Journal articles on the topic 'Face, juvenile literature'

Juvenile cellulitis (JC) is a rare skin disease of puppies. Its recognition is important, since spontaneous resolution is rare an untreated animals can die. It is probably an immune-mediated disorder, characterized by sudden onset of skin lesions on the face, ear and submandibular lymphadenomegaly. This article presents a literature review and two case reports of JC: a two-month-old female dachshund and a fifty-day male pointer, both with alopecia, edema, crusting, papules and pustules in the face, blepharitis, enlarged lymph nodes and genital edema. Treatment was based on the administration of prednisone and cephalexin. Soon after treatment onset, the dachshund began to present otitis and the pointer, tetraparesis and bacterial folliculitis. There was remission of signs three weeks and seven weeks after therapy onset, but scars remained. The recognition of the disease enables the use of immunosuppressants that, if instituted early, improve the prognosis.

Anthropomorphism, the imposition of human traits on nonhuman objects and animals, is an ancient tradition in the art of storytelling. Existing studies on anthropomorphism in literature have mostly focused on its being a satirical device in adult fiction but paid less attention to how anthropomorphism is constructed in literature for children. This study was executed to examine the depiction of anthropomorphism through folktales, modern fables, and digitales-in selected contemporary Nigerian prose narratives for children intending to establish the use of anthropomorphized characters to bring abstract concepts to life. Jean Piaget’s cognitive constructivism was adopted as the theoretical framework for the study. Five narratives were purposively selected because of their relevance to the study. The narratives were subjected to critical analyses. The face of anthropomorphism is revealed as a rhetorical tool through personification and metaphoric expressions. Anthropomorphism in children’s narratives serves as an attention grabber and a means of giving concrete information on learning through cognitive constructivism which is effective through a literature-based learning experience. In juvenile literature, anthropomorphism is used in building a relational attitude between the young readers and the fictional characters in the text for subtle facilitation of knowledge.

COVID-19 mitigation efforts resulted in many schools making the transition to online and remote instruction. Juvenile delinquents, as a group, attained lower academic achievement before the pandemic, and little was known how juvenile delinquents’ education fared after schools ceased face-to-face instruction. Using a mixed methods approach, three steps were conducted to analyze the education of juvenile delinquents in the United States: a qualitative literature review, a grounded theory study of teachers’ concerns in traditional schools, and an instrumental case study of juvenile delinquents’ enrollment during COVID-19. Researchers and experts recommended the development of a community online and in remote instruction, but most teachers felt overwhelmed and unable to rise to the challenge. Juvenile delinquents responded by most students disappearing from school attendance rolls. A grand theme, to shift the nature of online learning, is offered based upon the convergence of the research findings. A theory of humanistic schooling online, centered on a community of learners with the dimensions of academics, physical health, social, and attention to the individual, offers to radically transform practices and past recommendations.

We still encounter many students at school who often commit acts that violate school rules, in other words, there are juvenile delinquents. The existence of juvenile delinquency behavior needs to get special attention and approach. In this paper the author offers an approach or reality counseling to overcome the phenomenon of juvenile delinquency in students due to broken homes. The purpose of this counseling practice is to find out the efforts and success in dealing with broken home juvenile delinquency through reality counseling. The method used is a literature review or also called a literature review where a study makes descriptions of reading sources, be it books, journals, articles, and magazines. Literature review or called a literature review or literature review, a literature review is a description or description of literature that is relevant to a particular field or topic. The findings of this research are the counselor invites the counselee to understand and make the counselee aware that the condition of a broken home does not always have to be used as an excuse for the counselee to commit acts of delinquency as a way of fulfilling their basic needs. Reality counseling helps counselees face reality and meet basic needs without harming themselves or others. The counselee is invited to act realistically according to the fact that he is in a family environment that is not conducive to meeting his needs.

Incarcerated youth in the United States face many barriers to literacy learning. This paper collects and analyzes research on literacy programs in juvenile correctional facilities. The review of literature reveals a troubled institution lacking resources and clear solutions. Few articles deeply consider students’ cultures, literacy identities, and voices. This discovery suggests that new approaches to research of incarcerated youth’s literacy learning are needed. The paper calls for research that investigates and observes how literacy identities of incarcerated youth can be utilized to increase literacy learning both within and outside the correctional facility. The author further suggests that this goal could best be achieved by considering the theoretical frameworks of Bakhtin, Freire, and Peck, Flower, and Higgins.

The present study describes the main associations between the occurrence of crimes of robbery, homicide, assault, and vandalism in the face of exposure to risk factors for juvenile delinquency, according to the literature consulted. For this, expert knowledge is processed through the AHP multi-criteria decision method and statistical analysis for data validation. A random selection of 350 files of minors under 21 years of age processed during the year 2021 for causes attributable to homicide, robbery, property damage, and assault was carried out, as well as a bibliographic review to determine the study variables to be analyzed. It was observed that drug consumption is associated with the occurrence of vandalism, homicides, and robberies. Likewise, a statistically significant association was observed between belonging to criminal gangs and the occurrence of vandalism and robbery. The analysis carried out revealed the existence of significant relationships in terms of exposure to violent housing environments and the performance of robbery, vandalism, and assault in the young defendants. It was possible to observe the existence of a certain degree of association between child abuse and the occurrence of robbery and assault.

Young people with long-term health conditions (LTCs) can face challenges when making the transition to adult health services. This paper sought to identify studies that assess and explore transitional care for young people with LTCs. Two conditions were used as exemplars: juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and epilepsy. A scoping review of the literature was conducted by using search terms to search for papers in English between 2001 and 2016 concerning transitional care on four databases. Qualitative papers were reviewed and synthesized using thematic analysis. Quantitative papers using health outcomes were also synthesized. Twenty-eight papers were selected for review. Despite the wealth of literature concerning aspects of transitional care that are key to a successful transition for young people with JIA or epilepsy, there is a paucity of outcomes that define ‘successful’ transition and consequently a lack of reliable research evaluating the effectiveness of transitional care interventions to support young people moving to adult health services.

In Europe, 82% of minors use a social network (SN). Although SNs offer opportunities for social interaction, they also involve some risks, such as online sexual victimization (OSV). As many as 39% of teenagers are estimated to be at risk of OSV. The literature suggests that risky online behaviors, such as sexting, indiscriminate expansion of SNs, and intimate and face-to-face relationships with strangers met online, can increase the risk of OSV among adolescents. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of OSV and related risk factors in a sample of early adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted based on 310 Italian adolescents (12–14 years old) who completed the Juvenile Online Victimization Questionnaire (JOV-Q). Sixty percent of the sample reported at least one form of OSV, with males more at risk than females. Age, gender, and online risk behaviors are predictors of different kinds of OSV. In the whole sample, the most frequent kind of OSV was unwanted exposure to sexual content, followed by sexual pressure, online grooming, and sexual coercion. Sexting and indiscriminate expansion of one’s network increase the likelihood of having been the target of at least 1 OSV in the past year. Early adolescents can face a higher risk of OSV than adolescents, based on known percentages. The study of the prevalence and risk factors in this age group therefore deserves specific attention in order to design programs to prevent and combat OSV.

Abstract Literature studies have shown that older persons face an array of challenges, among them parenting a delinquent grandchild. This study adopted both a qualitative approach and paradigm, supported by an explorative and a descriptive case study design. The study sampled eleven participants, and data were collected using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with grandparents, a community committee member, and probation officers. Measures employed by grandparent households in tandem with the Department of Social Development were unearthed. These included, but were not limited to, corporal punishment, seeking assistance from relatives, seeking assistance from social workers, and creating attachment. This article recommends that the government prioritize the grandparents’ vulnerability to the dangers of parenting difficult children, either by freeing them from such a harmful environment, or putting measures in place to manage children in conflict with the law, with special attention to grandparent-headed households.

BackgroundYouth involved in the juvenile justice system have high reproductive health needs and, on exiting detention, face the challenging transition of reentry. We conducted a systematic literature review to describe what is known about youths’ reproductive health needs during community reentry after incarceration.MethodsWe searched PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for articles containing key words with the concepts ‘child or adolescent’, ‘incarcerated’ and 'reentry'. In the search, we defined the concept of ‘reentry’ as within 1 month prior to release (to include interventions involving pre-release planning) and up to 18 months after release from incarceration.ResultsOur search yielded 2187 articles. After applying all exclusion criteria, 14 articles on reproductive health remained for extraction. The articles provided data on the following aspects of youths’ reproductive health: frequency of condom use (eight articles), sexual risk behaviours other than lack of condom use (seven articles), and prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (three articles).ConclusionsThe literature on the reproductive health needs of youth undergoing reentry is extremely limited. Current intervention studies yield mixed but promising results and more intervention studies that address both pre-release reentry planning and the post-incarceration period are needed. Given incarcerated youths’ well-documented reproductive health disparities compared with non-incarcerated adolescents, the identified gaps represent important opportunities for future research and programmatic emphasis.

This article is organized in a way to help youth practitioners recognize the most pertinent issues faced by female juveniles and to provide help in guiding professional interactions, communication and decision-making. The guidelines discussed are suggestions for practice based on an empirical review of the literature. Recent research has identified ten characteristics of female juvenile offenders to consider when working with this population. These areas include: (a) impaired cognitive functioning, (b) low academic achievement, (c) weak language skills, (d) peer relationships, (e) onset of menarche, (f) early sexual experiences, (g) mental illness, (h) victimization (i) low self-esteem and (j) race.

Abstract Introduction and Case Presentation - A 4 yrs old female with sickle cell disease (SCD) and intermittent asthma presented with polyarthralgia predominantly involving bilateral hip and knee joints and became non-ambulatory over a course of 2 months. She developed chronic facial swelling, and a pruritic erythematous rash involving face, extensor surface of the hand and the right knee with significant weight loss. Physical examination was significant for heliotropic rash on the eyelids, Also present were Gottron's papules and macules on both hands and right knee along with right leg tenderness, muscle weakness, wasting and decreased range of motion at bilateral hip joints along with inguinal lymphadenopathy. Investigations were significant for severe anemia with hyperactive bone marrow, metabolic acidosis, normonatremic dehydration with absence of any evidence of an ongoing infectious process. Her Anti Nucleic acid antibody (ANA) panel, Aldolase, Rheumatoid factor and Angiotensin-1-Converting Enzyme levels were unremarkable. Creatine kinase levels were near normal. Her Neopterin and LDH levels were significantly elevated. Imaging with MRI scan with multiplanar multisequence of bilateral lower extremities and Pelvis showed significant diffuse myositis and soft tissue swelling. The diagnostic criterion for Juvenile Dermatomyositis include: (1) the typical pathognomonic rashes, (2) elevated muscle enzymes, (3) symmetric proximal muscle weakness and neck flexors, (4) muscle biopsy characteristic of juvenile dermatomyositis, and (5) EMG findings characteristic of juvenile dermatomyositis. Having ruled out an infectious process a muscle biopsy was performed, which also was subjected to Electron Microscopic (EM) analysis as the patient did not have extremely high muscle enzymes, necessitating a muscle biopsy . Hematoxylin & eosin stained sections were compatible with inflammatory myopathy. Ultrastructural examination demonstrated myofiber size variability, frequent rounded atrophic fibers with myofibrillar disarray, internalized nuclei, and increased interstitial collagen deposition. Endomysial capillaries were decreased in number, but showed reactive endothelial changes. Some showed prominent endothelial tubuloreticular inclusions (Figure),characteristic of JD. In summary, absence of serologic and tissue evidence of any other inflammatory myopathy, offending pharmacotherapy, infectious disease and presence of imaging and tissue evidence (vascular injury and tubuloreticular inclusions) comprised the work up of a child with SCD with Dermatomyositis. Management- Prompt treatment with prednisone (2 mg/kg/day), methotrexate (10 mg) weekly and monthly IVIG (2gm/kg/dose) infusions was started, once diagnosis was confirmed showing a dramatic clinical response. Prednisone was slowly tapered after 1 month of treatment. She showed gradual improvement in her symptoms, the strength in proximal muscle in both upper and lower limbs improved eventually to a point where the contractures in the elbows and knees improved and she started ambulating without support. Patient's Hydroxyurea was restarted at a low dose of 15mg/kg/day and increased to 20 mg/kg/day slowly, as her systemic symptoms of Dermatomyositis subsided. Discussion- Working up a child with SCD who presents with sudden onset non weight bearing can be complicated. Vaso-occlusive bony pain crisis , Osteomyelitis , septic arthritis are common clinical scenarios, but an underlying rheumatologic illness in pediatric SCD patient mimicking a sickle cell pain crisis presents a unique diagnostic challenge one which, albeit has been reported in literature, but rarely includes electron microscopic ultrastructural examination as part of evidence and work up. This patient's relatively mild muscle enzyme elevation and Hydroxyurea therapy made the initial diagnosis more challenging. We present the first pediatric SCD patient with clinically and pathologically proven case of Dermatomyositis with EM evidence, highlighting a unique clinical scenario ,diagnostic challenges and management strategies. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Jain: Octapharma: Consultancy; CSL Behring: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; GBT: Consultancy; Blue Bird Bio: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau.

This article approaches the study of children’s literature as a threshold of change that allows readers to explore the reality around them, imagine other worlds and understand other perspectives. Based on the notion of the child’s cognitive development organized into four stages ―pre-reading, fantastic stage, fantastic-realistic stage and aesthetics stage― reading becomes a resource to combine fantasy and experience where the mirror is a highly suggestive element and prone to hundreds of interpretations and applications as can be seen in the plots of well-known books such as the brother Grimm’s Snow White, Lewis Carroll’s Through the Looking-Glass, Michael Ende’s The Neverending story and J.K. Rowling’s The Philosopher’s Stone, among others. As a result, as young readers go from one stage to another, the mirror gains greater symbolic complexity and they face the discovery of the self and the other as well as the confrontation between the so-called primary and secondary worlds, reality and the marvelous.

Human usage of coastal water bodies continues to increase and many invertebrates face a broad suite of anthropogenic stressors (e.g., warming, pollution, acidification, fishing pressure). Underwater sound is a stressor that continues to increase in coastal areas, but the potential impact on invertebrates is not well understood. In addition to masking natural sound cues which may be important for behavioral interactions, there is a small but increasing body of scientific literature indicating sublethal physiological stress may occur in invertebrates exposed to high levels of underwater sound, particularly low frequency sounds such as vessel traffic, construction noise, and some types of sonar. Juvenile and sub-adult blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) and American lobsters (Homarus americanus) were exposed to simulated low-frequency vessel noise (a signal was low-pass filtered below 1 kHz to ensure low-frequency content only) and mid-frequency sonar (a 1-s 1.67 kHz continuous wave pulse followed by a 2.5 to 4.0 kHz 1-s linear frequency modulated chirp) and behavioral response (the animal’s activity level) was quantified during and after exposure using EthoVision XT™ from overhead video recordings. Source noise was quantified by particle acceleration and pressure. Physiological response to the insults (stress and recovery) were also quantified by measuring changes in hemolymph heat shock protein (HSP27) and glucose over 7 days post-exposure. In general, physiological indicators returned to baseline levels within approximately 48 h, and no observable difference in mortality between treatment and control animals was detected. However, there was a consistent amplified hemolymph glucose signal present 7 days after exposure for those animals exposed to mid-frequency sound and there were changes to C. sapidus competitive behavior within 24 h of exposure to sound. These results stress the importance of considering the impacts of underwater sound among the suite of stressors facing marine and estuarine invertebrates, and in the discussion of management actions such as protected areas, impact assessments, and marine spatial planning efforts.

BackgroundMONA) Multicentric Osteolysis, subcutaneous Nodulosis and Athropathy(is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by inactivating mutations in the matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) gene.It is manifested by osteolysis of the carpal and tarsal bones, progressive joint contractures, and fibrocollagenous nodules (1,2). In addition, there are reports of gingival hypertrophy, pigmented skin lesions, coarse face, corneal opacities, and cardiac defects (1,3). Because of joint contractures and dysmorphic features and radiological findings, it can be misdiagnosed as juvenile idiopathic arthritis and mucopolysaccharidoses respectively(4). Most affected children are apparently normal at birth with symptoms’ onset usually between six months and six years of age (5); the range is from birth to 11 years (2).To date, 51 individuals have been identified with biallelic pathogenic variants in MMP2 (3,6).Here we report a case of child MONA and galactosemia which is not known before.ObjectivesTo share this interesting extremely rare presentation and new associationMethodsAn eight year old Iraqi boy with Galactosemia at the 4th month of life presented with 4 years history of fractures of his long and short bones after trivial traumas with progressive painful deformities in hands and feet with limitation motion He has seizures, and Atrial septal defects. Intellect is normal, He had coarse facial features, hypertelorism, gum hypertrophy with high arched palate and hirsutism. Painful subcutaneous nodules involving both palms and soles (Figure 1).Figure 1.ResultsThe immunological, hematological and ultrasound were normal. The X-rays showed osteopenia, decrease in joint space and resorption of phalanges with cortical thinning and expansion of the phalangeal and metacarpal bones was a distinct finding (Figure 1). Genetic study revealed Homozygous MMP2 mutation.ConclusionDiagnosis of MONA Combined with galactosemia was made.References[1]Tuysuz B, Mosig R, Altun G, Sancak S, Glucksman MJ, Martignetti JA. A novel matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) terminal hemopexin domain mutation in a family with multicentric osteolysis with nodulosis and arthritis with cardiac defects. European journal of human genetics. 2009;17(5):565–72.[2]Castberg FC, Kjaergaard S, Mosig RA, Lobl M, Martignetti C, Martignetti JA, et al. Multicentric osteolysis with nodulosis and arthropathy (MONA) with cardiac malformation, mimicking polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis: case report and literature review. European journal of pediatrics. 2013;172(12):1657–63.[3]Bhavani GS, Shah H, Shukla A, Gupta N, Gowrishankar K, Rao AP, et al. Clinical and mutation profile of multicentric osteolysis nodulosis and arthropathy. Am J Med Genet A. 2016 Feb;170A(2):410–7.[4]L. Kröger et al., “A novel mutation in the matrix metallopeptidase 2 coding gene associated with intrafamilial variability of multicentric osteolysis, nodulosis, and arthropathy,” Mol. Genet. genomic Med., vol. 7, no. 8, p. e802, 2019.[5]Azzollini J, Rovina D, Gervasini C, Parenti I, Fratoni A, Cubellis MV, et al. Functional characterisation of a novel mutation affecting the catalytic domain of MMP2 in siblings with multicentric osteolysis, nodulosis and arthropathy. Journal of human genetics. 2014;59(11):631–7.[6]H. Elsebaie, M. A. Mansour, S. M. Elsayed, S. Mahmoud, and T. A. El-Sobky, “Multicentric Osteolysis, Nodulosis, and Arthropathy in Two Unrelated Children with Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 Variants: Genetic-Skeletal Correlations,” 2021.Disclosure of InterestsNone declared

Este artigo visa a discutir a tradução de literatura juvenil distópica no Brasil, considerando a demanda por este subgênero e sua relação direta com as escolhas do tradutor. Com base na Teoria dos Polissistemas (Even-Zohar 1990 [1978]) e nos conceitos de manipulação e patronagem (Lefevere 1992b), argumentamos que o polissistema literário brasileiro sofre influência de forças externas e internas que propiciam a entrada do subgênero distopia no sistema e que a literatura juvenil, tradicionalmente periférica ao sistema literário, tende a assumir posições mais privilegiadas face ao crescente consumo do subgênero, que estimula a produção nacional. No que diz respeito às escolhas tradutórias, analisamos qualitativamente, com base em Berman (2013 [1985]), trechos dos três volumes da trilogia Divergent, de Veronica Roth. Defendemos que as escolhas do tradutor estão sujeitas às pressões dos demais sistemas que coexistem ao sistema literário, podendo, dessa forma, sofrer deformações na medida em que buscam se adequar ao polissistema-alvo.

O artigo estuda o alcance da tradição oral no contemporâneo ao traçar uma leitura da obra Meu tio lobisomem, de Manu Maltez, do ponto de vista dos desdobramentos da tradição oral na literatura infantil e juvenil e do modo como essa confluência busca apoio e beneficia-se das mídias digitais. O primeiro campo de análise discute o diálogo textual e cultural entre a literatura infantojuvenil e os contos de tradição oral. O segundo momento aborda a versão digital do livro, publicada simultaneamente com a versão de papel, que estabelece a questão sobre os ganhos e as perdas de uma mídia para outra e como cada uma contribui para a representação da passagem da infância para a adolescência nas teias da tradição e da tecnologia.

Este trabalho consiste em uma análise comparativa das obras O beijo da palavrinha e A chuva pasmada do escritor moçambicano Mia Couto, obras endereçadas ao público infantil e juvenil. O objetivo é investigar consonâncias e divergências dos tratamentos literários dados às temáticas da morte e da infância, e analisar, a partir desses tratamentos, processos histórico-culturais que permitem equacionar as heranças coloniais no contexto social e político de Moçambique. O protagonismo infantil e as representações literárias das famílias frente à morte permitem refletir sobre o lugar da infância como lugar de trânsito e de produção de cultura o que, em consequência, desloca o papel do adulto e das instituições sociais e permite pensar na multiplicidade sócio-cultural constitutiva das identidades individuais e sociais. Buscamos, com tais deslocamentos observados nas propostas literárias concernentes ao corpus deste trabalho, defender a necessidade de aprimorar o processo de descolonização política e epistemológica dos espaços sociais marginalizados, compreendendo a modernidade e o sistema-mundo capitalista como a dupla face da colonialidade.---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21881/abriluff.2016n17a373

This study aims to determine the process of proving a crime if the perpetrator is a child according to Law no. 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System and the obstacles faced in the process of proving criminal acts committed by children. This research was conducted in Tegal, namely the Tegal District Court, the Slawi District Attorney and the Tegal Police, the authors conducted interviews with 1 (one) prosecutor, 1 (one) judge and 1 (one) police investigator, as well as other data obtained through the relevant literature, namely literature, documents and laws and regulations relating to the problem. The data obtained were then processed and analyzed qualitatively-descriptively. Based on the results of research and discussion, the process of proving a crime in a child case is different from proving a general crime (a criminal case for adults). The process of proving a child's crime is regulated in Law no. 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System starting from the process of investigation, arrest and detention, prosecution to examination in court. In terms of evidence in proving cases of child crimes, it is not specifically regulated in the SPPA Law, therefore it still refers to the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) Article 184. The absence of guidelines for the implementation of diversion practices for law enforcement officers causes the implementation diversion varies depending on the understanding of law enforcement officers and the lack of understanding in the application of the SPPA Law by law enforcement officers.

This study aims to determine the process of proving a crime if the perpetrator is a child according to Law no. 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System and the obstacles faced in the process of proving criminal acts committed by children. This research was conducted in Tegal, namely the Tegal District Court, the Slawi District Attorney and the Tegal Police, the authors conducted interviews with 1 (one) prosecutor, 1 (one) judge and 1 (one) police investigator, as well as other data obtained through the relevant literature, namely literature, documents and laws and regulations relating to the problem. The data obtained were then processed and analyzed qualitatively-descriptively. Based on the results of research and discussion, the process of proving a crime in a child case is different from proving a general crime (a criminal case for adults). The process of proving a child's crime is regulated in Law no. 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System starting from the process of investigation, arrest and detention, prosecution to examination in court. In terms of evidence in proving cases of child crimes, it is not specifically regulated in the SPPA Law, therefore it still refers to the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) Article 184. The absence of guidelines for the implementation of diversion practices for law enforcement officers causes the implementation diversion varies depending on the understanding of law enforcement officers and the lack of understanding in the application of the SPPA Law by law enforcement officers.

<p>Este trabalho consiste em uma análise comparativa das obras <em>O beijo da palavrinha </em>e <em>A chuva pasmada </em>do escritor moçambicano Mia Couto, obras endereçadas ao público infantil e juvenil. O objetivo é investigar consonâncias e divergências dos tratamentos literários dados às temáticas da morte e da infância, e analisar, a partir desses tratamentos, processos histórico-culturais que permitem equacionar as heranças coloniais no contexto social e político de Moçambique. O protagonismo infantil e as representações literárias das famílias frente à morte permitem refletir sobre o lugar da infância como lugar de trânsito e de produção de cultura o que, em consequência, desloca o papel do adulto e das instituições sociais e permite pensar na multiplicidade sócio-cultural constitutiva das identidades individuais e sociais. Buscamos, com tais deslocamentos observados nas propostas literárias concernentes ao <em>corpus </em>deste trabalho, defender a necessidade de aprimorar o processo de descolonização política e epistemológica dos espaços sociais marginalizados, compreendendo a modernidade e o sistema-mundo capitalista como a dupla face da colonialidade.</p><p>---</p><p>DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21881/abriluff.2016n17a373</p>

Legal protection for children who are faced with the law is one of the important issues that must be considered by all parties to avoid the negative impact felt by children if their rights are violated. The purpose of this study is to analyze the legal protection of children as perpetrators of the crime of theft, and to examine criminal sanctions against children who commit the crime of theft. The method used is normative legal research. This research approach is a conceptual and literature approach, with the primary legal sources coming from legislation and decisions, while the secondary legal sources come from legal journals and law books. Data collection is done by collecting data and summarizing. The results of the study show that legal protection for children as perpetrators of criminal cases is based on Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, which is known as litigation, non-litigation through deversion, children who commit criminal cases are called with children in conflict with the law. Children in conflict with the law are children aged 12 (twelve) years, who are suspected of committing the crime of theft. This study shows that the sanctions are in accordance with the provisions of the juvenile criminal justice system, in which the child is punished for a maximum of seven years in prison or a fine of nine hundred thousand rupiahs

O Fibroma Ossificante Central (FOC) é uma neoplasia benigna de origem fibro-óssea incomum que acomete os ossos da face, caracterizado pela substituição da arquitetura óssea normal por tecido conjuntivo rico em fibroblastos e fibras colágenas, com deposição de material mineralizado em quantidade e morfologia variada. Estudos tem demonstrado a existência de muita superposição entre os aspectos clínicos, imaginológicos e histopatológicos das lesões fibro-ósseas benignas dos maxilares, determinando dificuldades no estabelecimento de um diagnóstico seguro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso de FOC em uma localização incomum, com ênfase na discussão de sua etiopatogênese e critérios de diagnóstico diferencial imaginológico e histopatológico entre esta entidade e a outras lesões fibro-ósseas dos maxilares, como a displasia óssea fibrosa e o fibroma ossificante juvenil agressivo. A análise do caso e sua relação com a literatura vigente permitiu concluir que é de extrema relevância que o diagnóstico do FOC seja devidamente embasado numa correlação de achados clinicopatológicos para assegurar o estabelecimento do diagnóstico e terapêutica mais apropriados.

Malformações dentárias são comuns em mamíferos silvestres, entretanto, são pouco documentadas na literatura científica. Nesse sentido, o conhecimento das condições patológicas dentárias em espécies de vida livre é fundamental para a medicina veterinária, permitindo o diagnóstico e tratamento destas enfermidades. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar a persistência de dente canino decíduo em gato-do-mato-pequeno (Leopardus guttulus), doado pela polícia militar ambiental ao Laboratório de Zoologia do Centro Universitário Cesumar - UniCesumar, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. Analisou-se o crânio de um felino macho (comprimento da face: 2 cm; comprimento do crânio: 6,3cm; comprimento total do crânio: 7,5cm; largura da face: 4,5cm; largura do crânio: 5,3 cm). Observando a dentição e discretas fusões de suturas cranianas, foi estimado que era um animal juvenil. O espécime apresentou persistência dos dentes caninos decíduos maxilares direito e esquerdo, localizados caudalmente aos caninos permanentes. Ambos os caninos decíduos mandibulares apresentaram uma fenda na coroa, que não se estendeu à região da raiz dentária. Os caninos decíduos e permanentes maxilares direito e esquerdo ocupavam o mesmo alvéolo. Os pré-molares decíduos maxilares estavam projetados, mas não os mandibulares, assim como os molares maxilares e mandibulares. Devido à falta de informações sobre a idade em que os dentes decíduos esfoliam e os definitivos sofrem erupção em L. guttulus e em outras espécies brasileiras, estudos devem ser conduzidos em filhotes mantidos em cativeiro, visando avaliar enfermidades orais e dentais e como estas se manifestam em felinos silvestres.

AbstractJuvenal's synkrisis between Orestes and Nero climaxes with the statement that the former never played Orestes; the implied antithesis, that Nero did play Nero, gains point from the princeps' practice of wearing masks resembling his own face. This blurring of the distinction between 'playing Nero' and 'playing Orestes' problematizes the princeps' identity. This problematization is furthered by the peculiarities of Orestes, who in various tragic plots repeatedly either plays other roles or is himself impersonated. This is part of Satire 8's wider exploration of identity as underdetermined by ancestry and the inadequacy of names as signifiers. The further statement that Orestes never wrote a Troica is illuminated by its intertextual engagement with Callimachus Epigr. 59 G-P, in which the poet's loss of his 'Pyladeses' through writing a play contrasts with Orestes' omission of this final act of madness. The Callimachean Orestes thus keeps distinct the roles of tragedian and tragic hero, poet and character, thereby foregrounding Nero's failure to maintain this distinction. By blurring his identity with that of Paris in both his epic and his alleged burning of Rome, Nero confuses the categories of artist and perpetrator, creator and character, just as he and Orestes confuse those of actor and role.

Apresentação Nascido em São Paulo (1962), Fernando Bonassi destaca-se como contista, roteirista, dramaturgo, romancista e cineasta premiado internacionalmente. Várias de suas produções estão publicadas em antologias brasileiras e estrangeiras. Como autor de literatura e como produtor cinematográfico, reconhecido pela crítica pelo poder corrosivo e cáustico de sua linguagem artística, Bonassi demonstra especiais habilidades comunicativas de expressar ficcionalmente faces do mundo contemporâneo tão marcado por consumismo, violência e instantaneidades. Seus livros 100 histórias colhidas da rua (Editora Scritta, 1996) e Passaporte (Editora Cosac & Naify, 2001) podem, certamente, constar entre as melhores coletâneas de micronarrativas publicadas no Brasil nas últimas décadas. Neste último, por exemplo, tendo o passaporte como metonímia, narradores múltiplos empreendem uma flânerie por espaços diversos do mundo, como se percorressem labirintos de uma cidade única que apenas muda de nome, com fronteiras imaginárias: o que se representa, nessas breves crônicas do cotidiano, é o humano, em sua contundente realidade de derrisão utópica. Para o cinema, Bonassi produziu roteiros de Os matadores, Carandiru, Garotas do ABC, Cazuza, Através da janela, Castelo Rá Tim Bum; destaca-se, também, com as produções teatrais de Preso entre ferragens, Três cigarros e a Última Lasanha, além de ter escrito e dirigido o monólogo O incrível menino na fotografia – entre outros textos. Entre suas produções destinadas ao público infantil e juvenil, incluem-se os títulos: Uma carta para Deus (Formato, 1997), O pequeno fascista (Cosac Naify, 2005), Diário de guerra de São Paulo (Publifolha, 2007) e Montanha-russa (Cosac Naify, 2008). Na entrevista a seguir, o autor fala de sua produção destinada ao público infantil e juvenil: sua sensibilidade e atenção para a contemporaneidade e a crueza das relações sociais que afetam a infância e a juventude reverberam na estética de Bonassi, trazendo provocações intensas ao leitor, oferecendo, de certo modo, uma espécie de lógica potente para compreensão dos sentidos.
 PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Fernando Bonassi. Literatura Infantojuvenil. Contemporaneidade. Entrevista.

Objectives: The use of youth sexual and reproductive health (YSRH) services is low in poor nations like Ethiopia. This puts individuals at risk for a variety of sexual and reproductive health issues. Thus, the goal of this study is to evaluate how young people in East Wollega, Western Ethiopia, perceive and use YSRH services. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional quantitative study mixed with a qualitative inquiry was conducted among 771 participants from February 1 to 28, 2020. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using pretested structured questionnaires adopted from reviewed works of literature on YSRH services. Data were entered using Epi Info version 7.0 and analyzed by SPSS version 20. The qualitative data was collected using interview guides and checklists. These data were analyzed using a thematic framework approach. Results: In this study, 48.2% of teens felt that the YSRH service units’ location within the medical facilities was inconvenient and difficult to access. More than half, 71.3% of participants, concurred that the health providers offer services that are technically sound. The confidentiality of information is disputed by 18% of participants at YSRH service locations. The limited awareness and use of YSRH services was investigated. Because of their fear of embarrassment, lack of privacy, the providers’ attitudes and workload, and the service unit’s awkward location, the adolescents believe they lack the confidence to use YSRH services. Conclusion: Due to low awareness, providers’ attitudes, and characteristics specific to health facilities, such as poorly placed service sites inside such facilities, a lack of services offered there, and a terrible work environment, youth had a negative opinion of YSRH services. Therefore, it is advised that families, local authorities, the medical field, the educational field, and the media all collaborate to alter public opinions of juveniles by utilizing youth-friendly strategies. The authors advise health facilities to respect young people’s privacy, alter health workers’ attitudes, let them use the services, remove obstacles to payment, designate enough health workers for both working and non-working hours, and reorganize the services.

This research chooses the method of narrative literature review to analyze the barriers in implementing tobacco regulatory policies in China and explore the strategies that can overcome these challenges. China is the world’s largest producer and consumer of tobacco products. Although the prevalence of cigarette smoking declined from 34.5% to 27.7% between 1984 and 2015, the reduction over the 30 years has been slow. Therefore, effective tobacco regulatory policies are necessary. However, as the tobacco industry is one of the major sources of government revenue and an indispensable part of the national economy, the implementation of tobacco regulatory policies faces many challenges. In terms of the institutional dimension, the ambiguous attitude of national institutions and tobacco companies’ development strategies impede the enforcement of tobacco policies. In addition, the primary economic barrier to tobacco control is the unwillingness of the government to raise value-added tax on tobacco. Finally, the social customs of exchanging individual cigarettes and gifting packaged cigarettes among adults and juveniles in China hinder the implementation of tobacco regulatory policies. In this case, a combined strategy of top-down and bottom-up approaches can remove these barriers, such as using the authoritative power to control tobacco use and raising non-smokers’ awareness of smoking risks and public education.

The institution of diversion of juveniles from the criminal justice system is reflected in various international legal documents on the protection of child rights. This is a very significant and at the same time, according to critics, a rather controversial international standard. Thanks to the ongoing disputes between supporters and opponents of the institute and the constant work on mistakes, it has been developed in many countries. In order to get a full and objective idea of it, the article examines the reasons for its occurrence, stages of formation, prospects for the development of theory and practice. It is very important that at the time and throughout its existence, diversion measures faced strong resistance, but as a result, supporters of measures to divert from the formal justice system only grew in time and their positions were strengthened in science and practice. Research and years of meta-analyzes prove that they are more effective than formal criminal justice procedures. Research and years of meta-analyzes prove that they are more effective than formal criminal justice procedures. At the same time, it must be recognized that the results of these studies also show that diversion measures are not a panacea in themselves, but many times more effective than the official and formal process of criminal investigation and prosecution. In this regard, the article provides a review of foreign literature and the national law enforcement experience of the countries of the United States, England, Germany, and Japan. Its purpose is to obtain as much evidence of good practice as possible to ensure the best interests of a child in criminal proceedings, as well as to assess and avoid the risks of the negative experience of countries in implementating international legal instruments. In addition, it provides an overview of concepts and research findings on the diversion of juveniles from the criminal justice system, which also creates the basis for a smooth and competent implementation of these measures based on evidence-based findings.

The historical novel for children is the kind of Literature that transmits to young readers the historical knowledge in a pleasant and easy way, thanks to its entertaining and recreational character. The fictional heroes in most children's historical novels are social examples for the young readers, who adopt behaviors and motivations through observation. Additionally, the postmodern attestation of History as narration, with the appointment of microhistory - which is favored when the psychography of fictional heroes is on the forthground and when historical facts are interpreted from different perspectives and under various visual angles - spur many writers to provide marginal characters with space as well as speech.
 Bearing in mind that the byzantine era is a common subject in Children’s Literature and contemporary novelists try to educate children and at the same time bring out Byzantium's charm either by highlighting neglected historic events or by examining already known faces and facts from a fresh angle and given the fact that the concept of intertextuality in literature is a way to build up interpretive communities among young readers, this paper examines Greek writer’s, Penelope Maximos, five historical novels for children entitled as In the years of Alexios Komninos, (Stochastis, 1984), The first crusaders in Byzantium; 1096-1099 AD (Stochastis, 1989), Emmanouil Komninos. The knight emperor (Stochastis, 1990), The downfall of Thessaloniki. In the years of Andronikos Komninos (Stochastis, 1987) and Close to Athenais (Astir, 1972). More specifically, we will focus on the way Maximos attempted to make “visible” fictional characters who were until recently considered of less or least importance; Minors and adults who were being oppresed during the Byzantine era, such as slaves, suddenly become protagonists surrounding historic characters and, thanks to their presence, make the plot roll smoothly. In this paper will be also pointed out the way the writer chose to present to young readers female characters and their efforts not only to express their emotions freely, but also to interfere with Byzantine society and fight for their rights, in order to point out to the juvenile readers paths, thoughts and life idealism.

It is well-known that climate change significantly impacts ecosystems (at the macro-level) and individual species (at the micro-level). Among the former, estuaries are the most vulnerable and affected ecosystems. However, despite the strong relations between climate change and estuaries, there is a gap in the literature regarding international studies across different regions investigating the impacts of climate change and variability on estuaries in different geographical zones. This paper addresses this need and reviews the impacts of climate change, variability and extreme weather on estuaries. It emphasises the following: (i) a set of climate parameters governing estuarine hydrology and processes; and (ii) a sample of countries in Asia (Bangladesh), Europe (Portugal) and South America (Uruguay). We reviewed the influences of the climatic drivers of the estuarine hydrology, ecological processes and specific species in estuarine communities across the selected geographical regions, along with an analysis of their long-term implications. The key results from the three estuaries are as following: (i) Hilsa fish, of which the catches contribute to 10% of the total earnings of the fishery sector (1% of GDP), are affected by climate-forced hydrological and productivity changes in the Meghna; (ii) extreme droughts and short-term severe precipitation have driven the long-term abundance and spatial distribution of both fish larvae and juveniles/adults in the Mondego; and (iii) the river inflow and fluctuations increases since the early 1970s have contributed to variations in the salinity, the stratification, the oxygen, nutrient and trophic levels and the spatial pattern for the life stages of planktonic species, fish biomass and captures in the Rio de la Plata. The results suggested that immediate action is needed to reduce the vulnerability of estuaries to climate stressors, mainly the changing river flows, storms and sea-level rise. As a contribution to addressing current problems, we described a set of adaptation strategies to foster climate resilience and adaptive capacity (e.g., early-warning systems, dam management to prevent overflows and adaptive fisheries management). The implications of this paper are two-fold. Firstly, it showcases a variety of problems that estuaries face from changing climate conditions. Secondly, the paper outlines the need for suitable adaptive management strategies to safeguard the integrity of such vital ecosystems.

The Roman attitude toward the Ethiopian as expressed in scattered passages is far less kindly than the Greek. The usage in Terence and the Auctor ad Herennium which imply a vogue for Ethiopians is probably in imitation of Greek usage. How early the Roman attitude crystalized into racial feeling it is hard to say, and as those who express it are chiefly satirists one must be careful in drawing conclusions. Nevertheless in the absence of an expressed good will and in the face of references which have a superior or contemptuous tone it is evident that the Romans had no special affection for Ethiopians at Rome, however romantically they may have spoken of the races of distant India. The earliest passage in which they are spoken of slightingly seems to be in Cicero—cum hoc homine an cum stipite Aethiope, Cicero, De Sen., 6. The word does not occur in all the manuscripts and the Oxford and Teubner texts omit it entirely. In notes it is translated ‘blockhead’ and the statement made that in antiquity the Ethiopians were synonymous with stupidity, a conclusion obviously drawn from the passage and the modern attitude toward them. Even if the word was actually used by Cicero, this passage alone is basis for such a theory.Mrs. Beardsley (op. cit., pp.119–120), in my judgement, is wrong in her conclusion that the Roman attitude toward the Negro crystallized into racial feeling. In support of her view that the Romans referred to the Ethiopians at Rome in a superior and contemptuous tone, Mrs. Beardsley includes the following passages: (1) Cicero, Red. in Sen., 6.14 (cited incorrectly as De Sen., 6); (2) Martial, VI, 39, 6; (3) Juvenal, II, 23. Cicero, Red in Sen., 6.14…cum hoc homine an stipite Aethiope…, as Mrs. Beardsley admits, does not appear in all the manuscripts and is omitted in the best established texts. A consideration of the context leads me to believe that the editors (Oxford, Teubner, Loeb) are right in rejecting Aethiope or stipite Aethiope and in reading stipite. Nevertheless, the appearance of the variant indicates that the author of the reading used Aethiope in a derogatory sense. (It is possible that the pejorative meaning of aethiops was a medieval development.)In these two excerpts, Grace Hadley Beardsley and Frank M. Snowden, Jr., discuss the appearance of the word Aethiops (‘Aethiopian’) in Cicero's Post reditum in senatu 14. Beardsley, whose intellectual project was motivated, as Maghan Keita and, more recently, Najee Olya have discussed, by racial animus and who sought to find evidence of Greco-Roman anti-Blackness that was both consistent with, and therefore a legitimizing exemplum for, contemporary anti-Blackness in 20th-century America, took Cicero's words as ‘the earliest passage in which [Aethiopians] are spoken of slightingly’ at Rome—doing so cautiously, given the fact that most editors had deleted it from the text. Frank M. Snowden, Jr.—whose own work W.E.B. Du Bois explicitly contrasted with Beardsley—responded to Beardsley's assertion that Post reditum in senatu contained evidence of anti-Blackness with scepticism, ultimately doubting the legitimate textual presence of the term and interpreting its presence instead as an artefact of hostile scribal intervention. Indeed, both Beardsley and Snowden discuss the fact that Aethiope does not occur in all of the Cicero manuscripts. While it is true that none of the authoritative textual editions print Aethiope at Post reditum in senatu 14, the textual apparatus nonetheless demonstrates clearly that the term appears in the manuscript tradition more often than it does not:stipe P1: etiope P2stipe uel ethiope Guel aethiope stipe E1esope H

A prática de atividades esportivas ocupa um espaço cada vez maior na vida das pessoas, em especial crianças e jovens. Tal prática, quando é devidamente planejada e elaborada, pode gerar inúmeros benefícios aos participantes, como aderência a prática esportiva. Nessa circunstância, o estudo tem por objetivo organizar conteúdos vinculados a Iniciação Esportiva e aos motivos que levam crianças a permanecerem as atividades esportivas, propondo condutas que o professor de Educação Física deve apresentar na Iniciação Esportiva, com olhares para a não Especialização Esportiva Precoce. O estudo caracteriza-se como um ponto de vista, baseado nos diferentes estudos revisados na literatura. A Iniciação Esportiva pode exercer grande influência em crianças e jovens. Esta possui diferentes métodos de ensino-aprendizagem, seu processo é dinâmico, e para realizá-lo é necessário planejamento, fazendo com que a prática seja uma atividade prazerosa. Frente aos motivos, um dos motivos que pode gerar o abandono esportivo é a Especialização Precoce. Outro ponto importante a se destacar é a motivação, a qual depende de fatores extrínsecos, como pais e pais e professores, por exemplo, e intrínsecos, como fazer novas amizades, divertir-se e praticar uma atividade que tem facilidade, por exemplo. Sendo assim, tais fatores influenciam a permanência de crianças e jovens no contexto esportivo. Nesse sentido, o preparo adequado do profissional de Educação Física deve apresentar estruturação profissional adequada, visando adaptar suas aulas ao público infanto-juvenil, de modo a respeitar as especificidades e particularidades de cada fase do desenvolvimento, bem como do interesse do grupo, promovendo aulas mais atraentes, objetivando satisfação dos praticantes. Além disso, a preparação também deve ser composta por características que façam o profissional ser capaz de atender todas as expectativas impostas na Iniciação Esportiva, respeitando, é claro, o processo de pluralidade das competências motoras que devem ser trabalhadas na Iniciação Esportiva.ABSTRACT. The permanence of children and young people in sports: looks for initiation and sports specialization. The practice of sports activities occupies an increasing space in the lives of people, especially children and young people. Such practice, when properly planned and elaborated, always respecting the human development process, can generate numerous benefits to participants, such as adherence to sports practice. In this circumstance, the study aims to organize contents linked to Initiation of Sport and to the reasons that lead children to remain in sports activities, proposing behaviors that the Physical Education teacher should present in the Initiation of Sports, with a view to non-Early Specialization. The study is characterized as descriptive-propositional bibliographical. Sports Initiation can have a great influence on children and young people. It has different teaching-learning methods, its process is dynamic, and in order to do it, planning is necessary, making the practice a pleasurable activity. Faced with the reasons, one of the reasons that can cause the abandonment sport is the Early Specialization. Another important point to emphasize is motivation, which depends on extrinsic factors, such as parents and parents and teachers, for example, and intrinsic ones, such as making new friends, having fun and practicing an activity that has ease, for example. Therefore, these factors influence the permanence of children and young people in the sports context. In this sense, the appropriate preparation of the Physical Education professional must present adequate professional structure, aiming to adapt their classes to the child and youth audience, in order to respect the specificities and particularities of each stage of development, as well as the interest of the group, promoting classes more attractive, aiming the satisfaction of the practitioners. In addition, the preparation should also be composed of characteristics that make the professional to be able to meet all the expectations imposed in the Initiation of Sport, respecting, of course, the process of plurality of motor skills that must be worked on in Initiation Sport.

Abstract Background Systemic juvenile xanthogranuloma is a very rare disease typically presents as skin lesions with yellow papules or nodules and is sometimes fatal. We report a case of congenital neonatal systemic juvenile xanthogranuloma with atypical skin appearance that made the diagnosis difficult. Case presentation A preterm Japanese female neonate with prenatally diagnosed fetal hydrops in-utero was born with purpuric lesions involving the trunk and face. Since birth, she had hypoxemic respiratory failure, splenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and was transfusion dependent for red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, and platelets. Multiple cystic lesions in her liver, part of them with vascular, were detected by ultrasound. A liver biopsy was inconclusive. A skin lesion on her face similar to purpura gradually changed to a firm and solid enlarged non-yellow nodule. Technically, the typical finding on skin biopsy would have been histiocytic infiltration (without Touton Giant cells) and immunohistochemistry results which then would be consistent with a diagnosis of systemic juvenile xanthogranuloma, and chemotherapy improved her general condition. Conclusions This case report shows that skin biopsies are necessary to detect neonatal systemic juvenile xanthogranuloma when there are organ symptoms and skin eruption, even if the skin lesion does not have a typical appearance of yellow papules or nodules.

Abstract Background Huntington’s disease is a rare, autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. Usually, the disease symptoms first appear around the age of 40, but in 5–10% of cases, they manifest before the age of 21. This is then referred to as juvenile Huntington’s disease. According to the small number of cases reported in the literature, the course of juvenile Huntington’s disease significantly differs from adult onset and shows significant interpatient variability, making every case unique. Case presentation Our study aims to highlight the complexity and diversity of rare juvenile Huntington’s disease. We report cases of two Caucasian patients with chronic tics referred to the Huntington’s Disease Competence Center of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos with suspicion of juvenile Huntington’s disease due to the appearance of chronic motor tics, and behavior problems. The diagnosis of juvenile Huntington’s disease was confirmed on both clinical and genetic grounds. In both cases described, the patients developed symptoms in all three main groups: motor, cognitive, and psychiatric. However, the first patient was experiencing more severe psychiatric symptoms; in the second case, motor symptoms (rigidity, tremor) were more prominent. In both cases, apathy was one of the first symptoms and affected patients’ motivation to participate in treatment actively. These two case descriptions serve as an important message for clinicians seeing patients with chronic tics and gradually worsening mood and behavior, indicating the need to investigate them for rare genetic disorders. Conclusions Description of these two clinical cases of juvenile Huntington’s disease provides insight into how differently it manifests and progresses in young patients and the difficulties the patients and their families face. There were different but painful ways for families to accept the diagnosis. Because the disease inevitably affects the patient’s closest ones, it is crucial to also provide adequate psychological and social support to all the family members. Establishment of multidisciplinary specialist centers for Huntington’s disease, as demonstrated by our experience, not only allows timely diagnosis and treatment plans but also ensures thorough disease management and care for patients and systematic support for their families.

Abstract. The purposes of this research are to describe the juvenile delinquency,its causes and its relationship with the education in Indonesia. This research also describes and provides solution to face a juvenile delinquency through character education. This research is a descriptive-qualitative research. Listening method is used as the data collecting technique, using technique of tap and write. The sources of the data are obtained by interviews, literature study, and the articles of newspapers. The results of this research are juvenile delinquency caused by juvenile inability to filter information. It caused by the education system in Indonesia thatmore focus on cognitive aspects than morality aspects also caused by the lack of parental affection. Keywords: juvenile delinquency, education and character education Keywords; Internationalization, Higher EducationAbstrak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan kenakalan remaja, penyebabnya dan merelevansikannya dengan potret pendidikan di Indonesia. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga membahas dan menawarkan pendidikan karakter sebagai sebuah solusi dari kenakalan remaja. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Data-data dikumpulkan menggunakan metode simak dengan teknik dasar sadap dan teknik lanjutan catat. Sumber data diperoleh dari hasil wawancara, studi pustaka dan membaca realita yang sudah tercatat dalam surat kabar. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah bahwasanya kenakalan remaja disebabkan oleh lemahnya kemampuan mereka untuk menyaring informasi yang beredar, system pendidikan di Indonesia yang terlalu mengedepankan aspek kognitif dan kurangnya perhatian orang tuaKata Kunci: Kata kunci: Kenakalan remaja, potret pendidikan dan pendidikan karakter.

Literature highlights that youth in correctional centres face multiple risk factors which can be buffered by resilience. This study aimed to explore and describe the experiences of at-risk youth in a juvenile correctional centre in Eswatini regarding their resilience. The participants were purposively sampled and engaged in individual ( n = 41) and group ( n = 25) data collection. Following thematic analysis, the findings revealed four main themes: Understanding of resilience, protective factors to resilience, risk factors to resilience and youth’s recommendations for resilience. This study provides insight into resilience of youth from youth’s perspective that may be useful in rehabilitation or programme development.

Abstract Background Systemic scleroderma (SSc) is a rare generalized connective tissue disorder of poorly understood aetiology resulting in systemic fibrosis. It affects mainly women, usually in adulthood, but can occur at any age, although it is rare in children. Its prognosis is conditioned by cardiopulmonary involvement, which is the primary cause of mortality. Some innovative therapies have improved the management of this orphan disease. We report an observation of a 14-year-old child with systemic scleroderma. Observation Child B.Z, 14 years old, without any particular history, consulted for a Raynaud's phenomenon that had appeared 4 months earlier. Clinical examination reveals localized skin sclerosis on the face and extremities of the upper limbs (Rodnan score = 11), associated with inflammatory-type arthralgias. Biologically: SV = 38 mmH1, CRP = 87 mg/l, FAN at 1/320 and positive Anti-Scl70. Periungual capillaroscopy showed megacapillaries with altered capillary architecture. The frontal chest X-ray did not reveal any interstitial syndrome, the cardiac ultrasound was without abnormalities (no PAH). The diagnosis of SSc was retained, the patient was put on calcium channel blockers (Diltiazem at a dose of 120 mg/d) associated with dietary rules and NSAIDs on demand with good improvement. Conclusion Very few cases of juvenile SSc have been reported in the literature. Its diagnosis should be based on the same ACR-EULAR 2013 criteria as those for adults. Its prognosis is conditioned by visceral damage which must be diagnosed and treated early.

Incarcerated youth face many challenges as they transition back to the community. The development and implementation of person-centered transition plans have been shown to improve re-engagement in education and employment, and to reduce recidivism. There is, however, little research to guide personnel in juvenile justice settings as to what a transition plan should contain and how it could be implemented. This article offers a conceptual framework based on transition theories, the extant research literature on transition plans and services, and practitioner experience to inform transition plan components for all young people in custody, with a focus on youth with disabilities and in out-of-home care.

Introdução: O fibroma ossificante juvenil psamomatoide é um neoplasma de tecido conjuntivo fibroso celularizado, tipicamente não encapsulados de limites bem definidos, de crescimento rápido e assintomático, acometendo principalmente maxila de pacientes jovens. O diagnóstico geralmente acontece pela observação clínica da expansão cortical e deformidade facial evidente. Radiograficamente apresentam-se como lesões radiolúcidas circunscritas, com possíveis áreas radiopacas centrais. O tratamento cirúrgico através da excisão cirúrgica e curetagem parece ser o mais adequado em vista da agressividade expansiva da lesão e da baixa taxa de recidiva. Objetivo: O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar o tratamento cirúrgico de um paciente do gênero masculino, jovem, diagnosticado com fibroma ossificante juvenil psamomatoide de grande dimensões em seio maxilar esquerdo. Caso clínico: Clinicamente assintomático, com expansão da cortical óssea em fundo de sulco maxilar esquerdo, divergência de raízes dentárias, estreitamento da fossa nasal e deformidade facial esquerda, o exame radiográfico panorâmico evidenciava lesão radiolúcida circunscrita com áreas radiopacas. O tratamento de escolha foi a excisão cirúrgica completa da lesão através do acesso único de Weber-Ferguson para prover adequado acesso a todas as regiões envolvidas e manutenção da morfologia da face por meio de reconstrução com malha de titânio. Este relato de caso ilustra a conduta frente a fibroma ossificante juvenil psamomatoíde de grande proporção. Conclusão: Apesar do acesso cirúrgico eleito, a estética facial foi pouco comprometida, a malha de titânio proveu manutenção apreciável do tecido mole e a área operada encontra-se em acompanhamento pós-operatório para eventual futura reconstrução.Descritores: Fibroma Ossificante; Neoplasias de tecido ósseo; Cirurgia; Weber-Ferguson; Lesões fibro-ósseas.ReferênciasFigueiredo LM, de Oliveira TF, Paraguassú GM, de Hollanda Valente RO, da Costa WR, Sarmento VA. Psammomatoid juvenile ossifying fibroma: case study and a review. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;18(1):87-93.Speight PM, Takata T. New tumour entities in the 4th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck tumours: odontogenic and maxillofacial bone tumours. Virchows Arch. 2018;472(3):331-39.Linhares P, Pires E, Carvalho B, Vaz R. Juvenile psammomatoid ossifying fibroma of the orbit and paranasal sinuses. A case report. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2011;153(10):1983-88.Figueiredo LMG, Valente ROH, Sarmento VA, Trindade SC, Oliveira TFL, Costa WRM. Aspectos atuais no diagnóstico e tratamento do fibroma ossificante juvenil. Rev bras cir cabeça pescoço. 2012;41(2):99-102.Agarwal SP, Kumar S, Singh HP, Usmani SA. Huge ossifying fibroma maxilla. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2015;6(2):241-43.Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Bouquot JE. Patologia oral e maxilofacial. 3.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2009.El-Mofty S. Psammomatoid and trabecular juvenile ossifying fibroma of the craniofacial skeleton: two distinct clinicopathologic entities. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002;93(3):296-304.Nogueira RLM, Nonaka CFW, Cavalcante RB, Carvalho AC, Souza LB. Fibroma ossificante juvenil localizado em mandíbula: relato de caso e breve revisão da literatura. Rev cir traumatol buco-maxilo-fac. 2009; 9(1):25-32.Ranganath K, Kamath SM, Munoyath SK, Nandini HV. Juvenile psammomatoid ossifying fibroma of maxillary sinus: case report with review of literature. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2014;13(2):109-14.Toro C, Millesi W, Zerman N, Robiony M, Politi M. A case of aggressive ossifying fibroma with massive involvement in the mandible: differential diagnosis and management options. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006 Extra 1:167-72.Leimola-Virtanen R, Vähätalo K, Syrjänen S. Juvenile active ossifying fibroma of the mandible: a report of 2 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;59(4):439-44.Papadaki ME, Troulis MJ, Kaban LB. Advances in diagnosis and management of fibro-osseous lesions. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2005;17(4):415-34.Santos JN, Vieira TSLS, Góis Filho DM, Vasconcelos SJA, Azevedo RA. Displasia fibrosa: osteoplastia com acesso Weber-Ferguson. Relato de caso. Rev cir traumatol buco-maxilo-fac. 2010;10(1):73-80.Melo RB, Silva PF, Gonçalves FLN, Rodrigues AL, Pontes HAR. Tratamento cirúrgico de granuloma central de células gigantes agressivo em maxila com acesso Weber Ferguson: Relato de caso. Rev cir traumatol buco-maxilo-fac. 2014; 14(4):65-70.Reddy AV, Reddy KR, Prakash AR, Rajinikanth, Vidhyadhari P. Juvenile ossifying fibroma with aneurysamal bone cyst: a case report. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(10):ZD01-ZD2.Slootweg PJ, Müller H. Juvenile ossifying fibroma. Report of four cases. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1990;18(3):125-29.Chiavaioli GMO. Fibroma ossificante juvenil em mandíbula: Relato de caso [monografia]. Belo Horizonte: Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; 2015.

Abstract Background The involvement of the central nervous system is not rare in rheumatoid diseases. Even though children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) may face academic difficulties until adulthood, very few studies have evaluated potential cognitive disorders in these patients. The present research aims to thoroughly investigate the cognitive and neuropsychological functioning of these patients. Methods We measured the cognitive profile of JIA patients via their neuropsychological profile, implicit memory and social cognition skills, and estimated their academic performance using reading and mathematics tests. We recruited 21 children with JIA aged 6 to 17 years-old (M = 11.01, SD = 3.30) and 21 healthy children matched in age, gender, academic level (same school class) and socioeconomic status. Results Our results showed that the cognitive profile and estimated academic ability of JIA patients are similar to those of their peers. These results support the hypothesis that children with JIA have the same cognitive predispositions to succeed at school as any other pupil. Conclusion Comparing our results with the existing literature, we propose complementary hypotheses for further research. Longitudinal studies seem to be necessary to understand the psychosocial and cognitive processes involved in the development of children with JIA.

The purpose of this study was to assess the consumed compound diet and juvenile fish, harvested fish, and compound diet transport of Karacaören Dam Lake-I rainbow trout cage farming (KRTC) in terms of cultural energy (CE) and carbon footprint (CF) expended sustainability. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews with the farmers. Cultural energy and carbon footprint were calculated with the data obtained from the literature. The lowest and highest FCRs in KRTC were 0.91 and 1.18, the closest and farthest distances related to transportation were 387 and 427 km for aquafeed factories, 7 and 650 km for hatcheries, and 67 and 450 km for processing factories. Cultural energy and carbon footprint expended on consumed compound diet (CECD-Gcal and Mcal kg-1, and CFCD-tonne CO2e and kg CO2e kg-1) and cultural energy and carbon footprint expended on transportation analyzes (CET-Gcal and Mcal kg-1, and CFT-tonne CO2e and kg CO2e kg-1) were performed according to the literature of 20-40 g fish stocked in the beginning of November 2020 and 270-500 g harvested until early June 2021 in the basin. In the access of sustainability, the CE (Mcal kg-1) and CF (CO2e kg-1) expended values in kg of the harvested fish were given. The average values of CE expended of 5 different aquafeed groups used in the basin were 3.65, 3.58, 3.41, 3.25, and 3.55 Mcal kg-1, respectively and the average values of CF expended were 1.05, 1.03, 1.14, 1.40, and 1.10 kg CO2e kg-1, respectively. The average share of CE and CF in the compound diet was 86.59% and 86.61%, respectively. The KRTC sustainability criterion for compound diet and transportation values was 2.9260 CE:CF. It is recommended to develop a sustainability index of aquaculture systems and species-specific CE and CF expended values.

Abstract Case report - Introduction A 9.5-year-old girl presented with high-grade fever and rash affecting face, upper arms, chest and back with no other obvious focus. Investigations revealed pancytopaenia, raised inflammatory markers and negative cultures. CT scan of chest and abdomen revealed extensive lymphadenopathy. A diagnosis of juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) was made from the clinical features, including the classical rash and the laboratory profile, after ruling out oncological problems. The diagnosis was complicated by encephalopathy and macrophage activation syndrome, both of which posed therapeutic challenges, but eventually responded to the initial treatment of lupus. Case report - Case description A previously fit and well 9.5-year-old girl of Asian origin, born of non-consanguineous relationship, presented to local hospital with history of high-grade fever (over 39 degree Celsius) and rashes for three weeks. The rash consisted of raised erythematous papules and patches affecting her cheeks, nose, upper arms, chest and back. Her initial blood tests showed anaemia, lymphopaenia and raised inflammatory markers (CRP 47mg/L). She was commenced on broad spectrum antibiotics, which were changed following growth on urine culture. She developed oral ulceration and continued to be lethargic with poor oral intake. High-grade fever persisted with dropping blood counts and inflammatory markers remaining elevated. Further microbiological and immunological (including autoantibody screen) investigations were negative. A CT scan done at this stage showed extensive axillary, mediastinal and abdominal lymphadenopathy. She was transferred to our centre for bone marrow and lymph node biopsies. Her examination revealed cervical and axillary lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and ascites, in addition to rashes and oral ulcers. While awaiting the biopsies, she developed multiple episodes of generalised tonic clonic seizures, requiring intubation and ventilation. MRI and MRA of head did not identify an intracranial cause for the encephalopathy. Her rashes were felt to be consistent with lupus and the autoantibody profile showed strongly positive ANA (with coarse speckling pattern) and double-stranded DNA, in addition to profound hypocomplementeamia. She was also positive for Anti SM, RNP and anti-Ro52 antibodies. Her chest radiograph showed pleural effusion while echocardiogram showed global pericardial effusion. She had no proteinuria. The bone marrow and lymph node biopsies ruled out lymphoproliferative pathology. She also satisfied the EULAR (2016) criteria for macrophage activation syndrome (fever, pancytopaenia, ferritin over 32000 microg/L, elevated liver enzymes, hypertriglyceridaemia and hypofibrinogenaemia). The encephalopathy was thought to be due to macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). Case report - Discussion Although her presentation with fever and pancytopaenia with subsequent discovery of extensive lymphadenopathy raised the possibility of lymphoproliferative pathology, the dermatology opinion was clearly favouring JSLE in view of the classical rash. The mouth ulcers, serositis, haematological and immunological profile all supported the diagnosis. She satisfied the clinical and laboratory criteria for MAS, which was thought to be the cause of her encephalopathy too, as there were no changes to suggest lupus or vasculitis, or any other pathology like vascular events or posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), on neuroimaging. She was started on pulse of intravenous methyl prednisolone, which was continued for a further two days due to MAS, followed by cyclophosphamide at 500mg/m2. The plan is to continue cyclophosphamide to induce remission, in addition to slow weaning course of oral steroids and hydroxychloroquine. She had an excellent clinical and laboratory response at the first review since discharge. Case report - Key learning points 1) The initial diagnosis with fever and extensive lymphadenopathy was challenging, although it has been reported in the literature as more common in childhood-onset lupus, when compared to lupus presenting in adulthood. The multi-disciplinary team working involving the rheumatology, dermatology, neurology and oncology teams made the diagnostic process more efficient and timely. 2) The diagnostic dilemma over the cause of encephalopathy with neuroimaging suggestive of no changes suggestive of lupus, vasculitis, vascular events or other pathology like PRES (although the seizures occurred prior to use of steroids and she had no evidence of hypertension or renal involvement). Although difficult to prove, we put this down to MAS and she had a significant clinical improvement, in line with improvement of laboratory parameters of MAS. 3) Her MAS settled down with steroids, without having to resort to alternate agents like cyclosporine or anti-interleukin1 agents. The choice of agent to treat MAS, had it not settled down with the initial pulse of steroids, was debated – we would have had to choose an agent that may not be as effective in the management of lupus. We were not comfortable with choosing two different agents to treat the condition and a complication of the condition; but the extended course of steroids worked well for both.

Abstract Background Animal biotelemetry and individual-based modeling (IBM) are natural complements, but there are few published examples where they are applied together to address fundamental or applied ecological questions. Existing studies are often found in the modeling literature and frequently re-use small datasets collected for purposes other than the model application. Animal biotelemetry can provide the robust measurements that capture relevant ecological patterns needed to parameterize, calibrate, and assess hypotheses in IBMs; together they could help meet demand for predictive modeling and decision-support in the face of environmental change. Results We used an simple exemplar IBM that uses spatio-temporal movement patterns of 103 acoustic-tagged juvenile yearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), termed ‘smolts’, to quantitatively assess plausibility of two migratory strategies that smolts are hypothesized to use while migrating north through the plume of the Columbia River (United States of America). We find that model smolts that seek to maximize growth demonstrate movement patterns consistent with those of tagged smolts. Model smolts that seek to move quickly out of the plume region by seeking favorable currents do not reproduce the same patterns. Conclusions Animal biotelemetry and individual-based modeling are maturing fields of inquiry. Our hope is that this model description and the basic analytical techniques will effectively illustrate individual-based models for the biotelemetry community, and perhaps inspire new collaborations between biotelemetry researchers and individual-based modelers.

Data from the Indonesian Child Protection Commission said, from 2011 to the end of 2018, there were 11,116 children in Indonesia involved in criminal cases, various criminal cases committed by adolescents namely theft, drugs, abuse, immorality, and murder. The purpose of this study is to encompass epidemiological literature about the prevalence, risk factors, and psychological conditions of adolescents who commit crimes. The method used is a systematic process used to find literature about the causes of juvenile crime. The literature on these topics is summarized to provide an overview of these problems. The results found that too many teenagers which grow up in unhealthy circumstances, they are faced with many life challenges such as family, economy, and education that contribute to criminal behavior. It is hoped that this literature review will help community institutions, parents, and schools (school personnel: teachers, counselors) to improve arrangements for creating protection to minimize criminal cases in adolescents.

Animal training has several purposes and benefits including mental stimulation, physical exercise, stress reduction, and increased safety. Among these benefits, the most important are reducing stress during veterinary procedures and routine husbandry practices. Training can improve the welfare of captive animals while reducing the risk of injury to keepers, especially when working with potentially dangerous animals. Animals are often trained to willingly participate in basic husbandry and veterinary procedures; some common goals of training include shifting from one place to another, targeting, as well as stationing. While nearly all animals have the capacity to be trained in some manner, the majority of studies have centered on mammals, especially nonhuman primates. The limited literature that utilizes reptiles as their subjects mainly focuses on tortoises and monitor lizards, despite the fact that many potentially dangerous reptiles, such as crocodilians, are often trained in zoos. However, there is an overall lack of documentation of training snakes, with less than a handful of zoos reporting any kind of training with their snakes. In this study, juvenile false water cobras (Hydrodynastes gigas), a rear-fanged venomous species, will first be trained to touch their faces to a target to receive a food reward. Next, they will be trained to follow the target into a bucket and remain in the bucket. This project aims to demonstrate a successful target training and stationing protocol to reduce physical handling of the snakes for weighing or transporting them out of their enclosure.

Ancient sources, modern scholarship, and modern popular media have misled audiences about the truth of the typical diet of the Roman lower strata. Modern movies and books, as well as ancient satire, a popular cultural medium of its time, put forth a stereotype of the lifestyle of rich citizens of Imperial Rome as contrasted with the poor Romans’ humble fare. Modern media, influenced by ancient satire, plays into stereotypes of the Imperial Romans stuffing themselves on dormice and grapes while their servants go hungry. The misconception in modern media may be created by a misreading of ancient satire, which is critical in nature. When the critical aspect of satire is misinterpreted, the elaborate and excessive meals are taken at face value rather than read as symbolic. In ancient satires, the depictions of both simple meals and fantastic banquets are exaggerated and must be interpreted as symbolic of the character serving or eating the meal.Modern representations of the ancient Romans’ diet, inaccurately influenced by ancient literature such as the satires of Horace, Juvenal, and Petronius, differ from recent findings of archaeologists in Herculaneum and Pompeii. The modern misrepresentation seems to come from a mistake in equating the food symbolic of the Roman upper strata with high nutritional value as well as equating the food symbolic of the lower strata to low nutritional value. An analysis of the food depictions in ancient literature and recent archeological findings suggest that poor Romans ate a healthier and more varied diet than is commonly believed.

This article uses a case study of a Melbourne-based youth media project called Youthworx to explore the processes at stake in cultural engagement for marginalised young people. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted between 2008 and 2010, I identify some ways in which the city is implicated in promoting or preventing access to socially valued spaces of creativity and intended social mobility. The ethnographic material presented here has both empirical and theoretical value. It reveals the important relationships between the experience of place, creativity, and social life, demonstrating potentialities and limits of creativity-focused development interventions for marginalised youth. The articulation of these relationships and processes taking place within a particular city setting has theoretical implications. It opens up an opportunity to consider "suburbs" as enacted by specific forms of access, contingencies, and opportunities for a particular demographic, rather than treating "suburbs" as abstract, analytical constructs. Finally, my empirically grounded discussion draws attention to cultural and social consequences that inhabiting certain social worlds and acts of travelling "to and beyond" them have for young people. Youthworx is a community-based youth media initiative employing pathway-based semi-formal creative practices to re-engage young people who have a history of drug or alcohol abuse or juvenile justice, who have been long disconnected from mainstream education, or who are homeless. The focus on media production allows it to tap into, and in fact leverage, popular creativity, tacit knowledge, and familiar media-based activities that young people bring to bear on their media training and work in this context. Underpinned by social and creative industry policy, Youthworx brings together social service agency The Salvation Army (TSA), educational provider Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE (NMIT), youth community media organisation SYN Media, and researchers at Institute for Social Research, Swinburne University. Its day-to-day operation is run by contractual, part-time media facilitators, social workers (as part of TSA’s in-kind support), as well as media industry experts who provide casual media training. Youthworx is characterised by the diversity of its young demographic. One can differentiate between at least two groups of participants: those who join Youthworx because of the social opportunities, and those who put more value on its skill-development, or vocational creative industries orientation. This social organisation is, however, far from static. Over the two years of research (2008-2010) we observed evolving ideas about the identity of the program, its key social functions, and how they can be best served. This had proceeded with the construction of what the Youthworx staff term "a community of safe belonging" to a more "serious" media work environment, exemplified by the establishment of a social enterprise (Youthworx Productions) in 2010 that offers paid traineeships to the most capable and determined young creators. To accommodate the diversity of literacy levels, needs, and aspirations of its young participants, the project offers a tailored media education program with a mix of diversionary, educational, and commercial objectives. One-on-one media training sessions, accredited courses in Creative Industries (Media), and industry training within Youthworx Productions are provided to help young people develop a range of skills transferable into a variety of personal, social and professional contexts. Its creative studio, where learning occurs, is located in a former jeans factory warehouse in the heart of an industrial area of Melbourne’s northern inner-city suburb of Brunswick. Young people are referred to Youthworx by a range of social agencies, and they travel to Brunswick from across Melbourne. Some participants are known to spend over three hours commuting from outer suburbs such as Frankston or even regional towns such as King Lake. Unlike community-based creative programs reliant on established community structures within local suburbs (for example, ICE in Western Sydney), Youthworx moved into Tinning Street in Brunswick because its industry partner—The Salvation Army—had existing youth service infrastructure there. The program, however, was not tapping into an existing media “community of practice” (Lane and Wenger); it had to forge its own culture of media participation. In the early days of the program, there were necessary material resources and professional expertise (teachers/social workers/a creative venue), but it took a long while, and a high level of dedication, passion, and practical optimism on the part of the project managers and teaching staff, for young people to genuinely engage in media training and production. Now, Youthworx’s creative space is a “practised place” in de Certeau’s sense. As “the street geometrically defined by urban planning is transformed into a space by walkers” (De Certeau 117), so is the Youthworx space produced by practices of media learning and making by professional creative practitioners and young amateur creators (Raffo; for ideas on institutionalised co-creative practice see Spurgeon et al.). The Brunswick location is where our extensive ethnographic research has taken place, including regular participant observation and qualitative interviews with staff and young participants. The ethnographers frequently travelled with young people to other locations within Melbourne, accompanying them on their trips to youth community radio station SYN Media in the CBD, where they produce a weekly radio show, as well as to film shoots and public social events around the city. As an access learning program for marginalised youth from around Melbourne, Youthworx provides an interesting example to explore how the concerns of material and cultural capital, geographic and cultural distance intersect and shape processes of creative participation and social inclusion. I draw on our ethnographic material to illustrate how these metonymic relationships play out in the ways young participants “travel distance” (Dewson et. al.) on the project and across the city, both figuratively and literally. The idea of “distance travelled” is adapted here from evaluation literature (for other relevant references see Dowmunt et al.; Hayes and Edwards; Holdsworth et al.), and builds on the argument made previously (Podkalicka and Staley 5), to encompass both the geographical mobility and cultural transformation that young people are supported to undergo as an intended outcome of their involvement in Youthworx. This paper also takes inspiration from ethnographic approaches that study a productive and transformative relationship between material culture, spatial geography and processes of identity formation (see Miller). What happens to Youthworx young participants as they travel in a trivial, and at first sight perhaps inconsequential, way between the suburbs they live in, the Youthworx Brunswick location and the city is both experientially real and meaningful. “Suburban space” is then a cultural site that simultaneously refers to concrete, literal places as well as “a state of mind”—that is, identification and connections that are generative of a sense of identity and belonging (Ferber et al.). Youthworx is an intermediary point on these young people’s travels, rather than the final destination (Podkalicka and Staley 5). It provides access to various forms of new spatial, social, and creative experiences and modes of expression. Creating opportunities for highly disenfranchised young people to access and develop new social and creative experiences is an important aspect of Youthworx’s developmental agenda, and is played out at both philosophical and practical levels. On the one hand, a strength-based approach to youth work assumes respect for young people’s potential and knowledges—unlike public discourses that deny them agency due to an assumed lack of life experience (e.g., Poletti). In addition to the material provision of "food and shelter" typical of traditional social work, attention is paid the higher levels of the Maslow hierarchy of human needs, with creativity, self-esteem, and social connectedness at the top of the scale (see also Podkalicka and Campbell; Podkalicka and Thomas). Former Manager of The Salvation Army’s Brunswick Youth Services (BYS)—one of Youthworx’s partners—Craig Campbell argues: Things like truth and beauty are a higher order of dreams for these kids. And by truth I don’t mean the simple lies that can be told to get them out of trouble [but] is there a greater truth to life than a grinding existence in the impoverished neighbourhood, is there something like beauty and aesthetics that wakes us up in the morning and calls a larger life out of us? Most of those kids only faintly dream of such a thing, and this dream is rapidly being extinguished under the weight of drugs and alcohol, abusive family systems, savage interaction with law and justice system, and education as a toxic environment and experience. (Campbell) Campbell's articulate reflection captures the way the Youthworx project has been conceived. It is also a pertinent example of the many reflections on experience and practice at Youthworx that were recorded in my fieldwork, which illustrate the way these kinds of social projects can be understood, interpreted and evaluated. The following personal narrative and contextual description introduce some of the important issues at stake. (The names and other personal details of young people have been changed.) Nineteen-year-old Dave is temporarily staying in an inner-city refuge. Normally, however, like most Youthworx participants, he lives in Broadmeadows, a far northern suburb of Melbourne. To get to Brunswick, where he does his accredited media course three days a week, he either catches a train or waits for a mini-bus to drive him there. The early-morning pick-up for about ten young people is organised by the program’s partner—The Salvation Army. At the Youthworx creative studio, located in the heart of Brunswick, right next to railway tracks, young people produce an array of media products: live and pre-recorded radio programs, digital storytelling, mini-documentaries, and original music. Once at Youthworx, they share the local neighbourhood with other artists who have adapted warehouses into art workshops, studios and galleries. The suburb of Brunswick is well-known for its multicultural profile, a combination of industrial and residential estates, high rates of tertiary students due to its proximity to universities, and its place in the recent history of urban gentrification. However, Youthworx participants don’t seek out or engage with the existing, physically proximate creative base, even within the same street. On a couple of occasions, the opposite has been the case: Youthworx students have been involved in acts of vandalism of local residents’ property, including nearby parked cars. Their connections to the Brunswick neighbourhood remain poor, often reflecting their low social capital as a result of unstable residential situations, isolation, and fraught relationships with family. From Brunswick, they often travel to the city on their own, wander around, sit on the steps of Flinders Street train station—an inner-city hub and popular meeting place for locals and tourists alike. Youthworx plays an important role in these young people’s lives, as an important access point to not only creative digital media-based experiences and skill development, but also to greater and basic geographical mobility and experiences within the city. As one of the students commented: They are giving us chances that we wouldn’t usually get. Every day you’re getting to a place, where it’s pretty damn easy to get into; that’s what’s good about it. There are so many places where you have to do so much to get there and half the time, some people don’t even have the bloody bus ticket to get a [job] interview. But [at Youthworx/BYS], they will pick you up and drive you around if you need it. They are friends. It is reportedly a common practice for many young people at Youthworx and BYS to catch a train or a tram (rather than bus) without paying for a ticket. However, to be caught dodging a fare a few times has legal consequences and young people often face court as a result. The program responds by offering its young participants tickets for public transport, ready for pick-up after afternoon activities, or, if possible, "driving them around"—as some young people told me. The program’s social workers revealed that girls are particularly afraid to travel on their own, especially when catching trains to the outer northern suburbs, for fear of being harassed or attacked. These supported travels are as practical and necessary as they are meaningful for young people’s identity formation, and as such are recognised and built into the project’s design, co-ordination and delivery. At the most basic level, The Salvation Army’s social workers pick young people up from the Broadmeadows area in the mornings. Youthworx creative practitioners assist young people to make trips to SYN Media in the city. For most participants, this is either the first or sporadic experience of travelling to the city, something they enjoy very much but are also somewhat daunted by. Additionally, as part of the curriculum, Youthworx staff make a point of taking young people to inner-city movie theatres or public media events. The following vignette from the fieldwork highlights another important connection between physical journey and creative expression. There is an excitement in Dave’s voice when he talks about his favourite pastime: hanging out around the city. “Why would you walk around the streets?” a curious female friend interjects. Dave replies: “No, it’s not the streets, man. It’s just Federation Square, everywhere … There is just all these young wannabe criminals and shit. People don’t know what goes on; and I want to do a doco on the city, a little doco of the people there, because I know a lot of it.” Dave’s interest in exploring the city may be interpreted as a rather common, mundane routine shared by mildly adventurous adolescents of all walks. And yet, there is much more at stake in his account, and for Youthworx young participants more generally. As mentioned before, for many of these young people, it is the first opportunity to travel to the city. This experience then is crucial in a sense of self-exploration and self-discovery. As they overcome their fear of venturing out into the city on their own, they also learn that they have knowledge which others might lack. This moment of realisation is significant and empowering, and they want to communicate this knowledge to others. Youthworx assists them in learning how to translate this knowledge in a creative and constructive way, through an expression that weaves between the free individual and the social voice constructed to enable a dialogue or understanding (Podkalicka; Podkalicka and Campbell; Podkalicka and Thomas; also Soep and Chavez). For an effective communication to occur, a crafted social voice requires skills and a critical awareness of oneself and an audience, which is very different from the modes of expression that these young people might have accessed previously. Youthworx's young participants draw heavily on their life experiences, geographical locations, the suburbs they come from, and places they visit in the city: their cultural productions often reference their homes, music clubs and hang-out venues, inner city streets, Federation Square, and Youthworx’s immediate physical surroundings, with graffiti-covered narrow alleys and railway tracks. The frequent depiction of Youthworx in young people’s creative outputs is often a token of appreciation of the creative, educational and social opportunities it has offered them. Social and professional connections they make there are found to be very valuable. The existing creative industries literature emphasises the importance of social networks to existing communities of interest and practice for human capacity building. Value is argued to lie not only in specific content produced, but in participatory processes that establish a link between personal growth, individual skills and social and professional networks (Hearn and Bridgestock). In a similar vein, Carlo Raffo uses Granovetter’s concept of “weak ties” to suggest that access to “social relations that go beyond the immediate locality and hence their immediate experiences” can provide marginalised young people with “pathways for authentic and informal learning that go beyond the structuring influences of class, gender and ethnicity and into new and emerging economic experiences” (Raffo 11). But higher levels of confidence or social skills are required to make the most of vocational or professional opportunities beyond the supportive context of Youthworx. Connections between Youthworx participants and other creative practitioners within the creative locality of Brunswick have been absent thus far. Transitions into mainstream education and employment have also proven challenging for this group of heavily marginalised youth. As we found during our ongoing fieldwork, even the most talented students find it hard to get into mainstream education courses, or to get or keep jobs. The project serves as a social basis for young people to develop self-agency and determination so they can start engaging with new opportunities and social networks outside the program (Raffo 15). Indeed, the creative practitioners at Youthworx are key facilitators of connections between young people and the external world. They act as positive role models socially, and illustrate what is possible professionally in terms of media excellence and employment (see also Raffo). There are indications that this very supportive, gradual process of social learning is starting to bear fruit for individual students and the Youthworx community as a whole as they grow more confident with themselves, in interactions with others, and the media work they do. Media projects such as Youthworx are examples of what Leadbeater and Wong call “disruptive innovation,” as they provide new ways of learning for those alienated by formal education. The use of digital hands-on media production makes educational processes relevant and engaging for young people. However, as I demonstrate in this paper, there are tangible, material barriers to releasing creativity, or enhancing self-discovery and sociality. There are, as Leadbeater and Wong observe, persistent links between cultural environment, socio-economic status, corresponding attitudes to learning and educational success in the developed world. In the UK, for example, only small percent of those from the lowest socio-economic background go to university (Leadbeater and Wong 10). Youthworx provides an opportunity and motivation for young people to break a cycle of individual self-destructive behaviour (e.g. getting locked up every 6 months), intergenerational reliance on welfare, or entrenched negative attitudes to learning. At the basic level, it encourages and often insists that young people get up in the morning, with social workers often reporting to have to “knock at people’s houses and get them ready.” The involvement in Youthworx is often an important reason to start delineating between day and night, week and weekend. A couple of students commented: I slept a lot. Yeah, I was always sleeping during the day and out at night; I could have still been doing nothing with my life [were it not for Youthworx]. Now people ask if I want to go out during the week, and I just can’t be bothered. I just want to sleep and then go to [Youthworx] and then weekends are when you go out. It also offers a concrete means to begin exploring the city beyond the constraints of their local suburbs. This literal, geographical mobility is interlocked with potential for a changed perception of opportunities, individual transformation and, consequently, social mobility. Dave, as we have seen, is attracted to the idea of exploring the city but also has creative aspirations, and contemplates professional prospects in the creative industries. It is important to note that the participants are resilient in their negotiation between the suburban, Youthworx and inner city worlds they can inhabit. Accessing learning, despite previous negative schooling experiences, is for many of them very important, and reaffirming of life they aspire to. An opportunity to pursue dreams, creative forms of expression, social networks and education is a vital part of human existence. These aspects of social inclusion are recognised in the current articulation of social policy reconceptualised beyond material, economic equality. Creative industry policy, on the other hand, is concerned with fostering creative outputs and skills to generate engagement and employment opportunities in the knowledge-based economies for wide sections of the population. The value is located in human capacity building, involving basic social as well as vocational skills, and links to social networks. The Youthworx project merges these two policy frameworks of the social and creative to test in practice new collaborative approaches to youth development. The spatial and cultural practices of young people described here serve a basis for proposing a theoretical framework that can help understand the term "suburb" in an intrinsically relational, grounded way. The relationships at stake in cultural and social participation for marginalised young people lead me to suggest that the concept of ‘suburb’ takes on two tightly interwoven meanings. The first refers symbolically to a particular locale for popular creativity (Burgess) or even marginal creativity by a group of young people living at the periphery of the social system. The second meaning refers to the interlocked forms of material and cultural capital (and distance), as theorised in Bourdieu’s work (e.g., Bourdieu). It includes physical, spatial conditions and relations, as well as cultural resources and possibilities made available to young participants by the project (e.g., the instituted, supported travel across the city, or the employment of creative practitioners), and interlinked with everyday dispositions, practices, and status of young people (e.g., taste). This empirically-grounded discussion allows to theorise ‘suburbs’ as perceived and socially enacted by concrete, relational forms of access, contingencies, and opportunities for a particular demographic, rather than analytically pre-conceived, designated spaces within an urban system. The ethnographic material reveals that cultural participation for marginalised youth requires an integrated approach, with a parallel focus on material and creative opportunities made available within creative sites such as Youthworx or even the Brunswick creative area. The important material constraints exemplified in this paper concern socio-economic background, cultural disadvantage and geographical isolation and point to the limits of the creative industries-based interventions to address social inclusion if carried out in isolation. They tap into the very basis of risks for this specific demographic of marginalised youth or "youth at risk." The paper suggests that the productive emphasis on the role of media and communication for (youth) development needs to be contextualised and considered along with the actual realities of everyday existence that often limit young people’s educational and vocational prospects (see Bentley et al.; Leadbeater and Wong). On the other hand, an exclusive focus on material support risks cancelling out the possibilities for positive life transitions, such as those triggered by constructive, non-reductionist engagement with “beauty, aesthetics” (Campbell) and creativity. By exploring how participation in Youthworx engenders both the physical mobility between suburbs and the city, and identity transformation, we are able to gain insights into the nature of social exclusion, its meanings for the youth involved and the project managers and staff. Thinking about Youthworx not just as a hub of creative production but as a cultural site—“a space within a practiced place of identity” (De Certeau 117) in the suburb of Brunswick—opens up a discussion that combines the policy language of opportunity and necessity with concrete creative and material possibilities. Social inclusion objectives aimed at positive youth transitions need to be considered in the light of the connection—or disconnection—between the Youthworx Brunswick site itself, young participants’ suburbs, and, by extension, the trajectory between the inner city and other spaces that young people travel through and inhabit. Acknowledgment I would like to thank all the young participants, staff and industry partners involved in the Youthworx project. I also acknowledge the comments of anonymous peer reviewer which helped to strengthen the argument by foregrounding the value of the empirical material. The paper draws on the larger project funded by the Centre of Excellence in Creative Industries and Innovation. Youthworx research team includes: Prof Denise Meredyth (CI); Prof Julian Thomas (CI); Ass/Prof David MacKenzie (CI); Ass/Prof Ellie Rennie; Chris Wilson (PhD candidate), and Jon Staley (Youthworx Manager and PhD candidate). References Bentley, Tom, and Kate Oakley. “The Real Deal: What Young People Think about Government, Politics and Social Exclusion.” Demos. 12 Jan. 2011 ‹http://www.demos.co.uk/files/theRealdeal.pdf›. Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge: Harvard U P, 1987. Burgess, Jean. “Hearing Ordinary Voices: Cultural Studies, Vernacular Creativity and Digital Storytelling.” Continuum 20.2 (2006): 201–14. Campbell, Craig. Personal Interview. Melbourne, 2009. De Certeau, Michel. The Practice of Everyday Life. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984. Dewson, Sara, Judith Eccles, Nii Djan Tackey and Annabel Jackson. “Guide to Measuring Soft Outcomes and Distance Travelled.” The Institute for Employment Studies. 12 Jan. 2011‹http:// www.dwp.gov.uk/docs/distance.pdf›. Dowmunt, Tom, Mark Dunford, and N. van Hemert. Inclusion through Media. London: Open Mute, 2007. Ferber, Sarah, Chris Healy, and Chris McAuliffe. Beasts of Suburbia: Reinterpreting Cultures in Australian Suburbs. Melbourne: Melbourne UP, 1994. Hayes, Alan, Matthew Gray, and Ben Edwards. “Social Inclusion: Origins, Concepts and Key Themes.” Australian Institute of Family Studies, prepared for the Social Inclusion Unit, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 2008.12 Jan. 2011 ‹http://www.socialinclusion.gov.au/Documents/AIFS_SI_concepts_report_20April09.pdf›. Hearn, Gregory, and Ruth Bridgstock. “Education for the Creative Economy: Innovation, Transdisciplinarity, and Networks. Education in the Creative Economy: Knowledge and Learning in the Age of Innovation. Ed. Daniel Araya and Michael Peters. New York: Peter Lang, 2010. 93–116. Holdsworth, Roger, Murray Lake, Kathleen Stacey, and John Safford. “Doing Positive Things: You Have to Go Out and Do It: Outcomes for Participants in Youth Development Programs.” Australian Youth Research Centre. 12 Jan. 2011 ‹http://www.dest.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/5385FE14-A74C-4B24-98EA-D31EEA8447B2/21803/doing_positive_things1.pdf›. Lave, Jean, and Etienne Wenger. Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991. Leadbeater, Charles, and Annika Wong. “Learning from the Extremes.” CISCO. 12 Jan. 2011 ‹http://www.socialinclusion.gov.au/Documents/AIFS_SI_concepts_report_20April09.pdf›. Miller, Daniel. Stuff. Cambridge: Polity, 2010. Podkalicka, Aneta. “Young Listening: An Ethnography of Youthworx Media's Radio Project." Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies 23.4 (2009): 561–72. ———, and Jon Staley. “Youthworx Media: Creative Media Engagement for ‘at Risk’ Young People.” 3CM 5 (2009). ———, and Julian Thomas. “The Skilled Social Voice: An Experiment in Creative Economy and Communication Rights.’’ International Communication Gazette 72.4–5 (2010): 395–406. ———, and Craig Campbell. “Understanding Digital Storytelling: Beyond the Politics of Voice in Youth Participation Programs.” seminar.net: Media Technology and Lifelong Learning 6.2 (2010). ‹http://www.seminar.net/index.php/home/75-current-issue/150-understanding-digital-storytelling-individual-voice-and-community-building-in-youth-media-programs›. Poletti, Anna. Intimate Ephemera: Reading Young Lives in Australian Zine Culture. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2008. Raffo, Carlo. "Mentoring Disenfranchised Young People: An Action Research Project on the Development of 'Weak Ties' and Social Capital Enhancement." Education and Industry in Partnership 6.3 (2000): 22–42. Soep, Elizabeth, and Vivian Chavez. Drop That Knowledge: Youth Radio Stories. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010. Spurgeon, Christina, Jean Burgess, Helen Klaebe, Kelly McWilliam, Jo Tacchi, and Mimi Tsai. “Co-Creative Media: Theorising Digital Storytelling as a Platform for Researching and Developing Participatory Culture.” 2009 ANZC Conference Proceedings. 2009. 16 Nov. 2010 ‹http://eprints.qut.edu.au/25811/2/25811.pdf›.