Journal articles on the topic 'Fabric layups'
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1
Giżyński, Maciej. "Effect of transverse reinforcement on cracking of CFRP composite laminates under static and fatigue loads." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 25 (April 21, 2020): 3755–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320919801.
Abstract:
Several CFRP laminates with various layups, possessing two distinctive forms of transverse reinforcement either UD 90° or fabric 0°/90°, were tested in both static and fatigue tests. All examined layups were considered to be used in the wingbox design of the multipurpose turboprop aircraft. In-situ microscopic observations were carried out during the tests. Static tensile tests allowed to find the strength of the laminas, stress, and strains at which cracks started to propagate, crack density during the test. The microscopic observations allowed to establish cracks’ growth paths. The first crack in laminates having fabric 0°/90° laminas usually was observed for higher stress and strain than in laminates with UD 90° laminas. Also, the later ones showed a tendency to significantly delaminate along the interface between UD 90° and UD 45° laminas. The fatigue test was carried out in order to find how to distinguish damage growth in both families of laminates that affects their fatigue life. As an outcome, S-N lines were determined. During the test the microscopic observations were made, which allowed to show crack and delamination growth during successive load cycles. The microscopic observations showed that cyclic loading leads to the fast growth of delaminations at the interface of fabric 0°/90°ply or UD 90° laminas.
2
van Hoorn, Niels, Christos Kassapoglou, Sergio Turteltaub, and Wouter van den Brink. "Experimental damage tolerance evaluation of thick fabric carbon/epoxy laminates under low-velocity and high-velocity impact and compression-after-impact." Journal of Composite Materials 56, no. 5 (January 3, 2022): 761–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219983211060501.
Abstract:
Impact experiments of thick fabric carbon/epoxy laminate specimens, with small thickness ratio, are conducted at distinct energy levels and thicknesses to characterise the damage process. These specimens and loading conditions are representative of a new generation of critical structural components in aviation, such as wing spars, landing gear beams and fittings, that are increasingly being made entirely from composites. The tests address the need to better understand the damage process for specimens with a small thickness ratio since existing experimental impact data for large thickness ratio (thin laminates) may not be directly applicable. Two energy levels, two different fabric layups and two impact methods (drop-weight and gas-cannon) were used. Data from high-speed cameras were processed in a novel way, providing the force during impact. C-scans and micrographs were used to characterise damage. The results show that specimens with a thickness ratio of 5 (20 mm thick) experience more bending compared to specimens with a ratio 2.5 (40 mm thick). For gas-cannon impacts, this results in a higher delaminated area. The drop-weight impacts show almost no differences in damage size for the thickness range analysed. The influence of layup on the global impact response is negligible, but locally it can result in significant variations in dent depth. The dent depth scales linearly with the impact energy and the delaminated area linearly with the impact velocity. There is no clear correlation between the compression-after-impact failure mechanisms and the residual strength. Impact damage, at the current energy levels, showed a minimal reduction of residual strength.
3
Rios, C. R., S. L. Ogin, C. Lekakou, and K. H. Leong. "A study of damage development in a weft knitted fabric reinforced composite. Part 2: Stress–strain and early cyclic behaviour of composite laminates with realistic fabric layups." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 38, no. 7 (July 2007): 1794–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.02.022.
4
Delavari, Koorosh, and Dariush Semnani. "Effects of Processing Variables on the Mechanical Behavior of Thermoplastic Polypropylene/Glass Composite Reinforced with Weft-knitted Fabric with Various Layups." Fibers and Polymers 22, no. 7 (April 26, 2021): 2006–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-021-0008-z.
5
Köhler, F., IF Villegas, C. Dransfeld, and A. Herrmann. "Static ultrasonic welding of carbon fibre unidirectional thermoplastic materials and the influence of heat generation and heat transfer." Journal of Composite Materials 55, no. 15 (January 7, 2021): 2087–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320976818.
Abstract:
Ultrasonic welding is a promising technology to join fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites. While current studies are mostly limited to fabric materials the applicability to unidirectional materials, as found in aerospace structures, would offer opportunities for joining primary aircraft structures. However, due to the highly anisotropic flow of a molten unidirectional ply undesired squeeze flow phenomena can occur at the edges of the weld overlap. This paper investigates how the fibre orientation in the plies adjacent to the weld line influences the welding process and the appearance of edge defects. Ultrasonic welding experiments with different layups and energy director configurations were carried out while monitoring temperatures at different locations inside and outside the weld overlap. The joints were characterized by single lap shear tests, analysis of corresponding fracture surfaces and microscopic cross-sections. Results showed that the anisotropic flow and the anisotropic thermal conductivity of the plies adjacent to the weld line have a distinct effect on the appearance and location of edge defects. By using energy directors that cover only part of the weld overlap area a new approach was developed to mitigate edge defects caused by the highly directional properties of the unidirectional plies.
6
Pinto, Thiago Henrique Lara, Waseem Gul, Libardo Andrés González Torres, Carlos Alberto Cimini, and Sung Kyu Ha. "Experimental and Numerical Comparison of Impact Behavior between Thermoplastic and Thermoset Composite for Wind Turbine Blades." Materials 14, no. 21 (October 25, 2021): 6377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216377.
Abstract:
Damage generated due to low velocity impact in composite plates was evaluated focusing on the design and structural integrity of wind turbine blades. Impact properties of composite plates manufactured with thermoplastic and thermoset resins for different energy levels were measured and compared. Specimens were fabricated using VARTM (vacuum assisted resin transfer molding), using both matrix systems in conjunction with carbon, glass and carbon/glass hybrid fibers in the NCF (non-crimp fabric) architecture. Resin systems used were ELIUM 188O (thermoplastic) from Arkema Co., Ltd. and a standard epoxy reference, EPR-L20 from Hexion Co., Ltd. (thermoset). Auxiliary numerical finite element analyses were performed to better understand the tests physics. These models were then compared with the experimental results to verify their predictive capacity, given the intrinsic limitations due to their simplicity. Based in the presented results, it is possible to observe that ELIUM is capable to replace a conventional thermoset matrix. The thermoplastic panels presented similar results compared to its thermoset counterparts, with even a trend of less impact damage. Additionally, for both thermoplastic and thermoset resin systems, glass layups showed the lowest levels of damage while carbon panels presented the highest damage levels. Hybrid laminates can be applied as a compromise solution.
7
Eryuruk, Selin Hanife. "Effect of Fabric Layers on Thermal Comfort Properties of Multilayered Thermal Protective Fabrics." Autex Research Journal 19, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2018-0051.
Abstract:
Abstract Thermal protective clothings are produced from multilayered textile materials. Fabric layers need to allow enough evaporation of perspiration, ventilation, and also thermal protection from fire. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different fabric layers and their different combinations on the thermal properties of multilayered fabric samples. Three-layered fabric combinations were created using two types of outer shell fabrics, four types of moisture barrier fabrics with membrane, and two types of thermal barrier fabrics. Sixteen different fabric combinations that simulate three-layered thermal protective clothing were studied. As a result of the study, it was found that thermal and moisture comfort properties were significantly affected by different fabric layers.
8
Haghighat, Ezzatollah, Seyed Mohammad Etrati, and Saeed Shaikhzadeh Najar. "Evaluation of Woven Denim Fabric Sewability based on Needle Penetration Force." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 9, no. 2 (June 2014): 155892501400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501400900206.
Abstract:
This paper investigates the sewability of the woven denim fabrics based on needle penetration force (NPF). For this purpose, the effects of fabric weight, number of fabric layers, needle size, and the interaction effect of these parameters on NPF in twill denim fabrics were investigated. In addition, the influence of weave pattern on NPF was studied. The statistical analysis results show that NPF is influenced by these parameters. Fabric weight has a greater effect on NPF than other parameters. With increasing fabric weight, number of fabric layers, and needle size, the NPF increases. The trend of this increase is nonlinear as predicted by a cubic regression equation. The fabric sewability is also influenced by the mentioned parameters. The fabric sewability becomes poor with increasing fabric weight, needle size, and number of fabric layers. Generally, lighter fabrics sewn with finer needles have better sewability.
9
Akgun, Mine, Behcet Becerir, and Halil Rifat Alpay. "Effect of Fabric Layers on the Relationship between Fabric Constructional Parameters and Percentage Reflectance Values of Polyester Fabrics." Journal of Textiles 2014 (October 16, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/267530.
Abstract:
This paper focused on the assessment of the relation between constructional properties and percentage reflectance values of fabrics woven from polyester yarns through fabric layer numbers. Reflectance measurements were conducted on pretreated but undyed fabric samples at five different fabric layers. Twelve polyester fabrics having different constructional parameters were used and fabrics differed from each other by their weft yarn densities, weave patterns, and weft yarn filament fineness. Warp yarn properties (type, count, and density) were the same at all the fabrics. Percentage reflectance values of the fabrics changed according to yarn density, weave pattern, and filament fineness in accordance with fabric layer numbers during reflectance measurement. Percentage reflectance values gradually increased as fabric layer numbers increased. The highest reflectance values were obtained at 16 layers of fabric. The effects of single constructional parameters on reflectance values disappeared as fabric layer numbers increased. Percentage reflectance values were analyzed according to ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and statistical results revealed the cross relations obtained. Light-trap phenomenon was discussed according to reflectance characteristics of woven fabrics.
10
Nasreen, Adeela, Muhammad Umair, Khubab Shaker, Syed Talha Ali Hamdani, and Yasir Nawab. "Development and characterization of three-dimensional woven fabric for ultra violet protection." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 30, no. 4 (August 6, 2018): 536–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-02-2018-0013.
Abstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of materials, three dimensional (3D) structure and number of fabric layers on ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), air permeability and thickness of fabrics. Design/methodology/approach Total 24 fabrics samples were developed using two 3D structures and two weft materials. In warp direction cotton (CT) yarn and in weft direction polypropylene (PP) and polyester (PET) were used. Air permeability, thickness and UPF testings were performed and relationship among fabric layers, air permeability, thickness and UPF was developed. Findings UPF and thickness of fabrics increases with number of fabric layers, whereas air permeability decreases with the increase in number of fabric layers. Furthermore, change of multilayer structure from angle interlock to orthogonal interlock having same base weave does not give significant effect on UPF. However, change of material from polyester (PET) to polypropylene (PP) has a dominant effect on UPF. Minimum of three layers of cotton/polyester fabric, without any aid of ultraviolet radiation (UV) resistant coating, are required to achieve good. Cotton/polyester fabrics are more appropriate for outdoor application due to their long-term resistance with sunlight exposure. Originality/value Long-term exposure to UV is detrimental. So, there is need of proper selection of material and fabric to achieve ultraviolet protection. 3D fabrics have yarns in X, Y as well as in Z directions which provide better ultraviolet protection as compared to two dimensional (2D) fabrics. In literature, mostly work was done on ultraviolet protection of 2D fabrics and surface coating of fabrics. There is limited work found on UPF of 3D woven fabrics.
11
Akgun, Mine. "Effect Of Fabric Layers On Whiteness And Yellowness Indices Of Some Polyester Fabrics Woven With Different Constructional Parameters." Autex Research Journal 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aut-2014-0043.
Abstract:
Abstract This paper focuses on the assessment of whiteness indices (WI) changes that occurred in white polyester fabrics according to different fabric layers. Yellowness indices (YI) were also assessed with the WI of fabric samples. White polyester fabrics having different constructional parameters were used, the results showed that WI of polyester fabrics increased up to a certain layer of fabric depending on constructional parameters and compactness of fabric. After a certain layer, WI of fabrics remained almost constant or steeply decreased. YI changed in good relation with whiteness changes. The results showed that the suitable number of fabric layer could be determined for WI measurements according to the compactness and to the structural parameters of the fabric samples. The suitable choice of the fabric layers for whiteness measurement depended on fabric constructional properties and could be made by considering the certain layer number, which could be obtained at the point of the maximum value of whiteness.
12
Lou, Ching Wen, Ting Ting Li, Jan Yi Lin, Mei Chen Lin, and Jia Horng Lin. "Effects of Processing Parameters on Constant-Rate Puncture Resistance Behaviors of Compound Fabrics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 365-366 (August 2013): 1078–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.365-366.1078.
Abstract:
The effect of Kevlar fibers amount, number of layers, thermal bonding and fabric type on constant-rate puncture resistance of low-cost compound fabrics are discussed. Therein, compound fabrics were prepared by nonwovens and woven fabric via needle-punching and thermal bonding processes. The result shows that, Kevlar fibers amount and number of layers are both positive to improvement of puncture resistance. And thermal bonding process increases the wearer safety of puncture-resistance materials. For different kinds of fabrics, compound Kevlar fabric shows the maximum puncture resistance.
13
Samuel, Bethalihem Teferi, Marcin Barburski, Ewa Witczak, and Izabela Jasińska. "The Influence of Physical Properties and Increasing Woven Fabric Layers on the Noise Absorption Capacity." Materials 14, no. 20 (October 19, 2021): 6220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14206220.
Abstract:
Noise pollution from the environment may wreak havoc on a person’s wellbeing. Numerous sound-absorbing materials are employed to address these issues, one of which is textile-woven fabrics. In this study, 12 woven textiles with four different weave structures (plain, rib, sateen, and twill) and those formed from three distinct polyester yarns were evaluated for their sound absorption properties using an impedance tube. The study was conducted within the range of 80–5000 (Hz) frequency. Part of the investigation was measuring different layers of woven fabrics under three different measuring conditions. Firstly, only woven fabrics were evaluated. Following that, woven and nonwoven textiles were measured. The third variant, in addition to the woven fabrics, included an air gap. In addition, this study includes tests and analyses of the effect of roughness and porosity of the fabric structure on the effectiveness of noise reduction by woven fabrics. The absorption capacity of plain fabric is higher at lower frequencies than other woven fabrics. Other weave structures noise reduction efficiency is higher as the frequency range increases. The absorption efficiency of plain fabric decreases with fabric layering. Utilizing woven fabric combined with nonwoven fabric reduces noise more effectively than the air gap variant. Low surface roughness and a highly porous surface of the fabric indicate a high noise reduction coefficient (NRC).
14
Li, Shan Shan, Li Chen, and Ya Nan Jiao. "Experimental Research on Bending Behavior of 2.5D Woven Fabrics." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.254.
Abstract:
Six different kinds of fabrics were weaved using the 2.5D woven fabrics with warp-stuffer, The three point beam test method was employed to test bending behavior. The effect of yarn count, yarn fineness, fabric layers on the bending behavior of fabrics was analyzed. The results showed that warp and weft load, flexural stress, flexural strain and flexural modulus were increased as the yarn counts increasing; Warp and weft load, flexural stress and flexural strain increases as the fabric layers increased, flexural modulus decreased as the fabric layers increasing; load, flexural stress, flexural strain and flexural modulus increased as the yarn linear density increasing.
15
Gericke, Adine, Mohanapriya Venkataraman, Jiri Militky, Hester Steyn, and Jana Vermaas. "Unmasking the Mask: Investigating the Role of Physical Properties in the Efficacy of Fabric Masks to Prevent the Spread of the COVID-19 Virus." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 7756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247756.
Abstract:
To function as source control, a fabric mask must be able to filter micro-droplets (≥5 µm) in expiratory secretions and still allow the wearer to breathe normally. This study investigated the effects of fabric structural properties on the filtration efficiency (FE) and air permeability (AP) of a range of textile fabrics, using a new method to measure the filtration of particles in the described conditions. The FE improved significantly when the number of layers increased. The FE of the woven fabrics was generally higher, but double-layer weft knitted fabrics, especially when combined with a third (filter) layer, provided a comparable FE without compromising on breathability. This also confirmed the potential of nonwoven fabrics as filter layers in masks. None of the physical fabric properties studied affected FE significantly more than the others. The variance in results achieved within the sample groups show that the overall performance properties of each textile fabric are a product of its combined physical or structural properties, and assumptions that fabrics which appear to be similar will exhibit the same performance properties cannot be made. The combination of layers of fabric in the design of a mask further contributes to the product performance.
16
Qiu, Li, Xiao-Dong Chen, Rui Wang, and De-Peng Wang. "Macro fluid analysis of laminated fabric permeability." Thermal Science 20, no. 3 (2016): 835–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1603835q.
Abstract:
A porous jump model is put forward to predict the breathability of laminated fabrics by utilizing fluent software. To simplify the parameter setting process, the methods of determining the parameters of jump porous model by means of fabric layers are studied. Also, effects of single/multi-layer fabrics and thickness on breathability are analyzed, indicating that fabric breathability reduces with the increase of layers. Multi-layer fabric is simplified into a single layer, and the fabric permeability is calculated by proportion. Moreover, the change curve of fabric layer and face permeability, as well as the equation between the fabric layer and the face permeability are obtained. Then, face permeability and pressure-jump coefficient parameters setting of porous jump model could be integrated into single parameter (i. e. fabric layers), which simplifies the fluent operation process and realizes the prediction of laminated fabric permeability.
17
Cui, Xin, Qin Fei Ke, and Guang Ming Cai. "Evaluation of Light Protective Properties of High Performance Aramid Fabrics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 551 (May 2014): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.551.28.
Abstract:
The aramid fabrics have been widely used in aerospace, military and protective clothes for light radiation stability properties. The reflection and transmission properties of two kinds of materials (Kevlar 49 fabric and Kevlar 49/Nomex blended fabric) and three weaves of aramid fabrics with different wavelength spectrum were evaluated by ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV–Vis–NIR) spectrophotometer analysis. The effects of fabric layers on the reflection and transmission performances of aramid fabric were also discussed. It indicated that the aramid fabrics have good thermal and light protective properties.
18
Wattanatanom, Warunee, Sireerat Charuchinda, and Pranut Potiyaraj. "Flame behavior and mechanical properties of polyester fabrics coated with intumescent coatings via layer-by-layer assembly." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 21-22 (April 9, 2019): 4691–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519839932.
Abstract:
Intumescent coatings consisting of branched-polyethyleneimine (BPEI) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) solution were successfully applied on polyester fabrics by the layer-by-layer assembly technique to enhance the flame retardant and anti-dripping properties of polyester fabrics. The surface morphology of fabrics revealed that the coatings thoroughly covered the fabrics. The assessment of the vertical burning test of thin material (UL-94 rating VTM 0) indicated that the flame retardancy of coated polyester fabrics was improved significantly as compared with the uncoated fabric. The self-extinguishing ability and anti-dripping behaviors of coated polyester fabrics were also enhanced markedly. The improvement of flame retardancy depends on the number of coating layers and the amount of APP. However, after washing, the flame retardancy decreases to some extent. The morphology of char exhibits the typical structure of intumescent char on coated fabrics. The assessment of mechanical properties revealed that the intumescent coating via layer-by-layer assembly did not deteriorate the strength of the fabric. The increasing number of coated layers leads to the slight increase of the breaking force of the fabric; however, the increasing number of layers and the increasing amount of prepared APP lead to increased rigidity of the fabrics.
19
Yahaya, R., N. Zahari, and W. A. W. Wan Adnan. "Flammability analysis of military fabrics." Journal of Applied Research in Technology & Engineering 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/jarte.2022.16710.
Abstract:
There are many types of fabric materials used in military applications. From clothing to protective equipment, fabric analysis mostly focused on its physical properties. Still, its flammability has not been well studied, such as ease of ignition, heat release, and toxicity. This paper reports the flammability properties of fabric in military applications. The ignition time, heat release, and smoke production of six commercially available military fabrics are discussed in this article. The fabrics analysed are cotton, polyester-cotton, coated nylon, and kenaf fabric. The fabric grouping into the coated and printed fabric while cotton and kenaf were tested as a comparison. Results indicated that coated fabric (N420D and N1000D) showed higher TTI compared to printed fabric (P35C65, P35C65M, and P65C35). It is affected by heat flux, the areal density of the sample, sample mass, and the number of sample layers. Coated fabrics (N420D and N1000D) indicate higher EHC compared with other fabrics. For printed fabric, a relatively lower EHC was observed as it indicates incomplete combustion. Total heat release of the samples tested was presented as an integration of the HRR vs time curve. Coated samples show the highest values for PHRR and THR values compared to printed and cotton fabrics.
20
A.A. Rahim, N., M. F. Yahya, and S. A. Ghani. "The Effect of Puncture Load Cell Variation on Multi-Angle Layered Woven Fabric." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.14 (December 24, 2019): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27690.
Abstract:
High tenacity polyester plain woven fabric punctured at multi angle layers were investigated. The main objective of the work was to analyse the effect of multi angle layered arrangement to quasi static puncture energy on different magnitude force. High tenacity polyester plain woven fabrics were weaved by using a rapier weaving machine at 300 rpm and 100% efficiency. The woven fabric samples consisted of different angles (90º, 0º, 45º and 135º). The maximum layers of woven fabric samples were two layers. The work was designed to evaluate the relationship between quasi static puncture energy of different load cell and multi angle layered of woven fabric. The results suggested that 10kN load cell gave the best value of puncture test and had been considered the appropriate force to test on woven fabrics.
21
Mahbub, Rana Faruq, Saminathan Ratnapandian, Li Jing Wang, and Lyndon Arnold. "Evaluation of Comfort Properties of Coated Kevlar/Wool Ballistic Fabric." Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (September 2013): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.342.
Abstract:
Multiple layers of ballistic fabrics are extensively used in the production of soft body armour. The importance of comfort and hence its evaluation for these fabrics is gaining significance among present day researchers. This research compares 100% Kevlar ballistic fabric and Kevlar/wool ballistic fabric focussing on two aspects of comfort, namely the evaluation of surface roughness and the ability to transport moisture. A water repellent treatment was applied to the ballistic Kevlar/wool fabric. The effects of the treatment on the Kevlar/wool fabric were examined as well.
22
O'Kelly, Eugenia, Sophia Pirog, James Ward, and P. John Clarkson. "Ability of fabric face mask materials to filter ultrafine particles at coughing velocity." BMJ Open 10, no. 9 (September 2020): e039424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039424.
Abstract:
ObjectiveWe examined the ability of fabrics which might be used to create home-made face masks to filter out ultrafine (0.02–0.1 µm) particles at the velocity of adult human coughing.MethodsTwenty commonly available fabrics and materials were evaluated for their ability to reduce air concentrations of ultrafine particles at coughing face velocities. Further assessment was made on the filtration ability of selected fabrics while damp and of fabric combinations which might be used to construct home-made masks.ResultsSingle fabric layers blocked a range of ultrafine particles. When fabrics were layered, a higher percentage of ultrafine particles were filtered. The average filtration efficiency of single layer fabrics and of layered combination was found to be 35% and 45%, respectively. Non-woven fusible interfacing, when combined with other fabrics, could add up to 11% additional filtration efficiency. However, fabric and fabric combinations were more difficult to breathe through than N95 masks.ConclusionsThe current coronavirus pandemic has left many communities without access to N95 face masks. Our findings suggest that face masks made from layered common fabric can help filter ultrafine particles and provide some protection for the wearer when commercial face masks are unavailable.
23
Gibson, Phil, Heidi Schreuder Gibson, Robert Stote, Margaret Roylance, Masami Nakagawa, and Cathy Capone. "Effect of Nanofibers on Spore Penetration and Lunar Dust Filtration." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 3, no. 2 (June 2008): 155892500800300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892500800300209.
Abstract:
The results of two separate studies on biological spore penetration and simulated lunar dust filtration illustrate the use of nanofibers in some nonstandard filtration applications (nanofibers are generally defined as having diameters of less than a micron). In the first study, a variety of microporous liners containing microfibers and nanofibers were combined with cotton-based fabrics in order to filter aerosolized spores. The aerosol penetration resistance of the nanofiber-lined fabrics was measured, and some analysis was conducted of where the particles are captured within the fabric layers. Testing was conducted with aerosolized living spores, in order to evaluate the efficacy of various fabric treatments on spore viability within the fabric layers after exposure. Reported are the results of studies on fabrics with and without a removable electrospun nanofiber liner, and the fate of the spores within the fabric layers. In the second study, non-instrumented filtration testing using simulated lunar dust determined the comparative filtration efficiency of various nonwoven filtration media. Nanofiber witness media, combined with scanning electron microscope images, showed that an electrospun nonwoven filter layer effectively filtered out all the large and fine particles of the simulated lunar dust.
24
Siwila, Stephen, and Isobel C. Brink. "Low cost drinking water treatment using nonwoven engineered and woven cloth fabrics." Journal of Water and Health 17, no. 1 (December 14, 2018): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2018.226.
Abstract:
Abstract The study investigated two engineered fabrics and five cloth fabrics for low cost drinking water treatment. An optimized fabric filtration method has been developed and tested. Numerical models for predicting particulate removal efficiency have been developed for each fabric as support tools for selecting optimal process configuration. Both engineered fabrics showed better performance and achieved the most effective particulate removal for the highest number of layers used. Sequential filtration was done on eight layers for representative fabrics of each type and recorded higher contaminant removal than one filtration run. Geotextile 1 was better than geotextile 2 in particulate removal and recorded Escherichia coli removals of up to 1.4 log removal value (LRV) for eight-layer normal filtration and 3.0 LRV for four-pot sequential filtration. Brushed cotton was best among the cloth fabrics in particulate removal but performed below expectation in bacterial removal. It recorded E. coli removals of only 0.04 LRV and 0.2 LRV for eight-layer normal filtration and four-pot sequential filtration, respectively. Effluent turbidity decreased exponentially with number of fabric layers, in line with porous media filtration theory. The optimized filtration method produced very clear drinking water of relatively safe quality using geotextile 1. Appropriate disinfection is still recommended to ensure continued water safety.
25
Shanazari, H., GH Liaghat, H. Hadavinia, and A. Aboutorabi. "Analytical investigation of high-velocity impact on hybrid unidirectional/woven composite panels." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 30, no. 4 (August 4, 2016): 545–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705715604680.
Abstract:
In addition to fiber properties, the fabric structure plays an important role in determining ballistic performance of composite body armor textile. Textile structures used in ballistic protection are woven fabrics, unidirectional (UD) fabric structures, and nonwoven fabrics. In this article, an analytical model based on wave propagation and energy balance between the projectile and the target is developed to analyze hybrid fabric panels for ballistic protection. The hybrid panel consists of two types of structure: woven fabrics as the front layers and UD material as the rear layers. The model considers different cross sections of surface of the target in the woven and UD fabric of the hybrid panel. Also the model takes into account possible shear failure by using shear strength together with maximum tensile strain as the failure criteria. Reflections of deformation waves at interface between the layers and also the crimp of the yarn are modeled in the woven part of the hybrid panel. The results show greater efficiency of woven fibers in front layers (more shear resistance) and UD yarns in the rear layers (more tensile resistance), leading to better ballistic performance. Also modeling the yarn crimp results in more trauma at the backface of the panel producing data closer to the experimental results. It was found that there is an optimum ratio of woven to UD materials in the hybrid ballistic panel.
26
Rajesh, M., Savendra P. Singh, and Jeyaraj Pitchaimani. "Mechanical behavior of woven natural fiber fabric composites: Effect of weaving architecture, intra-ply hybridization and stacking sequence of fabrics." Journal of Industrial Textiles 47, no. 5 (November 25, 2016): 938–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083716679157.
Abstract:
A comprehensive analysis carried out on the mechanical and free vibration properties of woven natural fiber polymer composites is presented. Jute fabric with three different weave types (plain, basket and herringbone) and intra-ply woven jute-banana fabrics are considered for investigation of the effect of weave type of a fabric and its stacking sequence on mechanical, dynamic mechanical and free vibration properties. Enhancement of the properties is found with the number of layers of fabric and better properties obtained for four layers. Uniform stress distribution along warp and weft direction of fabric with basket weave type lead to better properties compared to other weave types for four-layered composites. Intra-ply hybridization of jute-banana also enhances the mechanical properties but slightly less than the jute-basket fabric composite. The investigations on effect of layer sequence of fabrics revealed improvement in mechanical properties. Layered composite with relatively strong intra-ply fabric as the facing layer and relatively weak jute plain fabrics as the core layer has higher tensile and flexural properties. Experimental modal analysis carried out on beam-like composite laminates reveal that natural frequencies and associated modal damping factor are significantly influenced by stacking sequence and weave type of a fabric. The density of the composite calculated based on Archimedes principle matches well with the theoretical values.
27
Chen, Si, Xue-pei Zhang, Hong-xia Chen, and Xiao-ping Gao. "An Experimental Study Of The Compression Properties Of Polyurethane-Based Warp-Knitted Spacer Fabric Composites." Autex Research Journal 17, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2016-0010.
Abstract:
AbstractThe present work has reported the compression properties of polyurethane-based warp-knitted spacer fabric composites (PWSF). In order to investigate the effect of structural parameters of fabric on the compression performance of composites, a series of warp-knitted spacer fabrics (WSF) with different structural parameters including spacer yarn inclination angle, thickness, fineness of spacer yarns, and outer layer structure have been involved. The produced composites have been characterized for compression properties. The energy-absorption performance during the compression process has been determined as a function of the efficiency and the compression stress obtained from compression tests. The results show that the composites based on spacer fabrics having smaller spacer yarns inclination angle, higher fabric thickness, finer spacer yarn, and larger mesh in outer layers perform better with respect to energy-absorption properties at lower stress level, whereas at higher stress level, the best energy-absorption abilities are obtained in case of spacer fabrics constructed of larger spacer yarn inclination angle, lower fabric thickness, coarser spacer yarn, and smaller mesh in surface layers.
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Kanakaraj, P., R. R. Ramachandran, and B. S. Dasaradan. "Development of Multi-Layer Fabric on a Flat Knitting Machine." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 9, no. 2 (June 2014): 155892501400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501400900203.
Abstract:
The loop transfer technique was used to develop the a splitable multi layer knit fabric on a computerized multi gauge flat knitting machine. The fabric consists of three layers: inner-single jersey, middle-1×1 purl and, outer-single jersey. By varying the loop length the multi layer knit fabric samples were produced, namely CCC-1, CCC-2 and CCC-3. The above multi layer fabrics were knitted using 24s Ne cotton of combined yarn feed in feeders 3, 4, and 4 respectively. The influence of loop length on wpc, cpc and tightness factor was studied using linear regression. The water vapor and air permeability properties of the produced multi layer knit fabrics were studied using ANOVA. The change of raw material in three individual layers could be useful for the production of fabric for functional, technical, and industrial applications.
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Krithika, S. M. Udaya, C. Prakash, M. B. Sampath, and M. Senthil Kumar. "Thermal Comfort Properties of Bi-Layer Knitted Fabrics." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 28, no. 5(143) (October 31, 2020): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.2384.
Abstract:
Transmission of sensible and insensible perspiration is an important factor for fabric comfort. Improvement in the thermal comfort properties of knitted fabrics results in the achievement of fabric comfort. In this research, the thermal comfort properties of six bi-layer knitted fabrics were studied. The bi-layer knitted fabrics were made with different combinations of yarn in the inner layer and outer layer. The yarn combinations selected were polyester staple yarn-polyester staple yarn, polyester staple yarn-cotton, cotton-cotton, polypropylene-cotton, micro denier polyester-cotton, and micro denier polyester- micro denier polyester for the inner and outer layers, respectively. To find the thermal comfort properties of the six bi-layer knitted fabrics, an objective fabric test was carried out. The results showed that the bi-layer fabrics made from micro denier polyester, both in the inner and outer layers, exhibit better thermal comfort properties, thereby providing a higher level of comfort; hence, they are preferred for active sportswear. The water vapour permeability, air permeability, thermal resistance and thermal conductivity of the bi-layer knitted fabric made up of micro denier polyester as the outer and inner layer were found to be higher when compared to the other bi-layer structures. The results were discussed together with one – way ANOVA test results at a 0.05 significance level.
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Shen, Hua, Lexi Tu, Xiaofei Yan, and Sachiko Sukigara. "Obtaining the thermal resistance of air enclosed at the interface of multilayer fabrics by simulation." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 15 (October 30, 2018): 3178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518807453.
Abstract:
An air layer enclosed at the interface was largely responsible for the insulation results of multilayer fabrics obtained from experiments. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element method model, in which the air layer enclosed at the interface of multilayer fabrics was ignored, was developed to calculate the fabric thermal resistance, and the result obtained from the fabric model was independent of the air. A Thermolab II Tester KES-F7 was also used to measure the thermal resistance of fabrics, and the experimental results were influenced by the air layer. By comparing the simulation and experimental result, the air layer thermal resistance was determined, and then an estimating equation, which can be used to estimate the fabric and air layer thermal resistance for multilayer fabrics, was proposed. The results suggested that the surface roughness of fabrics was strongly related to the air layer thermal resistance, with a linear relationship between them. Moreover, for multiple layers stacked by different fabrics, the air layer thermal resistance at the interface was mainly decided by the fabric with the rougher surface. An estimating equation was also developed to predict the thermal resistance of multilayer fabrics and good correlation between predicted and experimental values was observed.
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Ralph, Calvin, Lisa Baker, Edward Archer, and Alistair McIlhagger. "Optimization of soft armor: the response of single-ply para-aramid and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fabrics under ballistic impact." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 15-16 (January 19, 2020): 1713–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519900384.
Abstract:
Typical soft armor systems are constructed of multiple layers of a single fabric type. This empirical research sought to begin optimization of these systems through hybridization, sequencing dissimilar armor fabrics to maximize their ballistic protective performance, by first investigating single plies with a spectrum of properties to determine their behavior and response to impact. Eight individual plain weave fabrics with varying yarns and thread counts were manufactured from para-aramid and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) yarns and physical and ballistic characterizations were conducted. The ballistic impact tests established the specific energy absorption (SEA) of each fabric across a range of impact velocities (340–620 m·s–1) and the transverse displacement wave velocity across the rear of the fabric was found using digital image correlation. Low cover factor ( Cfab) fabrics (0.74–0.84) consistently showed faster transverse wave speed than the high Cfab fabrics (0.84–0.96) for any given yarn type. The relative SEA of the fabrics varied dependent on both the impact velocity and number of plies impacted. It was found that lower Cfab fabrics had the highest SEA, critical velocity and transverse wave velocity. UHMWPE fabrics were not considered suitable for a woven hybrid system as they had a significantly lower SEA compared to all the para-aramid fabrics. Results indicate that a hybrid system, when considered as a theoretical spaced system, would benefit from higher Cfab fabrics as rearward layers. However, transverse wave results suggest the lower response of these fabrics may inhibit lower Cfab fabrics at the front of a combined hybridized system.
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Lou, Ching Wen, Shih Yu Huang, and Jia Horng Lin. "Processing Technique and Impact Resistance of Kevlar/FPET/LPET Protective Nonwoven Fabrics." Advanced Materials Research 910 (March 2014): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.910.174.
Abstract:
Nonwoven fabric technique has been extensively used because nonwoven fabrics can uses both filaments and staple fibers and have ease of processing, a wide range of raw material sources, and a short production. This study makes protective nonwoven fabrics with Kevlar fibers, flame retardant polyester (FPET) fibers, and low-melting-point polyester (LPET) fibers. The number of lamination layers of the nonwoven fabric is varied and examined to determine their influence on the mechanical properties of the protective nonwoven fabrics. The results of test show that tensile strength and bursting strength of the protective nonwoven fabrics increase as a result of the increased number of lamination layer.
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de Jesús, Ángel Marroquín, Juan Manuel Olivares Ramírez, José Luis Reyes-Araiza, Alejandro Manzano-Ramirez, Luis Miguel Apatiga Castro, Urbina A. Eleazar, Ruben Ramirez Jimenez, and Moises Arroyo Contreras. "Tensile and Flexural Strength of Untreated Woven Henequen-Glass Fabric Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites." Key Engineering Materials 600 (March 2014): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.600.569.
Abstract:
The use of eco-friendly composites has gained attraction due to its lightweight and moderate strength in recent years. The aim of this paper was to study the influence of the stacking sequence of glass and henequen fabrics on the mechanical properties of epoxy composites. Fiber/Matrix interface adhesion was examined using SEM. It was observed how the tensile and flexural properties of the hybrid reinforced epoxy laminates with henequen and glass fabrics, increase as the number of layers of henequen woven fabric decrease while stacking sequence does not have a great effect on the tensile properties. However, when ten layers of henequen fabric were used, a eco-friendly composite material with good mechanical strength was obtained due to the mechanical anchoring of the henequen fabric with the epoxy resin. Hence, it is clearly shown how by tailoring the geometry of the fabric, improvements in the mechanical properties of eco-friendly polymer composites can be achieved.
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Tofan, Tim, Rimantas Stonkus, and Raimondas Jasevičius. "Investigation of Color Reproduction on Linen Fabrics when Printing with Mimaki TX400-1800D Inkjet with Pigment TP250 Dyes." Coatings 11, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030354.
Abstract:
The aim of this research is to investigate related effect of dyeability to linen textiles related to different printing parameters. The study investigated the change in color characteristics when printing on linen fabrics with an inkjet MIMAKI Tx400-1800D printer with pigmented TP 250 inks. The dependence of color reproduction on linen fabrics on the number of print head passes, number of ink layers to be coated, linen fabric density, and different types of linen fabric was investigated. All this affects the quality of print and its mechanical properties. The change in color characteristics on different types of linen fabrics was determined experimentally. We determine at which print settings the most accurate color reproduction can be achieved on different linen fabrics. The difference between the highest and the lowest possible number of head passages was investigated. The possibilities of reproducing different linen fabric colors were determined.
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Zhang, Hui, Guowen Song, Haitao Ren, and Juan Cao. "The effects of moisture on the thermal protective performance of firefighter protective clothing under medium intensity radiant exposure." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 8 (February 1, 2017): 847–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517690620.
Abstract:
Current firefighter protective clothing is composed of multilayer fabric systems. The outer shell fabrics inevitably become wet in the process of firefighters performing their duties, and sweat may also increase moisture in the inner layers of protective clothing. In this study, two kinds of outer shell fabrics (aramid IIIA fabric and aramid 1313 and flame-retardant viscose-blended fabric) and two kinds of thermal liner fabrics with different thicknesses were selected. Three wetness conditions were simulated for the outer shell fabric, thermal liner fabric and both fabrics together. A modified thermal protective performance (TPP) tester was applied to assess TPP provided by these wetted fabrics; in addition, second-degree skin burn time was predicted and absorbed energy indexes were calculated. The regression method was employed to create fitting curves for absorbed energy and second-degree burn time in different configurations and the Pearson correlation was established to analyze their relationship, in which the lowest R2 value could reach 0.9122 and p-values were all much less than 0.05. Performance results for both wet conditions indicated that outer shell moisture and a thicker thermal liner have a positive and increased negative effect, respectively, on fabric TPP. When the sample S-3-D (aramid 1313 and flame-retardant viscose-blended fabric, moisture barrier and the thin thermal liner) was both wetted in the outer shell and thermal liner, its second-degree burn time was improved by 12.8% over performance in dry conditions. These findings may have important applications for the design and manufacture of optimal protective performance clothing systems.
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Abounaim, MD, and Chokri Cherif. "Flat-knitted innovative three-dimensional spacer fabrics: a competitive solution for lightweight composite applications." Textile Research Journal 82, no. 3 (October 25, 2011): 288–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517511426609.
Abstract:
Flat-knitted spacer fabrics offer a strong potential for complex shape preforms, which could be used to manufacture composites with reduced waste and shorter production times. A reinforced spacer fabric made of individual surface layers and joined with connecting layers shows improved mechanical properties for lightweight applications, such as textile-based sandwich preforms. We report the development of flat-knitted multi-layered innovative three-dimensional (3D) spacer fabrics from hybrid yarns consisting of glass and polypropylene filaments. Moreover, for structural health monitoring of composites, sensor networks could be created into a 3D spacer fabric structure in a single processing step through innovative integration of functional yarns.
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Šajatović, Blaženka Brlobašić, Bajro Bolić, and Slavenka Petrak. "Impact of Vertical and Horizontal Forces on the Seam in the Technological Process of Sewing Knit Fabrics." Autex Research Journal 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2018-0003.
Abstract:
Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the increase in vertical and horizontal forces of the presser foot on the seam during the technological process of sewing knit fabrics. The research was performed on three types of knit fabrics: double jersey (rib one plus one), interlock knit fabric, and bleached interlock knit fabric. In order to meet the criterion of seam quality, it is necessary to adjust the above-mentioned parameters optimally. Depending on the type of the knit fabric, the values of the investigated forces change, and by increasing the number of layers and the sewing speed, the force values increase.
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Sayem, Abu Sadat Muhammad, Julfikar Haider, and MM Alamgir Sayeed. "Development and characterisation of multi-layered jute fabric-reinforced HDPE composites." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 14 (November 11, 2019): 1831–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319885440.
Abstract:
The bast fibres, a subgroup of natural fibre family, have emerged as a strong competitor of widely used man-made glass fibre for use as fillers or reinforcing materials in certain types of composite materials, which do not require very high mechanical resistance. This paper investigates the manufacturing of multi-layered jute fabric-reinforced thermoplastic composite and its mechanical performance. Hessian jute fabrics in two, four and six layers without any pre-treatment were sandwiched in 0° orientation into seven layers of high-density polyethylene sheets and pressed at high temperature and pressure to form composite laminates having three different structural designs. The laminates with two, four and six layers contain approximately 6.70 wt%, 12.90 wt% and 18.50 wt% of jute fibres, respectively. Mechanical performance of the composite laminates having four and six layers of jute fabric was found to have improved significantly when compared to the pure high-density polyethylene laminates. Within a given sample thickness of 6.5 mm, the laminate with six layers of jute fabric exhibited the best mechanical performance. Optical microscopic analysis revealed that the yarn orientation of the fabrics within the composites remained stable, and there was no visible void in the laminate structure. Fracture morphology of the composite investigated by a scanning electron microscope showed good adhesion of the jute fabrics with the high-density polyethylene matrix.
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Chang, Yu Tao, Xiao Ming Qian, Hai Wen Liu, and Hua Wu Liu. "Weaving 3D Fabric with a “中” Shaped Cross-Section." Advanced Materials Research 331 (September 2011): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.331.202.
Abstract:
3D woven fabric significantly improves the mechanical properties, especially the strength resulting from the between layers connections of yarns Hence, 3D woven fabrics have been widely used as reinforcing material in prefabricated composites, A particular 3D woven fabric with “中” shaped cross section was developed in this study .The fabric was made in a plane loom weaving machine. The designing procedure and processing methods are given in details.
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Yang, Yingxue, Xiuqin Zhang, Xiaogang Chen, and Shengnan Min. "Numerical Study on the Effect of Z-Warps on the Ballistic Responses of Para-Aramid 3D Angle-Interlock Fabrics." Materials 14, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030479.
Abstract:
In order to achieve an efficient ballistic protection at a low weight, it is necessary to deeply explore the energy absorption mechanisms of ballistic fabric structures. In this paper, finite element (FE) yarn-level models of the designed three-dimensional (3D) angle-interlock (AI) woven fabrics and the laminated two-dimensional (2D) plain fabrics are established. The ballistic impact responses of fabric panels with and without the interlocking Z-warp yarns during the projectile penetration are evaluated in terms of their energy absorption, deformation, and stress distribution. The Z-warps in the 3D fabrics bind different layers of wefts together and provide the panel with structural support along through-the-thickness direction. The results show that the specific energy absorption (SEA) of 3D fabrics is up to 88.1% higher than that of the 2D fabrics. The 3D fabrics has a wider range of in-plane stress dispersion, which demonstrates its structural advantages in dispersing impact stress and getting more secondary yarns involved in energy absorption. However, there is a serious local stress concentration in 2D plain woven fabrics near the impact location. The absence of Z-warps between the layers of 2D laminated fabrics leads to a premature layer by layer failure. The findings are indicative for the future design of ballistic amors.
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Cong, Honglian, Xinxin Li, Aijun Zhang, Yanting Zhang, and Jun Zhong. "Modeling of double-layer jacquard fabrics for pattern simulation." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 30, no. 5 (September 3, 2018): 698–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-08-2017-0131.
Abstract:
Purpose Double-jacquard technique is referred as the most advanced technology for forming patterns on both layers of a 3D fabric knitted on a double-needle bar warp-knitting machine. In order to realize the computer-aided design and simulation of jacquard patterns, the purpose of this paper is to propose a mathematic model for representation of jacquard structures and an improved mass-spring model to improve the simulation of structural deformation behavior. Design/methodology/approach Primarily, it analyzes the jacquard patterning method and displacing principle to design jacquard structures on each layer and linking structures of two layers. Based on that, a loop geometry defined by six key points and segmental lines is built to transfer the jacquard bitmap and lapping movements into a fabric of loops and therefore realizing patterns visualization. Afterwards, an improved mass-spring model is built to simulate structural deformation, in which the fabric is simplified as a mesh of uniformly distributed mass particles. Each loop is treated as a massless particle while underlaps are referred as structural springs connecting loops particles. Elastic forces of these springs on each loop particle is calculated according to the Hook’s law and Newton’s second law, and then based on the explicit Euler’s equations, motion state of each particle is solved including the velocity and the shift. Findings Based on the above method, a simulator for double-layer jacquard fabrics is developed via Visual C++ language to visualize the patterned fabrics with pitting effects. With a jacquard shoe fabric as an example, this simulation model is proved to be practical and efficient by comparing the simulation result and real fabric. Research limitations/implications Because of limited researches, 3D simulation modeling of this double-layer jacquard fabric will be studied in the further research. Practical implications The implement of this simulation method will offer the industries a time-saving and cost-saving approach for new fabrics development. Originality/value This approach can be used as a reference for simulating other knitted fabrics with jacquard patterns, such as jacquard garment fabrics and home textile fabrics.
42
Lin, Jia-Horng, Chen-Hung Huang, Ching-Wen Lin, and Ching Wen Lou. "Manufacturing Technique of Heat-Insulating and Flame-Retardant Three-Dimensional Composite Base Fabrics." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 8, no. 1 (March 2013): 155892501300800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501300800114.
Abstract:
In this research, we create a PET/TPU/PU composite base fabric from a PET nonwoven base fabric, a TPU honeycomb grid, and a PU foam plank. First, the PET base fabric is made from 7D three-dimensional-hollow-crimp fiber (7D PET) and low-melting-point (low-Tm) fibers with weight ratio and number of lamination layers as the parameters. The hardness and rebound resilience rate of the PET nonwoven base fabric are 71% and 63.5%, respectively. The PET nonwoven base fabric's optimum air permeability is 240 cm3/s/cm2. The maximum tensile strength of the PET nonwoven base fabric with 9 layers of lamination is 39.8 kg/cm2, and when the weight ratio is either 4:6 or 3:7, changes to 40 kg/cm2. The PET/TPU/PU composite base fabric has a LOI of 33 when the number of lamination layers is 10, or when the low-Tm fiber content is 50%; the composite base fabric's average optimum thermal conductivity is 0.914 W/mK.
43
Frydrych, Iwona, Pavla Tesinova, Lubos Hes, and Veerakumar Arumugam. "Hydrostatic Resistance and Mechanical Behaviours of Breathable Layered Waterproof Fabrics." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 26, no. 1(127) (February 28, 2018): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7805.
Abstract:
Breathable layered waterproof fabrics have good applications in the fields of sportswear, protective clothing and construction industries. The properties of these fabrics in allowing water vapour to pass through while preventing liquid water from entering have made them unique. The mechanical properties of these fabrics are also very important for the satisfaction of the wearers. The layered constructions of these fabrics with different characteristic properties contribute to the influence on their hydrostatic resistance, mechanical properties and water vapour permeability. This study presents an experiment on eight different types of hydrophobic and hydrophilic membrane laminated layered fabrics used as sportswear during hot or cold weather. The hydrostatic resistance, tensile strength, stiffness and water vapour permeability of these fabrics were evaluated by varying different fabric parameters in the experiment. It was found from the test results that the fabric density, thickness and weight as well as types of membranes and layers have a significant effect on those properties of the layered fabrics.
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Balgale, Ilze, and Ilze Baltina. "Woven Textile Pressure Switch." Key Engineering Materials 850 (June 2020): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.850.297.
Abstract:
In this paper has shown that the three-dimensional hollow weaving technique enables to produce a textile pressure sensor in one continuous process. Based on the multilayer fabric principle, the hollow woven fabrics can be created by connecting adjacent layers of the fabrics according to certain rules. The appropriate fabric structure has been selected and the three-layer weaving technique was used to make the textile pressure switch. The fabric structure is selected to ensure that the top and bottom layers are kept at a distance from each other. The electrically conductive tracks were embedded in the hollow structure of the fabric in bottom and middle layers. Three conditions must be fulfilled in order to create the textile switch: a) the fabric in normal condition keeps the shape required, i.e. the conductive elements are physically separated from each other; b) when the fabric is pressed, conductive elements are in contact, i.e. the switch is now in an electrically on state; c) after the pressure has been removed the fabric returns to its original position, i.e. switch is in an electrically off state. The behavior of the electrically conductive yarn and conductive tracks were tested in various ways. The stainless steel yarn woven in particular way can be used to create woven conductive tracks. Example of application: the pressure sensitive woven rug, the whole area or part of which acts as the pressure sensor or simple switch. The pressure switch in the floor coverings can turn on alarm systems or indicator lamps in the floor or wall coverings for guidance systems in public buildings.
45
Marciniak, Katarzyna, Katarzyna Ewa Grabowska, Zbigniew Stempień, and Izabela Luiza Ciesielska-Wróbel. "Shielding of electromagnetic radiation by multilayer textile sets." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 6 (February 28, 2018): 948–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518760749.
Abstract:
This paper presents the continuation of research on shielding efficiency (SE) of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) by woven fabric made of cotton (warps and wefts) and a hybrid yarn (wefts). This hybrid yarn was made of stainless steel yarn by Bekinox wrapped with an enamelled copper wire from Synflex Elektro GmbH, Germany. The pitch of copper coil on a hybrid yarn equals 3 mm. The wefts were introduced into the fabric in the following order: 1 hybrid yarn, 1 cotton yarn, 1 hybrid yarn, 1 cotton yarn, etc. The construction of this specific fabric was proven to be the most efficient in terms of the hybrid weft construction and the fabric construction to shield EMR among other previously tested fabrics with different weft configuration. The current study proposes to verify the effect of the number of layers of the fabrics and their mutual configuration on the final SE of the multilayered set. Some of the most interesting findings of this study are that increasing the number of layers placed on top of one another with an offset angle of 0° to more than two does not provide a higher SE; however, using three such layers provides an SE of 56 dB, which is over two times higher than that provided by a single layer. Increasing the number of layers of fabric aligned at an angle of 45° provides a higher SE only for a frequency of 30 MHz.
46
Bhudolia, Somen K., Kenneth KC Kam, and Sunil C. Joshi. "Mechanical and vibration response of insulated hybrid composites." Journal of Industrial Textiles 47, no. 8 (June 20, 2017): 1887–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083717714481.
Abstract:
Electrically nonconductive composites are required in various engineering applications ranging from radome, antenna and many more. This research aims at investigating the mechanical properties of electrically non-conductive hybrid composites (thin carbon non-crimp fabric, Kevlar and E-glass fabrics) in combination with thermosetting epoxy resin. The composites comprise of multi-axial textile reinforcement carbon fabrics in the middle section with symmetrical quasi-isotropic layup, sandwiched with Kevlar fibre for improved impact performance and E-glass fibre at the outermost parts for electrical insulation. The fabrics are injected with room-temperature-cure epoxy using economical and energy saving resin transfer moulding manufacturing process. Electrical continuity tests and mechanical properties including vibration damping response, flexure and impact were studied to investigate the performances of the manufactured hybrid composites. Three hybrid laminate configurations were manufactured, and experimental results showed that hybrid composite with more number of Kevlar layers performed better for vibration and flexure testing. For impact performance, results showed that the absorbed impact energy improved with the inclusion of more glass layers, whereas configuration with more Kevlar layers experienced greater peak load to failure. The details of the composites fabrication, manufacturing and experiments conducted and the related findings with underlying reasons for the improvement offered by particular group of laminate configuration are discussed in the article.
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Wardiningsih, Wiah, and Olga Troynikov. "Treated knitted fabric for hip-protective pads for elderly women, part I: force attenuation capacity." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 8 (April 16, 2018): 1408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518770683.
Abstract:
This paper describes a study of hip-protective pads made from warp-knitted spacer fabric treated with shear thickening fluid (STF). Hip fractures, mostly caused by falls, are a substantial contributor to morbidity and mortality in the elderly, and incidence is rising worldwide. Hip-protective pads reduce fractures, but wearing adherence is poor. Protective pads made from breathable and comfortable fabrics can improve adherence and prevent more hip fractures. In this research, warp-knitted spacer fabrics were treated with STF using different methods. Treatment 1 involved STF and room-temperature vulcanizing silicone, while treatment 2 applied STF and tetraisopropyl titanate. The effects on force attenuation capacity of each treatment method, the amount of STF used, and fabric layering were measured using drop impact tests. Treated knitted spacer fabric had significantly higher force attenuation capacity than untreated knitted spacer fabric. Impact forces decreased as the number of layers increased and as STF concentrations rose. Treatments 1 and 2 produced fabrics with force attenuation capacity similar to that of closed-cell foam.
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Raajeshkrishna, CR, P. Chandramohan, and D. Saravanan. "Effect of surface treatment and stacking sequence on mechanical properties of basalt/glass epoxy composites." Polymers and Polymer Composites 27, no. 4 (December 27, 2018): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967391118822273.
Abstract:
In the present work, sandwich hybrid composites have been fabricated using hand layup technique followed by compression molding process. Glass and basalt fabrics were used with epoxy resin to fabricate the sandwich composites. The fabrics were used in both untreated and treated conditions using hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions. The Fourier transform infrared study conducted on the fabrics before and after the surface treatment shows the effectual impregnation of acid and base on the fabric by the formation of ions on the surfaces. The tensile and hardness tests were conducted as per the ASTM D638-10 and ASTM D2240 standards. The results show that hybridization and surface treatment improve tensile strength and hardness in all the composites. In particular, the hydrochloric acid–treated sandwich composites with basalt fabric as core and glass fabric as skin have recorded the highest tensile strength of 356.39 MPa. The experimental values have been validated using the simulation results of finite element analysis in ANSYS 15.0 with a minimum deviation of 0.47%.
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Zhou, Zhiyu, Wenxiong Deng, Zefei Zhu, Yaming Wang, Jiayou Du, and Xiangqi Liu. "Fabric defect detection based on feature fusion of a convolutional neural network and optimized extreme learning machine." Textile Research Journal 92, no. 7-8 (October 9, 2021): 1161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00405175211044794.
Abstract:
Aiming to accurately detect various defects in the fabric production process, we propose a fabric defect detection algorithm based on the feature fusion of a convolutional neural network (CNN) and optimized extreme learning machine (ELM). Firstly, we use transfer learning to transfer the parameters of the first 13 convolutional layers and first two fully connected layers of a VGG16 network model as pre-trained by ImageNet to the initial model and fine-tune the parameters. Subsequently, the fine-tuned model is used as a feature extractor to extract features of RGB images and their corresponding L-component images. A principal component analysis is used to reduce the dimensionality of the features and fuse the reduced features. The moth flame optimization (MFO) algorithm is used to initialize the optimization variables of a parallel chaotic search (PCS) algorithm, and the PCS algorithm (as optimized by the MFO algorithm) is used to optimize the input weight and bias of the ELM (i.e., the PCS-MFO-ELM (PMELM)). Finally, the PMELM is used to replace the softmax classifier of the CNN to classify and detect fabric defect features. The experimental results show that on the amplified TILDA dataset, the precision, recall, F1-score, and accuracy rates of this algorithm for fabric holes, stains, warp breaks, dragging, and folds in fabric can reach 98.57%, 98.52%, 98.52%, and 98.50%, respectively, that is, higher than those of other algorithms. Through a validity experiment, this method is shown to be suitable for defect detection for unpatterned fabrics, regular patterned fabrics, and irregularly patterned fabrics.
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Lu, Zhenqian, Zishun Yuan, and Jiawen Qiu. "Effect of particle size of fumed silica on the puncture resistance of fabrics impregnated with shear thickening fluid." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 16 (January 2021): 155892502110613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15589250211061393.
Abstract:
This paper presents an investigation into the effect of particle size of fumed silica on the puncture resistance of fabric impregnated with shear thickening fluid (STF). Two different types of STF were fabricated from fumed silica nanoparticles with particle sizes of 12 and 40 nm respectively. The effects of the particle size and weight fraction of the fumed silica on the rheological property were studied. STFs impregnated woven fabrics were fabricated and tested for stabbing resistance. STFs made of fumed silica with large particle size have better shear thickening effect. The stabbing resistant performance of STF impregnated fabrics improved notably with the same number of layers of fabric, and STFs impregnated fabric panels also outperform the untreated fabric panels with the same areal density. The results indicated that STFs made of fumed silica with larger particle size is able to fabricate a lighter soft body armor with higher stabbing protection.