer_2015_(UNU%2DMERIT_WP)_%2D%2D_Global_Value_Chains_in_Africa.pdf.
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This paper provides evidence on the extent of Global Value Chain (GVC) participation by Africa as a region and for individual African countries. We find that Africa as a whole is heavily involved in GVCs, being more engaged in GVCs than many developing country regions as well as developed countries such as the USA. This overall finding hides the fact that much of Africa's participation in GVCs is in upstream production, with African firms providing primary inputs to firms in countries further down the value chain. The possibility of upgrading within GVCs in Africa is likely to be limited therefore, something which the current analysis suggests. Despite this, we observe a great deal of heterogeneity in terms of GVC participation and upgrading across African countries, with a number of African countries participating in GVCs to a relatively large extent. (authors' abstract)
4
Petkova, Kunka, Andrzej Stasio, and Martin Zagler. "On the relevance of double tax treaties." Springer US, 2020. http://epub.wu.ac.at/7181/1/2019itax.pdf.
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This paper investigates the effects of double tax treaties (DTTs) on foreign direct investment (FDI) after controlling for their relevance in the presence of treaty shopping. DTTs cannot be considered a bilateral issue, but must be viewed as a network. We define tax distance as the cost of channelling corporate income from one country to another and, by considering treaty shopping through intermediate jurisdictions, we calculate the shortest (i.e. the cheapest) distance between any two countries. We show that relevant tax treaties-which reduce the direct tax distance both over domestic law and the entire existing treaty network-will increase FDI by about 18%.
5
Altzinger, Wilfried. "Austria's foreign direct investment in Central and Eastern Europe. "supply based" or "market driven"?" Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1998. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1566/1/document.pdf.
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Since 1989 Austria's investment activities in Central and Eastern Europe has intensified. Investments are concentrated in adjacent countries. Geographical proximity and close historical and cultural ties have enabled even small and medium-sized Austrian enterprises to achieve a 'first mover advantage'. Investments have been performed to a large extent in industries that are typically not connected with outsourcing activities (trade, finance and insurance, construction). Market-driven factors and strategic considerations are the ultimate objective of these investments. Only a few sectors, in particular a so-called 'core' industrial sector (metal products, mechanical products, electrical and electronic equipment), indicate that low labour costs are of importance. Trade and sales data of the affiliates support the dominance of the local market. Whilst on average 66% of the affiliates output was sold locally this share was only 39% for the "core" industrial sector. This sector indicates particular patterns of relocation. Nevertheless, until now this part of Austria's FDI has only been of minor importance. (author's abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
6
Petkova, Kunka, Andrzej Stasio, and Martin Zagler. "On the relevance of double tax treaties." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6071/1/SSRN%2Did3126593.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This paper investigates the effects of double tax treaties (DTTs) on foreign direct investment (FDI) after controlling for their relevance in the presence of treaty shopping.
DTTs cannot be considered a bilateral issue, but must be viewed as a network, since FDI can flow from home to host country through one or more conduit countries. By accounting
for treaty shopping, we calculate the shortest (i.e. the cheapest) tax distance
between any two countries allowing the corporate income to be channelled through
intermediate jurisdictions. We differentiate between relevant and neutral DTTs - i.e.
tax treaties that offer investors a financial advantage - and irrelevant DTTs and use these data to derive two important results. First, only relevant and neutral tax treaties increase bilateral FDI, whereas irrelevant DTTs do not. We can quantify the increase of FDI due to a relvant DTT at around 22%. Second, significant tax reductions due
to treaty benefits will lead to an increase in FDI.Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
7
Schwab, Thomas, and Maximilian Todtenhaupt. "Spillover from the Haven: Cross-Border Externalities of Patent Box Regimes Within Multinational Firms." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2864304.
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We analyze the cross-border effect of tax cuts on R&D activity in the context of profit shifting. A tax cut in one location of a multinational enterprise reduces the user cost of capital for the whole group if profit shifting is possible and exerts a positive cross-border effect on R&D output. Using micro-level data, we find an increase of patent output of 15% upon the implementation of a foreign tax cut for firms with cross-border links. In addition, we find that foreign tax cuts prohibiting profit shifting generate a negative cross-border effect on average patent quality.Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
8
Balabushko, Oleksii, Sebastian Beer, Jan Loeprick, and Felipe Vallada. "The direct and indirect costs of tax treaty policy - Evidence from Ukraine." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5402/1/SSRN%2Did2922156.pdf.
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This study combines macro and micro data to quantify the revenue effects of double tax treaties. First, drawing on administrative information, the study estimates the tax sensitivity of income flows (dividend, interest, and royalty payments) at an aggregate level. The analysis finds important direct revenue costs linked to treaty restrictions on taxing rights, especially for flows into a few major investment hubs. However, high elasticities of income flows also suggest that increases in withholding rates at the individual treaty partner level would not necessarily result in more revenue collection. Second, the study uses firm- level information to estimate the sensitivity of reported profitability to changes in the relevant treaty network. The analysis of the reported earnings of multinational enterprise affiliates in Ukraine suggests that the ownership structure and operations with affiliates in certain jurisdictions explain reported profitability, and should thus receive increased attention in risk assessment and transfer pricing audit activities.Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
9
Breuss, Fritz. "A Prototype Model of EU's 2007 Enlargement." Europainstitut, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2007. http://epub.wu.ac.at/918/1/document.pdf.
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EU's 2007 enlargement by Bulgaria and Romania is evaluated by applying a simple macroeconomic integration model able to encompass as many of the theoretically predicted integration effects possible. The direct integration effects of Bulgaria and Romania spill-over to EU15, including Austria and the 10 new member states of the 2004 EU enlargement. The pattern of the integration effects is qualitatively similar to those of EU's 2004 enlargement by 10 new member states. Bulgaria and Romania gain much more from EU accession than the incumbents in the proportion of 20:1. In the medium-run up to 2020, Bulgaria and Romania can expect a sizable overall integration gain, amounting to additional ½ percentage point real GDP growth per annum. Within the incumbent EU member states Austria will gain somewhat more (+0.05%) than the average of EU15 (+0.02%) and the 10 new EU member states (+0.01%), which joined the EU in 2004. (author's abstract)Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
10
Bellak, Christian. "Gaining and losing competitive advantage." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2003. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1414/1/document.pdf.
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Efficient policies to stimulate the competitiveness of firms require knowledge of future firm-strategies and a proper assessment of the location advantages of a country or region. Therefore, industry comparative advantage analysis needs to be complemented by firm competitive advantage analysis. This yields four hypotheses of firm strategies on the basis of the existing advantage combination. Detailed empirical analysis of a representative sample of Austrian manufacturing firms during 1990- 2000 shows that changes in employment, value-added and exports are in line with the suggested development. Three of the 3-digit industries lost their advantages while seven industries gained advantages, yet overall industry distribution has been remarkable stable over the four advantage combinations. In terms of number of firms, however, a large share (30%) of the total population shifts between advantage combinations even during short periods of time. The firm strategies outlined suggest a differentiated policy approach, yet the short-term dynamics revealed empirically imply a high potential for policy failure.Series: Working Papers Series "Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness"
11
Altzinger, Wilfried, and Christian Bellak. "Direct versus indirect FDI. Impact on domestic exports and employment." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1999. http://epub.wu.ac.at/400/1/document.pdf.
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One of the specific characteristics of Austrian Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) abroad is that a large part is carried out by firms, which themselves are affiliates of foreign Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). Such investment is termed indirect FDI in order to distinguish it from direct FDI, made by Austrian-owned firms. The objective of this paper is to analyse, whether the relatively better domestic employment performance of domestic firms (direct FDI) compared to foreign-owned firms (indirect FDI) can be linked to FDI abroad. Based on an analysis of the sales and trade structure of a sample of Austrian investors in Central and East European Countries (CEECs), this paper tests the hypothesis that these two groups of investors have different motives to invest in CEECs and therefore their activities in CEECs differ by type (sales affiliate, production abroad) and consequently the employment effects at home. Regression results confirm that direct FDI are more strongly determined by labour costs and exhibit an employment pattern related to a deeper international division of labour (including production), while indirect FDI is based relatively more on market seeking investment. Empirical results also confirm that employment effects at home differ. The positive (negative) effect of one additional unit of parent (affiliate) sales on domestic employment for indirect FDI compared to direct FDI is larger (smaller). The - despite this empirical fact - relatively better domestic employment performance of direct FDI is explained by their superior sales performance, resulting from restructuring their international division of labour.Series: Working Papers Series "Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness"
12
Badinger, Harald, and Peter Egger. "Spacey Parents and Spacey Hosts in FDI." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2013. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3924/2/wp154.pdf.
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Empirical trade economists have found that shocks on foreign direct investment (FDI) of some parent country
in a host country affect the same parent country´s FDI in other hosts (interdependent hosts). Independent of this, there is evidence that shocks on a parent country´s FDI in some host economy affect other parent countries´ FDI in the same host (interdependent parents). In general equilibrium, shocks on FDI between any country pair will affect all country-pairs´ FDI in the world, including anyone of the two countries in a pair as well as third countries (interdependent third countries). No attempt has been made so far to allow simultaneously for all three modes of interdependence of FDI. Using cross-sectional data on FDI among 22 OECD countries in 2000, we employ a spatial feasible generalized two-stage least squares and generalized moments estimation framework to allow for all three modes of interdependence across all parent and host countries, thereby distinguishing between market-size-related and remainder interdependence. Our results highlight the complexity of multinational enterprises´
investment strategies and the interconnectedness of the world investment system (authors' abstract).Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
13
Braun, Julia, and Hernandez Daniel Fuentes. "A Legal and Economic Analysis of Austria's Double Tax Treaty Network with Developing Countries." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4354/1/SSRN%2Did2516308.pdf.
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To what degree developing countries gain from signing double tax treaties is being hotly
debated. In this paper, we analyze the Austrian tax treaty policy. Combining legal and
economic perspectives, we find that developing countries are likely to expect both positive
and negative impacts from signing a double tax treaty (DTT) with Austria. On the one hand,
the results of our econometric analysis suggest that middle-income countries that sign a DTT
with Austria may expect an increased number of foreign direct investment projects from
Austrian companies. On the other hand, the signatory states may suffer from limited
withholding taxation rights established in the DTTs for the source country, which could lead
to reduced tax revenues in the developing countries. (authors' abstract)Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
14
Amberger, Harald, Kevin S. Markle, and David M. P. Samuel. "Repatriation Taxes, Internal Agency Conflicts, and Subsidiary-level Investment Efficiency." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6198/1/SSRN%2Did3138823.pdf.
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Using a global sample of multinational corporations (MNCs) and their foreign subsidiaries, we find that repatriation taxes impair subsidiary-level investment efficiency. Consistent with internal agency conflicts between the central management of the MNC and the manager of the foreign subsidiary being the driver, we find that this effect is prevalent in subsidiaries with high information asymmetry, in subsidiaries that are weakly monitored, and subsidiaries of cash-rich MNCs. Natural experiments in the UK and Japan establish a causal relationship for our findings and suggest that a repeal of repatriation taxes increases subsidiary-level investment efficiency while reducing the level of investment. Our paper provides timely empirical evidence to inform expectations for the effects of a recent change to the U.S. international tax law which eliminated repatriation taxes from most of the future foreign earnings of U.S. MNCs.Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
15
Reineke, Rebecca, and Katrin Weiskirchner-Merten. "Transfer Pricing and Location Choice of Intangibles Spillover and Tax Avoidance through Profit Shifting." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6784/1/SSRN%2Did3314732.pdf.
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Large multinational companies are regularly suspected of using transfer pricing of intangibles
to shift profits from high- to low-tax jurisdictions. We study the optimal transfer
prices while endogenizing the location choice of intangibles and considering spillovers. In
line with the initial intuition, we find that multinationals locate their intangibles in low-tax
jurisdictions and deploy royalty flows to minimize tax payments. However, if multinationals
face a trade-off between tax minimization and efficient spillover internalization, the
so-called "home bias" might occur. Then, for a large spillover, the intangible is optimally
located in the high-tax domestic country. This leads to less severe investment distortions
because the spillover is internalized. In addition, the model predicts that curtailing profit
shifting possibilities can either harm or facilitate multinationals' overall investments. This
depends heavily on unobservable factors such as the underlying accounting system. Therefore,
our analysis highlights challenges for the anti-avoidance legislation of governments.Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
16
Wagener, Andreas. "Evolutionary Tax Competition with Formulary Apportionment." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5899/1/SSRN%2Did3078969.pdf.
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Evolutionary stability is a necessary condition for imitative dynamics of policy learning
and innovation to come to a rest. We apply this concept to profit tax competition
in a regime where a common and consolidated profit tax base for multi-jurisdictional
firms is divided among governments by means of formulary apportionment. In evolutionary
play, governments exhibit aggregate-taking behavior: when comparing
their performance with others, they ignore their impact on the consolidated tax
base. Consequently, evolutionarily stable tax rates are less efficient than tax rates
in best-response tax competition.Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
17
Bellak, Christian. "Explaining foreign ownership by comparative and competitive advantage. Empirical evidence." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1999. http://epub.wu.ac.at/96/1/document.pdf.
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This paper provides empirical evidence on the determinants of foreign ownership in manufacturing industries. Foreign ownership, according to the theory of international production, is the result of the combination of comparative and competitive advantage. An adequate examination of the ownership structure of an industry requires the ability to establish empirically the extent to which international competitiveness of firms rests on comparative and competitive advantage. Analysis is based on a sample of the 30 largest manufacturing firms in Austria. The distinction and definition of comparative and competitive advantage as used in this paper and following from it the conclusions about the ownership structure are consistent with the empirical evidence about the share of employees in foreign-owned firms on the industry level. In particular, the classification of firms as foreign- or domestically-owned is in line with the revealed performance differences between foreign and domestic firms.Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
18
Leibrecht, Markus, and Aleksandra Riedl. "Taxes and infrastructure as determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Central and Eastern European Countries revisited: New evidence from a spatially augmented gravity model." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2010. http://epub.wu.ac.at/2949/1/workingpaper42_leibrecht_online.pdf.
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A bulk of empirical literature has emerged that explores the role of various location factors as determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). A notable feature of these studies is that their empirical approaches abstract from third-country (spatial) effects in FDI across the home and host country dimensions. Neglecting these effects could bias
results concerning the role of location factors for attracting FDI. This in turn may lead to misguided economic policy conclusions. The current paper adds to the literature by applying the recently proposed spatial "origin-destinationow model" of LeSage and Pace (2008) to FDI ows from 7 Western OECD home countries to 8 CEE host countries. Controlling for country-pair and time effects our results indicate that (a) spatial interactions across the host country dimension matter for FDI revealing that vertical complex FDI ows dominate total FDI
ows to CEECs; (b) spatial autocorrelation in the home country dimension is absent; (c) results of previous studies remain valid as coefficient estimates on location factors change only slightly when spatial interdependencies are considered and (d) effective corporate income taxes and the endowment with production-related material infrastruc-
ture are statistically and economically signifficant determinants of FDI in CEECs. (author's abstract)Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination
19
Bellak, Christian, Markus Leibrecht, and Mario Liebensteiner. "Attracting foreign direct investment: the public policy scope for South East European countries." Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Press, 2010. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5516/1/EJES2010_0102_BEL.pdf.
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Based on earlier empirical literature for Central and Eastern European Countries this paper attempts to analyze the likely impact of changes in corporate income taxes, in the endowment with production-related material infrastructure and in the institutional environment on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) - and thus on one channel of regional development in South Eastern European Countries (SEECs). Specifically, we explore the scope for public policy to attract FDI separated by these three policy areas and across the SEECs. Our findings suggest that the potential for SEECs to attract FDI upon changes in these policy areas varies not only substantially between the three policy areas but also within the group of SEECs. Yet, as a general picture, most SEECs have substantial scope to attract FDI by improving their institutional environment as well as their infrastructure endowment. The tax instrument, in contrast, is largely exhausted as a means to attract FDI. Based on these findings some medium- and long-term policy issues are outlined.
20
Foss, Kirsten, Nicolai J. Foss, and Phillip C. Nell. "MNC Organizational Form and Subsidiary Motivation Problems: Controlling Intervention Hazards in the Network MNC." Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2012.03.001.
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The MNC literature treats the (parent) HQ as entirely benevolent with respect to their perceived and actual intentions when they intervene at lower levels of the MNC. However, HQ may intervene in subsidiaries in ways that demotivate subsidiary employees and managers (and therefore harm value-creation). This may happen even if such intervention is benevolent in its intentions. We argue that the movement away from more traditional hierarchical forms of the MNC and towards network MNCs placed in more dynamic environments gives rise to more occasions for potentially harmful intervention by HQ. Network MNCs should therefore be particularly careful to anticipate and take precautions against "intervention hazards". Following earlier research, we point to the role of normative integration and procedural justice, but argue that they also serve to control harmful HQ intervention (and not just subsidiary opportunism). (authors' abstract)
21
Fischer, Manfred M., Nico Pintar, and Benedikt Sargant. "Austrian Outbound Foreign Direct Investment in Europe: A spatial econometric study." The Romanian Regional Science Association, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5118/1/V1011.MMFischer.pdf.
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This paper focuses on Austrian outbound foreign direct investment (FDI, measured by sales of Austrian affiliates abroad) in Europe over the period 2009-2013, using a spatial Durbin panel data model specification with fixed effects, and a spatial weight matrix based on the first-order contiguity relationship of the countries and normalised by its largest eigenvalue. Third-country effects essentially enter the empirical analysis in two major ways: first, by the endogenous spatial lag on FDI (measured by FDI into markets nearby the host country), and, second, by including an exogenous market potential variable that measures the size of markets nearby the FDI host country in terms of gross domestic product. The question whether the empirical result is compatible with horizontal, vertical, export-platform or complex vertical FDI then depends on the sign and significance levels of both the coefficient of the spatial lag on FDI and the direct impact estimate of the market potential variable.
The paper yields robust results that provide significant empirical evidence for horizontal FDI as the main driver of Austrian outbound FDI in Europe. This result is strengthened by the indirect impact estimate of the mark
et potential variable indicating that spatial spillovers do not matter. (authors' abstract)
22
Clougherty, Joseph A., Klaus Gugler, and Lars Sørgard. "Cross-Border Mergers and Domestic Wages: Integrating Positive 'Spillover' Effects and Negative 'Bargaining' Effects." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3512/1/wp136.pdf.
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The existing literature concerning the impact of cross-border merger activity on domestic
wages can be split into two camps: 1) those focusing on positive 'spillover' effects; 2) those
focusing on negative 'bargaining' effects. Motivated in part by the lack of scholarship
spanning these two literatures, we provide a theoretical model that nests these two
mechanisms in one conceptual framework. From our theoretical model we are able to
predict that 'spillover' effects tend to be more dominant under low unionization rates, while
'bargaining' effects tend to be more dominant under high unionization rates; furthermore,
'spillover' effects tend to be more dominant with inward cross-border mergers, while
'bargaining' effects tend to be more dominant with outward cross-border mergers. We
employ comprehensive panel data on wages, unionization and merger activity for US
industry sectors over the 1986-2001 period in order to test the impact of cross-border
merger activity on domestic wages. We find support for our propositions in that higher
unionization rates make it more likely that cross-border mergers generate wage decreases,
while outward cross-border mergers more likely involve wage decreases than do inward
cross-border mergers. (author's abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
23
Lejárraga, Iza, and Harald Oberhofer. "Performance of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Services Trade: Evidence from French Firms." Springer Nature, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9647-z.
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This paper empirically investigates the key firm- and industry-specific restrictions to the
performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in services trade. For this
purpose, we use firm-level data from firms in France operating in different services sectors
over the time period 1998 to 2007 and formulate two-part models consisting of (i) (dy
namic) export equations and (ii) (dynamic) export share equations. Our results confirm
the view that a relatively low share of SMEs engage in services trade. In line with the
new-new trade theory, our results also corroborate that more productive SMEs have a
higher export probability. The key finding of this paper is that the export decisions of
SMEs in services sectors are estimated to be extremely persistent, implying that trade pol
icy efforts, including the allocation of scarce trade promotion budgets, should be directed
at addressing the barriers faced in establishing the first export operation. Finally, our
sub-sectoral estimates reveal considerable heterogeneity across different types of services.
24
NGUYEN, Phuc Hien. "China’ s Exchange Rate Policy and International Competitiveness ( Export ) 1994-2005 : IS IT A LESSON FOR VIETNAM ?" 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科附属国際経済政策研究センター, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/16043.
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Slama, Nadia. "Mesures comparées des paramètres acoustiques chez des locuteurs bègues et non-bègues tunisiens." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCA118.
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Cette thèse porte sur l’étude de paramètres acoustiques dans parole fluente chez des locuteurs bègues (SB) et des non-bègues (SNB), tunisiens.Les paramètres acoustiques comparés entre SB et SNB incluent le temps d’établissement du voisement (ou V.O.T), la fréquence du fondamental (F0), des mesures du Jitter et du Shimmer, l’étendue et la direction de la transition du second formant (F2), et également les trois premiers formants (F1, F2 et F3) des trois voyelles /a, i, u/. Les résultats sont en accord avec les études antérieures en ce qui concerne le V.O.T, qui serait aussi plus long chez les bègues américains et français. Concernant les valeurs du F0, des différences significatives entre les deux groupes sont obtenues pour /u/. Les mesures du Jitter et du Shimmer ne montrent pas de différences significatives, contrairement aux résultats recueillis chez les bègues américains où la signification est obtenue pour les mesures du Shimmer. Enfin,en ce qui concerne l’étude des variations formantiques, il y a des tendances sans atteindre la signification pour F1, F2 et F3. Les mesures de F2 sont moins élevées chez les bègues avec quelques résultats significatifs obtenus pour les séquences du type C-u. Le triangle vocalique des trois voyelles /a i u/ chez les enfants bègues tunisiens n’est totalement centralisé contrairement aux triangles obtenus chez les locuteurs bègues français et américains, selon la littératureThis thesis concerns the comparison of acoustic parameters in fluent speech in Tunisian stutterers’ speakers (SB) and non-stutterers (SNB), Tunisians.The acoustic parameters which are compared between SB and SNB include the Voice Onset Time (VOT), the fundamental frequency (F0), the measurements of jitter and shimmer, the scope and direction of the transition of the second formant (F2), and the first three formants (F1, F2 and F3) of the three vowels /a, i, u/. The results are consistent with previous studies regarding the V.O.T, which has been found also be longer for American and French stutterers. Concerning F0values, significant differences between the two groups are obtained for /u/. Measurements of jitter and shimmer show no significant differences, contrary to the results found from American concerning the shimmer. Finally, as regards the study of formant variations, there are tendencies without reaching significance for F1, F2 and F3. F2 values are lower in stutterers with significant results obtained for sequences of C-u. The vowel triangle of the three vowels /a, u, i/ in Tunisian children who stutter, is not centralized, unlike triangles obtained for French and American stuttering speakers, according to the literature
26
Guy, Alexandre. "Synthèse biomimétique de la 15-F2t-IsoP. Synthèse de l'ent 5,6-dihydro-2,3-dinor-15-F2t-IsoP." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20183.
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Les isoprostanes (isops), isomeres des prostaglandines, sont une nouvelle classe de produits naturels decouvertes dans les annees 1990. Les isops sont naturellement formees, lors de l'attaque oxydante de l'acide arachidonique (aa), par reaction de cyclisation radicalaire intramoleculaire avec introduction de trois atomes d'oxygene. La 15-f#2#t-isop, la plus abondante, possede de puissantes activites biologiques et est actuellement consideree comme un bon marqueur de la peroxydation lipidique. A cause de l'interet porte a ce compose, nous en avons developpe la synthese totale. La strategie retenue est une strategie biomimetique. En effet, l'etape cle de cette synthese utilise le mecanisme suppose de la formation in vivo des isops au moyen d'une cyclisation radicalaire de type 1,5,7-octadienyle d'un motif a 20 atomes de carbone mimant l'aa. La synthese biomimetique de la 15-f#2#t-isop a permis de confirmer la biosynthese des isops et sa formation possible a partir de l'aa esterifie. Nous avons aussi aborde la synthese de l'enantiomere d'un des metabolites urinaires de la 15-f#2#t-isop, l'ent-15(rs)-5,6-dihydro-2,3-dinor-15-f#2#t-isop. L'approche retrosynthetique est basee sur la formation d'un cycle pentanique polysubstitue de configuration adequate sur lequel sont fixes les chaines laterales du metabolite. L'obtention de ces deux molecules, en particulier la 15-f#2#t-isop, pouvant etre marquee au deuterium ou au tritium, presente un interet majeur pour des etudes biologiques. D'autre part, ces deux isops peuvent etre un index de peroxydation lipidique representatif des attaques oxydantes in vivo.
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Parker, Anthony W. "Scottish Highlanders in colonial Georgia : the recruitment, emigration and settlement at Darien, 1735-1748." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2960.
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This volume is a study of the immigration of three individual groups of Scottish Highlanders as they ventured to the new colony of Georgia in British North America between the years 1735 and 1748. It examines the importance of the area of the Altamaha River in which they settled and the conflicts along the southern frontier of British colonial America between the rival powers of Great Britain, Spain, France, and the Native American population. These struggles would necessitate the organised recruiting efforts made on the part of the Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America to bring Highland Scots, in particular, to the province as their first line of defense. The focus of the text is on the Scots themselves as the changing conditions in the Highlands motivated them to leave their native glens of Scotland to come to the pine barrens of Georgia. The thesis explores the ability of these immigrants to face the challenges of a new environment and the trials of the frontier settlement at Darien. It is an account of how their cultural distinctiveness and "old world" experience aptly prepared them to adapt and to prosper in the new land and to play a vital role in the survival of colonial Georgia. The Highlanders of Scotland who settled at Darien during the first two decades of the colony's existence have been relegated to the shadows of Georgia's colonial history for too long and this work hopes to establish their importance during this crucial period.
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Mathieson, Robert. "Femtosecond laser modification of Fe3+ doped calcium phosphates." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22412/.
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Calcium phosphate based biominerals are the main inorganic constituent of bone and teeth. Therefore, the processing of these minerals provides a unique solution for a bioactive, structural material which can be used inside the body instead of typical bioinert materials. Dental enamel, a highly crystalline calcium phosphate, is prone to acid erosion and wear, which affects all ages, an early sign of which is hypersensitivity. Calcium phosphate minerals also play an important role in bone restoration and growth, and with an increased ageing population the number of hip and knee replacement revision surgeries are becoming more common. In this study, the main objective was to investigate the use of femtosecond pulsed lasers for sintering and processing of modified calcium phosphate minerals in order to analyse the efficacy of these methods for interfacial bonding and adhesion to titanium implant materials and dental enamel. Calcium phosphate minerals, specifically hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6OH2), were synthesised through the wet chemistry synthesis method, and were modified with the substitution of Fe3+ ions in various doping regimes. These materials were characterised via XRD, SEM, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, particle size analysis and TGA/DSC. The following materials where then irradiated with near infrared sources in a variety of pulse repetition rates ranging from single shot to 1GHz. Ablation thresholds of the materials were found to remain relatively constant despite the addition of Fe3+ impurities into the structure. And working in lower repetition rate regimes, did not allow for successful sintering of the materials, however, it could be bonded to the titanium substrates relatively in this regime. Higher repetition rates regimes allowed for reasonable heat accumulation in the material which then generated more successful sintering and bonding onto dental enamel surfaces.
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Pedro, Sandra da Silva. "Propriedades ópticas do Fe3+ tetraédrico em matriz cerâmica." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2007. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=504.
Full textAbstract:
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroO objetivo deste trabalho foi a produção e a investigação de amostras cerâmicas dopadas com Fe3+. Os métodos experimentais usados foram a difração de raios X, e as espectroscopias de fotoluminescência e fotoacústica. As fases formadas foram identificadas a partir dos resultados da difração de raios X. Utilizando os dados ópticos, os níveis de energia excitados e o fundamental, os parâmetros de energia e de campo cristalino e de Racah, os tempos de vida radiativos e não-radiativos e a simetria do sítio do Fe3+ foram determinados.
The aim of this work was the production and investigation of a Fe3+- doped sample. The experimental methods were X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence and photoacoustic spectroscopies. From X-ray results, the formed phases in the sample were identified. By using optical data, the excited and fundamental energy levels, the energy crystal field and Racah parameters, the radiative and non-radiative lifetimes and the Fe3+ site symmetry were determinated.
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Chen, Yu-Lin. "Prediction of physicochemical properties for Fe3+ chelating agents." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/prediction-of-physicochemical-properties-for-fe3-chelating-agents(42cafffb-3121-42be-a1e1-d11df51eb62a).html.
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Iron is vital for all living creatures but becomes toxic when it exceeds the levels catered for by their natural cellular buffering mechanisms, causing free radical formation via the Fenton reaction and ultimately, therefore, leading to oxidative stress. In such situations, for example in repeatedly transfused patients suffering from β-thalassaemia or sickle cell anaemia, iron chelation therapy is required. Desferioxamine (DFO), the most widely used therapeutic chelator, is a hexadentate ligand possessing a very high affinity for Fe3+, but it is not orally active. 3-hydroxypyridin-4-ones (HPOs), the more recently introduced synthetic alternatives, have also been shown to be useful therapeutic chelators, demonstrating the essential affinity and selectivity for Fe3+ along with good oral activity. Deferiprone, a typical HPO, has emerged as a prominent therapeutic, able to remove accumulated excess iron from the heart and mitochondria. However, because Deferiprone has some drawbacks of relatively high metabolic instability and a side effect of lowering white blood cell count for a small number of patients, the search continues for other such synthetic chelators with improved properties. In the work reported here, various computational studies have been performed to aid in the rational design of Fe3+ chelators, with their physicochemical properties (pKa, Fe3+ affinity, hydration and membrane permeability) predicted by means of quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR) methods, quantum mechanical (QM) calculations, and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. The pKa and Fe3+ affinity were also studied experimentally with a novel approach devised for dealing with ligands possessing substituents with hydrogen bond donor and/or acceptor groups. The pKa values predicted using QSPR and QM static calculations (Gaussian 09) were found to differ very significantly from the experimentally determined values. When data from the QM static calculations were combined with a regression model, however, the pKa predictions were significantly improved, with the predicted values then within ± 0.2 log units of the experimental values, and computing times of the order of 1 day per molecule. These calculations also allowed the determination of possible deprotonation sequences for the predicted compounds. Further pKa predictions were made by means of QM MD calculations, using Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics (CP-MD). These simulations were found to yield pKa values within ±0.3 log units of the experimental values but involved much longer computing times (of the order of 20 days per molecule). In addition, however, the CP-MD simulations also provided valuable insights into the atomistic details of the proton transfer mechanism and the solvation structure and dynamics at all stages of the reaction. For the three HPOs studied, it was observed that proton transfer takes place along a chain of three H20 molecules, although direct hydrogen bonds were observed to form transiently. The (Fe3+) log /C, predictions for the HPOs were made using an entirely novel QM-based methodology (and without knowledge of the chelator pKa values), yielding log K-\ values within ± 0.32 log units of the experimental values. For the preparation of membrane permeability study, novel Chemistry at HARvard Molecular Mechanics (CHARMM) force fields specifically for use in HPO simulations were developed. These new force fields were validated using Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) MD simulations of the chelators’ behaviour in aqueous solution.
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Benyshek, Daniel, Carol Johnston, John Martin, and William Ross. "Insulin sensitivity is normalized in the third generation (F3) offspring of developmentally programmed insulin resistant (F2) rats fed an energy-restricted diet." BioMed Central, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610225.
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BACKGROUND/AIMS:The offspring and grandoffspring of female rats fed low protein diets during pregnancy and lactation, but fed nutritionally adequate diets thereafter, have been shown to exhibit altered insulin sensitivity in adulthood. The current study investigates the insulin sensitivity of the offspring and grandoffspring of female rats fed low protein diets during pregnancy, and then maintained on energy-restricted diets post weaning over three generations.METHODS:Female Sprague Dawley rats (F0) were mated with control males and protein malnourished during pregnancy/lactation. F1 offspring were then weaned to adequate but energy-restricted diets into adulthood. F1 dams were fed energy-restricted diets throughout pregnancy/lactation. F2 offspring were also fed energy-restricted diets post weaning. F2 pregnant dams were maintained as described above. Their F3 offspring were split into two groupsone was maintained on the energy-restricted diet, the other was maintained on an adequate diet consumed ad libitum post weaning.RESULTS:F2 animals fed energy-restricted diets were insulin resistant (p < 0.05), while the insulin sensitivity of their F3 offspring equaled and surpassed that of controls on both the energy-restricted and adequate ad libitum postweaning diets (p < 0.05).CONCLUSION:Maternal energy-restriction did not consistently program reduced insulin sensitivity in offspring over three consecutive generations. The reasons for this remain unclear. It is possible that the intergenerational transmission of developmentally programmed insulin resistance is determined in part by the relative insulin sensitivity of the mother during pregnancy/lactation.
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Westöö, Andreas. "Det svenska arbetssättet inom ett COIN-perspektiv : Den amerikanska doktrinen FM3-24 belyser ett sätt att nyttja sina resurser på och detta kan vara en doktrin som Sverige kan inspireras utav, men har vi möjligheten och skall Sverige låta sig inspireras av den?" Thesis, Swedish National Defence College, Swedish National Defence College, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-829.
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Den svenska Försvarsmakten har tagit steget från ett invasionsförsvar till ett insatsförsvar. Detta har medfört att svenska enheter får verka i olika konfliktnivåer. Detta möjliggör också för svenska enheter att få verka i en konflikt inom en irreguljär kontext, som exempel Afghanistan. Uppsatsen syftar till att jämföra huruvida den svenska insatsen arbetar likt den amerikanska doktrinen FM3-24, detta kopplat till genomförandet av operationen. I uppsatsen beskrivs det femte kapitlet, genomförande av operationer ur FM3-24. Ur teorin formas en deskriptiv fallstudie som kopplas mot det svenska arbetssättet i Afghanistan utifrån tre officerare med erfarenheter från skilda ledande befattningar från mission. Resultatet visar att doktrinen FM3-24 i stora drag efterliknas av den svenska insatsen. Vissa skillnader finns de två emellan, i huvudsak kopplat mot informationsoperationer riktade mot upprorsmakaren.
The Swedish Armed Forces have taken the step from an invasion defence to a defence response. This has led to the Swedish units may operate at different levels of conflict. This also allows Swedish units to operate in a conflict in an irregular context, such as Afghanistan. This paper aims to compare whether the Swedish contribution is working as the American doctrine FM3-24, this coupled with the execution of the operation. The paper describes the fifth chapter, conducting operations, from FM3-24. From theory formed a descriptive case study linked to the Swedish approach in Afghanistan from three officers with experience from various executive positions from the operation. The results show that the doctrine FM3-24 largely is implemented by the Swedish contribution. Some differences exist between the two, mainly linked to information operations against the rebel.
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Marzen, Stephanie E. "The behavior of Fe3+ coordination in alginate-catechol networks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98128.
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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2015.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis. In title on title page, and in abstract, "3+" of Fe3+ appears as superscript.
Includes bibliographical references (page 32).
Mussel byssal threads allow mussels to remain steadfast on ocean rocks despite ocean turbulence, facilitated by the simultaneous elasticity and hardness of the byssus coating. Inspired by the metal-coordination chemistry found in byssus coating, scientists have synthesized an array of self-healing hydrogels with catechol-modified, 4-branched PEG (4cPEG) and various metal ions, primarily Fe3+. While considerable testing has been conducted with 4cPEG, the effects of changing the polymer backbone have not been investigated extensively. Here, alginate was chemically modified with catechol attachments (Alg-C), and metal-coordinated with Fe3+ to yield a self-healing network with similar qualities to 4cPEG gels. Rheological measurements indicated that metal-coordination played a dominant role in the bulk mechanics of the network, although the ionic crosslinking caused the gel to act as a solid across all frequencies, in contrast to 4cPEG. In addition, the stiff alginate backbone caused the metal-coordinate bond in itself to act on a longer time scale. Color changes in the Alg-C gel indicated that excess catechol on the backbone was oxidizing. While rheology confirmed the metal-coordination in the Alg-C network, UV-vis absorption measurements provided less certain data. Nonetheless, this study shows that metal-coordination is highly dependent on the polymer backbone, but may still be used in a variety of polymer networks.
by Stephanie E. Marzen.
S.B.
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Henry, Olivier. "Synthèses totales de métabolites de la 15-F2t-Isoprostane." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20009.
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Cameron, Nancy G. "Comparative Descriptors of Online and F2F Graduate Nursing Programs." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7054.
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Cameron, Nancy G. "Comparative Descriptors of Online and F2F Graduate Nursing Programs." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7058.
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Badinger, Harald, and Thomas Url. "Export Credit Guarantees and Export Performance: Evidence from Austrian Firm-level Data." Wiley, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12085.
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This paper provides an economic assessment of export credit guarantee commitments by the Austrian export credit agency, using firm-level data on a cross-section of 178 Austrian exporting firms for the year 2008. In a first step, we estimate the relative importance of various determinants of export guarantee usage. Results suggest that the most crucial determinants are: firm size, whether or not the firm is part of a multinational enterprise, exposure to revenue risk, and R&D intensity. In a second step, we investigate the effects of export guarantees on export performance. Identification is achieved by using as instruments the exogenous determinants of export guarantee usage identified in the first step. We find that there are economically and statistically significant effects of export credit guarantee usage on firm-specific export performance ranging from some 80 to 100 percent compared with the control group of non-users.
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Santana, Ricardo Costa de. "RPE do ion Fe3+ em monocristais e fibras de LiNbO3." Universidade de São Paulo, 1994. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-09042008-084147/.
Full textAbstract:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo do íon Fe3+ em monocristais e fibras monocristalinas de LiNbO3, através da técnica espectroscópica da Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE), nas freqüências de 10 e 34GHz, à temperatura ambiente. O Hamiltoniano de Spin para o íon Fe3+ ocupando um sítio de simetria trigonal (C3v) é dado por: H = \'beta\' \'VET.H\' \'VET.g\' \'VET.S\' + \'B20O20+B40O40 . Foram analisadas três amostras de LiNbO3, com diferentes concentrações de Fe3+ e os parâmetros de campo cristalino e fator-g encontrados são: fibra (0.3 mol% de Fe3+) g = 1.9908 \'+OU-\' 0.0002, \'B. SUP. 0 INF. 2\' = 5.4\'+OU-\'0.2x10-2 cm-1 , \'B. SUP. 0 INF. 4\' = -7.7\'+OU-\'1.5x10-5cm-1, monocristal 90 (0.22 mol%) g = 2.0043\'+OU-\'0.0002, \'B. SUP. 0 INF. 2\' = 5.35\'+OU-\'0.25x10-2 cm-1, \'B. SUP. 0 INF. 4\'= - 4.03\'+OU-\'1.4x10-5cm-1, monocristal 99 (0.02 mol%) g = 2.0026\'+OU-\'0.0004, \'B. SUP. 0 INF. 2\' = 5.4\'+OU-\'0.3x10-2 cm-1, \'B. SUP. 0 INF. 4\' = - 8.33\'+OU-\'1.6x10-5cm-1. Foi medida e analisada a dependência angular da largura das linhas nas duas bandas de freqüências. Através de modelos teóricos (Watanabe, Orbach-Das-Sharma, Spinspin, Spin-spin Spin-órbita) calculamos o parâmetro de desdobramento a campo zero, \'B. SUP. 0 INF. 2\', do estado fundamental do íon Fe3+, para determinar qual o sítio que este íon ocupa no LiNbO3.We report EPR measurements of Fe3+ ion in bulk LiNbO3 single crystals and in the form of fibers. Spin Hamiltonian for the Fe3+ ion in a trigonal symmetry (C3v) site is given by: H = \'beta\' \'VET.H\' \'VET.g\' \'VET.S\' + \'B20O20+B40O40. Measurements were performed at room temperature and two frequency bands, 10 and 34GHz, using three samples of LiNbO3 with different concentrations of Fe3+ g-factor and the crystal field parameters were found to be: for fiber (0.3 mol% of Fe3+) g = 1.9908 \'+OU-\' 0.0002, \'B. SUP. 0 INF. 2\' = 5.4\'+OU-\'0.2x10-2 cm-1 , \'B. SUP. 0 INF. 4\' = -7.7\'+OU-\'1.5x10-5cm-1, for the single crystal 90 (0.22 mol%) g = 2.0043\'+OU-\'0.0002, \'B. SUP. 0 INF. 2\' = 5.35\'+OU \'0.25x10-2 cm-1, \'B. SUP. 0 INF. 4\'= - 4.03\'+OU-\'1.4x10-5 cm-1, and for the single crystal 99 (0.02 mol%) g = 2.0026\'+OU-\'0.0004, \'B. SUP. 0 INF. 2\' = 5.4\'+OU-\'0.3x10-2 cm-1, \'B. SUP. 0 INF. 4\' = - 8.33\'+OU-\'1.6x10-5cm-1. The angular dependence of the line width were also measured and compared with theoretical model. To determine the substitutional site of Fe3+ ion in the LiNbO3 lattice, we calculated the zero field splitting parameter \'B. SUP. 0 INF. 2\' of the ground state, using many theoretical models (Watanabe, Orbach-Das-Sharma, Spin-spin, Spin-Spin Spinorbita).
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Christie, Lynn. "The Fe3+/2+ redox couple in liquid and solid solvents." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15528.
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The Fe3+/2+ redox couple, in the form of Fe (II) and Fe (III) trifluoromethane sulphonate, has been investigated in several non-aqueous solvents; propylene carbonate (PC), acetonitrile (ACN), tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and dimethyl formamide (DMF), as well as in tetraethyleneglycol dimethylether, a low molecular weight liquid polyether, and poly(ethylene oxide), a high molecular weight solid polyether. It has been shown that the Fe3+/2+ couple exhibits a simple one electron transfer reaction in all cases. The influence of the solvent on the electrode kinetics of the Fe3+/2+ redox couple has been investigated with a view to identifying the factors controlling the rate of the simple electron transfer process for this redox couple. The standard apparent rate constant (ksh) in each system was determined via ac impedance spectroscopy. For studies in the solid polyether solvent a new technique has been developed involving ac impedance spectroscopy at an ultramicroelectrode. This new technique proved to be a very powerful tool in the identification of interfacial processes occurring in highly resistive media. Using the Marcus and the Levich, Dogonadze & Kuznetsov theories for activation of electron transfer, kinetic data were interpreted in terms of inner and outer sphere contributions from the solvent. For the liquid solvents a correlation between ksh and the donor number of the solvent was found, indicating inner sphere activation of electron transfer via vibration of the coordinate bond. However, for the solid solvent activation of electron transfer was found to be influenced by outer sphere solvent dynamics as solvent reorganisation in the polymer is slower than in the liquid solvents.
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Bracken, Katherine Emma. "The control of prostaglandin F2a in the guinea pig uterus." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29436.
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Prostaglandin F2 (PGF2) secretion is lowest at mid-cycle and highest on day 15 at luteolysis in the cycling guinea pig uterus, and is inversely related to serum progesterone levels. An increase in 17- oestradiol (E2) occurs towards the end of the cycle. The guinea pig cDNAs for cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) which catabolises PGF2, and a fragment of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) were cloned. The effect of steroids on uterine PGF2 metabolism in endometrial primary cultures was investigated. COX-2 mRNA expression is correlated to PGF2 secretion. In epithelial cells steroid-modulated changes were observed; the addition of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) to E2-primed cells led to a decrease, and the addition of E2 to MPA-primed cells to an increase, in COX-2 mRNA expression and PGF2 secretion. In contrast, steroid-modulated changes in PGDH transcripts were observed in stromal cells, and were upregulated by the addition of MPA to E2-primed cells. COX-1 transcripts were low and unaffected by treatment in both cell types. The in vitro observations were in keeping with the secretory profile seen in vivo in the cycling guinea pig uterus and suggest a differential role for the uterine stroma and epithelium, the former acting to remove (via PGDH), and the latter to produce (via COX-2) biologically active prostaglandin.;PGDH, COX-2 and COX-1 mRNA and protein expression were also analysed in uterine sections of the cycle and pregnancy. COX-1 mRNA expression was present during the cycle and pregnancy, and upregulated during late pregnancy. COX-1 protein was localised to the whole uterus except during early pregnancy. COX-2 mRNA was detected only at luteolysis. During pregnancy PGDH mRNA was expressed as a layer around the foetus, initially in the endometrial stroma (day 15) and later the luminal epithelium (day 50), providing a barrier between foetally derived PGs and the myometrium. The in vivo results confirmed the in vitro findings and indicate that COX-2 is responsible for the rise in uterine PG output seen during the cycle, and COX-1 during pregnancy.
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Boulvain, Frédéric. "Sédimentologie et diagenèse des monticules micritiques frasniens "F2j" de Belgique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209015.
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de, Bromhead Alan, Alan Fernihough, Markus Lampe, and Kevin Hjortshøj O'Rourke. "When Britain Turned Inward: The Impact of Interwar British Protection." American Economic Association, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6823/1/aer.pdf.
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International trade collapsed, and also became much less multilateral, during the 1930s. Previous studies, looking at aggregate trade flows, have argued that trade policies had relatively little to do with either phenomenon. Using a new dataset incorporating highly disaggregated information on the United Kingdom's imports and trade policies, we find that while conventional wisdom is correct regarding the impact of trade policy on the total value of British imports, discriminatory trade policies can explain the majority of Britain's shift toward Imperial imports in the 1930s.
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Thumann, Hauke [Verfasser]. "Vergleich einer simultanen GnRH Analogon/Prostaglandin F2α-Behandlung mit einer zeitlich versetzten Prostaglandin F2α/GnRH-Analogon-Gabe bei Milchkühen mit Azyklie und Ovarialzysten / Hauke Thumann." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1063110203/34.
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Kaptari, L. P., A. Yu Umnikov, and Burkhard Kämpfer. "Nuclear structure funktion F2A:Moments Mn(F2A) and kinematics beyond x=1." Forschungszentrum Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-32553.
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Münster, Achim. "Einfluss von Prostaglandin F2a auf die Fruchtbarkeitsparameter weiblicher und männlicher Schweine /." Kiel : Selbstverl. des Inst. für Tierzucht und Tierhaltung der Christian-Albrechts-Univ. zu Kiel, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017645570&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Lawson, P. J. "The function and role of F2R polymorphisms in fibroproliferative lung disease." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/19714/.
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BACKGROUND: Activation of the coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor, F2R, by coagulation proteinases contributes to lung inflammation and fibrosis following lung injury. F2R gene expression is raised in fibroproliferative lung disease and F2R-deficient mice are protected in a model of lung inflammation and fibrosis. F2R mRNA expression is highly variable, and its regulation and the role of genetic influences has not been fully characterised. The association of F2R polymorphisms was investigated in sarcoidosis, a highly inflammatory, multisystem disorder in which a proportion of subjects develop lung fibrosis; and the function of F2R promoter haplotypes was explored. METHODS: F2R polymorphisms were genotyped using PCR-based techniques in UK White and Black Afro-Caribbean sarcoidosis subjects and healthy controls. Haplotypes were estimated using PHASE2 software. The function of F2R promoter haplotypes was investigated using dual luciferase reporter gene assays and transfecting in HeLa cells; basally and in response to TNF-\alpha and IL-1\beta. RESULTS: F2R haplotypes associate with sarcoidosis in UK Whites and Black Afro-Caribbeans. This appears to be driven by the rs2227744G>A and rs11267092ins polymorphisms. In reporter gene experiments, basally, the rs2227744A allele alone conferred the highest promoter activity compared with the wild type (2.6 \pm 0.31-fold higher activity, p<0.001). With the rs11267092ins allele alone, promoter activity was 1.3 \pm 0.22-fold higher (p<0.001). Together, the rs2227744A and rs11267092ins alleles increased promoter activity by 1.6 \pm 0.19-fold (p<0.001). There was no response to treatment. DISCUSSION: Both rs2227744G>A and rs11267092ins appear functional. Intriguingly, the rs11267092ins allele appears to interact with the rs2227744G>A allele, reducing the observed increase in promoter activity of the rs2227744G>A allele alone from 2.6 to 1.6-fold. Population studies suggest that rs11267092ins alone and rs11267092ins combined with rs2227744A may be important in sarcoidosis. Elucidating the function and interaction of F2R polymorphisms may help ascertain the mechanism by which F2R contributes to fibroproliferative lung disease.
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Kaptari, L. P., A. Yu Umnikov, and Burkhard Kämpfer. "Nuclear structure funktion F2A:Moments Mn(F2A) and kinematics beyond x=1." Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, 1992. https://hzdr.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A22082.
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Cloete, Susanna Elizabeth. "Profiling the determinants of Indian foreign direct investment in Africa / Susanna Elizabeth Cloete." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/10504.
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India is fast becoming one of the largest economies worldwide, with expectations of becoming the second largest economy by 2050. The growth this country is demonstrating is accompanied by integration with other economies with active engagement in trade and investment in the world economy. Analysts and researchers strive to understand the possible effects of the rise of India on the global economy.
The influence of India’s rise on Africa is an arguable topic. The Indo-Africa relationship has a strong political and socio-economic history. This relationship has undergone some changes since 1990 when India started a new approach that included internationalisation. In the modern economy the trade and investment from India to Africa have illustrated fast growth rates. It is claimed that India’s main interest in Africa is to gain access to Africa’s abundant resources with the intention of supporting its economic growth. This creates some concern on the nature of India’s involvement in Africa; whether or not it will increase the development and whether it will put pressure on Africa’s control of its resources.
This study focuses on understanding the extent of Indian FDI in Africa and the factors that determine this involvement. Africa is known as the poorest continent worldwide; hence the development should be managed and controlled in order to sustain the growth. The flows of FDI to this continent can provide some advantages that include growth and development, while FDI can also prompt some disadvantages such as resource extraction. Profiling the determinants of Indian FDI in Africa provides an understanding of the influence India may have on Africa.
Profiling the determinants of Indian FDI in Africa is done by means of a literature study that identifies the determinants that are applicable to African FDI. These determinants include natural resources, market size, political instability, macro-economic instability, weak policies, inflation, good governance, investment, GDP, growth, openness and oil production.
Following the literature study an analysis is done on the trend of FDI worldwide and especially between India and Africa. The overall amount of FDI flows illustrates large increases globally and developed regions account for the majority of FDI flows. The trends of flows illustrate some changes that highlight the prominent role developing countries are starting to play. Africa is classified as a developing region that accounts for a fairly small amount of the total flows to the developing regions. It is noted that Africa’s share is steadily increasing and is expected to keep on rising. Indian FDI to Africa has demonstrated some staggering increases, while India claims to further increase its involvement. India’s FDI mainly flows to the resource sectors such as oil, coal and gas. India also states to expand its FDI involvement into African sectors such as the infrastructure, information technology, computer software, services and telecommunication.
Identifying the specific determinants of Indian FDI in Africa is established by estimating models using the Structural Equation Method (SEMs). A combination of a factor analysis and regression analysis is estimated. The specific determinants that influence Indian FDI in Africa include government effectiveness, control of corruption, crude oil price, school enrolment and exports. The level or value of the investments is influenced by the government effectiveness and rule of law.
This study concludes that India’s involvement in Africa is increasing. India demonstrates high levels of interest in Africa’s resources, but this is prone to expand across different sectors.MCom (International Trade), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
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Fartaria, Marina Sofia Crespo. "Empowering the bottom of the pyramid - an analysis of an investment cooperation in Angola: the case of ONI Communications." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/4041.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this thesis is to develop a business model for companies that do foresee the Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP) as a promising and challenging market, that can enhance their position in the competitive context. According to Prahalad’s definition, ―world’s 4 billion poor, people who live on far less than $2 a day‖, are located at the BoP (Prahalad & Hart, first quarter 2002).
Angola, the target market of this study, is one of the world’s poorest countries and one the fastest growing economies. It started reinventing itself economically and politically, after the end of the civil war in 2002, creating the right conditions for companies to invest. Angola attracted since 2003 over 1.124 projects representing more than USD 4 billion in investment capital. This study describes the benefits Angola, as fast growing economy, brings to foreign investors and the many advantages it presents mostly to Portuguese companies due to its long-relationship with Portugal. Doing business in Angola can lead to an indirect development of other sectors, welfare increase and competition. Based on the experience of ONI Communications in vertical solutions, this study developed a business case where farmers subscribed at a farmer cooperative benefited from information on market prices, new products and farming techniques, or accessed micro-credit. The synergies resulted from the partnership among a Portuguese company, a state-owned Angolan company, and a cooperative with a big impact on the target Market at an educational level, or in both infrastructures and sector development. The long relationship between Portugal and Angola, their common bonds and similarities bring benefits to this partnership.
Angola is a market to be explored, although still living the consequences of the Civil War.
With this study a new way to explore markets similar to Angola was developed and a new way to benefit from its emerging opportunities.O objectivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um modelo de negócio que sirva de referencia para as empresas que vêm a Base da Pirâmide (BdP) como um mercado promissor e desafiador, fortalecendo a posição da empresa em relação à concorrência. De acordo com a definição de Prahalad, os ―4 milhões de pobres que vivem com menos de dois dólares por dia‖ estão localizados na BdP (Prahalad & Hart, first quarter 2002). Angola, o mercado-alvo deste estudo, é um dos países mais pobres do mundo e uma das economias de crescimento mais rápido. O país começou a reinventar-se económica e politicamente, após o final da Guerra Civil em 2002, criando condições adequadas para o investimento. Angola atraiu, desde 2003, mais de 1.124 projectos, o que representam mais de US$ 4 biliões. Este estudo descreve as vantagens em investir num mercado como Angola, de rápido crescimento económico, trazendo inúmeras vantagens para os investidores estrangeiros. Este tipo de investimento pode, consequentemente, levar ao desenvolvimento indirecto de outros sectores, ao aumento da concorrência e bem-estar das populações. Com base na experiencia da ONI Comunicações em soluções verticais, é apresentado um estudo de caso, onde os agricultores Angolanos inscritos numa cooperativa local podem beneficiar do acesso à informação quer ao nível dos preços do mercado agrícola, aceder a novos produtos a a novas técnicas de cultivo, ou aceder ao micro-crédito. As sinergias resultantes da parceria entre uma empresa portuguesa, uma empresa estatal angolana, e uma cooperativa terão como consequência, um grande impacto sobre o mercado-alvo ao nível do ensino, das infra-estruturas e no desenvolvimento do sector agrícola. O longo relacionamento entre Portugal e Angola, os laços comuns e semelhantes destes dois países trazem benefícios a esta parceria. Com este estudo uma nova forma de explorar mercados semelhantes ao de Angola é apresentada bem como da forma como aproveitar as oportunidades emergentes.
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Komarek, Lubos. "Case study: Internationalization of Portuguese SME to the Brazilian market." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/6982.
Full textAbstract:
Este projeto, tal como o nome revela, é um estudo do caso de uma pequena média empresa Portuguesa que concorre no mercado das soluções de energia renovável, nomeadamente no campo de aquecimento, ventilação e ar condicionado que tem a intenção de entrar no mercado Brasileiro. As principais questões investigadas são: qual a melhor estratégia de entrada no mercado, quais os riscos envolvidos e qual é o mercado alvo, seu potencial e seu desenvolvimento futuro.
A parte teórica introduz o Risco cultural, Risco do país, Risco cambial e Risco comercial tendo em conta as questões práticas relacionadas com o processo de internacionalização. O caso de estudo começa com a descrição da empresa juntamente com a revelação da sua estratégia comercial. A secção seguinte inclui o levantamento dos indicadores macroeconómicos mais relevantes e o seu histórico durante a última década. Na terceira secção, a análise setorial, aborda duma forma prática os indicadores importantes para a empresa. A última parte deste capítulo interliga os conceitos teóricos com os indicadores em termos das necessidades da empresa, estratégia comercial e estratégia da entrada.
Com base nos resultados foi concluído que a estratégia de internacionalização que oferece mais benefícios é o Investimento Direto Estrangeiro, e que o estado com melhor infraestrutura, ambientes político, social e económico é São Paulo. Em relação ao futuro do Brasil, a análise indica que com maior probabilidade o Brasil manterá as suas presentes tendências em termos do desenvolvimento e o crescimento económico.This final project is a case study of a Portuguese SME company competing in the field of renewable energy in the HVAC sector with the intention to enter the Brazilian market. The main research issues of this project are the best strategy for entering the market, the risks involved and the target market, its potential and the possible future development. In the theoretical part, the Cultural risk, the Country risk, the Currency risk and the Commercial risk are introduced considering practical issues that are important for the internationalization process. The case study starts with the description of the company together with its current business strategy, followed by the section with the most important macroeconomic indicators of the country and their evolution over the last decade. Another part, the analyses of sectors, is assessing more practical indicators for the company, the entering strategy and the targeting of the market. The last part of this chapter presents the connection of the analyzed indicators with the theoretical part in terms of the company needs, business strategy and the entering strategy built. Based on the results it was concluded that the internationalization strategy which represents the most benefits and advantages for the company is FDI and the state with the best infrastructures and political, social and economic environment is São Paulo. As for the future of Brazil, the analysis indicates that with the highest probability Brazil will maintain the current tendencies in terms of the economic development and the economic growth.