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Nuraeni, Wulan, and Noer Aripin Wibowo. "ANALYZING FACE THREATENING ACT IN WHATSAPP GROUP." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 1, no. 4 (June 30, 2018): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v1i4.p366-373.
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As human being people will always interact each other every day, in every situation there are probability where someone can be threatened. Every interaction contains utterance where threatened can be happened in order to threaten both of speakers and hearer which is called Face Threatening Act or known as FTA. This research purpose was to found out the kind function of FTA in politeness that might be applied on the group chat between student with another student and student with the lecturer. The research took the places in WhatsApp group of college student of IKIP Siliwangi Bandung, Cimahi, Indonesia which consist 38 respondents. This research used a descriptive qualitative and the data taken from the results of questionnaire as an instrument. Based on the data from finding section that founded most of college students used a positive politeness when communicated with other students even though there was small percentage showed some of student used negative politeness as well.
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Kasenda, Saiko Rudi. "TINDAK PENGANCAMAN DAN PENYELAMATAN WAJAH ANIES BASWEDAN DAN BASUKI “AHOK” TJAHAJA PURNAMA." Jurnal KATA 2, no. 2 (October 26, 2018): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/jk.v2i2.3377.
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<p><em>This article is aimed to investigate face threathening acts and face saving acts demonstrated by Anies Baswedan dan Basuki Tjahaja Purnama as the candidates of DKI Jakarta governor during the debate held in April 2017. Face threatening act and face saving act are analyzed because they are able to show not only their positive image but also the negatve one in front of not only to each candidate but also to the audience watching the debate. Politeness theory from Brown and Levinson (1987.) are employed to analyze both candidates’ face threatening acts and saving acts since this theory provides detailed descriptions of a large range of strategies that can be used to deeply understand both face threatening acts and face saving act performed by the candidates. The context surrounding the debate becomes a crucial point to analyze how politeness strategy is applied to show face thratening act and face saving act. Through qualitative method, this study found that 1) Bald on-record is the strategy used by the candidates to show face threatening and they are intended to show contradictions, to disagree, to insult, to interrupt, to speak out-of-topic, to challenge, and to exaggerate. 2) Both candidates use positive and negative strategies to show face saving act intended to show contradictions, to assert common ground, to show agreement, to joke, to apologize, and to avoid disagreement. 3) The face threatening act and saving acts can be considered as the efforts to defend their argumentations and to preserve their positive faces, 4.) The use of the word “kita” and passive voice can be seen as markers in both candidates’ utterances to minimize the imposed face threatening act and to signal solidarity to each candidate and to audience, 5) While Anies is revealed to be the one who more frequently uses face threatening act, Basuki is the candidate who uses face saving act more often during the debate. The study is expected to enrich the study in the field of pragmatics focusing on the use of politeness strategy. </em></p><p> </p><p>Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi tindak pengancaman muka wajah dan tindak penyelamatan wajah yang ditunjukkan oleh Anies Baswedan dan Basuki Tjahaja Purnama pada Debat Pilkada gubernur provinsi DKI Jakarta 2017.<strong> </strong>Tindak pengancaman wajah dan penyelamatan wajah diteliti pada makalah ini karena dapat merepresentasikan citra positif maupun citra negatif kandidat pilkada Gubernur DKI tidak hanya dihadapan masing-masing kandidat tetapi juga kepada masyarakat umum yang menyaksikan. Teori kesantunan dari Brown dan Levinson digunakan untuk menganalisis tindak pengancaman muka dan tindak penyelamatan muka kedua kandidat karena teori ini memiliki penjelasan yang komprehensif tentang berbagai strategi yang dapat dipergunakan untuk memahami secara mendalam bagaimana tindak pengancaman dan penyelamatan wajah ditunjukkan oleh kedua kandidiat. Konteks topik debat yang diangkat dipahami untuk dapat menganalisis tindak pengancaman dan penyelamatan wajah oleh Anies dan Basuki. Melalui metode kualitatif, studi ini menemukan bahwa 1) Bald on-record adalah strategi yang sering digunakan untuk menunjukkan tindak pengancaman muka dan ditujukan untuk menyatakan kontradiksi, menyatakan ketidaksetujuan, menyinggung, menginterupsi, berbicara di luar topik pembicaraan, menantang kandidat lain, dan memberikan pernyataan yang berlebihan. 2) Tindak penyelamatan muka dilakukan dengan strategi kesantunan positif dan negatif seperti menyatakan kontradiksi, menegaskan common ground, memberikan persetujuan, membuat lelucon, meminta maaf, dan menghindari ketidaksetujuan. 3) Tindak pengancaman muka dan penyelamatan muka dapat dianggap sebagai cara untuk mempertahankan argumentasi kedua kandidat dan untuk melindungi wajah positif masing-masing.4) Penggunaan kata “kita” dan kalimat pasif dimaksudkan untuk meminmalisiri ancaman sekaligus sebagai sinya solidaritas.5) Anies ditunjukkan sebagai kandidat yang lebih sering menggunakan tindak pengancaman muka, sedangkan Basuki adalah kandidat yang lebih sering menunjukkan penyelamatan muka selama debat berlangsung. Studi ini diharapkan dapat memperkaya pemahaman di bidang pragmatik khususnya tentang penggunaan strategi kesantunan</p>
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Angginie, Viren Aulia, Tika Santika, and Ula Nisa El fauziah. "ANALYSIS ABOUT POLITENESS IN “BARBIE AS THE PRINCESS AND THE PAUPER MOVIE”." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 2, no. 3 (May 11, 2019): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v2i3.p310-318.
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Abstract Pragmatics aims to give an overview of the politeness principles, to describe and to explain the types and functions of Face Threatening Act (FTA) and Face Saving Act (FSA) use in relation with politeness in the conversation by the characters in Barbie as The Princess and The Pauper movie. The oral utterances are analyzed and interpreted descriptively based on Brown and Levinson’s Face Threatening Acts theory and George Yule’s theory. This research employs descriptive qualitative method and supported by percentage calculation. To collect the data, the researchers use some steps; collecting the conversation by watching it and listening the conversations carefully, use fields note. Finally, the result of the research shows there are two kinds of FTA and FSA that used by the characters, negative FTA and positive FTA and FSA. In Barbie as the Princess and the Pauper movie, the data shows the using of FTA talked by Princess Anneliese is 3,6% and by Preminger is 5% . It shows that Preminger more dominants in using FTA than Princess Anneliese. About FSA, Princess Anneliese is 3,6% and Preminger is 6,8%. Preminger likes to talk in FSA ways and Princess Anneliese as same as in using FTA and FSA.Keywords: Politeness, Face Threatening Act, Face Saving Act, Barbie Movie.
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Zheng, Yan, and Yongfeng Zhao. "A Critical Review on the Study of Threatening in English." Forum for Linguistic Studies 2, no. 1 (October 28, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/fls.v2i1.1206.
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Despite the fact that threatening in languages is common in ordinary verbal communication, it has not received much attention from academic studies because of its “negative” nature. Muschalik’s monograph Threatening in English: A Mixed Method Approach, mainly based on the theory of Face Threatening Speech Act by Brown and Levinson (1987), takes 301 categories of threatening expressions in judicial proceedings as the corpus with qualitative and quantitative methods, brings a new perspective for pragmatic research, especially speech act research, and deepens people’s understanding of relevant issues. Initiated by Muschalik’s book Threatening in English: A Mixed Method Approach, the paper is to make a critical review on the studies of threatening in English and propose some new directions for the study of threatening in languages.
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Shigemasu, Eri, and Ken’ichi Ikeda. "Face threatening act avoidance and relationship satisfaction between international students and Japanese host students." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 30, no. 4 (July 2006): 439–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.10.002.
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Muhammad, Assist Inst Naz Jamal, and Dr Rauf Kareem Mahmood. "A Pragmatic Analysis Of Face Management In Selected English Televion Interviews." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 216, no. 1 (November 10, 2018): 65–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v216i1.580.
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Face management is crucial during speech exchanged between the participants. When the interviewer and the interviewee start communicating and turns are transmitted between them, each tries hard to protect his/her own face from being threatened, but this social value is not always protected as it is often threatened on purpose. This paper hypothesizes that the ability to manage face by the interviewer and the interviewee is affected by activating pragmatic knowledge. It also postulates that face threatening act dominates face saving act in TV interviews. The paper is limited to the investigation of face management between the interviewer and the interviewee while they exchange turns from a pragmatic perspective focusing on British English. It is specified to the study of selected English interviews from local British Channels, and uses certain concepts depending on Leech’s politeness principles (1983), Brown and Levinson’s (1987) introduction to positive and negative face, and face threatening acts with the strategies for reducing them. The paper is of theoretical value for those who like to study face management during turn transitions between people generally, and the interviewer and the interviewee in particular while they interact socially on TV.
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Shen, Xingchen, and Xinren Chen. "Doing Power Threatening Acts (PTAs) in ancient China." Journal of Historical Pragmatics 20, no. 1 (June 4, 2019): 132–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.17002.she.
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Abstract This study examines an unexplored type of speech act named jian, which took place uniquely in the context of ancient China. Taking it as a Power Threatening Act rather than a commonly studied Face Threatening Act, this study examined remonstrators’ strategic modulation of their jian, and the factors that might have influenced the choice of modulation strategies. The data come from Zizhi Tongjian. The major findings are as follows: first, the speech act of jian contained both ritualised and non-ritualised aspects; second, remonstrators would adopt different modulation strategies when performing jian, which can be generally divided into three modulation orientations of redress, aggravation, and a combination of redress and aggravation, with different degrees of rituality; third, the choices of modulation strategies reflected the game playing of the requirements of affiliational propriety and illocutionary effect within the jian act.
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Salazar, Patricia, and Sara Orts. "Requests in tourist information office service encounters." International Journal of English Studies 18, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018//ijes/2018/2/318711.
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Traditionally, the speech act of requesting has been regarded as a face-threatening act (Brown & Levinson, 1987) due to the impositive nature on the addressee’s negative face. Yet, in specific service encounters, requests can no longer be seen as threatening (Antonopoulou, 2001). This is the case of tourist information offices, where mitigators may not be present due to the task-oriented nature of the exchange. This study aims to widen the scope of research on service encounters by examining 147 naturally occurring requests by native speakers of English in a tourist information office taking into account the variable of gender. Our findings suggest that females used more direct questions whereas men employed want statements to a much higher extent. These results have to be understood within the context of this specific service encounter, in which direct requests do not imply impoliteness or threats to the requestee’s negative face.
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Junaidi, Muh. "POLITENESS, SPEECH ACT, AND DISCOURE IN SASAK COMMUNITY." MABASAN 11, no. 1 (December 4, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/mab.v11i1.48.
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Politeness, speech act and discourse have become an interest area of language use in context. Attention has been drawn to the universality of politeness strategies across the culture. This study examines the nature of pattern of communication in terms of politeness, speech acts and discourse in Sasak speech community. The subject of the study is 1 Tuan Guru giving religious speech in Sikur village. Participant observation is used as the method of data collection in this study. A video recording was used to collect data. Result of the study shows that reminding and suggesting are not the acts of indicating or threatening addressees’ negative face, but positive strategies used to minimize the threat for addressees’ positive face and negative one as a means of saving addressees’ negative face. These three variables were interrelated to decipher the nature of speech pattern of language use in the Sasak speech community. The notion of face should be analyzed according to norms and cultural values of such acts in different speech communities. Hence, the universality of communicative action and the type of speech act in a given speech community are crucial variable to scrutinize the language use in context
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Masjedi, Narges, and Shamala Paramasivam. "Complaint and Politeness Strategies used by Iranian Speakers of English." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 7, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.3p.38.
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Complaint is a face threatening act and it happens when a speaker reacts with anger to things which go wrong or to a speech or an action which affected him/her unfavorably. Therefore, complaints can engender social relationship breakdown. However, a complainer can use politeness when he/she aims to maintain a good relationship with complainee or to mitigate the severity of his/her complaint and face threat. This study aims to investigate the complaint speech act with regard to the strategies and structure used as well as the politeness strategies employed by Iranian learners in communication with other nationalities in the academic context of a university. Searle’s (1969) speech act theory and Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory comprised the theoretical framework of the study. The data were elicited through open-ended discourse completion task questionnaire from 50 Iranian learners. The data were analyzed using pragmatics as the approach within discourse analysis. The findings show that Iranians are able to draw on a variety of strategies and structures and adapt them in a flexible manner when faced with various complaint-provoking situations. Culturally, the findings show that Iranians are indirect and exercise negative politeness as they try to minimize the face threatening act of complaining. However, when the situation demands for it, they can be direct in their manner of speech.
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Wang, Qiaoying. "A Comparative Study of Gender Differences in Refusal Strategies from English Majors." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 9, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0908.24.
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Based on Geoffrey Leech's politeness principle (1975), Brown and Levinson's face saving and face threatening theory (1987), this paper is a comparative study of the gender differences in the refusal strategies employed by the English majors. The DCT (Discourse Completing Test) from Tanck Sharyl (2004) is modified in this study. The results of this study show that both male and female students of the English majors use the refusal strategies in a speech act. The differences of refusal strategies between male and female lie in the direct refusal and the indirect refusal. Most of the female students tend to use an indirect refusal politeness strategy to save the others’ face in the communication, avoiding the face threatening, while most of the male students seem to use direct refusal. The achievements of this study make some contribution to the relevant study and provide some indications to English teaching and learning in China. It is of some significance to improve the English pragmatic competence of English majors.
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Campos Carrasco, Nuria. "Courtesy and Degree of Strength in a Realization of Face-Threatening Acts in Spanish." Verba Hispanica 26, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/vh.26.1.57-78.
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The determination of the types of speech acts that can be executed in relation to different languages has been studied inside and outside the boundaries of Spanish. There have been many attempts to realize taxonomies of speech acts connected to basic schemes of expression, and these attempts of classification and structure determination are normally focused on lists of verbs without providing the main structures that languages use to express speech acts. In the development of this work we will propose tools to clearly show what is meant by speech act and by its types and, finally, we will provide a taxonomy of general structures for the expression of illocutionary directive acts of speech in Spanish.
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Wiśniewska-Przymusińska, Malwina. "T/V Pronouns and FTAs in the Works of Sir Thomas Malory: Medieval Politeness and Impoliteness in Directives, Expressives, and Commissives." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 55, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 139–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stap-2020-0006.
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Abstract Middle English second person pronouns thou and you (T/V) are considered to be among the means employed by medieval speakers to express their attitudes towards each other. Along with face-threatening acts, the use of these pronouns could indicate power relations or solidarity/distance between the interactants (Taavitsainen & Jucker 2003; Jucker 2010; Mazzon 2010; Bax & Kádár 2011, 2012; Jucker 2012). Using the tools available in pragmatic research, this paper attempts to provide an analysis of selected fragments from The Works of Sir Thomas Malory (Vinaver 1948 [1947]), analysed through the lens of Searle’s speech act theory (1969, 1976). The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the usage of T/V pronouns in polite or impolite contexts depends on the speech act in which they appear or not. Secondly, it looks at the presence of face-threatening acts (FTAs) and their potential influence on polite or impolite pronoun usage. Lastly, the analysis looks at the usage of FTAs within specific speech acts. The fragments used in this article were chosen from five chapters of Malory’s text: The Tale of King Arthur, Lancelot and Guinevere, The Morte Arthur, The Noble Tale, and Tristram de Lyones.
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Martínez-Flor, Alicia, and Vicente Beltrán-Palanques. "Teaching refusal strategies in the foreign language classroom: a focus on inductive-deductive treatments." Journal of English Studies 11 (May 29, 2013): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.2616.
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The present paper attempts to present a pedagogical model for the integration of pragmatic competence in the foreign language classroom by following an inductive-deductive approach. For the sake of the current article, the pragmatic feature that has been chosen is the speech act of refusals. The rationale behind this selection is based on the fact that refusals are seen as a face-threatening act which may confront listeners’ expectations (Eslami 2010: 217). Hence, learners should obtain a particular pragmatic expertise to outperform refusals successfully and that is the reason why the teaching of this speech act should be integrated in foreign language settings.
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Khammari, Hassen. "Strategies and mitigation devices in the speech act of disagreement in American English." Studies in Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.48185/spda.v2i1.243.
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The present study aimed at exploring the strategies of disagreement and hedging devices used by native speakers of English. The study elicited the informants’ reactions when disagreeing with higher, equal, and lower status. The responses were analyzed using Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness model and Hyland’s (1998) hedging taxonomy. Discourse completion test data was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The findings revealed that native speakers of American English used positive politeness strategies considerably with higher and equal status interlocutors (father, teacher, and friends). The respondents were concerned with saving their interlocutors’ positive face regardless of their social distance and power. The only significant difference, in terms of strategy selection, was identified in highly face-threatening contexts (accusation), where the informants opted for bald on record politeness strategies because of the seriousness of the interlocutor’s (supervisor) claims (plagiarism). The data showed also that native speakers relied on hedges considerably to mitigate their disagreements.
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Béal, Christine. "‘Its all in the asking’." Cross-Cultural Communication in the Professions in Australia 7 (January 1, 1990): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aralss.7.02bea.
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When people from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds have to work together, this often leads to negative stereotyping, as the result of clashing rules of interaction. This article, based on ‘on the job’ recorded data, looks at the particular case of French people living and working in Australia, in relation to one specific type of exchange: the request. It isolates three major types of causes of tension and misunderstandings between them and native speakers of Australian English: differences in politeness strategies, differences in the assessment of what constitutes a ‘face-threatening act’ and clashes between ‘face wants’ and other wants.
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Muslim, Bukhori. "PENYIMPANGAN TEORI BROWN DAN LEVINSON DALAM TINDAK TUTUR PESERTA TALK SHOW INDONESIA LAWYERS CLUB (ILC) DI TV ONE DAN RELEVANSINYA TERHADAP PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA DI SMA." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 3, no. 1 (July 4, 2017): 104–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.3.1.100.104-117.
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This research purpose to describe forms of deviation Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness in speech act participant Indonesia Lawyers Club on TV One and its relevance to the Indonesian language learning in high school. The theory is used to solve the problem in this research is the pragmatic theory. While the approach used is descriptive qualitative approach with data collection technique is a technique of documentation and observation. The results showed that the forms of deviations Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness that occur in the speech act participant Indonesia Lawyers Club edition of May 27, 2014 and 7 April 2015 consisted of threatening the positive face and negative face threats. Participants utterances that threaten positive face expression covers complaints, charges, disapproval, criticism, expressions that do not koopratif, embarrass opponents said, and words taboo. While the band is used in the expression of negative advance threatening the expression of rejection, suggestions, advice, requests, prohibitions, promises and praise. Types of speech acts band is used that speech acts directive, declarative, expressive, and refresentatif. Meanwhile, the offense Brown and Levinson’s theory in speech acts ILC participants more based on an awareness for justice, self-defense, solidarity groups, power, recognition of self and groups, law enforcement, the fight against corruption and advocacy on behalf of the people. Relevance of the research results can be applied in learning Indonesian in class XI SMA second half, KD 9. 2 with the subject matter by providing comments on the discussion.
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Chojimah, Nurul. "Refusal and Politeness Strategies in Relation to Social Status: A Case of Face-threatening Act among Indonesian University Students." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 5, no. 5 (May 17, 2015): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0505.04.
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Pramesti, Putu Dewi Merlyna Yuda, N. L. Sutjiati Beratha, Made Budiarsa, and I. Nengah Sudipa. "The Role of Indonesian Caregivers’ Nonverbal Elements and Face Threatening Acts toward the Aged." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0909.23.
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This study aimed at finding out the role of Indonesian caregivers’ nonverbal elements and its relation to the face saving of the aged. This study was part of the author’s dissertation research that took the theme of Indonesian caregivers’ language politeness when they worked as caregivers for the aged in Japan. In this article the concept introduced by Brown & Levinson (1978, 1987) on FTA (Face Threatening Act) is used as the concept in the process of analysis beside the concept from Ekman and Friesen (1969) on nonverbal language. Qualitative method was used in this study and the data used were primary data in the form of the Indonesian caregivers’ utterances in their communication with the aged. The Indonesian caregivers who were used as the subjects consisted of 68 and all of them worked in the regions of Yokohama, Toyohashi, and Okayama. From the data analysis it was found that there were 11 types of nonverbal language which belonged to the emblems group, namely (1) eye contact, (2) smiling, (3) holding hand, (4) leaning forward, (5) lowering body position, (6) affirmative nodding, (7) gesture, (8) hugging, (9) patting shoulder, (10) interpersonal space, and (11) therapeutic touch. From the result of the analysis of the interviews with the aged it was concluded that all of these eleven nonverbal elements did not threat the faces of the aged and the use of the nonverbal elements could play the role as a mitigation of the threat towards the faces of the aged.
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Panpothong, Natthaporn. "Thai Ways of Saying ‘No’ to a Request." MANUSYA 4, no. 2 (2001): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-00402005.
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This paper investigates what Thai speakers say when they prefer to reject a request and how they make their refusal less face-threatening. Five different situations including refusing a high status teacher, a low status housemaid, a close friend, a classmate, and a stranger are examined. The study has found that for Thai speakers, a teacher and a close friend are more difficult to reject than a low status, a classmate, and a stranger. Even though most of the respondents are not reluctant to reject people at further distance, they prefer to appear polite in refusing their requests. In the politeness model of Brown and Levinson (1987), a refusal is an act which threatens the requester’s positive face. In Thai society where people place high value on’ being kind and helpful’, an act of refusal might damage the refuser’s self-image as well. It is hypothesized here that politeness strategies are used not only to save the requester’s face but also to prevent the refuser him/herself from being considered unkind or unrefined.
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Tanaka, Lidia. "Turn-taking in Japanese television interviews." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 16, no. 2-3 (June 1, 2006): 361–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.16.2-3.05tan.
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Despite interviewers having a wide range of strategies to elicit talk, English language interviewers overwhelmingly use syntactic questions. In contrast, most turns in Japanese semi-formal television interviews end in non-interrogative forms, and other methods are used to achieve smooth turn yielding. This study looks at the interviewers’ turns and examines how interviewees recognize turn-yielding. It argues that interviewers prefer using interviewing strategies other than canonical question forms to avoid any possible FTA (face threatening act).
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Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Catherine. "(Im)politesse et gestion des faces dans deux types de situations communicatives: petits commerces et débats électoraux." Pragmática Sociocultural / Sociocultural Pragmatics 2, no. 2 (November 1, 2014): 293–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soprag-2014-0021.
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RésuméL’objectif de cet article est à la fois théorique et descriptif: il s’agit de mettre à l’épreuve le modèle de la politesse comme face work élaboré par Brown et Levinson (1978, 1987) en le confrontant à deux types bien différents d’interactions authentiques se déroulant en France, les échanges commerciaux d’une part (plus précisément, ceux qui se déroulent dans les “petits commerces”) et les débats politico-médiatiques de l’autre (plus précisément, les débats de l’entre-deux-tours des élections présidentielles). Après avoir proposé un certain nombre d’aménagements au modèle “standard” (introduction de la notion de Face Flattering Act venant compléter celle de Face Threatening Act, et des catégories de “non-politesse” et de “polirudesse” venant compléter celles de “politesse” et d’“impolitesse”), on appliquera ces notions et catégories au double corpus d’analyse. La confrontation montre à la fois que celles-ci sont en gros opératoires, mais que leur application ne peut se faire sans la prise en compte des normes en vigueur dans les différents genres discursifs observés, normes qui déterminent de façon décisive la façon dont les locuteurs utilisent et interprètent les ressources que la langue met à leur disposition, en particulier en matière de politesse.
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Pinilla-Herrera, Angela. "Giving Advice and Responding to it in a Spanish Discussion among Puerto Ricans." Journal of English Language Teaching and Linguistics 3, no. 3 (September 19, 2018): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.21462/jeltl.v3i3.145.
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<em>Although advice is considered in many languages as a face-threatening speech act; in Spanish it is often seen as a solidarity-building tool that shows closeness among the interlocutors. This study analyzes the advice sequences in a conversation between a Puerto Rican couple in order to identify the strategies, types of sentences, and reactions that took place during the verbal exchange. Results show evidence that -contrary to building solidarity among Spanish speakers- advice can also serve as a tool for questioning, criticizing, and demeaning the interlocutor.</em>
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Moghaddam, Masoume Khodaei, Mahmoud Elyasi, and Shahla Sharifi. "“Xaste Nabâši(D)” As A Culture Specific Speech Act In Persian." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 4, no. 1 (May 18, 2014): 269–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v4i1.5207.
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As different cultures have different speech acts and some cases of unsuccessful communication are due to the differences among the cultural patterns of speech acts, knowledge of these speech acts can help people to communicate more successfully. In this regard, the present paper ,based on Brown and Levinson Politeness Theory (1987), examines and analyzes œxaste nabi(d) speech act in Persian language to come up with the functions it serves in the Iranian Persian-speaking community for those non-Persian speakers who want to speak or learn Persian. For this purpose, some native speakers of Persian language from different ages and different groups were observed in such natural settings as markets, shops, the streets, and parties and their speech was recorded; then transcribed and translated into English, finally, the data was analyzed qualitatively. The results show that, there are seven major functions of xaste nabi(d) in Persian which are as follows: In literal meaning of "not being exhausted or tired", phatic communication, greeting and sometimes to bid farewell, mitigating request, to state indirectly end of a work or an activity, thanking and blaming.
Finally, it is worth noting that we can define politeness in Persian language as using such politeness expressions (â€xaste nabi(d) not only for mitigating face threatening act (FTA), but also for face enhancing act (FEA) and successful interaction and communication. So incompatible with politeness definition of Brown and Levinson (1987) who consider politeness simply as a means of mitigating FTA, politeness in Persian is defined as FEA too.
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Janus, Dominika. "Strategie grzecznościowe w akcie mowy KONDOLENCJE (na materiale polsko- i niemieckojęzycznym)." Poradnik Językowy 2020, no. 2/2020(771) (February 25, 2020): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2020.2.5.
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CONDOLENCE, as an act of courtesy, belongs to acts of speech which might give rise to face threatening acts (FTA) and the resulting confl icts. On the one hand, the face of the mourner, who must fi nd his or her way in the new extremely diffi cult situation, is threatened; on the other hand, the face of the speaker, whose task is to react properly to the fact of someone’s death, is threatened. What is helpful in avoiding confl icts is politeness strategies used by both senders and recipients. They constitute the research material excerpted from Polish and German obituaries and entries in books of condolence. The author of this paper has proved that both parties signalise there both positive politeness, which arises from the need of appreciation and support, and negative politeness, which is connected with the need of unlimited autonomy of acting. The nature of the performed analysis is pragmalinguistic and is based on the politeness theory of P. Brown and S.C. Levinson [1987], the focus of which is the concept of face understood as an image or representation.
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Kim, Ki-tae. "Positioning and multidimensional (im)politeness in Korean Oriental medical discourse." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 21, no. 1 (March 16, 2011): 34–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.21.1.03kim.
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Studies on politeness in Korean — an honorific-rich language like Japanese — have focused more on what Sohn (1995: 408) identifies as ‘normative’ (or discernment) politeness. Whilst these studies are illuminating, they have paid little attention to the ‘dynamic’ aspect of politeness. That is, they have focussed on ‘static’ or primarily dyadic interactions and have explored the speaker’s discursive intention but paid minimal attention to the addressee’s evaluation of certain utterances. The present study attempts to fill this gap by showing how multiple levels of politeness arise at ‘situational, institutional, and societal levels’ (Fairclough, 1989) in Korean institutional discourse. To this effect, it concentrates on the interaction between Korean Oriental medical doctors and their patients, which is a ‘fruitful epistemological site’ (Sunderland, 2004: 73) for the study of emerging and situated politeness in Korean. This is particularly so because in Korea traditional and Western medicine co-exist — Western medicine often being regarded as ‘dominant’ one — and consequently there is a ‘dual medical authority’ in Korean society. Employing Goffman’s (1981) ‘participation framework’ and Davies and Harré’s (1990, 1999) ‘positioning theory’, the present article demonstrates that the dual medical authority often obscures the ‘speaker’, ‘addressee’, and (im)politeness. of a speech act in patient–Oriental medical doctor interactions. An act that is apparently face-threatening at the situational level may not necessarily be face-threatening at the institutional level, where the ‘real’ addressee may be a non-present Western doctor or even Western biomedicine itself. The paper concludes that the dyadic, synchronic, and cross-sectional model of politeness on which most studies on Korean politeness rely is too simplistic and idealised. Instead, a multidimensional discursive approach to politeness should be adopted.
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Mroz, Gilly, Chrysanthi Papoutsi, and Trisha Greenhalgh. "‘From disaster, miracles are wrought’: a narrative analysis of UK media depictions of remote GP consulting in the COVID-19 pandemic using Burke’s pentad." Medical Humanities 47, no. 3 (March 29, 2021): 292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2020-012111.
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During crises (major events characterised by uncertainty, urgency and threat), society must make sense of rapidly unfolding events. This happens mainly through narrativising—depicting a setting, characters and a meaningful sequence of events and actions unfolding over time. In the early months of the pandemic, UK general practice shifted from face-to-face consultations to a remote-by-default model (telephone, video or e-consultation). This shift was initially widely accepted by press and public, but support waned after a politician declared that the change would be permanent. We invoke Burke’s dramatistic pentad of act, scene, agent, agency and purpose to theorise findings from a detailed analysis of media coverage of the remote-by-default policy and reactions to it. We consider the 12 weeks from March to June 2020 (first lockdown, when remote-by-default services had just been introduced) and 1 week from late July 2020 (following the ministerial announcement). The initial introduction of remote consulting had strong narrative coherence in which all parts of the pentad were balanced: scene (a deadly virus threatening the country) aligned with act (lockdown, including avoiding face-to-face appointments unless essential), agents (the National Health Service and digital technology as heroic macro-actors), agency (general practitioners ‘deployed’) and purpose (to control the pandemic). The later period, however, was characterised by a mismatch between scene (a country emerging from lockdown and resuming normal life), act (imposition of the remote model), agent (a politician known for his enthusiasm for technology), agency (top-down directive) and purpose (modernisation). Whereas media narratives in the first period aligned with the genre of heroic adventure (suggesting a worthy battle, bravely fought), those of the second had characteristics of farce (something both comic and grotesque). We conclude that close reading of media narratives may surface potential misalignments between policy decisions and the context in which they must be implemented.
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Farrokhi, Farahman, and Mina Arghami. "An Investigation of the Use of politeness strategies in refusal among Characters with different power relations in English and Farsi Novels." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 6, no. 7 (October 10, 2017): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.7p.180.
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One of the important concerns of communicative way of learning is to be able to convey meaning and not just physical words in a language. The study of speech acts could possibly help achieve this. When using speech acts, one should take into consideration the conversational rules of the language and in order to establish a safe and harmonious conversation, it is better to use certain strategies to eliminate their possible threatening effects. Attempt is made in the present study using a mixed-method design, to investigate the employment of politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987), among the interlocutors with different power relations in English and Farsi novels, when using the speech act of refusal. The speech act of refusal addressed in this study is a face threatening act (FTA) (Brown & Levinson, 1987), which may be used differently by speakers of different languages, with different power relations, in different situations. The materials used are five English and five Farsi novels written by native speakers of English and Farsi. The taxonomy of Beebe, Takahashi and Uliss-Weltz (1990) were employed in order to categories different types of refusal. The frequency of their use and their percentages were calculated manually. The results indicated that even though reflecting two different cultures, the similarities among the English and Farsi novels regarding the use of both speech acts, were more than the differences. The differences were more obvious in the employment of politeness strategies. The findings of this study will probably give insights into the pragmatic and conversational rules of both languages.
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Pavlichenko, Larysa. "PRAGMATIC VALUES OF THE INVESTIGATOR’S LANGUAGE REPERTORY IN THE INTERROGATION DISCOURSE." Studia Linguistica, no. 17 (2020): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2020.17.100-111.
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The article considers the act-speech specifics of the investigator’s speech in conflict and competitive interactions “investigator – suspect/accused” in interrogations at the stage of pre-trial investigation. The study was based on transcripts of interrogations at police stations in the United Kingdom. The speech of the investigator as the initiator of communication and the representative of the institute is characterized by the use of both direct and indirect speech acts, devoid of personal connotations and perceived by the interviewee as typical models of communicative behaviour: indirect directives to avoid acts of direct impression, imperatives and hedge markers to mitigate directive allocation, objective with the infinitive constructions, conditional sentences, modal verbs with the function of logical inference, interrogative and negative questions. Direct acts of directives are not perceived as acts threatening the “face” of their addressee (“face-threatening acts”), but implement a direct strategy of politeness “on-record”, as it is perceived as part of the institutional requirements in the interaction of an investigator- an interrogated person. Manipulative techniques of an investigator in case of sabotage and pseudo-cooperation from an interrogated person are realized by speech acts of a directive illocutionary force with structural indicators of representatives, invective acts in the form of representatives that provoke an interlocutor to state the circumstances of the crime.
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Kim, Kang Hee. "The Study on the Final Ending Expression ‘-ni’ as a Face Threatening Act(FTA): Focus on Corpus Analysis and Discourse Appropriateness Intuition Test." Journal of Humanities and Social sciences 21 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 427–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22143/hss21.8.1.25.
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Dayter, Daria. "Self-praise online and offline." Internet Pragmatics 1, no. 1 (May 28, 2018): 184–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ip.00009.day.
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Abstract In contrast to the assumptions of linguistic research on face-to-face interaction, CMC studies have shown that self-promotion is acceptable and even desired in certain online contexts. However, investigations of self-praise online repeatedly refer to the specific features of internet environment or internet communities that cause a temporary suspension of the constraint against self-praise. The constraint itself is treated as somewhat of an axiom. The assumption is, therefore, that the speech act of self-praise is face-threatening and disruptive and can only occur when certain conditions prevail, for example, when a disclaimer #humblebrag is provided. In the present study, I look at self-praise in private WhatsApp chats. Until now, self-praise has been investigated in broadcasting contexts of Twitter and Instagram. On the basis of the existing description of these naturally occurring episodes of self-praise, a retrieval strategy is developed to identify self-praise in a corpus through queries for collocations of lexical markers. An analysis of the episodes of self-praise retrieved from the WhatsApp corpus and some preliminary results from the corpus of spoken American English support the tentative hypothesis that self-praise is an unmarked speech behaviour that is a part of an everyday speech act repertoire. The existing claim about its special status could be explained through a combination of intuitive assumptions carried over from the influential studies of the pre-corpus era, and the retrieval methods that targeted the modified self-praise.
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Migdadi, Fathi, Muhammad A. Badarneh, and Laila Khwaylih. "Jordanian graduate students’ complaints on Facebook: Semantic formulas and politeness." Lebende Sprachen 66, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 144–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/les-2021-0007.
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Abstract This study examines Jordanian graduate students' complaints posted on a Facebook closed group and directed to the representatives of Student Union at Jordan University of Science and Technology to be transferred to the officials concerned. In line with Boxer (1993b), the study considers the students' complaints to be indirect speech acts, as the addressee(s) are not the source of the offense. Using a sample of 60 institutional complaining posts, the researchers have analysed the complaints in terms of their semantic formulas, politeness functions and correlations with the gender of the complainers. The students’ complaints are classified into six semantic formulas of which the act statement element is indispensable as the complaint is stated in it. The other five formulas, ordered according to their frequency, are opener, remedy, appreciative closing, justification and others. Despite the negative affect typically involved in the complaining act, the semantic formulas identified in this study are found to signal politeness and fit into Brown and Levinson’s (1987) pool of face-saving strategies rather than face-threatening acts. Specifically, when the graduate students direct their Facebook complaints to the students' representatives, they tend to offer camaraderie with them to be encouraged to pursue the problems specified in the complainers’ posts.
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Kraft, Bettina, and Ronald Geluykens. "Complaining in French L1 and L2." EUROSLA Yearbook 2 (August 8, 2002): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.2.14kra.
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This paper addresses the linguistic realization of the face-threatening act of ‘complaints’ in native and non-native French discourse. Data were obtained through written Discourse Completion Tasks with German learners of French and native speakers to examine the extent to which L1 complaint strategies differ from L2 ones, the extent to which differences can be attributed to transfer from the L1, and the extent to which complaint behaviour is gender specific. While no direct evidence of pragmatic transfer from the L1 was found, significant differences were found between L1 and L2 in utterance lengths, degree of directness, use of supportive moves, and appearance of downgraders. Some gender specific features were also found.
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Chandrawisesa, Galih, Keiko Kiyama, Nuria Haristiani, and Sudjianto Sudjianto. "Japanese Inviting Speech Act Strategy: From Gender Point of View." JAPANEDU: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Bahasa Jepang 4, no. 2 (December 29, 2019): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/japanedu.v4i2.19430.
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The invitation acts categorized as an action that is likely to threaten the faceof interlocutors and it is called as face-threatening acts (FTA). There is a need for a strategy in making invitations, so that speakers can maintain their utterance to not interfere the faceof the interlocutors. This study aims to describe the strategies used by Japanese speakers in conducting speech acts to invite friends with similar and opposite gender. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive research method. The data was obtained using the discourse completion test (DCT) questionnaire with respondents from 60 Gunma University students (30 men and 30 women). Then, the collected data has been analyzed based on Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategy. Results showed, that in doing invitation speech acts to friends with opposite gender, both male and female speakers tend to use negative politeness strategies. While the positive politeness strategy is only used in small imposition situations and to friends with similar gender. Male speakers tend to use men’s language (danseigo) to similar gender friends, it shows the nature of a man who is strong and full of masculinity. While female speakers use polite and refined language, such as female language characteristics that are more polite and not dominating. From there, it can be seen that Japanese speakers have a high awareness of the differences in the gender of their interlocutor when they do speech acts.
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Fornieles, Raquel. "Una aproximación a la descortesía verbal en los insultos entre Esquines y Demóstenes." Humanitas, no. 77 (June 28, 2021): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-1718_77_4.
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Desde el punto de vista de las teorías de la (des)cortesía verbal, el insulto es un face-threatening act (FTA), un acto de habla descortés que amenaza la imagen (face) del interlocutor y con el que el hablante tiene la clara intención de ofenderlo. Este trabajo ofrece un análisis de los insultos que Esquines y Demóstenes se profieren mutuamente cuando apelan a su adversario con un vocativo en cuatro discursos: Contra Ctesifonte y Sobre la embajada fraudulenta de Esquines y Sobre la corona y Sobre la embajada fraudulenta de Demóstenes. Se parte del trabajo seminal de Culpeper (basado en el modelo de cortesía de Brown & Levinson, pero opuesto a él en términos de face) y de las posteriores revisiones de las superestrategias de descortesía empleadas por el hablante para expresarse de forma descortés que él identifica. Los resultados del estudio evidencian dos tendencias en los contextos analizados: bald on record impoliteness (descortesía descarnada: el FTA se realiza de un modo directo, claro y conciso) y, sobre todo, sarcasm or mock politeness: (cortesía fingida: el FTA se realiza usando estrategias de cortesía insinceras).
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Jamal Al-Maznaei, Rana. "A contrastive study on thanking in Arabic dialects and English." Bulletin of Advanced English Studies 6, no. 1 (June 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31559/baes2021.6.1.1.
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Cross-Cultural Pragmatics (CCP) is a field of study that focuses on the interaction of people from various cultures. It is to clarify cultural distinctions between languages that acquire meaning through context and sociocultural embedding, resulting in a pragmatic communication failure. This study determines whether the Arabic language, because of dialectical variation, contains more thanking methods than English. Additionally, it aims to investigate the face-threatening strategies used by Arabs and native English speakers. Besides, it aims to determine whether contextual variables affect thanking expressions. The data collection instrument was an open-ended questionnaire in two versions Arabic and English. The results were then analyzed quantitatively using SPSS software version 26.0, following Cheng's classification of thanking. The findings indicate that dialectical diversity is not associated with an increase in thanking strategies that are more prevalent in English. Additionally, religion affects the Arabs speaking, their manner of thanking does not exclude religious expressions, which are their preferred method of expressing their politeness and gratitude. In terms of face-threatening strategies, both native Arabic and English speakers preferred negative politeness to positive politeness, which focuses on minimizing the FTA's particular imposition. Concerning contextual variables such as familiarity and social status, both affect how the thanking speech act is performed. It will be worthwhile to investigate thanking in Arabic and English with a specific factor such as social distance. Additionally, it is beneficial to examine thanking in Arabic dialects regarding civilization's cultural influence and the dialect's proximity to standard Arabic.
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Et. al., Akshay Kapoor,. "Disease Identification System using Image Analysis." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 1S (April 11, 2021): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i1s.1582.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Sensor Technologies making a point-of-care delivery possible which was considered impossible. The human body shows early indicators of disease manifestation before actual clinical symptoms appear. These indicators can be picked up by analyzing the optical face image, which can be used for rapid and cost-effective screening of life-threatening health conditions. This article focuses on how health status can be tracked using optical image analytics. Early identification of disease plays a vital role in therapeutics of a patient. In accordance with review of secondary data available in literature, this article proposed a model to rapidly screen the health conditions at point-of-care. The patterns in the optical image have the potential to act as digital disease markers.
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Chaemsaithong, Krisda. "Accessing Identity through Face Work: A Case Study of Historical Courtroom Discourse." International Review of Pragmatics 3, no. 2 (2011): 242–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187731011x597532.
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AbstractThere are certain areas of study where present-day pragmatics can benefit from history. This study investigates the processes of identity construction and negotiation through face work, using as a case study the historical courtroom in 18th century America. Adopting a social constructionist perspective to identity, the paper proposes that face is inextricably intertwined with identity, as it involves the process in which interlocutors position themselves, through discourse, in social interaction. Drawing upon the framework of self-politeness (Chen 2001), the paper reveals the ways in which an expert identity is constructed and negotiated during a trial where two medical professionals testified as expert witnesses and, at the same time, were challenged by the hostile interrogators. It is found that the experts resorted to two main discursive strategies which enhanced and restored their self-face, namely redressive and off-record, in their struggle for an expert identity, primarily because in the context of cross-examination, such strategies enabled the experts to directly or indirectly voice their response to previous face damaging utterances, instead of being silent on an issue (i.e. the withhold self-face threatening act strategy) or admitting that there was inconsistency in their testimony (i.e. the bald, on-record strategy). Such strategies helped the experts to construct and renew their identity or even resist others' identity ascriptions, enabling them to present themselves in a favourable light as their identity was under constant face threats from the adversarial interlocutors.
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CASTRO CRUZ, MARINA. "Ataque a la imagen y descortesía en los comentarios de blogs en español peninsular." Philologia hispalensis 1, no. 31 (2017): 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/ph.2017.i31.02.
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Vasquez, Camilla. "Examining the role of face work in a workplace complaint narrative." Narrative Inquiry 19, no. 2 (December 16, 2009): 259–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.19.2.04vas.
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In recent years, interest in examining the diverse functions and features of oral narratives told in workplace contexts has grown alongside the body of research investigating the role of language in enacting politeness in the workplace. Yet, to date, there has been little integration of these two strands of inquiry. This paper forges a link between linguistic politeness and some social functions of institutional narratives. Specifically, the micro-analysis of one narrative taken from a corpus of teacher/supervisor feedback sessions demonstrates how the narrator, a novice teacher, negotiates the telling of a complaint narrative to her supervisor along with the politeness demands embedded in the local context of telling. I argue that the speaker’s contradictory evaluation of her situation interacts with linguistic politeness (i.e., the need to mitigate a “face-threatening act”) in the situated telling of this narrative. Finally, in the spirit of recent work on narrative, which calls for increased attention to context in narrative activities, this paper highlights the importance of considering the interrelationships among factors such as face work, recipient design, production circumstances, and institutional roles and relationships among speakers, in the analysis of institutional narratives.
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Rudanko, Juhani. "“[T]his most unnecessary, unjust, and disgraceful war”." Understanding Historical (Im)Politeness 12, no. 1-2 (May 23, 2011): 82–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.12.1-2.04rud.
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This article focuses on face-threatening attacks on the Madison Administration during the War of 1812. The discussion is framed by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, with the language of the Amendment protecting freedom of speech, and also by the Sedition Act of 1798, which, if it had been made permanent, would have seriously curtailed freedom of speech. The War of 1812 was intensely unpopular among members of the Federalist Party, and their newspapers did not shy away from criticising it. This article investigates writings published in the Boston Gazette and the Connecticut Mirror during the war. It is shown that the criticism took different forms, ranging from accusing President Madison of “untruths” to painting a picture of what was claimed to be the unmitigated hopelessness of his position, both nationally and internationally, and that the criticism also included harsh personal attacks on his character and motives. It is suggested that some of the attacks may be characterised as exhibiting aggravated impoliteness. The article also considers President Madison’s attitude in the face of the attacks.
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Suhandoko, Suhandoko. "Codemixing in an Entertainment TV Show: How Which Is Functions in Indonesians’ Repertoire." NOBEL: Journal of Literature and Language Teaching 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 32–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/nobel.2019.10.1.32-51.
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The present article portrays the use of “which is” as a currently popular mixed-code among Indonesians, especially teenagers and public figures, since the 2010s or popularly named as the language of South-Jakartans (Bahasa Anak Jaksel) by taking an Indonesian TV show as the data collection sites. The data were the comments of one of the judges of Indonesian Idol 2018, named ME. For investigation purpose, videos containing the “which is”phrase uttered by ME were sorted, transcribed, and analyzed. The analysis focused on how “which is”functions in the utterances. It was found that remarkable functions of “which is”include as substituting conjunctions and discourse markers. The substituting conjunctions include cause-effect and coordinating conjunctions, as for the discourse markers likely function to minimize face-threatening act.
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Nguyen Thu, Hanh. "TEACHERS’ REPROACH IN CASES STUDENTS MADE MISTAKES." Journal of Science Educational Science 65, no. 12 (December 2020): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1075.2020-0110.
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This article focuses on research on the using of reproach act by teachers in secondary and high schools in Vietnam. Specifically, the study focused on understanding 448 reproach acts that teachers performed in communicating with students in situations where they made mistakes. To get an objective view of teachers’ using of reproach act, the article also investigated the use of reproach behavior in literature works, movies (users are characters), and notes from daily dialogues (users are people around researcher). The results showed that the teachers reproached in significantly different ways such as: using other acts to present indirect reproach; using the primary performative of reproach to present illocutionary forces of other acts; using forms of interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, inversion or ellipsis sentence to express reproach acts; using mitigating devices to minimize the level of face-threatening of reproach; and so on. The results of the study are expected to contribute to the study of Vietnamese teachers’ speech acts so that teachers can realize the importance of language in communicating with students and gain useful experiences for themselves. They can also be the data source for studying and learning language and are useful suggestions that can be applied in communication.
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Yang, Yike. "Disagreement Strategies on Chinese Forums: Comparing Data From Hong Kong and Mainland China." SAGE Open 11, no. 3 (July 2021): 215824402110368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211036879.
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Prior research on disagreement has mainly focused on its negative impact, suggesting that disagreement should be avoided in communication. Consequently, disagreement is rarely studied in computer-mediated communication, particularly in the Chinese context. Adopting the interactional approach, this project pioneers the investigation of disagreement strategies on online forums in Hong Kong and mainland China, in hopes of providing insights into a better understanding of disagreement in the Chinese online context and shedding light on politeness theory in intercultural communication among Chinese people. Two threads on a similar topic were selected, from which 400 comments were collected and annotated for further analysis. Our results showed that, instead of being a face-threatening act, disagreement maintained and enhanced the interlocutors’ face and advanced the communication of information within each thread. Moreover, although the distribution of the five disagreement strategies was similar in the two sites, there were notably more disagreement tokens and negative comments on the Hong Kong forum. The observed divergence has been attributed to the different degrees of collectivism–individualism in the two regions, the internet censorship in mainland China and the nature of the two forums selected, which remain to be confirmed in future studies.
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Tur, Ajar Pradika Ananta. "THE REALIZATION OF POLITENESS IN �A DOLL�S HOUSE� SCRIPT." EduLite: Journal of English Education, Literature and Culture 1, no. 2 (August 31, 2016): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/e.1.2.115-128.
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Politeness is considered to be important in the communication. When thepeople are communicating to one another, they are expected to keep thesocial relationship and do not violate another face or called as facethreatening acts (FTAs). This research investigated the realization ofpoliteness in a drama script entitled �A Doll�s House� by Henrik Ibsen. Itaims to classify the drama conversation parts into some categorizations ofpoliteness and to analyze why they differ in the context. In its nature, theresearch applied qualitative concepts. Two conversation parts in the firstact of the script were chosen to be the objects of the research. Thesequalitative data were then analyzed and categorized using Goffman�scategorizations of Face Threatening Act (FTA): FTA off record and FTA onrecord (with sub-classes: FTA on-baldly, FTA on record-with negativepoliteness, and FTA on record-with positive politeness). From the analyses,it was concluded that there were some parts belonging to FTA off recordand some belonging to the FTA on record with positive politeness. The firstdata analysis explained much about FTA off record. On the contrary, FTAon record with positive politeness was portrayed in the second analysis. Itshows that people tend to save their inter-interlocutors� face by usingindirect request, off record, as far as they understand what the speakerswant to. The on record will work if only the first one does not work.Keywords: Politeness, FTA off-record, FTA-on record
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Ali, Shurooq Abboodi. "Socio-pragmatic Deficiency in E.Requests." IRA International Journal of Education and Multidisciplinary Studies 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jems.v10.n3.p2.
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<p>The speech act of request is face-threatening by nature and an inappropriate request can cause offence to the hearer, particularly when s/he has higher authority (Economidou-Kogetsidis, 2011). E-mail is frequently used to facilitate communication between student and professor in Iraq. Iraqi EFL (English as a foreign language) learners face pragmatic difficulty in making proper requests to individuals of higher authority via e-mail. Some studies have been conducted on Arab EFL learners to uncover the pragmatic behaviour of these learners in real-life requests using elicited data. This research fills a gap in Inter-language Pragmatics (ILP) literature in that it investigates the use of academic request in three diverse imposition levels (low, medium, and high) by Iraqi EFL learners when they communicate with their professors via e-mail. This study uses authentic data consists of 200 e-mails related to academic requests sent by Iraqi EFL learners to their professors. Besides, the study uses the CCSARP (cross-cultural speech act realisation project) originally proposed by Blum-Kulka, House, and Kasper (1989) and modified later by Biesenbach-Lucas (2007). Qualitative and quantitative analyses are used to analyse the data. The findings reveal that Iraqi EFL learners primarily use direct strategy in all types of request impositions by e-mail. These learners have socio-pragmatic deficiency in high imposition requests; that is, they are mainly direct with their professors in requests call for conventional indirectness to be acceptable pragmatically.</p>
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Tobback, Els. "Telling the world how skilful you are: Self-praise strategies on LinkedIn." Discourse & Communication 13, no. 6 (September 11, 2019): 647–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750481319868854.
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Self-praise has traditionally been interpreted as a potentially face threatening act, which infringes the ‘Modesty Maxim’ proposed by Leech. Certain discourse genres, however, like application letters, job interviews or the LinkedIn summaries which are the research object of this article serve, by definition, to promote the professional as skilful. Hence, the question arises to what extent these discourse genres take into account the (potentially) risky nature of self-praise. On the basis of a corpus of some 90 French and US LinkedIn summaries, this article shows, on one hand, that besides asserting explicitly which competent identity and skills one has, LinkedIn-members use a whole array of more or less subtle indirect strategies to express skilfulness, including strategies pertaining to the area of reported speech. On the other hand, the analysis reveals that downgrading devices are hardly attested, contrary to upgrading modifiers, which also exhibit a remarkable variation.
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Farrokhi, Farahman, and Mina Arghami. "A Contrastive Study of the Use of Politeness Strategies in Disagreement among Characters with Different Power Relations in English and Farsi Novels." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 7, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0708.08.
Full textAbstract:
In order to communicate properly in a language, it is essential to understand how the meaning, not just the physical words and grammatical rules, are conveyed in that language by learning its pragmatic rules. One way of achieving this is to study the use of speech acts in that particular language and the strategies used to keep the conversations as harmonious and conflict-avoiding as possible. The present study using a mixed-method design, tries to investigate the use of face saving strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987), among the interlocutors with different power relations when using the speech act of disagreement, in English and Farsi novels. This speech act is applied differently with addressee's of different power status, being more indirect as the power status of the addressee gets higher than that of the speaker. Five English novels written by English authors were compared with five novels written by Iranian authors to detect the contexts in which the characters use the speech act of disagreement and employ politeness strategies to soften its threatening effects. To analyze different types of disagreement, the taxonomy proposed by Rees-Miller (2000) was employed. The frequency of their use by the characters and their percentages were manually calculated. The findings showed that in contrast to their different cultures, the interlocutors of the two languages performed almost equally when using this speech act and the differences were mostly in employment of politeness strategies. The results will probably lead to some understandings about pragmatic rules governing the two languages.
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De Waard, Stephan, Jérôme Montnach, Barbara Ribeiro, Sébastien Nicolas, Virginie Forest, Flavien Charpentier, Matteo Elia Mangoni, et al. "Functional Impact of BeKm-1, a High-Affinity hERG Blocker, on Cardiomyocytes Derived from Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19 (September 28, 2020): 7167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197167.
Full textAbstract:
IKr current, a major component of cardiac repolarization, is mediated by human Ether-à-go-go-Related Gene (hERG, Kv11.1) potassium channels. The blockage of these channels by pharmacological compounds is associated to drug-induced long QT syndrome (LQTS), which is a life-threatening disorder characterized by ventricular arrhythmias and defects in cardiac repolarization that can be illustrated using cardiomyocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS-CMs). This study was meant to assess the modification in hiPS-CMs excitability and contractile properties by BeKm-1, a natural scorpion venom peptide that selectively interacts with the extracellular face of hERG, by opposition to reference compounds that act onto the intracellular face. Using an automated patch-clamp system, we compared the affinity of BeKm-1 for hERG channels with some reference compounds. We fully assessed its effects on the electrophysiological, calcium handling, and beating properties of hiPS-CMs. By delaying cardiomyocyte repolarization, the peptide induces early afterdepolarizations and reduces spontaneous action potentials, calcium transients, and contraction frequencies, therefore recapitulating several of the critical phenotype features associated with arrhythmic risk in drug-induced LQTS. BeKm-1 exemplifies an interesting reference compound in the integrated hiPS-CMs cell model for all drugs that may block the hERG channel from the outer face. Being a peptide that is easily modifiable, it will serve as an ideal molecular platform for the design of new hERG modulators displaying additional functionalities.
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Dewi, Lintang Indah Ayu Respati, Lailatun Nurul Aniq, and Khairani Dian Anisa. "THE REFUSAL STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY PRE-SERVICE EFL TEACHERS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN JAVANESE AND SUMATRANS." Jurnal Penelitian Humaniora 21, no. 2 (August 29, 2020): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/humaniora.v21i2.9924.
Full textAbstract:
Refusing is a part of commissive speech acts. Refusing is a face-threatening act (FTA) that needs a good pragmatic competence since it probably gives risk to the interlocutor's positive or negative face. However, it indicates that people from various cultural backgrounds employ dissimilar refusal strategies. This study aimed at providing a comparison of refusal strategies used between Javanese Pre-service English Teachers (JPETs) and Sumatranese Pre-service English Teachers (SPETs) in accordance with different levels of power. The data were elicited from the DCT given to 10 JPETs and 10 SPETs. The participants were asked to fill the DCTs with written responses in which each DCT described different contexts and settings. Based on the analysis, JPETs and SPETs employed similar strategies in refusing to a request. The difference was only on the frequency usage of a certain strategy. Furthermore, all of the indirect strategies were applied to refuse a request meanwhile only a strategy comes from a direct strategy called the negation of proposition that is applied. A direct refusal strategy call bluntness was not applied. This study evoked pre-service awareness of pragmatic competence which could be taught to their future students and larger participants were encouraged for future study.