Relevant bibliographies by topics / FA

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'FA'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "FA"

1

Kava, R., M. R. C. Greenwood, and P. R. Johnson. "Zucker (fa/fa) Rat." ILAR Journal 32, no. 3 (January 1, 1990): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilar.32.3.4.

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Plata-Salamán, Carlos R., Elizabeth Peloso, and Evelyn Satinoff. "Cytokine-induced fever in obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/Fa) Zucker rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 275, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): R1353—R1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1998.275.4.r1353.

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In earlier work, we reported that genetically obese ( fa/ fa) Zucker rats exhibited significantly greater anorexia than did lean ( Fa/ Fa) Zucker rats to intracerebroventricular infusion of interleukin (IL)-1β. Here, we investigated the fever response of obese ( fa/ fa) and lean ( Fa/ Fa) Zucker rats to intracerebroventricular microinfusion of IL-1β as well as to the following other cytokines: IL-2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Core body temperature was monitored by a radiotelemetry system in freely moving rats. The results show that 1) both IL-1β and IL-6 induce fevers in obese and lean rats; 2) IL-1β induces a significantly higher fever response in obese rats than it does in lean rats; 3) IL-6 induces a significantly higher fever response in lean rats than it does in obese rats; 4) IL-2 induces a moderate fever response in lean but not obese rats; 5) TNF-α induces a similar fever response in obese and lean rats; and 6) the fevers induced by each effective cytokine have different time courses. Thus obese ( fa/ fa) and lean ( Fa/ Fa) Zucker rats show differential responsiveness to the intracerebroventricular microinfusion of various classes of cytokines. This suggests that genetic obesity in the fa/fa Zucker rat is associated with differential cytokine action on thermoregulatory mechanisms.
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Phillips, Frederick C., and Margot P. Cleary. "Metabolic Measurements among Homozygous (fa/fa) Obese, Heterozygous (Fa/fa) Lean and Homozygous (Fa/Fa) Lean Zucker Rat Pups at 17 Days of Age." Journal of Nutrition 124, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 1230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/124.8.1230.

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Kamata, Shigeo. "Fa-zang and Fa-men-si." JOURNAL OF INDIAN AND BUDDHIST STUDIES (INDOGAKU BUKKYOGAKU KENKYU) 38, no. 1 (1989): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4259/ibk.38.232.

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Plata-Saláman, Carlos R., Joseph R. Vasselli, and Gayatri Sonti. "Differential Responsiveness of Obese(fa/fa)and Lean(Fa/Fa)Zucker Rats to Cytokine-Induced Anorexia." Obesity Research 5, no. 1 (January 1997): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00281.x.

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Burgess, Dave. "Master FA Techniques: Curve Tracing in FA." EDFA Technical Articles 20, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.edfa.2018-4.p048.

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Koranyi, L., Y. Tanizawa, L. Penicaud, N. Atef, J. Girard, and M. A. Permutt. "Developmental Regulation of Amylin and Insulin-Gene Expression in Lean (Fa/Fa) and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats." Diabetes 41, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diab.41.6.685.

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Ilyin, Sergey E., and Carlos R. Plata-Salamán. "Molecular regulation of the brain interleukin-1β system in obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/Fa) Zucker rats." Molecular Brain Research 43, no. 1-2 (December 1996): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-328x(96)00178-7.

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Koranyi, L., Y. Tanizawa, L. Penicaud, N. Atef, J. Girard, and M. A. Permutt. "Developmental regulation of amylin and insulin-gene expression in lean (Fa/Fa) and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats." Diabetes 41, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.41.6.685.

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De Fanti, Brant A., Robert C. Backus, Jock S. Hamilton, Dorothy W. Gietzen, and Barbara A. Horwitz. "Lean (Fa/Fa) but not obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats release cholecystokinin at PVN after a gavaged meal." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 275, no. 1 (July 1, 1998): E1—E5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1998.275.1.e1.

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Neuropeptides play an important role in the integration of dietary signals. Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been implicated in regulating ingestive behavior, particularly satiety. The primary objective of this study was to examine whether the hyperphagia characteristic of obese ( fa/ fa) rats involves impaired neural CCK secretion. Dynamic release of CCK at the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of age-matched lean ( Fa/ Fa) and obese Zucker rats was determined using push-pull perfusion. The gavage of a 10.3-kcal (6 ml) liquid diet during lights off was followed by increased CCK release in lean rats (from 13.6 ± 1.1 to 22.1 ± 1.4 fmol in the 1st postprandial period and 18.4 ± 2.5 fmol in the 2nd postprandial period). An identical meal load resulted in no postprandial increase in CCK release in obese rats, despite the fact that high-K+ artificial cerebrospinal fluid evoked CCK outflow in all animals. Intubation of 6 ml of nonnutritive 1% carboxymethylcellulose had no effect. These results are consistent with the suggestion that hypothalamic CCK plays a physiological role in satiety, and they demonstrate that obese Zucker rats have blunted hypothalamic CCK release in response to dietary cues.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "FA"

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Biancalana, Adriano. "Analise morfologica, biomecanica e bioquimica de tendão de ratos Zucker (fa/fa) obesos." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317667.

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Orientadores: Laurecir Gomes, Licio Augusto Velloso
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T00:57:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Biancalana_Adriano_D.pdf: 1382210 bytes, checksum: 7e965b9b049e72e0af3ee28fbf960b16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: A obesidade é considerada hoje uma epidemia mundial. A obesidade é um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública em muitas partes do planeta, onde cresce em taxas alarmantes. No Brasil, a diminuição das taxas de desnutrição vieram acompanhadas pelo aumento das taxas de sobrepeso e obesidade. A obesidade pode ser definida como o acúmulo anormal ou excessivo de gordura, que pode prejudicar a saúde. A obesidade aumenta significativamente o risco do desenvolvimento de problemas de saúde como a hipertensão arterial, derrame, problemas respiratórios, diabetes Melitus (Tipo II), incidência de certas formas de câncer, doenças do coração, alterações músculo esqueléticas e osteoartrites das grandes e pequenas articulações. Sendo que a adiposidade está relacionada aos níveis individuais de gordura para cada individuo. A função dos tendões é transmitir a força criada nos músculos aos ossos, possibilitando o movimento articular. Os tendões são constituídos por células (tenócitos e tenoblastos) e por uma matriz extracelular desenvolvida, constituída por macromoléculas que interagem entre si e com a célula que a produz. A matriz extracelular dos tendões é constituída por colágeno, proteoglicanos e proteínas não colagênicas. Este trabalho objetivou analisar as alterações morfológicas, bioquímicas e biomecânicas do tendão do músculo flexor digital profundo em ratos Zucker geneticamente obesos (fa/fa) e dos animais magros (Fa/_). Os ratos Zucker possuem receptores para leptina não funcionais, e devido a isso desenvolvem obesidade. A avaliação histológica não revelou diferenças, assim como os testes imunohistoquímicos para colágeno do tipo III, nos tendões de ambos os grupos. Na análise ultraestutural do tendão de ambos os animais foram observadas gotículas de lipídio ao longo dos feixes de fibrilas de colágeno. Somente os animais obesos apresentaram fibrilas de colágeno desorganizadas, diferente da distribuição típica esperada para o tecido. O diâmetro das fibrilas de colágeno apresentou distribuição e diâmetro de massa-médio diferente entre os dois grupos. Com relação aos parâmetros mecânicos houve diferença significativa com relação ao deslocamento e a deformação máxima. Os animais obesos apresentaram conteúdo maior de hidroxiprolina enquanto os animais magros apresentaram maior quantidade de proteínas não colagênica e de glicosaminoglicanos. Devido ao elevado sobrepeso e as características do tendão dos animais obesos pode ser concluído que a influência da obesidade sobre os tendões provoca alterações na constituição e organização dos componentes da matriz extracelular. Alterações estas que podem ser relacionadas a modificações organizacionais e estruturais dos feixes de colágeno, influenciando as propriedades mecânicas do tendão e a evolução para um estado patológico.
Abstract: Obesity is considered a worldwide epidemic, one of the biggest public health problems in many parts of the planet, which grows in alarming rates. In Brazil, the decline in rates of malnutrition has been accompanied by rising rates of overweight and obesity, which can be defined as the accumulation of abnormal or excessive fat which presents a risk to health. Obesity significantly increases the risk of developing health problems as hypertension, stroke, respiratory problems, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, skeletal muscle alteration and osteoarthritis. The tendons transmit the strength created in muscles to bones, allowing the joints movement. Tendons consist of cells (tenocyte and tenoblast) and an abundant extracellular matrix composed by collagen, proteoglycans and non-collagenous proteins. This study aimed to analyze the morphological, biochemical and biomechanical alterations of the deep digital flexor tendon in Zucker rats genetically obese (fa/fa) and of lean animals (Fa/_). Histological evaluation and immunohistochemical tests for collagen type III, showed no differences in tendons of both groups. Ultrastructural analysis, showed presence of lipid droplets on the bundles collagen. Only the obese animals showed disorganization in the distribution of fibrils. The diameter of collagen fibrils presented different distribution and mass-average diameter between the two groups, being bimodal in lean rats and unimodal in obese rats. With regard to mechanical parameters significant difference was observed, larger maximum displacement and strain in obese animals. The obese animals presented higher content of hydroxyproline while lean animals showed a larger amount of non-collagenous proteins and glycosaminoglycans. Due to the high overweight of the obese animals can be concluded that the obesity causes changes in the composition and organization of extracellular matrix of the tendon. These alterations may be related to organizational and structural changes of collagen bundles, influencing the mechanical properties of tendon and developments toward a pathological condition.
Doutorado
Biologia Celular
Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
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Slyvka, Y., Y. Feldman, S. R. Inman, and F. V. Nowak. "Kidney nos isoforms variance in female zucker rats (FA/FA) on antioxidant diet." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11454.

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TharinduPriyanDeAlwis, MahappuKankanamge. "PCA and FA model for Matrix Valued Time Series Data." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2197.

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Due to the advance of storage technology in computers, matrix valued time series observations are collecting in many fields like finance, economics, weather forecasting, and many fields. The matrix valued data bring information along its row wise and column wise, and if they are collect over the time we have to treat the data as a time series. If we use classical dimension reduction by converting the matrix into a long vector, the structural information is lost. Here, we discuss two different ways of dimension reduction namely: PCA model for matrix valued time series data and the FA model for matrix valued time series data which keep the matrix structure and reduce the dimension of the observed data. The estimating procedure, theoretical properties and a simulation study are presented and demonstrated for both of these models.
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Langley, Simon Cooke. "Central activity of glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptors in the genetically obese zucker rat (fa/fa)." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293839.

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Nakouzi, Ghunwa Akram. "Genetic and Phenotypic Response of Neural Tube Defect Mouse Mutants to Folic Acid." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1246538783.

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Allars, J. M. "Regulation of diet induced brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in the genetically obese (fa/fa) Zucker rat." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377433.

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Stoller, Dora. "FA Fièvre aphteuse chez les bovins." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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Cole, Rachel M. "The effects of fermented soy and soy diets on hepatic lipid composition in zucker (fa/fa) rats." Connect to resource, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/6601.

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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2006.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 26 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 23-26). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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D'Isep, Marta <1988&gt. "«L’uomo fa il luogo e il luogo fa l’uomo». Il paesaggio-personaggio ne "Le Confessioni d'un italiano"." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/2926.

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Marchington, D. R. "Regulation of brown adipose tissue by the sympathetic nervous system in the genetically obese (fa/fa) Zucker rat." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356785.

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Books on the topic "FA"

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Shuo fa, hua fa, li fa. Beijing: Zhongguo fa chi chu ban she, 2000.

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China (Republic : 1949- ). Xian fa, min fa, xing fa. Taibei Shi: San min shu ju gu fen you xian gong si, 1991.

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Yang fa tang fa jian kang fa. Taibei Shi: Qing chun chu ban she, 2001.

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1935-, Li Ao, ed. Fa zuo, fa zuo, da fa zuo. Taibei Shi: Tian yuan tu shu you xian gong si, 1986.

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Fa zhi yu fa lü fang fa. Jinan: Shandong ren min chu ban she, 2003.

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ning, Shu yi, and Jian zhi hao. Fa yu fa yin: Fa yu de 36ge yin su. Bei jing: Wai wen chu ban she, 2003.

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Fa zhi liao tian shi: Shuo fa, tan fa, lun fa. Beijing Shi: Zhongguo ren min gong an da xue chu ban she, 2002.

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Fa lun fo fa: Zai Jianada fa hui shang jiang fa. New York, NY: Yu zhou chu ban she, 2000.

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Fa lun fo fa: Zai Xinxilan fa hui shang jiang fa. New York, NY: Yu zhou chu ban she, 2000.

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Fa li fa wai. Beijing: Zhongguo fa zhi chu ban she, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "FA"

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Kets de Vries, Manfred F. R. "Sweet FA." In Riding the Leadership Rollercoaster, 163–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45162-6_29.

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Vallett, David P. "FA Future Requirements." In Failure Analysis of Integrated Circuits, 241–50. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4919-2_15.

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Post, Marike. "16. Fa d’Ambu." In Creole Language Library, 191–204. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cll.15.22pos.

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Trendafilov, Nickolay, and Michele Gallo. "Factor analysis (FA)." In Multivariate Data Analysis on Matrix Manifolds, 141–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76974-1_5.

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Nunes, Viviane C. S., and Paula M. Souto. "Fluctuating Asymmetry (FA)." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1925-1.

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Azuma, Noriyuki. "FA in ROP." In A Quick Guide to Pediatric Retina, 75–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6552-6_10.

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Nunes, Viviane C. S., and Paula M. Souto. "Fluctuating Asymmetry (FA)." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 2756–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1925.

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Bestetti, Gilberto E., Corinne Guillaume-Gentil, Françoise Rohner-Jeanrenaud, Giovanni L. Rossi, Francesca Abramo, and Bernard Jeanrenaud. "Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis of Genetically Obese fa/fa Rats." In Endocrine System, 186–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60996-1_20.

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Bedarida, Raffaele. "Tu Vuo' Fa' l'Americano." In Exhibiting Italian Art in the United States from Futurism to Arte Povera, 124–63. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003216179-5.

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"Fa iryG Fa iryL." In Arthurian Women, 213–30. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203760819-16.

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Conference papers on the topic "FA"

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Pan, Jeff Z., and Ian Horrocks. "OWL FA." In the 15th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1135777.1136017.

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Ciaccia, Paolo, and Davide Martinenghi. "FA + TA." In CIKM '18: The 27th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3269206.3271753.

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Jiang, Junchen, Yi Tang, Bin Liu, Xiaofei Wang, and Yang Xu. "SPC-FA." In the 5th ACM/IEEE Symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1882486.1882523.

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Zehlike, Meike, Francesco Bonchi, Carlos Castillo, Sara Hajian, Mohamed Megahed, and Ricardo Baeza-Yates. "FA*IR." In CIKM '17: ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3132847.3132938.

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"FA 3 - power quality." In 2004 Large Engineering Systems Conference on Power Engineering. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lescpe.2004.1356275.

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Lin, Yan, Joshua Wong, and Debin Gao. "FA 3." In HotMobile '23: The 24th International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3572864.3580338.

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"FA 2 - power system stability." In 2004 Large Engineering Systems Conference on Power Engineering. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lescpe.2004.1356270.

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"FA 4 - power distribution system." In 2004 Large Engineering Systems Conference on Power Engineering. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lescpe.2004.1356279.

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Chee, Thim Fai, and Mo Zhang. "Wireless Advanced FA Tool (WAFT)." In ISTFA 2007. ASM International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2007p0306.

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Abstract The existing failure analysis (FA) tool used in the manufacturing was unable to support multiple input multiple output (MIMO) analysis and it has poor user interface capability. The tool used by hardware engineers and design engineers is capable for all radio frequency (RF) analysis including MIMO, but yet it is an extremely expensive tool with rigid interface due to the need for automation. Wireless advanced FA tool (WAFT) was then designed, developed, and deployed as a single solution to FA engineers to perform all the RF analysis including MIMO in a user friendly interface and affordable setup. This article provides information on design planning, application, validation, and deployment of WAFT as well as on transmit quality and receive quality evaluation. WAFT has been validated in providing accurate measurement by benchmarking with the existing tools. WAFT provides the interactive controllability and comprehensive signal analysis capability including MIMO needed for FA.
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Yamamoto, Hiroharu, Toshio Hara, and Kunihiko Edamatsu. "Autofocus Camera System For FA." In Robotics and IECON '87 Conferences, edited by Donald J. Svetkoff. SPIE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.942856.

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Reports on the topic "FA"

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Peete, Lichele. Fa Zahn Due Diligence Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1782417.

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Spatz, T. L. Melter feed tank operating map from the FA-10.02 test data. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10114162.

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Савосько, Василь Миколайович, and Оксана Миколаївна Католыченко. Флюктуюча асиметрія листків берези повислої в умовах аеротехногенного забруднення Криворіжжя. Запорізький національний університет, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/479.

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У зоні мінімального аеротехногенного забруднення Криворіжжя морфометричні параметри листової пластинки берези повислої знаходяться в межах значень, характерних для цього виду рослин в умовах природного ареалу. В зонах середнього та максимального забруднення атмосферного повітря виявлено зменшення значень цих морфометричних параметрів на 10–35 % по відношенню до першої зони. Інтегральний показник асиметрії листків берези повислої території з мінімальними рівнями аеротехногенного забруднення Криворіжжя відповідає умовній нормі (FA=0,035). В зоні середнього рівня забруднення він вказує на максимальний рівень впливу на березу повислу (FA=0,054). В зоні максимального забруднення атмосферного повітря цей показник свідчить про вкрай несприятливі умови (FA=0,081), а рослини перебувають у сильно пригніченому стані. Між значеннями флюктуюючої асиметрії листків берези повислої та рівнями аеротехногенного забруднення Криворіжжя виявлений статистично достовірний кореляційний зв'язок, який підтверджує наявність прямого та дуже сильного зв’язку (R=0,963–0,993). Тому ці показники є критеріями сталого розвитку рослинних організмів і можуть використовуватися в практичній діяльності (в якості важливої біоіндикаційної ознакипід час екологічних заходів). У подальших дослідженнях є сенсрозширити перелік видів рослин індикаторів, залучивши до цього представників родів Липа та Тополя.
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4

Ray, E. Comparison of AEDC 4T and CALSPAN 8-ft Wing Tunnels for FA-18C/JDAM. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada376031.

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5

McKamey, C. G., and P. J. Maziasz. Effect of heat treatment at 1150 C on creep-rupture properties of alloy FA-180. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/266754.

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6

Perlin, David S. Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Derived Fulvic Acid (CHD-FA) as a Topical Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial for Drug-Resistant Wound Infections. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada599044.

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7

Mehari, Tetemke. Resolution and Reconstitution of the Photosystem I Reaction Center: Structure and Function of the Terminal Electron Acceptor FA/FB Polypeptide. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1255.

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Landreth, Clifford J., II Wilhelm, Corporon Richard H., and Laura L. Performance Based Logistics (PBL) for the FA-18/S-3/P-3/C-2 Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) at Honeywell; An Applied Analysis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada443285.

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9

Naim, Michael, Gary R. Takeoka, Haim D. Rabinowitch, and Ron G. Buttery. Identification of Impact Aroma Compounds in Tomato: Implications to New Hybrids with Improved Acceptance through Sensory, Chemical, Breeding and Agrotechnical Techniques. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585204.bard.

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The tomato, a profitable vegetable crop in both the USA and Israel, has benefited significantly from intensive breeding efforts in both countries, and elsewhere (esp. Holland). : Modem hybrids are highly prolific and resistant to a variety of major pests. They produce attractive, firm fruit for both processing and fresh-marketing. In all cases, however, reduction in flavor and aroma have occurred concomitantly with the increase in yield. Sugars-acids ratio dominate fruit taste, whereas aroma volatiles (potent at minute ppb and ppt levels) contribute to the total characteristic tomato flavor. An increase in sugars (1-2%) contributes significantly to tomato fruit taste. However, because of energy reasons, an increase in fruit sugars is immediately compensated for by a decrease in yield. Our main objectives were to: (a) pinpoint and identify the major impact aroma components of fresh tomato; (b) study the genetic and environmental effects on fruit aroma; (c) determine precursors of appealing (flavors) and repelling (off-flavors) aroma compounds in tomato. Addition of saturated salts blocked all enzymatic activities prior to isolation of volatiles by dynamic and static headspace, using solvent assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) from highly favored (FA-612 and FA-624) and less preferred (R 144 and R 175) tomato genotypes. Impact aroma components were determined by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS) and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). The potent odorant (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one, was identified for the first time in fresh tomato. From the ca. 400 volatile compounds in the headspace of fresh tomato, the following compounds are proposed to be impact aroma compounds: (Z)-3-hexenal, hexanal, 1-penten-3-one, 2-phenylethanol, (E)-2-hexenal, phenyl acetaldehyde, b-ionone, b-damascenone, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3-(2H)-furanone (FuraneolR), (Z)-l,5-octadien-3-one, methional, 1-octen-3-one, guaiacol, (E,E)- and (E,Z)- 2,4-decadienal and trans- and cis-4,5-EPOXY -(E)-2-decenal. This confirms the initial hypothesis that only a small number of volatiles actually contribute to the sensation of fruit aroma. Tomato matrix significantly affected the volatility of certain impact aroma components and thus led to the conclusion that direct analysis of molecules in the headspace . may best represent access of tomato volatiles to the olfactory receptors. Significant differences in certain odorants were found between preferred and less-preferred cultivars. Higher consumer preference was correlated with higher concentrations of the following odorants: l-penten-3-one, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E,E)- and (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal and especially Furaneol, whereas lower consumer preference was associated with higher concentrations of methional, 3-methylbutyric acid, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, and 2-isobutylthiazole. Among environmental factors (salinity, N source, growth temperature), temperature had significant effects on the content of selected aroma compounds (e.g., 3-methylbutanal, 1- penten-3-one, hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, 2-isobutylthiazole, 6-methyl-5-hepten- 2-one, 1-octen-3-one, methional, 2-phenylethanal, phenyl acetaldehyde, and eugenol) in fresh tomatoes. Salt stress (20 mM NaCl) increased the content of odorants such as (Z)-3-hexenal, 2-phenylethanol and 3-methylbutanal in the R-144 cultivar whereas salinity had minor effects on 1-pentene-3-one, 2-isobutylthiazole and b-ionone. This fundamental knowledge obtained by comprehensive investigation, using modem chemical, sensory and agrotechnical methodology will assist future attempts to genetically modify the concentrations of key odorants in fresh tomatoes, and thus keep the tomato production of Israel and the USA competitive on the world market.
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Barg, Rivka, Kendal D. Hirschi, Avner Silber, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Yechiam Salts, and Marla Binzel. Combining Elevated Levels of Membrane Fatty Acid Desaturation and Vacuolar H+ -pyrophosphatase Activity for Improved Drought Tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7613877.bard.

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Background to the topic: In previous works we have shown that Arabidopsis and tomato over-expressing H+-pyrophosphatase show increased tolerance to drought imposed by withholding irrigation of young plants in pots (Park et al. 2005). In addition, young tobacco plants over-expressing fatty acid desaturase 3 (OEX-FAD3) also showed increasing tolerance to drought stress (Zhang et al 2005), and similarly OEX-FAD3 young tomato plants (unpublished data from ARO), hence raising the possibility that pyramiding the two could further improve drought tolerance in tomato. Based on these findings the specific objects originally set were: 1. To analyze the impact of pyramiding transgenes for enhanced fatty acid desaturation and for elevated H+-PPase activity on tomato yielding under water deficit stress conditions. 2. To elucidate the biochemical relationship between elevated desaturation of the membrane lipids and the activities of selected vacuolar transporters in the context of drought responses. 3. To explore the S. pennellii introgression lines as alternative genetic sources for drought tolerance related to enhanced fatty acid desaturation and/or H+-PPase activity. 4. Since OEX-FAD3 increases the levels of linolenic acid which is the precursor of various oxylipins including the stress hormone Jasmonate. (JA), study of the effect of this transgene on tolerance to herbivore pests was added as additional goal. The Major conclusions, solutions, and achievements are: (1) The facts that ectopic over-expression of vacuolarH+-PPases (in line OEX-AVP1) does not change the fatty acid profile compared to the parental MoneyMaker (MM) line and that elevated level of FA desaturation (by OEX-FAD3) does not change the activity of either H+-PPase, H+-ATPaseor Ca2+ /H+ antiport, indicate that the observed increased drought tolerance reported before for increase FA desaturation in tobacco plants and increased H+PPase in tomato plants involves different mechanisms. (2) After generating hybrid lines bringing to a common genetic background (i.e. F1 hybrids between line MP-1 and MM) each of the two transgenes separately and the two transgenes together the effect of various drought stress regimes including recovery from a short and longer duration of complete water withhold as well as performance under chronic stresses imposed by reducing water supply to 75-25% of the control irrigation regime could be studied. Under all the tested conditions in Israel, for well established plants grown in 3L pots or larger, none of the transgenic lines exhibited a reproducible significantly better drought tolerance compare to the parental lines. Still, examining the performance of these hybrids under the growth practices followed in the USA is called for. (3) Young seedlings of none of the identified introgression lines including the S. pennellii homologs of two of the H+-PPase genes and one of the FAD7 genes performed better than line M82 upon irrigation withhold. However, differences in the general canopy structures between the IL lines and M82 might mask such differences if existing. (4). Over-expression of FAD3 in the background of line MP-1 was found to confer significant tolerance to three important pest insects in tomato: Bordered Straw (Heliothis peltigera), Egyptian cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) and Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). Implications: Although the original hypothesis that pyramiding these two trasgenes could improve drought tolerance was not supported, the unexpected positive impact on herbivore deterring, as well as the changes in dynamics of JA biosynthesis in response to wounding and the profound changes in expression of wound response genes calls for deciphering the exact linolenic acid derived signaling molecule mediating this response. This will further facilitate breeding for herbivore pest and mechanical stress tolerance based on this pathway.
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