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Journal articles on the topic 'Face angle'
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1
Diomande, Moussa, Jean-Bertin Beugre, Mariam Konaté Kady Koueita, and Frédéric Vaysse. "Relationship between Angular Measurements and Facial Shape of Young Ivorians with Normal Dental Occlusion." Scientific World Journal 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6395910.
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Objective. The aim of this study was to perform an analysis of angular measurements (from both the full face and profile), according to shapes of the human face. Method. It was a descriptive and cross-sectional study of 108 black Ivorian subjects. For each subject selected, two standardized photographs (full face and profile) were taken, followed by anthropometric measurements. The data collected were analyzed using the SPSS 20.0 statistics software for Windows. Results. In the present work, the faces were considered according to three particular qualifiers: broad face, medium face, and narrow face. Thus, 45.37% of the faces in this study were large, 31.48% on average, and 23.15% narrow. The interlabial angles of average face and long face were wider than that of large face with p<0.01. The angle of the facial width was higher for large face and average face, compared to narrow face (p<0.001). Conclusion. Median and bilateral angles lead to rational understanding of the various shapes of the human face.
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Zhou, Shuisheng, and Danqing Zhang. "Bilateral Angle 2DPCA for Face Recognition." IEEE Signal Processing Letters 26, no. 2 (February 2019): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2018.2889925.
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Jana, Ranjan. "Age Group Estimation Using Face Angle." IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering 7, no. 5 (2012): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0661-0753539.
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Hsieh, Ching Tang, Chia Shing Hu, and Meng Shian Shih. "3D Angle Searching System with PSO for Face Recognition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 2950–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.2950.
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Conventional 2D face recognition methods often struggle when a subject's head is turned even slightly to the side. In this study, a face recognition system based on 3D head modeling that is able to tolerate facial rotation angles was constructed by leveraging the Open source graphic library (OpenGL) framework. To minimize the extensive angle searching time that often occurs in conventional 3D modeling, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) was used to determine the correct facial angle in 3D. This reduced the angle computation time to 6 seconds, which is significantly faster than other methods. Experimental results showed that successful ID recognition can be achieved with a high recognition rate of 90%.
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Liu, Lei, and Jinzhao Zhang. "Meshing characteristics of a sphere–face gear pair with variable shaft angle." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 6 (June 2019): 168781401985951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019859510.
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This article presents a sphere–face gear pair by substituting the convex spherical gear for the pinion of a conventional face gear pair. The sphere–face gear pair not only maintains the advantages of the face gear pair with a longitudinally modified pinion but also allows variable shaft angles or large axial misalignments. Meshing characteristics of the proposed gear pair are studied in this article. The mathematical models of the sphere–face gear pair are derived based on machining principles. The tooth contact analysis (TCA) and curvature interference check are conducted for the sphere–face gear pair with variable shaft angles. The loaded TCA is also implemented utilizing the finite element method. The results of numerical examples show that proposed gear pair has the following features. Geometrical transmission error of constant shaft angle or varying shaft angle is zero; contact points of the sphere–face gear set with variable shaft angle are located near the centre region of face gear tooth surface; there is no curvature interference in meshing; and transmission continuity of the gear pair can be guaranteed in meshing.
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Held, Tobias. "Face to Face." Journal für Medienlinguistik 2, no. 2 (August 27, 2020): 157–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/jfml.2019.16.
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The present article shows an experimental subject investigation on elements of video telephony in relation to experiencing and feeling connectedness and intimacy within private interpersonal communication. Particular interests are questions about possible relationships between image detail, angle of view or perspective as well as image format or the foreign and personal perception of the communicators. Central to this is the question of whether the practices and interactions of users in dealing with communication technology can be used to derive possible conclusions on negotiation measures or even adaptation services. The obtained results are presented on the basis of an introductory theoretical discussion. It is followed by a summary and analysis as well as an outlook on the further use and significance of the results.
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Held, Tobias. "Face to Face." Journal für Medienlinguistik 2, no. 2 (August 27, 2020): 157–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/jfml.2019.16.
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The present article shows an experimental subject investigation on elements of video telephony in relation to experiencing and feeling connectedness and intimacy within private interpersonal communication. Particular interests are questions about possible relationships between image detail, angle of view or perspective as well as image format or the foreign and personal perception of the communicators. Central to this is the question of whether the practices and interactions of users in dealing with communication technology can be used to derive possible conclusions on negotiation measures or even adaptation services. The obtained results are presented on the basis of an introductory theoretical discussion. It is followed by a summary and analysis as well as an outlook on the further use and significance of the results.
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Sigrist, Jessica A., Erick S. Lins, Tyler A. Morhart, Jenni L. Briggs, and Ian J. Burgess. "Optimization of a Commercial Variable Angle Accessory for Entry Level Users of Electrochemical Attenuated Total Reflection Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy (ATR-SEIRAS)." Applied Spectroscopy 73, no. 12 (September 4, 2019): 1394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702819858353.
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An evaluation of several experimental aspects that can optimize electrochemical attenuated total reflection surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR-SEIRAS) performance using a commercially available, specular reflection accessory is provided. A comparison of different silicon single-bounce internal reflection elements (IREs) is made with emphasis on different face-angled crystal (FAC) options. Selection of optimal angle of incidence for maximizing signal and minimizing noise is shown to require consideration of the optical throughput of the accessory, reflection losses at the crystal surfaces, and polarization effects. The benefits of wire-grid polarizers and antireflective (AR) coatings on the IREs is discussed. High signal-to-noise ratios can be achieved by omitting polarizers, using an AR-coated FAC with a larger face angle, and working at angles of incidence close to the maximum throughput angle of the accessory.
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Fouladi, Ali, and Reza Jafari Nedoushan. "Prediction and optimization of yarn path in braiding of mandrels with flat faces." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 5 (May 25, 2017): 581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317710812.
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Braided preforms are used in many applications to make modern textile composites. Mechanical properties of braided composites are strongly dependent on braided preform’s characteristics such as braid angle and yarn spacing. In this paper, theoretical relationships are presented to predict these parameters in braiding of a mandrel with flat faces. These relationships are very simple in deriving and coding and also they are suitable for sharp edges. It was observed that considering the distance between the yarn’s fell point on the mandrel and guide ring plane is an important issue to calculate an accurate braid angle. Braid angle and yarn spacing was also measured experimentally. Theoretical relations predictions are in close agreement with experimental measurements. The effects of the mandrel aspect ratio and the mandrel eccentricity to produce a part with variable braid angle are investigated. It is observed that while mandrel dimension aspect ratio has no significant effect, the braid angle can be considerably varied from one face to another face by locating the mandrel out of the center of the machine. An optimization process is proposed to find the best mandrel eccentricity to manufacture a preform with desired braid angles on individual faces.
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Prokopenko, O. S., E. V. Beliaiev, Mete Korkut Gulmen, O. I. Popova, and L. А. Cherkasova. "Features of t teleroentgenographic parameters of the upper and lower jaws in Ukrainian young men and young women with orthognathic occlusion and with different types and profiles of the face according to Schwarz A. M." Biomedical and Biosocial Anthropology, no. 39 (October 29, 2020): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/bba39-2020-10.
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Numerous studies have shown that teleroentgenographic indicators differ in people of different races, ethnicities, different populations, inhabitants of different geographical areas and often differ from the values of such indicators described by the authors of classical methods of cephalometric analysis. The aim of the study was to establish teleroentgenographic parameters that can be most often corrected during orthodontic and surgical interventions and to determine their features in Ukrainian young men and young women with orthognathic occlusion depending on profiles and facial types according to Schwarz A. M. The results of studies of lateral teleroentgenogram of the head of 49 young men aged 17 to 21 years and 76 young women aged 16 to 20 years with a physiological bite as close as possible to orthognathic using dental cone-beam tomography Veraviewepocs 3D Morita (Japan) are presented in this work. The morphometric teleroentgenographic parameters of the upper and lower jaws and inter-jaw parameters, which can most often change during surgical, orthodontic, cosmetic interventions in groups of persons with different profiles or types of faces according to Schwarz A. M., were determined. All significant differences between groups of young men with different facial profiles and between groups of young women with different facial profiles are of the same type: in both young men and young women with the first type of face profile – angle B is greater than in representatives with the third profile type, and angle MM is greater than in representatives with the third and second profile types; both in young men and young women with a second face type profile – distance R.asc. larger than the representatives with the first profile type; in both young men and young women with the third face profile type, the angle F is larger than in the representatives with the first profile type, the angle I is larger than in the representatives with the first and second profiles type, and the distances L-Mand and R.asc. larger than the representatives with the first profile type; the angle T have greater values in young men or young women with the first profile type of the face than with the second and third profiles type and have greater values in the representatives with the second profile type than with the first type profile of the face. Another picture is observed in the analysis of indicators in young men and young women with different face types. Thus, in persons with the third type of face the distance Max is greater than in persons with the first type and with the second type of face; the angle F in young men or young women with the third type of face is greater than in representatives with the second and first types, and in representatives with the second type – greater than in young men or young women with the first type of face. Young men with the first type of face have higher values of angles G, B and T than young men with the third type and angle B than young men with the second type of face; in young men with the second type of face – greater values of angle I than in young men with the first type and angle B than in young men with the third type of face; young men with the third type of face have larger values of angle I and distance R.asc. than young men with the first type of face. In young women, only tendencies to higher values of I and T angles were recorded in persons with the third type of face than with the first type. The obtained results indicate the need to divide young men and young women into separate groups according to the profile and type of person for an individualized approach to the definition and analysis of teleroentgenographic indicators in the population of Ukraine.
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Okeke, Chijioke, and Theodora Omaballa. "ANGULAR PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ANALYSIS OF FACIAL PROFILE OF IGBOS OF ANAM COMMUNITY OF NIGERIA." Revista Argentina de Anatomía Clínica 12, no. 2 (July 19, 2020): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31051/1852.8023.v12.n2.27517.
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Beauty is most expressed by the face than any other part of the body. The beauty and uniqueness of the face is determined by the sizes and shapes of various parts of the face and various facial angles. The aim of this study was to characterize the angular facial profiles of the Indigenes of Anam, for application in aesthetics. It was a cross sectional study. Sample size was 500 (250 males and 250 females) and age range was between 18 to 40 years. Facial photographs were taken with a digital camera. A computer software was used to measure the following angles: nasofrontal (NF) angle, nasomental (NM) angle, nasofacial (NFa) angle, nasolabial (NL) angle and angle of facial convexity (AFC). Means of the angles were determined and test of significance was done using student t - test. The mean age for the sample was 22.09 ± 0.46 years (females) and 23. 87 ± 0.44 years (males). Females had significantly higher values than males in NF angle (females-134.00 , males-131.0 0 ), NM angle (females-129.0 0 , males-127.0 0 ), NL angle (females-78.9 0 , males-73.4 0 ) and AFC (females-165.0 0 , males-163.0 0 ). There was no significant sex difference in the value of NFa angle (females-40.9 0 , males-40.4 0 ). Some of the facial angular parameters correlated with each other in males and females but the strength of the correlations were small. This study shows that there was significant sex difference in NF, NM, NL angles and AFC, but not in NFa angle. There was mild correlation between the various facial angles in both sexes.
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Collishaw, Stephan M., and Graham J. Hole. "Is There a Linear or a Nonlinear Relationship between Rotation and Configural Processing of Faces?" Perception 31, no. 3 (March 2002): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3195.
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Research suggests that inverted faces are harder to recognise than upright faces because of a disruption in processing their configural properties. Reasons for this difficulty were explored by investigating people's ability to identify faces at intermediate angles of rotation. Participants were asked to discriminate blurred famous and unfamiliar faces presented at nine angles. Blurred faces were used to minimise featural processing strategies, and to assess the effects of rotation that are specific to configural processing. The results indicate a linear relationship between angle of rotation and recognition accuracy. It appears that configural processing becomes gradually more disrupted the further a face is oriented away from the upright. The implications of these findings for competing explanations of the face-inversion effect are discussed.
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Ying, Zhang, Fang Jianlin, Zou Lijian, Dai Chuanchuang, Zhu Guoxian, Shi Feng, Jin Yuqing, Lu Mujun, Wang Wei, and Qi Zuoliang. "Lower face remodeling by mandibular angle ostectomy." European Journal of Plastic Surgery 29, no. 2 (June 27, 2006): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00238-006-0063-0.
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Máté, Márton, and Dénes Hollanda. "Numerical Evaluation of the Shaper Cutter with Cylindrical Rake Face." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2020.12.08.
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AbstractThis paper deals with the geometric built-up of a theoretically profile errorless shaper cutter. Its proposed rake face is a cylindrical surface for each tooth. The setting parameters of this are the axis inclination angle and the grinding wheel’s radius. The possible domain of the setting parameters is computed from geometrical restrictive conditions. The proposed numerical evaluation consists in the computing of the orthogonal rake angle variation, together with the deviation of the generating pro-file from the perfect involute. The obtained results allow the formulation of some conclusions regarding the influence of the cylinder radius and the axis inclination: the best rake angle distributions are obtained when using increased radius values, while profile deviation becomes minimal when using smaller radii and axis inclination angles.
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Isobe, Shinnosuke, Satoshi Tamura, Satoru Hayamizu, Yuuto Gotoh, and Masaki Nose. "Multi-Angle Lipreading with Angle Classification-Based Feature Extraction and Its Application to Audio-Visual Speech Recognition." Future Internet 13, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13070182.
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Recently, automatic speech recognition (ASR) and visual speech recognition (VSR) have been widely researched owing to the development in deep learning. Most VSR research works focus only on frontal face images. However, assuming real scenes, it is obvious that a VSR system should correctly recognize spoken contents from not only frontal but also diagonal or profile faces. In this paper, we propose a novel VSR method that is applicable to faces taken at any angle. Firstly, view classification is carried out to estimate face angles. Based on the results, feature extraction is then conducted using the best combination of pre-trained feature extraction models. Next, lipreading is carried out using the features. We also developed audio-visual speech recognition (AVSR) using the VSR in addition to conventional ASR. Audio results were obtained from ASR, followed by incorporating audio and visual results in a decision fusion manner. We evaluated our methods using OuluVS2, a multi-angle audio-visual database. We then confirmed that our approach achieved the best performance among conventional VSR schemes in a phrase classification task. In addition, we found that our AVSR results are better than ASR and VSR results.
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Halych, Liudmyla V., and Liudmyla B. Halych. "IMPACT OF MALOCCLUSION OF CLASS ІІ1 ACCORDING TO ANGLE’S CLASSIFICATION METHOD ON FACIAL ESTHETICS." Wiadomości Lekarskie 74, no. 7 (2021): 1600–1604. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202107109.
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The aim: There is no information on the esthetic features of the face, which are typical of the patients with late mixed occlusion with maxillodental anomalies of Angle’s class II1 depending on the types of mandible growth in domestic and foreign literature. To study the esthetic peculiarities in the face profile, which are typical of the patients aged 10-13 with maxillodental anomalies of Angle’s class II1 with different types of mandible growth. Materials and methods: 55 patients aged 10-13 with maxillodental anomalies of Angle’s class II1 were examined. Teenagers were divided into five groups depending on the type of mandible growth. 82 photostatic images in profile were analyzed. Soft tissue analysis was performed using the Viasis method. Results: Face profile was studied based on the following indicators: convexity angle of the face profile Viazis (<V), profile angle by Schwarz (<T), the angle of the face profile shape (<gl-UL -pg), Th-me / NoV angle, nasolabial angle, labial angle (<L), mentolabial angle. Conclusions: Photometric study in 55 patients aged 10-13 with maxillodental anomalies of Angle’s class I and analysis of the results depending on the types of mandible growth prove the presence of a retrogenic type of the lower third of the face, convex shape of the profile, the development of posterior bite of varying severity. All patients were reported to have changes in the indicators of the lips position and non-harmonious development of their faces. The greatest esthetic changes were reported in the group of patients with a component of horizontal type of mandible growth.
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Gao, Jie, Peng Yun Song, Xiao Yun Hu, and Fang Bo Ma. "Calculation Method of Mechanical Face Seal Temperature Based on Heat Conduction Angle." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 500–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.500.
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It is a key technology in the design and application of mechanical seals as how to determine and control its face temperature. According to the explicitly defined heat conduction angle, supposed the surfaces of the stator ring are insulation, and the heat produced by friction of seal faces transfers only through the rotor ring along the heat conduction angle, an approximate analytical method calculating the end face temperature distribution of mechanical seal was developed for mixed friction condition in this paper. The heat conduction angle, angular velocity, contact pressure and other factors and its law on end face temperature distribution have also been analyzed in this paper. The results of this method for calculating the end face temperature are much closer to the reality, compared with other approximate analytical methods.
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Strajnic, Ljiljana. "Cephalometrically analysis of the convexity angle." Serbian Dental Journal 50, no. 3 (2003): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs0303124s.
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The convexity angle of facial bone structures ( N-A: A-Pg) expresses the sagittal protrusion of the maxillary part of the face compared to facial profile (the convex or concave face).The convexity angle is defined as the angle colligated by the lines N-A and A-Pg. The aims of the present study were: to analyse the convexity angle in participants with natural teeth skeletal class I, to cephalometrically evaluate the reconstructing angle of hard facial profile structures of edentulous patients skeletal class I, to compare examined variables between individuals with natural teeth and edentulous patients. The control group consisted of 30 lateral cephalometric radiographs of participants with natural teeth skeletal class I. The experimental group consisted of 30 lateral cephalometric radiographs of edentulous patients, with models of complete dentures after clinical methods of determining the vertical and horizontal intermaxillary relation. Analysis of the convexity angle was done in cephalometric radiographs by Downs metod. The results showed the facial bone structure convexity angle span a range between -13? and 10? (X= 0.45?) in subjects with natural teeth. In edentulous patients the values of facial bone structure convexity angles span a range between -5? and 10? (X=1.7?). The results of t-test proved that there were no statistically significant differences in examined variables between persons with natural teeth and edentulous patients (p>0.05). The conclusion is that clinical methods of determining the sagittal protrusion of the maxillary part of the face against the facial profile of edentulous patients used in the designing procedures of complete dentures were reliable enough in reconstruction of examined angles of hard facial profile structures.
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Zhang, Zhiyuan, Runqiang Chi, Baojun Pang, and Gongshun Guan. "Numerical Simulation of Projectile Oblique Impact on Microspacecraft Structure." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1015674.
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In the present study, the microspacecraft bulkhead was reduced to the double honeycomb panel, and the projectile oblique hypervelocity impact on the double honeycomb panel was simulated. The distribution of the debris cloud and the damage of a honeycomb sandwich panel were investigated when the incident angles were set to be 60°, 45°, and 30°. The results showed that as incident angle decreased, the distribution of debris cloud was increased gradually, while the maximum perforation size of the rear face sheet was firstly increased with the decrease of the incident angle and then decreased. On the other hand, the damage area and the damage degree of the front face sheet of the second honeycomb panel layer were increased with the decrease of the incident angle. Finally, the critical angle of front and rear face sheets of the honeycomb sandwich panel was obtained under oblique hypervelocity impact.
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Kojima, Kazutoshi, Sachiko Ito, Junji Senzaki, and Hajime Okumura. "4H-SiC Homoepitaxial Growth on Vicinal-Off Angled Si-Face Substrate." Materials Science Forum 645-648 (April 2010): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.645-648.99.
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We have carried out detailed investigations of 4H-SiC homoepitaxial growth on vicinal off-angled Si-face substrates. We found that the surface morphology of the substrate just after in-situ H2 etching was also affected by the value of the vicinal-off angle. Growth conditions consisting of a low C/Si ratio and a low growth temperature were effective in suppressing macro step bunching at the grown epilayer surface. We also demonstrated epitaxial growth without step bunching on a 2-inch 4H-SiC Si-face substrate with a vicinal off angle of 0.79o. Ni Schottky barrier diodes fabricated on an as-grown epilayer had a blocking voltage above 1000V and a leakage current of less than 5x10-7A/cm2. We also investigated the propagation of basal plane dislocation from the vicinal off angled substrate into the epitaxial layer.
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Zheng, Ying-Ying, and Jun Yao. "Multi-angle face detection based on DP-Adaboost." International Journal of Automation and Computing 12, no. 4 (July 1, 2015): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11633-014-0872-8.
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Bok, Jin Yeong, Kun Ha Suh, and Eui Chul Lee. "Verifying the Effectiveness of New Face Spoofing DB with Capture Angle and Distance." Electronics 9, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9040661.
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Face recognition is a representative biometric that can be easily used; however, spoofing attacks threaten the security of face biometric systems by generating fake faces. Thus, it is not advisable to only consider sophisticated spoofing cases, such as three-dimensional masks, because they require additional equipment, thereby increasing the implementation cost. To prevent easy face spoofing attacks through print and display, the two-dimensional (2D) image analysis method using existing face recognition systems is reasonable. Therefore, we proposed a new database called the “pattern recognition-face spoofing advancement database” that can be used to prevent such attacks based on 2D image analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first face spoofing database that considers the changes in both the angle and distance. Therefore, it can be used to train various positional relationships between a face and camera. We conducted various experiments to verify the efficiency of this database. The spoofing detection accuracy of our database using ResNet-18 was found to be 96.75%. The experimental results for various scenarios demonstrated that the spoof detection performances were better for images with pinch angle, near distance images, and replay attacks than those for front images, far distance images, and print attacks, respectively. In the cross-database verification result, the performance when tested with other databases (DBs) after training with our DB was better than the opposite. The results of cross-device verification in terms of camera type showed negligible difference; thus, it was concluded that the type of image sensor does not affect the detection accuracy. Consequently, it was confirmed that the proposed DB that considers various distances, capture angles, lighting conditions, and backgrounds can be used as a training DB to detect spoofing attacks in general face recognition systems.
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Ghazali, Kamarul Hawari Bin, Jie Ma, and Rui Xiao. "Multi-Angle Face Detection Using Back Propagation Neural Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 2411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.2411.
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In machine vision application, the main part to analyze an image is to identify its features which contribute to efficiency of the system. Many applications in vision system and image analysis used face detection as a feature of their whole system development. In application such as video surveillance, fatigue detection and security system, face is a fundamental step in the analysis before proceed to system implementation. It is very challenging to recognize a face from an image due to the wide variety of face and the uncertain of face position. In this paper, we propose a neural network based approach to identify multi-angle face which falls into five categories: all left-side face, half left-side face, positive face, half right-side face, and all right-side face. More than 100 images of each category have been used for training and testing of face detection and its features was extracted to be an input to BP neural network. We analyzed the result of training and testing set of neural network and the best classification achieved was 90.7%.
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Ishii, Kazuhiro, Ib Leth Nielsen, and Karin Vargervik. "Characteristics of Jaw Growth in Cleidocranial Dysplasia." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 35, no. 2 (March 1998): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1998_035_0161_cojgic_2.3.co_2.
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Objective The purpose of this pilot study was to assess craniofacial morphology in young and adult individuals with cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD). Design Craniofacial morphology in young individuals (primary dentition) and in young adults was compared with control data using ratios and angles obtained from lateral head films. Setting The CCD individuals were referred to the Center for Craniofacial Anomalies for diagnostic workup and treatment recommendations. Subjects The sample consisted of 14 Caucasians. The inclusion criterion for the young, prepubertal group (A) was complete primary dentition, and for the adult, postpubertal group (B), the eruption of all four first molars was required. Interventions No treatment other than extraction or surgical removal of selected primary or supernumerary teeth was performed. Results Both groups showed significantly smaller anterior upper face height compared with controls. Group B subjects demonstrated significantly smaller face height values than the controls in the A point-nasion-B point (ANB) angle, facial axis, mandibular plane angle, palatal plane/mandibular plane angle, and gonial angle. No significant differences were found between group A individuals and the controls for these measurements. The older group had shorter anterior lower face height compared with both anterior upper face height and posterior lower face height. Conclusions Whereas young CCD subjects showed relatively normal jaw proportions and morphology of the mandible, older CCD individuals tended to have short lower face height, acute gonial angle, anterior inclination of the mandible, and mandibular prognathism. These differences can be attributed to pronounced horizontal mandibular growth resulting from lack of vertical maxillary growth and impaired eruption of permanent teeth.
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Henrikson, Erik, Paul Wood, Chris Broadie, and Tom Nuttall. "The Role of Friction and Tangential Compliance on the Resultant Launch Angle of a Golf Ball." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049027.
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A thorough understanding of how the delivered face angle and club path of a golf club influences the initial launch direction of a golf ball can play a significant role in the design of various club types as well as help players and coaches better understand performance in the field. A theoretical model based on a Hertzian impact formulation with the inclusion of tangential compliance via Coulomb friction is compared to empirical results. This comparison demonstrates that the initial launch direction of a golf ball for a given club path and face angle can be sufficiently predicted by the theoretical model, providing insights into the mechanisms leading to different launch direction percentages relative to face angle for various club types. Additionally, the relationship between launch direction and the coefficient of friction is explored for various angles of incidence.
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Kinoshita, Akimasa, Makoto Katou, Miwa Kawasaki, Kazutoshi Kojima, Kenji Fukuda, Kazuo Arai, Fukuyoshi Morigasa, Tomoyoshi Endou, Takuo Isii, and Teruyuki Yashima. "Effect of Surface Orientation and Off-Angle on Surface Roughness and Electrical Properties of p-Type Impurity Implanted 4H-SiC Substrate after High Temperature Annealing." Materials Science Forum 527-529 (October 2006): 835–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.527-529.835.
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We investigate the effect of surface orientation and off-angle for Al-implanted 4H-SiC samples after high temperature annealing. The samples are obtained from a 4H-SiC (0001) substrate 8° off-angled (Si-face 8°off), and (000-1) substrates 8° (C-face 8°off), 4° (C-face 4°off) and less than 1° off-angled (C-face ~1°off). An n-type epitaxial layer is deposited on all substrates. Multiple implantations of Al+ (30~200keV) are carried out at 600°C. The total dose is 8.6 × 1015 cm-2. The Al-implanted samples are annealed in Ar ambient at 1580°C, 1700°C and 1800°C for 30s using the hybrid super rapid thermal annealing (HS-RTA) equipment. In this study, sheet resistance (Rs), free carrier concentration (Ns), Hall mobility (μ) and root-mean square roughness (Rrms) are used to evaluate the Al-implanted samples after high temperature annealing. Rs for all Al-implanted samples after annealing at 1800°C for 30s is around 18k/. Rrms for the Al-implanted C-face samples after annealing at 1800°C increases with increasing off-angle. Rrms for the Al-implanted Si-face 8°off sample after annealing increases with annealing temperature. Rrms for the C-face ~1°off Al-implanted sample after annealing at 1800°C is lower than that for the Si-face 8°off Al-implanted sample after annealing at 1700°C, moreover Rs for the C-face ~1°off sample after annealing at 1800°C is about 10% of that for the Si-face 8°off Al-implanted sample after annealing at 1700°C. It is shown that the C-face ~1°off sample is useful to fabricate a p+ region with low Rs and low Rrms. If C-face 4H-SiC is used to fabricate devices, devices made on C-face 4H-SiC with low off angle are expected to decrease any problems caused by increase of surface roughness after high temperature annealing (~1800°C).
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Kojima, Kazutoshi, Hajime Okumura, and Kazuo Arai. "Control of the Surface Morphology on Low Off Angled 4H-SiC Homoepitaxal Growth." Materials Science Forum 615-617 (March 2009): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.615-617.113.
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We have carried out detailed investigations on the influence of the growth conditions and the wafer off angle on the surface morphology of low off angle homoepitaxial growth. We found triangular features to be also serious problems on a 4 degree off 4H-SiC Si-face epitaxial layer surface. The control of the C/Si ratio by controlling the SiH4 flow rate is effective in suppressing the triangular features on 4 degree off Si-face homoepitaxial layer. As regards epitaxial growth on a vicinal off-axis substrate, the small off angle difference of a tenth part of a degree has an influence on the surface morphology of the epitaxial layer. This tendency depends on the face polarity and a C-face can be obtained that has a specular surface with a lower vicinal off angle than a Si-face. By controlling this off angle, a specular surface morphology without a bunched step structure could be obtained on a vicinal off angle 4H-SiC Si-face.
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Ma, De Jun, Jun Hong Guo, Wei Chen, and Zhong Kang Song. "Investigation of Relationship between Instrumented Indentation Nominal Hardness and Reduced Elastic Modulus with Large Apex Angle Indenter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 198-199 (September 2012): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.198-199.193.
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Based on dimensional analysis, finite element numerical calculation is undertaken on elastic–plastic solids to investigate the relationship between instrumented indentation nominal hardness Hn and reduced elastic modulus Er for three different apex angle indenters. The half-included angles of axisymetric conical indenter models are 62.9°, 70.3°and 85.566° which are corresponding to the real indenters of cube corner indenter with 60° face angle, Berkovich indenter with 65.27° face angle and cube corner indenter with 85° face angle, respectively. The relationship between a nominal hardness/reduced elastic modulus (Hn/Er) and elastic work/total indentation work (We/Wt) is established with a sixth-order polynomial form for each apex angle indenter. For rigid indenter of instrumented indentation model, reduced elastic modulus Er=1/[(1+v2)/E], where E and v are elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the indented material. Therefore, Hn/Er–We/Wt relationship can be used to give estimates of E. Accuracy estimation for the each relationship of each half-included angle indenter shows that the large half-included angle of 85.566° gives better Er measurement error of +11.56% for a low yield strength material(e.g., materials for which σy=100MPa, n=0 and E=200GPa), while for the smaller half-included angle of 62.9° or 70.3° indenter, the measurement error is > ±12.74%. The research in this paper confirms that Hn/Er–We/Wt relationship of large apex angle indenter such as 85.566° half-included angle is recommended to be used for estimating the elastic modulus E of indented material.
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Andria, Louis Matthew, Luis Paulo Leite, April M. Dunlap, Emily C. Cooper, and Lydia Buxbaum King. "Mandibular First Molar Relation to Variable Lower Face Skeletal Components." Angle Orthodontist 77, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/r.1.
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Abstract Objective: To evaluate the position of the mandibular first permanent molar in the mandible relative to several factors. Materials and Methods: A total of 185 untreated Class I and Class II patients were randomly selected from a sample of 350 patients from a single office. The palatal and mandibular planes were related to Frankfort horizontal to create the interjaw or “B” angle. Age and the mesial contact of the mandibular first molars were used. The landmarks were projected at right angles to the Frankfort horizontal for effective mandibular dimension lengths. Actual-length dimensions were projected at right angles to the mandibular plane. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were computed to evaluate the effect of age, cranial length, and mandibular contribution to the molar's sagittal position in the mandible. Significance was reported only when P < .05 to determine a 95% confidence level. Results: Statistically significant positive correlations indicated that the mandibular molar is located more forward with increasing age, longer mandibular body length, and increasing posterior facial height. In contrast, significant negative correlations to the interjaw, mandibular plane, ramal inclination angles, and the linear ramal contribution corresponded to a more posterior position of the molar with increasing angles. Conclusions: The mandibular first permanent molar is located more anteriorly with an older patient, a longer mandibular body, greater posterior facial height, and an acute interjaw angle. In contrast, an increase in the forward tip of the ramus places the molar in a more posterior location.
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Chen, Chun-Ming, Yu-Chuan Tseng, Edward Chengchuan Ko, Michael Yuan-Chien Chen, Kwei-Jing Chen, and Jung-Hsuan Cheng. "Comparisons of Jaw Line and Face Line after Mandibular Setback: Intraoral Vertical Ramus versus Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomies." BioMed Research International 2018 (December 18, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1375085.
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Background. This study investigates the differences in the lateral profile and frontal appearance after sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) and intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) procedures for the correction of mandibular prognathism. Methods. Sixty patients (30 SSRO and 30 IVRO) underwent mandibular setback surgery. Serial cephalograms were obtained: (1) T1: approximately 1 month before surgery; (2) T2: at least 6 months after surgery for SSRO and at least 1 year after surgery for IVRO. The landmarks, linear distances, and related angles were measured. The t-test was applied to the intragroup and intergroup comparisons. The null hypothesis was that SSRO and IVRO made no difference in the facial appearance. Results. In the IVRO group, the ramus and gonial widths significantly decreased by 3.9 mm and 5.8 mm, respectively. SSRO significantly reduced the gonial angle by 2.6°, and IVRO increased it significantly by 5.3°. The postoperative increases at frontal bone levels 0 and 1 after IVRO were significantly larger than those after SSRO, but, at level 3, the increases after SSRO were larger than those after IVRO. In the frontal muscular and facial planes, SSRO and IVRO presented no difference. The frontal jaw angle and face angle were significantly larger with IVRO than with SSRO. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected. Conclusions. The ramus width and gonial width were significantly decreased in IVRO compared to SSRO. IVRO increased angles in the lateral profile (gonial angle and mandibular plane angle) and frontal appearance (jaw angle and face angle) more than SSRO did.
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Zhang, Shaojian, Pan Guo, Zhiwen Xiong, and Suet To. "Cyclic shear angle for lamellar chip formation in ultra-precision machining." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 13 (March 2, 2020): 2673–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406220908890.
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Shear angle is classically considered constant. In the study, a series of straight orthogonal cutting tests of ultra-precision machining revealed that shear angle cyclically evolved with each lamellar chip formation, i.e. cyclic shear angle. It grew up from an initial shear angle of 0° to a final shear angle 90°- α ( α: tool rake angle) and underwent a series of transient shear angles like classical shear angles and a critical shear angle. The critical shear angle is the sum of the half of the tool rake angle and the characteristic shear angle determined by material anisotropy without the friction effect. Moreover, a new model was developed. Further, a series of face turning tests of ultra-precision machining verified that the cyclic shear angle was the intrinsic mechanism of cyclic cutting forces and lamellar chip formation to induce twin-peak high-frequency multimode diamond-tool-tip vibration. Significantly, the study draws up an understanding of shear angle for the discrepancy among the classical models.
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Kato, Hisateru, Goutam Chakraborty, and Basabi Chakraborty. "A Real-Time Angle- and Illumination-Aware Face Recognition System Based on Artificial Neural Network." Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/274617.
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Automatic authentication systems, using biometric technology, are becoming increasingly important with the increased need for person verification in our daily life. A few years back, fingerprint verification was done only in criminal investigations. Now fingerprints and face images are widely used in bank tellers, airports, and building entrances. Face images are easy to obtain, but successful recognition depends on proper orientation and illumination of the image, compared to the one taken at registration time. Facial features heavily change with illumination and orientation angle, leading to increased false rejection as well as false acceptance. Registering face images for all possible angles and illumination is impossible. In this work, we proposed a memory efficient way to register (store) multiple angle and changing illumination face image data, and a computationally efficient authentication technique, using multilayer perceptron (MLP). Though MLP is trained using a few registered images with different orientation, due to generalization property of MLP, interpolation of features for intermediate orientation angles was possible. The algorithm is further extended to include illumination robust authentication system. Results of extensive experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
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Zhang, Meng, Yidong Zhang, Ming Ji, Hongjun Guo, and Haizhu Li. "Research on Physical Similarity Simulation of Mining Uphill and Downhill at the Large-Angle Working Face." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7696752.
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With the development of coal mining and the continuous expansion of mining intensity, large dip angle comprehensive mechanized coal mining as an important development direction and goal has become a worldwide research topic in the coal industry. The working face faces many production problems that need to be solved, such as the large-angle downhill mining, the large-angle uphill mining, and other complicated geological conditions (such as skew, anticline, and fault). In view of the above problems, with the specific conditions of Xinji No. 2 Mine, through the physical similarity simulation, the research on the roof movement law of the fully mechanized mining face under the mining conditions of large dip angle (depression angle and elevation angle are more than 40° and 20°, respectively) is studied. The distribution law of abutment pressure, movement law, and distribution range of water-conducting fracture zone after mining are emphasized. Meanwhile, the paper analyzes and compares the related mining pressure law of inclined longwall fully mechanized mining face under general conditions, forming a systematic, comprehensive, and scientific understanding of the law of mining pressure under such conditions. This achievement is of great significance to the prevention and control of water, support design, safety production, environmental improvement, improvement of enterprise efficiency, and advancement of coal science and technology.
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Nagase, Takashi, Kotaro Yoshimura, Emiko Aiba, Daisuke Matsumoto, Katsujiro Sato, and Chiaki Machino. "Angle-Splitting Ostectomy Followed by Face Lift for Elderly Patients with Prominent Mandibular Angles." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 115, no. 2 (February 2005): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000150155.56974.79.
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Caliskan, Umut, and M. Kemal Apalak. "The response of pin-clamped carbon fibre-reinforced plastics composite sandwich beams with polyvinylchloride foam core under bending impact." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 39, no. 9-10 (March 26, 2020): 384–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684420910794.
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The dynamic response of pin-clamped composite sandwich beam in terms of face-sheet effect with polyvinylchloride foam core subjected to bending impact loading was investigated in this paper. Composite sandwich beams with three different unidirectional skin layups of [0]4, [45]4 and [90]4 and two types of face-sheet thickness of 1 ([0]4) and 2 ([0]8) mm were fabricated. An explicit code, VUMAT, is written and implemented in ABAQUS/Explicit. The micro-computerised tomography scanning was used to detect adhesive layer failure. The ply angle orientation of face sheets plays an important role in the failure mechanism of the sandwich beam under bending loads. Although it is known that the fibre angle in the direction perpendicular to the bending direction is more stiff and strength, damage tolerances under bending impact loads of beams with other fibre angles were determined. In addition, as the number of layers increased, failure mechanism and load-carrying capacity of composite face sheets changed completely for increasing bending stiffness. This research provides fundamental information about the change of the failure mechanisms as the fibre angle and thickness of the face sheet were changed and in terms of interpretation with the help of finite elements using different failure criteria.
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ROH, MYUNG-CHEOL, and SEONG-WHAN LEE. "PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF FACE RECOGNITION ALGORITHMS ON KOREAN FACE DATABASE." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 21, no. 06 (September 2007): 1017–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001407005818.
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Human face is one of the most common and useful keys to a person's identity. Although, a number of face recognition algorithms have been proposed, many researchers believe that the technology should be improved further in order to overcome the instability caused by variable illuminations, expressions, poses and accessories. To analyze these face recognition algorithm, it is indispensable to collect various data as much as possible. Face databases such as CMU PIE (USA), FERET (USA), AR Face DB (USA) and XM2VTS (UK) are the representative ones commonly used. However, many databases do not provide adequately annotated information of the pose angle, illumination angle, illumination color and ground-truth. Mostly, they do not include large enough number of images and video data taken under various environments. Furthermore, the faces on these databases have different characteristics from those of Asian. Thus, we have designed and constructed a Korean Face Database (KFDB) which includes not only images but also video clips, ground-truth information of facial feature points and descriptions of subjects and environment conditions so that it can be used for general purposes. In this paper, we present the KFDB which contains image and video data for 1920 subjects and has been constructed in 3 years (sessions). We also present recognition results by CM (Correlation Matching) and PCA (Principal Component Analysis) which are used as baseline algorithms upon CMU PIE and KFDB, so as to understand how recognition rate is changed by altering image taking conditions.
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Åsli, Ole, Henriette Michalsen, and Morten Øvervoll. "In Your Face: Startle to Emotional Facial Expressions Depends on Face Direction." i-Perception 8, no. 1 (January 2017): 204166951769439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669517694396.
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Although faces are often included in the broad category of emotional visual stimuli, the affective impact of different facial expressions is not well documented. The present experiment investigated startle electromyographic responses to pictures of neutral, happy, angry, and fearful facial expressions, with a frontal face direction (directed) and at a 45° angle to the left (averted). Results showed that emotional facial expressions interact with face direction to produce startle potentiation: Greater responses were found for angry expressions, compared with fear and neutrality, with directed faces. When faces were averted, fear and neutrality produced larger responses compared with anger and happiness. These results are in line with the notion that startle is potentiated to stimuli signaling threat. That is, a forward directed angry face may signal a threat toward the observer, and a fearful face directed to the side may signal a possible threat in the environment.
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Patel, Kushal, Ali Hosseini, Guoan Li, Thomas Gill, Jonathan Bravman, and Matthew Kraeutler. "Variability in the Clock Face View Description of Femoral Tunnel Placement in ACL Reconstruction Using MRI-Based Bony Models." Journal of Knee Surgery 31, no. 10 (February 8, 2018): 965–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1626736.
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AbstractThough controversial, the “clock face view” of the intercondylar notch remains a way some surgeons communicate regarding placement of the femoral tunnel in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to quantify the differences in angle measurement between several previous descriptions of the clock face view by using a new reference standard. Three-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to scan 10 human knees to create three-dimensional MRI-based bony models which were used for measurements. A standardized clock face view was developed with the knee flexed to 90° using the junction of the cartilage and cortex of the medial and lateral surfaces of medial and lateral femoral condyles as the 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock, respectively, with the 12 o'clock established as the midpoint of the roof of the intercondylar notch. With the knee viewed at 90° of flexion, an “idealized” femoral tunnel position was plotted on the medial wall of the lateral femoral condyle at 30° (corresponding to the 10 o'clock or 2 o'clock position). The clock faces as described by Edwards et al, Heming et al, and Mochizuki et al were each then overlaid on this same model and the difference in measurement calculated. The average angles measured when the previously described clock faces were projected onto the idealized clock face view comparing a mark made at 30° were 47.7°, 7.2°, and 49.8° for the methods described by Edwards et al, Heming et al, and Mochizuki et al, respectively (all p < 0.001). Significant variation exists between angle measurements in simulated femoral tunnel placement based on the varying descriptions of the intercondylar clock face.
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Han, Sang-Il, and Hyung-Tai Cha. "Detection Method of Face Rotation Angle for Crosstalk Cancellation." Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 17, no. 1 (February 25, 2007): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5391/jkiis.2007.17.1.058.
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LIN Shuo, 林硕, 龚志恒 GONG Zhiheng, 韩忠华 HAN Zhonghua, and 史海波 SHI Haibo. "Multi angle Face Recognition Algorithm Based on MultiRKHS." ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 42, no. 12 (2013): 1436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20134212.1436.
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GAVIN, ALICE. "The ‘angle of immunity’: face and façade in Beckett'sFilm." Critical Quarterly 50, no. 3 (October 2008): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8705.2008.00833.x.
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Balaji, SM, and Preetha Balaji. "Square face correction by gonial angle and masseter reduction." Annals of Maxillofacial Surgery 10, no. 1 (2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ams.ams_22_20.
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Mose, Bruno Robert, In-Seo Son, Joon-Woo Bae, Hong-Geul Ann, Choon Yeol Lee, and Dong-Kil Shin. "Modified analytical method to calculate the assembly and separation forces of cantilever hook-type snap-fit." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 14 (April 4, 2019): 5074–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219839757.
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In this study, a new analytical method to calculate the assembly force and separation force of cantilever hook type snap-fit was proposed. Finite element analysis and experimental measurement were performed to verify the new approach. It was found out that the conventional analytical method had a few limitations. The solution was only applicable when the retention face angle was small, and there existed a critical value of retention face angle where separation force unreasonably decreased with increase in deflection. The new approach considered large deflection of retention feature and resultant moment term in addition to the previous method, and the solution was obtained explicitly. The new analytical solution could be applied to large face angles without any divergence, and showed good agreement with finite element analysis results. When the face angle was relatively small, both conventional method and new method showed reasonable results; however, when the angle was large, only the new analytical method showed reasonable results. Experimental investigations of forces during assembly and separation showed that the measured forces were much smaller than the predicted values by analytical methods and finite element analysis. The forces were strongly dependent on the rigidity of the mating part and the magnitude of radius at the edges of beam and mating parts. It was found from experiment that the separation force nonlinearly increased as clearance decreased.
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Marshall, Peter, Amy Bartolacci, and Darren Burke. "Human Face Tilt Is a Dynamic Social Signal That Affects Perceptions of Dimorphism, Attractiveness, and Dominance." Evolutionary Psychology 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 147470492091040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704920910403.
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Previous research has shown that manipulating the pitch of a face (tilting the face upward or downward) affects the perceived femininity, masculinity, attractiveness, and dominance of the given face. However, previous research has not considered the influence of direct eye gaze on dominance perceptions or the ambiguity surrounding the proposed social signals sent from a static face. The current research used 94 participants across two studies (women = 63%, age: M = 31). Stimuli varied in head pitch angle, eye gaze, and motion/static appearance. Participants rated the stimuli for levels of masculinity, femininity, attractiveness, and dominance. Both studies confirmed that pitching the face upward at incrementally increasing angles resulted in a linear increase in ratings of masculinity, physical dominance, and social dominance and a linear decrease in ratings of femininity, physical attractiveness, and behavioral allure. Study 2 showed that these effects can be dependent on either the perceived structural change of the face or the actual movement of the face, and these are different for each rating category. The perceived dimorphism, attractiveness, and dominance of a face will change dependent on the angle of pitch it is presented but also whether it is moving or not, where it is moving in space, and what direction it is moving.
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Asni b, Andi, and Tamara Octa Dana. "Identifikasi Wajah Dengan Segmentasi Warna Kulit Menggunakan Metode Viola Jones." Jurnal Teknik Elektro Uniba (JTE Uniba) 4, no. 1 (June 6, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.36277/jteuniba.v4i1.47.
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Abstract - Face detection (face detection) is one of the initial steps that is very important before the face recognition process (face recognition). Face detection is the detection of objects in the form of faces in which there are special features that represent the shape of faces in general. One method of face detection is the Viola Jones method. Viola Jones method is used to detect faces and skin color segmentation, test data processing using Matlab and capture on a Smartphone. The test is carried out at normal light intensity with a predetermined distance and face position. The results of this study indicate the level of accuracy of detection of face image variations in the position of face images facing forward (frontal), sideways left and right 45̊. But it has a weakness of this face detection system that is unable to determine faces in images that have faces that are not upright (tilted) or not frontal (facing sideways) at a 90̊ angle. Face position that is upright / not upright will determine the success of this face detection. The level of identification of the Viola Jones simulation was 100% with 4 images consisting of 3 boys and 1 girl.
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Kim, Jung Gon, Woo Sik Yoo, Dae Sung Kim, and Won Jae Lee. "Quantitative Characterization of Surface Polarity Dependence of Wetting Properties of V-Doped SiC Using a Novel Image Analysis Technique." Materials Science Forum 1004 (July 2020): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1004.284.
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Vanadium doped semi-insulating (SI) 6H-SiC {0001} substrates and their wetting properties were characterized using precisely dispensed de-ionized (DI) water drops. Radius, contact angle, width (chord), height and cap volume of a DI water drop on the SiC surface were quantitatively determined by analyzing sideview images of DI water drop in contact with SI 6H-SiC {0001} substrates using image processing software. The average of ten (10) contact angle measurements showed approximately 4 ° difference between the Si-face (48.48°) and the C-face (44.33º). Contact angle on the Si-face (0001) measured after native oxide removal showed significant decrease of contact angle, from 55° to 25° and recovered over time by room temperature oxidation in air. In contrast, contact angle on the C-face (000-1), measured after native oxide removal, showed significant increase of contact angle, from 40° to 54°, and continue to increase contact angle up to 71° after room temperature oxidation for 24 hours in air. Contact angle is found to be very sensitive to SiC surface polarity and specific surface conditions. Contact angle measurement, using image analysis techniques, can be applied as an in-line identification and surface condition characterization technique for SiC polytypes of specific surface polarities.
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Ямников, Александр, Aleksandr Yamnikov, Дмитрий Волков, and Dmitry Volkov. "Impact of cutting face profile angle upon shear deformation degree." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5928313a1d2191.50016044.
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It is established that cutting with gear-cutting and thread-cutting tools is not free that results in the increase of loading upon tool tips and their quick wear. The layers of metal cut are subjected to considerable shear deformation and also to other kinds of deformation. In this connection the wear character of a tool and its properties will change. There is considered a process of chip removal by trapezoidal and triangular cutters (as in case of metal cutting off with teeth of a hob may be used not three but two tool tips) and the impact of a cutting face profile angle upon a shear deformation degree is also considered. There are shown analytical dependences for the definition of angles of a chip flow, a relative shear, a deformation degree of a shear and a value of tangential stresses in the cutting area taking into account the influence of the strength of material machined, width and thickness of a layer cut and a friction factor. The dependences are checked up at cutting with a trapezoidal cutter.
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Sinobad, Vladimir, Ljiljana Strajnic, and Tamara Sinobad. "Skeletal changes in patients with mandibular prognathism after mandibular set back and bimaxillary surgery: A comparative cephalometric study." Vojnosanitetski pregled 77, no. 4 (2020): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp171017087s.
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Bacground/Aim. Recently, maxillary and bimaxillary surgery gained the primacy in the surgical correction of class III deformities. The aim of this investigation was to compare the changes in the skeletal relationships in patients with mandibular prognathism after bimaxillary surgery. Methods. The study included 70 subjects divided into three groups. Twenty class III patients of the experimental group 1 underwent bilateral sagittal ramus osteotomy and twenty patients of the experimental group 2 were subjected to bimaxillary surgery. The control group consisted of 30 subjects with skeletal class I and physiological occlusion. Cephalometric research was conducted on 110 lateral cephalometric radiographs made in subjects of the experimental groups 1 and 2 before and after surgery and in subjects of the control group. Using the computer program ?Dr. Ceph?, 30 linear and angular skeletal variables were analyzed on each radiograph. Results. Bimaxillary osteotomies changed most of variables that characterize the mandibular prognathism. The changes in the sagittal plane included the significant increase of sella-nasion to the A point (SNA) angle (by 4? on the average) and the A point to B point (ANB) angle (6?), and significant reduction in angles sellanasion to the B point (SNB) (3?), gonial angle (ArGoMe) (8?), gonial angle inferior (NGoMe) (6.2?), and Bj?rks sum (7?). The vertical relationships were normalized by significant reduction in overall anterior face height N-Me (by 5 mm on the average), the lower anterior face height ANS-Me (4 mm), significant increase in the total posterior face height S-Go (2.5?3 mm), lower posterior face height PNS-Go (4 mm), and significant reduction of the basal and mandibular plane angles. Conclusion. Compared to the isolated mandibular operations, bimaxillary surgery changes more efficiently the sagittal and vertical skeletal relations in patients with class III deformities and harmonizes more successfully the entire skeletal facial profile.
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Narayanaswami, R., and D. Dornfeld. "Burr Minimization in Face Milling: A Geometric Approach." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 119, no. 2 (May 1, 1997): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831092.
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Experimental studies indicate that two types of burrs occur in face milling–primary and secondary burr, which are sensitive to the depth of cut and cutter exit angle. The primary burr is much larger in size compared to the secondary burr and needs to be removed by a deburring operation subsequent to machining, for effective performance of precision parts. In this paper we present a strategy for minimizing burrs in face milling. We develop a representation in a CAD framework to parametrize the edges of a part into primary and secondary burr zones. We present an algorithm which minimizes the primary burrs along the edges of the part, using a variety of objective functions reflective of deburring complexity. The parameters varied in the optimization process are of a geometric nature, affecting the cutter exit angle, and include cutter approach angle, cutter center position and the cutter radius.
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Olvera, O., and G. Barrow. "Influence of exit angle and tool nose geometry on burr formation in face milling operations." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 212, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954405981515509.
Full textAbstract:
One of the more important burrs produced in a face milling operation is the burr formed on the exit edge in the cutting direction. This burr is present over the full length of the exit edge, and under certain cutting conditions is relatively large in size, strongly attached to the workpiece, and presents a strong configuration, features that make it difficult to remove and consequently increases the cost of the component. This paper is concerned with the influence of the exit angle and tool nose geometry on the formation of this burr for both finishing and roughing conditions (small and large depths of cut respectively), with a medium carbon steel. The results show that four different types of burr can be produced on the exit edge, namely the tear, curly, rubbing and wavy burrs. The exit angle and the tool nose geometry have a significant influence on the formation and characteristics of the burr formed on the exit edge. Under finishing conditions, exit angles greater than 90° and large tool nose radii facilitate the formation of large primary burrs. Under roughing conditions, on the contrary, the exit angle affects the type of burr produced on the exit edge, whereas the tool nose geometry only influences the burr size. The formation of primary and secondary burrs is mainly determined by the chip flow angle ρ; primary (wavy) burrs usually form for ρ > ρt (where the transition chip flow angle ρt ≈ 42°, in this case) and secondary (tear) burrs for r < rt.