Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fabrication additive laser par dépôt de poudre'
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Blanc, Toinou. "Fabrication additive par dépôt laser direct de TA6V : étude expérimentale dans des régimes de forte productivité, modèles de comportement et recyclage de la poudre." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEM047.
Full textAdditive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, aggregates several processes that allows to build parts by stacking layers of a given material, directly from CAD models, without specific tools. Over the past decade, additive processes have gained in notoriety much more rapidly than their industrial applications gained in profitability.Indeed, these technologies must still mature, especially for metallic applications. This is the challenge of the project FUI-9 FALAFEL, in which this thesis takes place, carried out in partnership with several industrial and academic actors. It aims to accompany the development of the direct laser deposition process (DLD), also known as laser metal deposition (LMD).This consists in projecting and melting metal powder on a substrate in a defined pattern, layer by layer. It allows to obtain large size and low complexity parts with high roughness and a proper productivity, despite being still insufficient for industrialization.The specificity of the present work is to study the DLD process in operating modes that allow to reach high build rates (> 100 cc/h), in application to the titanium alloy TA6V.This work is driven by two research focus. In the first place, we try to improve the understanding and control of the process by establishing the relationships between operating parameters, geometric criteria, melt pool stability, process efficiency and generated microstructure.In a second stage, we focus on the possibility to reuse powders that remain unmelted after deposition. Up to 3 levels of powder recycling are studied, without dilution with new powder. We then carried out tests to check that the mechanical properties were in accordance with the aeronautical requirements
Marion, Guillaume. "Modélisation de procédés de fabrication additive de pièces aéronautiques et spatiales en Ti-6AI-4V par dépôt et fusion sélective d'un lit de poudre par laser : Approche thermique, métallurgique et mécanique." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM055.
Full textAdditive manufacturing processes allow to build finished industrial parts with very complex geometry, while reducing development time and costs compared to conventional manufacturing processes. The main principle of all these processes is to build components directly from a CAD file defining its geometry without requiring any mold nor specific tools.This study is part of the FALAFEL research project focused on additive manufacturing processes by laser and electron beams. It is composed of academic research laboratories and industrial partners from Aeronautics and Laser Processes industries. The main goal of this project is to implement, improve and validate additive manufacturing processes regarding the production of metallic components for Aeronautics. Studies are conducted under industrial conditions.The aim of our thesis is to provide a numerical model to obtain, within a reasonable time, information about the mechanical and metallurgical properties of industrial components made out of titanium Ti-6Al-4V. It is aimed at two additive manufacturing processes: the Direct Metal Deposition (DMD) and the Selective laser melting (SLM)
Josse, François. "Apport à la compréhension et à la simulation numérique du procédé Laser Metal Deposition – poudre." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ECDL0025.
Full textAdditive manufacturing allows a greater freedom of geometry thanks to the layer-by-layer construction of the parts from a CAD model. Reparation, prototyping and functionalisation are the main applications of the additive processes. Therefore, many challenges are still to overcome in order to master those processes. One of the main challenges is the dimensions of the parts built by metallic additive manufacturing.The Direct Energy Deposition technologies, specifically powder fed Laser Metal Deposition, are a solution to build parts without neither dimension nor geometric limitations. Experimental and numerical work has been conducted in the objective of improving the understanding of this process. This work focus on mastering high mechanical performances as well as predict bead geometry thanks to the numerical simulation.Three martensitic stainless steel showing high mechanical performances (YS> 1000MPa, UTS> 1200 MPa et E%>12%) are obtained. A specific attention has been paid to the microstructure and its stability during the build-up the volumes. The effect of the heat treatments on the mechanical properties was investigated to improve the performances.A new numerical strategy simulating the freeform of the melt pool surface has been developped. The strategy allow the modelisation of the bead’s geometry from process parameters without any thermo-fluid calculation. The model is able to reproduce the bead’s thickness evolution during a wall build-up in short computation time
Schneider-Maunoury, Catherine. "Application de l’injection différentielle au procédé de fabrication additive DED-CLAD® pour la réalisation d’alliages de titane à gradients de compositions chimiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0260/document.
Full textSince 1984, the Functionally Graded Material (FGM) allow to create a thermal barrier and to reduce the strong discontinuities of properties between two materials of different composition. These multimaterials,whose consist of an intentional variation in the chemical composition and, consequently, modify the microstructural, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties, lead to a smooth distribution of the thermal stress. The in-situ development of these custom-made alloys is made possible by the use of additive manufacturing processes such as the DED-CLAD® powder deposition process. These processes have grown substantially since the 1980s and are optimal for the manufacture of FGM. During this industrial thesis, technical developments have been carried out to adapt the DED-CLAD® process and to allow the manufacturing of FGM. Thanks to two industrial collaborations, a full study was carried out on titanium-molybdenum and titanium-niobium alloys. These alloys make it possible, in the first case, to produce parts resistant to strong thermal stress (space sector), and in the second case to combine mechanical properties and biocompatibility (biomedical sector). The originality of this thesis rests on the study of a complete gradient, that is the addition in alloy element varied from 0% to 100%. In fact, studies reported in the literature do not mention titanium-refractory material for high levels of refractory element. Microstructural (XRD, crystallographic analysis by EBSD technique), chemical (EDS) and mechanical (microhardness, tensile test and instrumented indentation) analyses revealed an evolution of the properties along the chemical gradient. The mechanical characterization of the sample by instrumented indentation has also proved particularly relevant in the case of these multi-materials
Nain, Vaibhav. "Efficient thermomechanical modeling of large parts fabricated by Directed Energy Deposition Additive Manufacturing processes." Thesis, Lorient, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORIS630.
Full textDirected Energy Deposition (DED) Additive Manufacturing technology offers a unique possibility of fabricating large-scale complex-shape parts. However, process-induced deformation in the fabricated part is still a big obstacle in successfully fabricating large-scale parts. Therefore, multiple numerical models have been developed to understand the accumulation of induced deformation in the fabricated part. The first model predicts the thermo-elastoplastic behaviour that captures the laser movement. The laser-material interaction and metal deposition are modeled by employing a double ellipsoid heat source and the Quiet/Active material activation method respectively. The model considers isotropic non-linear material hardening to represent actual metal behaviour. It also employs an instantaneous stress relaxation model to simulate the effects of physical phenomena like annealing, solid-state phase transformation, and melting. Using this model as a reference case, an efficient model is developed with an objective to reduce the computation time and make it feasible to simulate large-part. The model employs an Elongated Ellipsoid heat source that averages the heat source over the laser path which reduces the computational burden drastically. However, averaging over large laser path results in inaccurate results. Therefore, new parameters are developed that identify the best compromise between computation time reduction and accuracy. Both models are validated with experimental data obtained from several experiments with different process parameters. Finally, other Multi- scale methods such as the Layer-by-layer method and Inherent Strain-based methods are implemented and explored
Pouzet, Sébastien. "Fabrication additive de composites à matrice titane par fusion laser de poudre projetée." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENAM0051/document.
Full textTitanium matrix composites are attractive materials for aeronautical applications, mainly because of their superior mechanical resistance at elevated temperature, combined with a low density. The critical machinability of such composites makes additive manufacturing processes particularly adapted for building complex 3D shapes. This study has been focused on the Direct Metal Deposition (DMD) of Metal matrix composites. In a first step, various powders and powder blends have been carried out in order to facilitate the DMD process and to obtain homogeneous microstructures. Following this, Ti-6Al-4V / B4C powder blends, allowing to obtain TiB + TiC particles distributed in the Ti matrix were more specifically considered. Metallurgical mechanisms involved in the formation of microstructures were identified prior to an investigation on mechanical properties at ambient and elevated temperature for various DMD process conditions and particle concentrations. Among the most interesting results of this study, the influence of a high carbon content solubilized in the Ti-matrix was considered as a dominant factor to explain the evolution of mechanical properties with increased amounts of reinforcements
Cherri, Alexis. "Poudres PEKK pour la fabrication additive par fusion laser." Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022HESAE031.
Full textNowadays, the need to develop ever more innovative and efficient materials puts constant pressure on a large number of industrial sectors. Among them, aeronautics, aerospace, transport and energy production sectors seek to lighten the structure of their equipment in order to reduce energy consumption and minimize their environmental footprint. This reduction generally results in the conversion of metallic and dense materials towards plastic and lighter materials. The specificities of these industrial sectors, as well as the conditions of temperature, pressure, and accelerated aging to which some of their equipment are constrained, impose very precise specifications. The selective laser sintering process (also called SLS), recently implemented for the manufacture of thermoplastic parts, is of great interest for these different sectors of activity in which custom-made parts with complex geometry are often required. This process consists of the layer-by-layer manufacturing of parts by selective melting of powder by a laser beam. PEKK, a high performance semi-crystalline thermoplastic copolymer, validates many of the criteria for use in SLS manufacturing. However, the still limited knowledge that we have of this polymer, as well as its copolymer-like structure, still require substantial research work to this day. The aim of this work was to deepen our knowledge of the properties of crystallization and melting of a commercially available PEKK grade designed for use in SLS. These properties are of key importance for the successful implementation of the SLS process. A second objective was to develop a new grade of PEKK copolymers with a regular structure. In order to better understand the crystallization properties of our polymers, a model was used and a combination of SAXS / WAXS, DSC and rheological studies is carried out. The way of using in SLS the new grade of PEKK, hitherto very little explored, was also studied. We demonstrated that the copolymer with the regular chain structure exhibits a much simpler crystallization mechanism and a higher crystallization enthalpy which may be a advantage for use in SLS
François, Mathieu. "Conception pour la fabrication additive, par fusion laser sur lit de poudre, de composants hyperfrequences." Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAE008.
Full textFor many years, passive microwave waveguide components have been used in communication systems, particularly for antenna feed chains. This kind of radiofrequency equipment is already widely operational in various fields such as satellite communications, radars, space observations, etc. Because of their low loss as well as their high energy management capacity. However, the emergence of new technologies and the significant degree of competition that occurs within the defense market, customers are increasingly calling for lower-cost products, shorter lead times, with requirements equally high.Over the past years, several institutions and industries have become more and more interested in additive manufacturing processes for passive waveguide components. Without any need for raw material or dedicated tools, additive technologies bring some new design perspectives. In particular, the addition of material layer by layer promotes the manufacture of monolithic parts, which would contribute to lighten the weight of antennas and save time and costs. On the other hand, it offers additional degrees of freedom during the design stage, encouraging the development of complex and innovative architectures, resulting in increased performance, which would be unachievable by conventional techniques. As such, additive manufacturing has been identified as being able to play a crucial role in the development of this type of part.However, like any other manufacturing process, additive processes involve several physical phenomena and so have their own manufacturing specificities and constraints to consider during the design phase to benefit fully from all the potential of additive manufacturing. Combined with the microwave requirements, the designer must then be able to identify the correlation between design, process and electromagnetic to guarantee a quality part conforming to the specifications.The objective of this study is twofold. The first one consists of identifying the specificities of the laser beam melting process with a major influence on electromagnetic properties, in order to be able to pay special attention during the design phase. The second concerns the development of a method that incorporates the constraints and opportunities of additive manufacturing while meeting the objectives arising from the microwave specifications
Andreau, Olivier. "Nocivité en fatigue et contrôle de défauts produits par fabrication additive." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENAM0037.
Full textThe Selective Laser Melting Process (SLM) consists in manufacturing metallic parts by melting successive powders layers. This new additive manufacturing method allows building new complex geometries that can help lighten structures, such as lattice parts. However, the mechanical properties of additive manufacturing parts are still an industrial concern, especially for high cycle fatigue behavior. Such parts can indeed comprise surface and internal pores that can be deleterious to mechanical properties. The goal of this thesis is to characterize the influence of porous defects on the high cycle fatigue fatigue performance of 316L SLM parts. Firstly, some key SLM parameters that can control the porosity and the microstructure of fabricated parts were quantified. A distinction between the pore types was proposed, and their characteristics were related to the volumetric energy density delivered by the laser. The microstructure was also investigated, with a focus on crystallographic orientation and grain size, depending on the melt pool overlap and morphology. Secondly, using X-ray tomography, a parametric research was conducted to generate and characterize optimized fatigue samples with a minimal amount of pores. Such samples were used as a reference for other fatigue samples containing various randomly distributed pore populations, with similar microstructures. The relative influence of different internal pore populations on the high cycle fatigue endurance was quantified, for similar surface pore population. Finally, deterministic pores with controlled morphology, position and various dimensions were generated after a detailed parametric optimization. A specific internal crack initiation threshold was evidenced for deterministic defects, which was supposed to be linked to the local gaseous environment during crack initiation and propagation
Durand, Pierre-Yves. "Modélisations multiphysiques à deux échelles du procédé de fabrication additive par fusion laser de lit de poudre." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4012.
Full textRegardless the industry, additive manufacturing processes for metallic materials have a great industrial potential, especially to product high added value parts. One of the main users of these processes, and more specifically the Selective Laser Melting (SLM), is the tooling industry for plastics processing. It make possible to reduce production costs and manufacturing times while increasing the complexity of manufactured parts. However, in order to improve the quality of the latter and ensure their certifications, a better insight into the related physical phenomena undergone by the material during the process is still needed. In this PhD thesis, the SLM process modeling is multiphysic and concerns two different scales. The first modeling scale uses the Volume Of Fluid method to model the powder bed melting and its ensuing solidification. The numerical powder bed is computed thanks to a specific generator enabling to take account for the experimental granulometry. Once some simplifying assumptions on the physical phenomena stated, the surface tension has been implemented requiring the "heights functions" method use. The second modeling scale corresponds to the building of laser tracks series through the finite element method. The thermomechanical approach uses the element birth method in order to meet as far as possible the experimental conditions. Following its assessment through experiment/simulation face off, model have enable to predict the temperature field and the melted zone width as well as the keyhole formation
Chen, Qiang. "Modélisation numérique thermomécanique de fabrication additive par fusion sélective de lit de poudre par laser : Application aux matériaux céramiques." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM004/document.
Full textThe application of SLM process is limited by the difficulty of process control. Its application to ceramics is especially challengeable due to their weak absorption to laser and weak resistance to thermal shock. The mastery of this process requires a full understanding of heat transfer, fluid dynamics in melt pool and solid mechanics. In this work, we propose a numerical model for the simulation of SLM process applied to ceramics. The model is developed at the track scale and with the assumption of continuous powder bed. It is based on level set method and multiphase homogenization, with which we are able to follow the evolution of gas/material interface and phase transformation. Simulations are performed to study the influence of material properties and process parameters on temperature, melt pool shape, fluid dynamics and solid mechanics. Apart from the laser power and scanning speed, material absorption is also found to be important to the thermal behavior and the melt pool shape. With the fluid dynamics, convex shape of track cross section is achieved under surface tension. Besides that, liquid droplets collapsing formed by the melting of powder create melt pool instability when falling, thus leading to track irregularity after solidification. The Marangoni effect, caused by surface tension gradient at gas/material interface, is investigated. Its influence on temperature distribution, melt pool shape and track regularity is recognized. One interesting finding is the smoothing effect of track surface with negative ∂γ/∂T. When combine surface tension with scanning speed, track surface becomes more irregular with the increase of scanning speed. The well-known balling effect is reproduced with high scanning speed. This can be helpful to find the regime for regular track shape with given laser power and scanning speed. Cracking defect is deleterious in additive manufacturing. The use of an auxiliary laser can help to avoid this defect by decreasing the maximum tensile stress. The process mode of this auxiliary laser remains an interesting subject to be studied and some guidelines have been given by the presented simulations. The model is validated by the comparison of melt pool shape with experiments under different process conditions. Simulations can also reveal the tendency of track surface variation for certain cases. By the application to multi-track deposition, the influence of hatch distance on layer surface, temperature and stress evolution is emphasized
Moniz, da Silva Sancho Liliana. "Etude de l'interaction laser-matière pour la fabrication de pièces à haute valeur ajoutée en céramiques oxydes semi-transparentes par fusion laser sélective sur lit de poudre." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM060.
Full textSelective laser melting of oxide ceramics (Al2O3-ZrO2and Al2O3) is identified as a promising way to produce complex shaped parts with oriented fine microstructures, which would not be achievable by conventional sintering. These lightweight parts, presenting excellent resistance to creep at high temperature and oxidation, would appear as the answer to weight reduction and temperature increasing of turbojet engines, as compared to the usual metal parts coated with porous ceramics. The material/process coupling relies on the controlled addition of an absorber to pure ceramic powders, that compensate the quasi-transparency of these materials to Yb:YAG laser radiation. The effect on optical properties of process parameters, absorbent nature and content, compactness of the powder bed and their influence on manufacturing stability are identified. For this purpose, innovative radiative measurements in reflection and in transmission were carried out during manufacturing and for different operating conditions. These dynamic measurements through an integrating sphere provide information on the laser-material interaction mechanisms taking place in each media and they give access to optical material properties. These measurements enrich an analytical laser-matter interaction model based on the radiation attenuation by the Beer-Lambert law. This model gives a relation between melt pool dimensions, radiative propertiesof the different media (powder bed, substrate and liquid) along with the associated absorption coefficients, the process parameters and powder bed porosity. This model expresses also the apparent melted section within the powder bed, the section of the melted zone within the substrate and the consolidation section within the powder bed. Some of these calculated data are not measurable and usefully contribute to a consolidation model of the powder bed. This model takes into account the material exchanges observed between so-called bare zones (linked to the ejection of powder particles) and consolidation zones. Quantification of these particles exchanges, which have a strong impact on the LBM of these oxide ceramics, allows the definition of a specific manufacturing strategy that compensates for the bare zone formation while avoiding the formation of hot spots. These data collection enables the manufacturing of LBM ceramic oxide parts with reduced porosity and controlled micro-cracking
Godineau, Kévin. "Optimisation du pilotage de chaînes opto-mécaniques pour l'exécution de trajectoires en fabrication additive par fusion laser sur lit de poudre." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLN019.
Full textIn metal additive manufacturing by laser powder bed fusion, the geometry and mechanical characteristics of the produced parts are generated during the manufacturing process. These two aspects are greatly influenced by the laser spot trajectories, and by the control of the energy provided to the powder locally. The numerical control system, whose purpose is to generate instructions to be sent to actuators, has therefore a significant impact on the quality of the parts produced.This work proposes to study the local impact of the operations carried out in the numerical control on both the trajectories executed and the energy provided to the material. In the literature, few studies have addressed these aspects in additive manufacturing. For this reason, an experimental platform is implemented and used to analyze and better understand the operations currently implemented in industrial numerical controls.First, a mathematical model representative of the machine geometry is established. This model converts the laser spot trajectories into instructions for actuators. The model developed is used to improve the calibration step of the machines. Once the system is calibrated, the instructions sent to the actuators are studied. The various processes carried out in the industrial numerical control are analysed, limitations are highlighted and several proposals for improvements are implemented. All these developments are then used to precisely control the energy supplied to the material in the case of certain trajectories adapted to the process. The scientific developments proposed in these works are all validated experimentally on an additive manufacturing machine or on the test bench developed. The work carried out makes it possible to envisage many perspectives concerning the improvement of the treatments carried out inside the numerical control in additive manufacturing
Masmoudi, Amal. "Modélisation et développement expérimental du procédé de fabrication additive par fusion laser sélective d'un lit de poudre métallique : influence de la pression de l'atmosphère." Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BELF0287/document.
Full textThe selective laser melting process (SLM) of a metallic powder bed is an innovative process that allows the manufacturing of complex shape parts directly from a CAD file via a complete melting of powder layers deposited successively. During the SLM process, the high laser energy density creates many thermal cycles: melting - vaporization - solidification.The purpose of this work was: 1) to better characterize and understand experimentally the phenomena that occur during the laser beam - powder / molten metal pool interaction and 2) to develop a numerical model taking into account the phenomena of melting and vaporizing of the material and the presence of the surrounding gas in the build chamber.In a first time, considering simple geometries (tracks and surfaces) and 316L stainless steel as material, we studied the interaction between the laser beam, the powder bed and the liquid metal pool using several experimental techniques (spectrometry, calorimetry, ...) in order to understand the nature and the role of the metal vapor generated during the process. The results showed that the vapor has no effect on the transmission of the laser beam energy to the material during the SLM process. Meanwhile it leads to the deposition of condensed vapor and also drag some molten metal droplets.In a second time a numerical model was developed to determine the influence of the pressure of the surrounding environment on the melting process of a powder bed by a laser beam. Parameters characterizing the evolution of the physical properties of the material and of the gaseous medium according to the temperature and pressure were incorporated into the model database. Some material parameters were determined from the literature and others were obtained empirically using specific experimental measurements.Finally, this numerical model, complementing experimental results, was used to treat the main subject of the thesis which is the effect of the surrounding pressure on the SLM process. The model helped to clarify the physical phenomena provided by the change in the pressure level and its validity was checked through experimental measurements
Chniouel, Aziz. "Etude de l’élaboration de l’acier inoxydable 316L par fusion laser sélective sur lit de poudre : influence des paramètres du procédé, des caractéristiques de la poudre, et des traitements thermiques sur la microstructure et les propriétés mécaniques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS379/document.
Full textAdditive Manufacturing (AM) recently became an attractive manufacturing process in several industrial fields such as aeronautics, aerospace and automotive. The exploitation of AM processes for the nuclear industry is currently being studied in different countries. The AM enables the creation of optimized parts with complex geometries impossible to manufacture with conventional processes. This thesis aims to determine the potential contribution of AM processes for the production of metal components for various nuclear applications including future Generation IV reactors. First, the microstructural and mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel parts built by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process are presented. Three thematics were assessed in this study: the SLM process parameters, the powder characteristics and two post heat treatments (700 ° C-1h and hot isostatic pressing: 1100 ° C-3h under 1800 Bar). Their effects on microstructure and mechanical properties were analyzed. Tensile properties of 316L steel specimens were measured and compared to those of forged 316L steel described in the nuclear field by RCC-MRX standards. The results obtained are superior to those of the standard and comparable to those of a forged steel. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of interactions between the process parameters, the microstructure and the mechanical properties
Annovazzi, Alicia. "Contribution à l'étude - interaction laser-matière à différentes pressions résiduelles : Application au procédé micro-fusion laser sur lit de poudre." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCA024.
Full textThe laser beam melting (LBM) and electron beam melting (EBM) processes are two additive manufacturing technologies allowing the production of metallic parts. The intense energy density provided by the power supply is sufficient in order to melt the material creating a molten pool, and will solidify after cooling. This change of phase which takes place in a very short time, induced complexthermodynamics phenomena. Each of the processes offer advantages that could be interesting to be combined. Hence, a combination of the two technologies has been investigated. The EBM process requiring a rough vacuum in the work chamber, the issue of this work is based on the study of the laser melting at low pressure. Besides the intended combination, the selective laser melting under vacuum pressure can be attractive with the aim of improving the material integrity, in particular on the oxygen-sensitive materials. However, a clear decrease of the process efficiency has been observed. This work includes two parts: a) Firstly, an experimental study of samples fabricability at different pressures conditions is observed. For the same manufacturing parameters, a significant decrease of samples densification is observed in rough vacuum. The parameters volumetric energy density and the laser displacement speed have to beadapted in function of the chamber pressure. b) The second part is an attempt to explain the molten pool motion which change depending on the pressure. This can be achieved with a fast cam allowing the observations of strong instabilities in the powder bed with the denudation zone, and the molten pool with the morphology, for specific laser parameters. These phenomena are more important for residual pressures under 30 mbar. Then, a powder bed pre-sintering for the purpose of ”in-situ” annealing of the materials studied, has shown the beneficial effect during the interaction laser-powder under vacuum. Improvement melt quality and increased manufacturing efficiency have beenachieved
Fischer, Marie. "Élaboration in situ d’alliages de titane et de structures architecturées par fabrication additive : application aux dispositifs médicaux implantables." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0257/document.
Full textThe initial problematic arises from the fact that implant failure is often caused by a mismatch between the elastic properties of the bone and those of the implant. Nowadays, an increasing interest is given to this mechanical biocompatibility and led to the development of β-metastable titanium alloys that possess low Young’s modulus, about half that of the conventionally used Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Moreover, lattice structures are currently being the subject of many investigations with the aim of achieving low Young’s modulus and high strength. Their fabrication, with accurate control over the architecture, is made possible thanks to additive manufacturing processes and the several possibilities they offer: design freedom, reduced material usage rate, complex shapes, mass customisation... The present work focuses on the implementation of low modulus titanium alloy Ti-26Nb(at.%) by the means of selective laser melting. An in situ elaboration strategy, based on a mixture of elemental powders, is explored in order to allow potential composition adjustments and to overcome the unavailability of titanium alloy powders. The approach is carried out using two distinct powder morphologies, spherical and irregular. The effects of the numerous parameters of the process (laser power, speed, scanning strategy...) on homogeneity and porosity of the manufactured parts is quantified. A homogeneous alloy can be obtained subject to the use of suitable energy density levels and powder size distributions that take into account the respective fusion temperatures of both elements. Microstructure characterisation highlights a pronounced texture resulting from the scanning strategy. The elaborated samples display a low Young’s modulus associated with a high strength, and hence a favourable strength to elastic modulus ratio compared to the reference cast alloy. Furthermore, an optimization algorithm is developed and allows controlling the mechanical properties of a lattice structure with its geometrical parameters (radius, length and orientation of struts). The combined use of this low Young’s modulus titanium alloy with a lattice structure developed through this algorithm was applied to the design of a total hip prosthesis that was subjected to finite element simulations. Stress-shielding evaluation shows that, compared to a solid design, this kind of prosthesis permits to reduce stress-shielding significantly. By getting closer to a physiological model, this prosthesis can be qualified as “biomimetic” in terms of mechanical behaviour
Ruggi, David. "Mise en œuvre de poudres de polyamides : Influence des conditions de transformation sur la microstructure et les propriétés. Application à la fabrication additive par fusion laser." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI057.
Full textSelective Laser Sintering, also called Powder Bed Fusion, is an additive manufacturing process that transforms a polymer powder layer-by-layer by melting with a laser beam scanning specific areas of each layer. The stages of transformation of a semi-crystalline polymer by laser fusion are: the flow of the powder at high temperature, the melting-coalescence of the particles, the resorption of the porosities and the solidification by crystallization during cooling. The most important parameters are the power of the laser and the temperature field in the manufacturing tank. The material undergoes high temperatures and thermal variations whose kinetics are still poorly known. The cohesion of the successive layers and the microstructure of the manufactured object (porosity, crystallinity) depend on these complex thermal conditions. The relationships between microstructure, final properties and thermal history of the material are not fully understood. In this work, two powders of polyamides (PA 6 and PA 12) are studied. First, the physical processes described above are analyzed under laboratory conditions with a controlled thermal history. This makes it possible to better understand and to model the role of the intrinsic properties of the polymer in the physicochemical phenomena involved in its transformation at different scales. This study gives access to the time scales of these mechanisms, as a function of temperature, and to the resulting microstructures. Then, parts are produced by two methods of powder melting, one in the laboratory on a hot plate, the other in an industrial SLS machine. Knowledge of the characteristic times of coalescence, evolution of porosities and crystallization enables to explain the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the objects in relation to their production method and the associated thermal history. This analysis sheds new light on the development of microstructures of polyamides transformed by laser fusion and the resulting properties