Relevant bibliographies by topics / Facial Morphology

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Facial Morphology'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Facial Morphology"

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Bittner, Christian, and Hans Pancherz. "Facial morphology and malocclusions." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 97, no. 4 (April 1990): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-5406(90)70103-j.

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Woodson, B. Tucker. "Facial Morphology and Nasal Resistance." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 143, no. 2_suppl (August 2010): P164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2010.06.282.

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Liu, B., S. M. Rooker, and J. A. Helms. "Molecular control of facial morphology." Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 21, no. 3 (May 2010): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.09.002.

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Crothers, A. J. R. "Tooth wear and facial morphology." Journal of Dentistry 20, no. 6 (December 1992): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-5712(92)90019-9.

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Miller, James R. "TMJ disorders and facial morphology." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 131, no. 5 (May 2007): 575–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.03.012.

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Hammond, Peter, Tim J. Hutton, Judith E. Allanson, Linda E. Campbell, Raoul C. M. Hennekam, Sean Holden, Michael A. Patton, et al. "3D analysis of facial morphology." American Journal of Medical Genetics 126A, no. 4 (May 1, 2004): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.20665.

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Capistrano, Anderson, Aldir Cordeiro, Leopoldino Capelozza Filho, Veridiana Correia Almeida, Priscila Izabela de Castro e. Silva, Sandra Martinez, and Renata Rodrigues de Almeida-Pedrin. "Facial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 20, no. 6 (December 2015): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.20.6.060-067.oar.

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Objective: This study aimed at assessing the relationship between facial morphological patterns (I, II, III, Long Face and Short Face) as well as facial types (brachyfacial, mesofacial and dolichofacial) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients attending a center specialized in sleep disorders. Methods: Frontal, lateral and smile photographs of 252 patients (157 men and 95 women), randomly selected from a polysomnography clinic, with mean age of 40.62 years, were evaluated. In order to obtain diagnosis of facial morphology, the sample was sent to three professors of Orthodontics trained to classify patients' face according to five patterns, as follows: 1) Pattern I; 2) Pattern II; 3) Pattern III; 4) Long facial pattern; 5) Short facial pattern. Intraexaminer agreement was assessed by means of Kappa index. The professors ranked patients' facial type based on a facial index that considers the proportion between facial width and height. Results: The multiple linear regression model evinced that, when compared to Pattern I, Pattern II had the apnea and hypopnea index (AHI) worsened in 6.98 episodes. However, when Pattern II was compared to Pattern III patients, the index for the latter was 11.45 episodes lower. As for the facial type, brachyfacial patients had a mean AHI of 22.34, while dolichofacial patients had a significantly statistical lower index of 10.52. Conclusion: Patients' facial morphology influences OSA. Pattern II and brachyfacial patients had greater AHI, while Pattern III patients showed a lower index.
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Mass, Eliyahu, and Leon Belostoky. "Craniofacial Morphology of Children with Williams Syndrome." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 30, no. 3 (May 1993): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1993_030_0343_cmocww_2.3.co_2.

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Facial dysmorphology is considered to be a major diagnostic feature in patients with Williams syndrome (WS). The dysmorphology is composed of soft tissue and skeletal components. In this study the skeletal component of the facial dysmorphology was examined by analyzing the lateral cephalometric radiographs of 8 children with WS. Seven anatomic areas were judged by means of the analysis of 48 cephalometric variables. Four skeletal features contributed to the facial appearance of children with WS: (1) the anterior cranial base was short, although the cranial base angle (N-S-Ba) was normal; (2) the angle of the mandibular plane was steep, although total facial height was normal; (3) despite the normal facial height, there was an unusual proportion of upper to lower anterior facial height and posterior to anterior facial height; and (4) the chin button (pogonion to N-B line) was deficient, although the mandible could not be classified as retrognathic. The common skeletal components were not dominant enough to characterize the facial dysmorphology completely.
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Kamínková, P. "Methods used for facial morphology research." Česká stomatologie/Praktické zubní lékařství 119, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51479/cspzl.2019.005.

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Kamínková, P. "Methods used for facial morphology research." Česká stomatologie/Praktické zubní lékařství 119, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51479/cspzl.2019.005.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Facial Morphology"

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Langstaff, Helen Katherine. "The heritability of facial morphology." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25447.

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Facial recognition methodologies, widely used today in everything from automatic passport controls at airports to unlocking devices on mobile phones, has developed greatly in recent years. The methodologies vary from feature based landmark comparisons in 2D and 3D, utilising Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to surface-based Iterative Closest Point Algorithm (ICP) analysis and a wide variety of techniques in between. The aim of all facial recognition software (FCS) is to find or match a target face with a reference face of a known individual from an existing database. FCS, however, faces many challenges including temporal variations due to development/ageing and variations in facial expression. To determine any quantifiable heritability of facial morphology using this resource, one has to look for faces with enough demonstrable similarities to predict a possible genetic link, instead of the ordinary matching of the same individual’s face in different instances. With the exception of identical twins, this means the introduction of many more variables into the equation of how to relate faces to each other. Variation due to both developmental and degenerative aging becomes a much greater issue than in previous matching situations, especially when comparing parents with children. Additionally, sexual dimorphism is encountered with cross gender relationships, for example, between mothers and sons. Non-inherited variables are also encountered such as BMI, facial disfigurement and the effects of dental work and tooth loss. For this study a Trimmed Iterative Closest Point Algorithm (TrICP) was applied to three-dimensional surfaces scans, created using a white light scanner and Flexscan 3D, of the faces of 41 families consisting of 139 individuals. The TrICP algorithm produced 7176 Mesh-to-mesh Values (MMV) for each of seven sections of the face (Whole face, Eyes, Nose, Mouth, Eyes-Nose, Eyes-Nose-Mouth, and Eyes-Nose- Mouth-Chin). Receiver Operated Characteristic (ROC) analysis was then conducted for each of the seven sections of the face within 11 predetermined categories of relationship, in order to assess the utility of the method for predicting familial relationships (sensitivity/specificity). Additionally, the MMVs of three single features, (eyes, nose and mouth) were combined to form four combination areas which were analysed within the same 11 relationship categories. Overall the relationship between sisters showed the most similarity across all areas of the face with the clear exception of the mouth. Where female to female comparison was conducted the mouth consistently negatively affected the results. The father-daughter relationship showed the least similarity overall and was only significant for three of the 11 portions of the face. In general, the combination of three single features achieved greater accuracy as shown by Areas Under the Curve (AUC) than all other portions of the face and single features were less predictive than the face as a whole.
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Nebbe, Brian. "Adolescent facial morphology and TMJ internal derangement." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0002/NQ29085.pdf.

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CAPLOVA, ZUZANA. "MORPHOLOGY OF THE FACE AS A POSTMORTEM PERSONAL IDENTIFIER." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/544095.

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The human face carries some of the most individualizing features suitable for the personal identification. Facial morphology is used for the face matching of living. An extensive research is conducted to develop the matching algorithm to mimic the human ability to recognize and match faces. Human ability to recognize and match faces, however, is not errorless and it serves as the main argument precluding the visual facial matching from its use as an identification tool. The human face keeps its individuality after death. Compared to the faces of living, the faces of deceased are rarely used or researched for the face matching. Different factors influence the appearance of the face of the deceased compared to the face of the living, namely the early postmortem changes and decomposition process. On the other hand, the literature review showed the use of visual recognition in multiple cases of identity assessment after the natural disasters. Presented dissertation thesis is composed of several projects focused on the possibility of personal identification of the decedents solely based on the morphology of their face. Dissertation explains the need for such identification and explores the error rates of the visual recognition of deceased, the progress of facial changes due to the early decomposition and the possibility of utilization of soft biometric traits, specifically facial moles. Lastly, the dissertation presents the use of shape index (s) as a quality indicator of three different 3D scanners aimed towards the most suitable method for obtaining facial postmortem 3D images.
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Ding, Huaxiong. "Combining 2D facial texture and 3D face morphology for estimating people's soft biometrics and recognizing facial expressions." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEC061/document.

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Puisque les traits de biométrie douce peuvent fournir des preuves supplémentaires pour aider à déterminer précisément l’identité de l’homme, il y a eu une attention croissante sur la reconnaissance faciale basée sur les biométrie douce ces dernières années. Parmi tous les biométries douces, le sexe et l’ethnicité sont les deux caractéristiques démographiques importantes pour les êtres humains et ils jouent un rôle très fondamental dans l’analyse de visage automatique. En attendant, la reconnaissance des expressions faciales est un autre challenge dans le domaine de l’analyse de visage en raison de la diversité et de l’hybridité des expressions humaines dans différentes cultures, genres et contextes. Ce thèse est dédié à combiner la texture du visage 2D et la morphologie du visage 3D pour estimer les biométries douces: le sexe, l’ethnicité, etc., et reconnaître les expressions faciales. Pour la reconnaissance du sexe et de l’ethnicité, nous présentons une approche efficace en combinant à la fois des textures locales et des caractéristiques de forme extraites à partir des modèles de visage 3D, contrairement aux méthodes existantes qui ne dépendent que des textures ou des caractéristiques de forme. Afin de souligne exhaustivement la différence entre les groupes sexuels et ethniques, nous proposons un nouveau descripteur, à savoir local circular patterns (LCP). Ce descripteur améliore Les motifs binaires locaux (LBP) et ses variantes en remplaçant la quantification binaire par une quantification basée sur le regroupement, entraînant d’une puissance plus discriminative et une meilleure résistance au bruit. En même temps, l’algorithme Adaboost est engagé à sélectionner les caractéristiques discriminatives fortement liés au sexe et à l’ethnicité. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus sur les bases de données FRGC v2.0 et BU-3DFE démontrent clairement les avantages de la méthode proposée. Pour la reconnaissance des expressions faciales, nous présentons une méthode automatique basée sur les multi-modalité 2D + 3D et démontrons sa performance sur la base des données BU-3DFE. Notre méthode combine des textures locales et des descripteurs de formes pour atteindre l’efficacité et la robustesse. Tout d’abord, un grand ensemble des points des caractéristiques d’images 2D et de modèles 3D sont localisés à l’aide d’un nouvel algorithme, à savoir la cascade parallèle incrémentielle de régression linéaire (iPar-CLR). Ensuite, on utilise un nouveau descripteur basé sur les histogrammes des gradients d’ordre secondaire (HSOG) en conjonction avec le descripteur SIFT pour décrire la texture locale autour de chaque point de caractéristique 2D. De même, la géométrie locale autour de chaque point de caractéristique 3D est décrite par deux nouveaux descripteurs de forme construits à l’aide des quantités différentielle de géométries de la surface au premier ordre et au second ordre, à savoir meshHOG et meshHOS. Enfin, les résultats de reconnaissance des descripteurs 2D et 3D fournis par le classifier SVM sont fusionnés à la fois au niveau de fonctionnalité et de score pour améliorer la précision. Les expérimentaux résultats démontrent clairement qu’il existe des caractéristiques complémentaires entre les descripteurs 2D et 3D. Notre approche basée sur les multi-modalités surpasse les autres méthodes de l’état de l’art en obtenant une précision de reconnaissance 86,32%. De plus, une bonne capacité de généralisation est aussi présentée sur la base de données Bosphorus
Since soft biometrics traits can provide sufficient evidence to precisely determine the identity of human, there has been increasing attention for face based soft biometrics identification in recent years. Among those face based soft biometrics, gender and ethnicity are both key demographic attributes of human beings and they play a very fundamental and important role in automatic machine based face analysis. Meanwhile, facial expression recognition is another challenge problem in face analysis because of the diversity and hybridity of human expressions among different subjects in different cultures, genders and contexts. This Ph.D thesis work is dedicated to combine 2D facial Texture and 3D face morphology for estimating people’s soft biometrics: gender, ethnicity, etc., and recognizing facial expression. For the gender and ethnicity recognition, we present an effective and efficient approach on this issue by combining both boosted local texture and shape features extracted from 3D face models, in contrast to the existing ones that only depend on either 2D texture or 3D shape of faces. In order to comprehensively represent the difference between different genders or ethnics groups, we propose a novel local descriptor, namely local circular patterns (LCP). LCP improves the widely utilized local binary patterns (LBP) and its variants by replacing the binary quantization with a clustering based one, resulting in higher discriminative power as well as better robustness to noise. Meanwhile, the following Adaboost based feature selection finds the most discriminative gender- and ethnic-related features and assigns them with different weights to highlight their importance in classification, which not only further raises the performance but reduces the time and memory cost as well. Experimental results achieved on the FRGC v2.0 and BU-3DFE data sets clearly demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method. For facial expression recognition, we present a fully automatic multi-modal 2D + 3D feature-based facial expression recognition approach and demonstrate its performance on the BU–3DFE database. Our approach combines multi-order gradientbased local texture and shape descriptors in order to achieve efficiency a nd robustness. First, a large set of fiducial facial landmarks of 2D face images along with their 3D face scans are localized using a novel algorithm namely incremental Parallel Cascade of Linear Regression (iPar–CLR). Then, a novel Histogram of Second Order Gradients (HSOG) based local image descriptor in conjunction with the widely used first-order gradient based SIFT descriptor are employed to describe the local texture around each 2D landmark. Similarly, the local geometry around each 3D landmark is described by two novel local shape descriptors constructed using the first-order and the second-order surface differential geometry quantities, i.e., Histogram of mesh Gradients (meshHOG) and Histogram of mesh Shape index (curvature quantization, meshHOS). Finally, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) based recognition results of all 2D and 3D descriptors are fused at both featurelevel and score-level to further improve the accuracy. Comprehensive experimental results demonstrate that there exist impressive complementary characteristics between the 2D and 3D descriptors. We use the BU–3DFE benchmark to compare our approach to the state-of-the-art ones. Our multi-modal feature-based approach outperforms the others by achieving an average recognition accuracy of 86,32%. Moreover, a good generalization ability is shown on the Bosphorus database
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Grauer, Dan Proffit William R. "Airway volume and shape from cone-beam CT relationship to facial morphology /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1197.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 26, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Orthodontics of the School of Dentistry." Discipline: Orthodontics; Department/School: Dentistry.
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Hood, Catherine Anne. "Three-dimensional assessment of facial morphology in infants with cleft lip and palate." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 2005. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/735/.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2005.
Includes articles from journals: International journal of paediatric dentistry, vol. 13, 2003, pp. 404-410 ; Cleft palate-craniofacial journal, vol. 41, no. 1, 2004 ; Cleft palate-craniofacial journal vol. 40, no. 5, 2003. Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, 2005. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Andrade, Lilian Mendes. "Estudo da repetibilidade de medidas angulares e lineares na análise da morfologia facial por meio da estereofotogrametria." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58133/tde-09082016-095926/.

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Os sistemas de estereofotogrametria digital representam um método não radioativo, seguro, preciso e objetivo para quantificar as dimensões dos tecidos moles faciais. Novos equipamentos têm despontado como alternativa viável nas especialidades que tratam do complexo craniofacial. A estereofotogrametria se destaca pela completa ausência de radiação ionizante, alta velocidade de aquisição, grandes ângulos de visualização, navegação virtual da imagem e possibilidade de integração com outros sistemas de imagens. Quando um novo método é proposto, torna-se necessário avaliar a sua confiabilidade na obtenção de resultados. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a repetibilidade intraexaminador em medidas faciais lineares e angulares, em um sistema de estereofotogrametria digital utilizado para avaliação da morfologia facial. A amostra final consistiu em 30 indivíduos adultos brasileiros com idade entre 18 e 45 anos, média de 26,71± 6,53 anos. Vinte e cinco mulheres e cinco homens, saudáveis, sem histórico de traumas ou cirurgias faciais e sem anormalidades congênitas, tiveram pontos de referência marcados em suas faces por um mesmo examinador e foram fotografados em dois momentos, com intervalo de uma semana (T1 e T2), pelo sistema de estereofotogrametria digital Vectra M3® (Canfield Scientific, Fairfield, EUA). Trinta e oito pontos foram demarcados em cada captura. Identificou-se um total de 2280 pontos; 11 medidas foram feitas em cada imagem capturada e 330 medições foram realizadas. As imagens obtidas foram medidas em software próprio do sistema. A análise foi realizada a partir de um conjunto de nove medidas angulares (ângulos nasolabial, mentolabial, convexidade facial, convexidade facial total, nasal, maxilar, mandibular, nasofrontal, maxilofacial, e duas medidas lineares (altura facial média AFAM e altura facial inferior - AFAI), propostas para caracterizar a morfologia facial dos indivíduos da amostra. A repetibilidade intraexaminador na aquisição das medidas foi analisada pela Média Absoluta das diferenças (MAD), Magnitude Relativa do Erro (MRE), Erro Técnico de Medição (ETM), Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC) e análise de Bland-Altman. O teste t para amostras pareadas foi utilizado na identificação de erro sistemático entre T1-T2. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson foi empregado para verificar a associação entre idade/IMC e o erro nas medições realizadas. Resultados: No cálculo do ETM e da MAD, apenas os ângulos nasolabial (2,17°) e mentolabial (2,88°) apresentaram valores maiores que 2 graus (limite clínico estabelecido para o presente estudo). Para a MRE, 9,1% das medidas foram consideradas moderadas (ângulo maxilofacial), 27,3% foram consideradas boas (ângulo nasal, ângulo maxilar, ângulo mandibular), 45,5% muito boas (ângulo nasolabial, ângulo mentolabial, ângulo nasofrontal, AFAM, AFAI) e 18,2% excelentes (ângulo da convexidade facial, ângulo da convexidade facial total.). Os ângulos nasolabial, mentolabial, convexidade facial, convexidade facial total, maxilofacial e nasofrontal apresentaram valores de ICC (R) classificados como excelentes. O ângulo nasal, e as medidas lineares de AFAI e AFAM tiveram um resultado satisfatório. Não ficou comprovada a relação entre idade/IMC e o erro encontrado entre as medições (diferença absoluta entre T1 e T2). As medidas para AFAM apresentaram um erro sistemático. As medições realizadas foram consideradas precisas dentro dos limites e referências estabelecidas para o presente estudo. Os ângulos nasolabial e mentolabial devem ser interpretados com critério pela variabilidade apresentada. O examinador apresentou boa repetibilidade nas medições realizadas. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo acrescentam confiabilidade ao uso da estereofotogrametria digital na antropometria facial. Os parâmetros de precisão adequados a cada situação, em clínica ou em pesquisa, devem ser previamente estabelecidos.
Digital stereophotogrammetry systems represent a non-radioactive, safe, and accurate method to quantify the facial soft tissues dimensions. New equipment has emerged as viable alternative in the specialties that deal with the craniofacial complex. Stereophotogrammetry system has been highlighted by the complete absence of ionizing radiation, high-speed acquisition, large viewing angles, virtual image navigation and possibility of integration with others imaging systems. When a new method is proposed, it is necessary to assess its reliability in achieving results. The aim of this study was to analyze the intra-examiner repeatability on linear and angular facial measurements into a digital stereophotogrammetry system used to assess facial morphology. The final sample consisted of 30 Brazilian adults aged between 18 and 45 years, average of 26.71±6,53 years. Five men and twenty-five women, healthy, with no history of trauma or previous facial surgeries and without congenital abnormalities, had landmarks labeled on their faces by the same rater and were photographed in two stages (T1-T2), with an interval of one week, at stereophotogrammetry system digital Vectra M3® (Canfield Scientific, Fairfield, NJ). Thirty-eight points were labeled in each capture. 2280 points were identified; 11 distances were measured in each image, giving a total of 330 measurements. The images were measured by a dedicated software system. The analysis was performed from a set of nine angular measurements (nasolabial, mentolabial, facial convexity, full facial convexity, nasal, maxillary, mandibular, nasofrontal, maxillofacial angles, and two linear measurements (middle facial height - AFAM and lower facial height AFAI). Precision and intra-rater repeatability in the measurements acquisition were evaluated by the Mean Absolute Difference (MAD) Relative Error Magnitude (REM), Technical Error of Measurements (TEM), intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis. Test t for paired samples was used in the systematic error identification between T1-T2. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to verify the association between age / BMI and measurement errors. Results: to the estimated TEM and MAD only nasolabial angles (2.17°), mentolabial (2.88°) had higher values than 2.0 degrees (clinical limit for this study). For MRE, 9.1% of the measures were considered moderate (maxillofacial angle), 27.3% were considered good (nasal angle, maxillary angle, mandibular angle), 45.5% very good (nasolabial angle, mentolabial angle, nasofrontal angle, AFAM, AFAI) and 18.2% excellent (facial convexity, full facial convexity.). The nasolabial, mentolabial, facial convexity, total facial convexity, maxillofacial and nasofrontal angles showed R values rated as excellent. The nasal angle, and the linear measurements of AFAI and AFAM had a satisfactory outcome. It was not proven the relation between age / body mass index and the error (absolute difference between T1 and T2). Measures to AFAM showed a systematic error. Conclusion: The measurements were considered accurate within the limits and references established for this study. The examiner showed good repeatability in identifying landmarks. The results presented on this study add reliability to the Digital stereophotogrammetry in clinical and research activities, provided there are previously established adequate precision parameters.
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Bavia, Paula Furlan 1988. "Influência da morfologia craniofacial sobre disfunções temporomandibulares, força de mordida, performance e habilidade mastigatórias = Influence of craniofacial morphology on temporomandibular disorders, bite force, masticatory performance and chewing ability." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288647.

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Orientador: Renata Cunha Matheus Rodrigues Garcia
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: A morfologia craniofacial no sentido vertical está relacionada com as proporções e configurações da musculatura mastigatória, a qual pode ser influenciada pela presença de disfunções temporomandibulares (DTMs), afetando as funções orofaciais, como por exemplo, a mastigação e deglutição. Desta forma, dois estudos foram conduzidos e compõem esta tese. O objetivo no primeiro estudo foi verificar a presença da associação entre DTM e morfologia craniofacial. Para tanto, foram selecionados duzentos voluntários (com idade entre 18 e 50 anos) da Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, os quais foram divididos em dois grupos: (1) voluntários com DTM (n = 100, sendo 90 indivíduos do gênero feminino e 10 do gênero masculino) (idade média 27,80 ± 6,10 anos), e (2) voluntários sem DTM (n = 100, sendo 90 indivíduos do gênero feminino e 10 do gênero masculino) (idade média 25,90 ± 5,20 anos). O diagnóstico de DTM foi realizado por meio do sistema de diagnóstico Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). Em seguida, foram obtidas telerradiografias convencionais em norma lateral e após análise cefalométrica de Ricketts os voluntários foram classificados como Braquifaciais, Mesofaciais ou Dolicofaciais. O segundo estudo objetivou avaliar a influência da morfologia craniofacial na força máxima de mordida; na performance e habilidade mastigatórias em indivíduos com DTM sintomática. Para tanto, indivíduos do primeiro estudo que apresentaram tempo de dor de no mínimo 3 meses, com intensidade maior ou igual a cinquenta milímetros mensurada por meio da escala visual analógica (EVA) foram incluídos. Desta maneira, 48 indivíduos (com idade entre 18 e 45 anos) do gênero feminino com DTM sintomática (idade média 27,71 ± 5,79 anos) foram divididos em 3 grupos: (1) braquifacial (n = 22); (2) mesofacial (n = 13); e (3) dolicofacial (n = 13). A função mastigatória foi avaliada por meio da mensuração da força máxima de mordida, performance e habilidade mastigatórias. Para o primeiro estudo os dados foram submetidos aos testes de Tukey-Kramer e qui-quadrado de razão de verossimilhança, e para o segundo estudo foi utilizado análise de variância um fator seguido de teste de Tukey-Kramer (?=0,05). Os resultados do primeiro estudo demonstraram que não houve associação entre a morfologia craniofacial e a presença de DTM (p = 0,6622), no entanto observou-se associação entre a morfologia craniofacial e a presença de dor (p = 0,0077). No segundo estudo, verificou-se diferença significante na força máxima de mordida (p = 0,0001) entre os grupos, sendo os maiores valores encontrados em indivíduos braquifaciais, no entanto não foram encontradas diferenças na performance mastigatória (p=0,4543). Em acréscimo, houve diferença significante (p=0,0141) entre os grupos na habilidade mastigatória de apenas um dos componentes avaliados, no qual os indivíduos braquifaciais apresentaram os melhores valores de habilidade. Apesar de não ter sido observada associação entre a morfologia craniofacial e DTM, evidencia-se a importância de uma atenção especial em indivíduos braquifaciais, os quais estão mais susceptíveis a apresentarem DTM sintomática. Além disso, a morfologia craniofacial influenciou a força máxima de mordida, mas não afetou a performance e habilidade mastigatórias em indivíduos com DTM sintomática
Abstract: Vertical craniofacial morphology is related with the proportions and settings of masticatory muscles, which can be influenced by the presence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), affecting the orofacial functions, such as mastication and deglutition. Thus, two studies were conducted and compose this thesis. The aim of the first study was to investigate the presence of association between craniofacial morphology and TMD. Two hundred volunteers (ranging from 18 to 50 years) were selected from Piracicaba Dental School and were divided into two groups: 1) volunteers with TMD (n = 100, 90 females and 10 males) (mean age 27.80 ± 6.10 years), and 2) volunteers without TMD (n = 100, 90 females and 10 males) (mean age 25.90 ± 5.20 years). TMD was diagnosed by the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). Subsequently, lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained and analyzed by Ricketts' cephalometric analysis and the volunteers were classified as Brachyfacial, Mesofacial or Dolichofacial. The second study assessed the influence of craniofacial morphology on maximum bite force; masticatory performance and chewing ability in subjects with painful TMD. Subjects from the first study presenting pain for at least 3 months, with a minimum pain intensity of 50 mm measured using a visual analog scale (VAS) were included. Thus, fourty-eight female subjects with TMD (ranging from 18 to 45 years) (mean age 27.71 ± 5.79 years) were divided into three groups: 1) brachyfacial (n = 22); 2) mesofacial (n = 13); and 3) dolichofacial (n = 13). Masticatory function was assessed through maximum bite force, masticatory performance and chewing ability tests. For the first study data were submitted to Tukey-Kramer and to the Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square tests and for the second, data were analyzed using ANOVA one-way, followed by Tukey-Kramer test (?=0,05). The results of the first study demonstrated that there was no association between craniofacial morphology and TMD (p = 0.6622). However, craniofacial morphology was associated with painful TMD (p = 0.0077). In the second study, significant difference (p = 0.0001) was observed in maximum bite force values among the three groups, being the higher values exhibited by brachyfacial individuals. No difference (p > 0.05) was found for masticatory performance values among groups. In adittion, the ability to chew only one of the evaluated foods was significant among the groups (p = 0.0141), and brachyfacial subjects showed the best chewing ability. Although there was no association between craniofacial morphology and TMD, attention should be given to brachyfacial subjects, which are more susceptible to present TMD pain symptoms. In addition, craniofacial morphology influenced the maximum bite force, without impairing the masticatory performance and chewing ability of painful TMD subjects
Doutorado
Protese Dental
Doutora em Clínica Odontológica
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Rossetti, A. "ANALISI TRIDIMENSIONALE DELLA MORFOLOGIA FACCIALE CON L'UTILIZZO DELLA STEREOFOTOGRAMMETRIA." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/168376.

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Three dimensional analysis of facial morphology using stereophotogrammetry The human face has been largely evaluated from the quantitative point of view in medical literature, using manual anthropometry, photography and radiography. The limits of these techniques are: long-time procedure in analogic data acquisition for manual anthropometry, bi-dimensionality for photography, invasivity for radiography. Stereophotogrammetry promises to be a new, digital, three-dimensional, non invasive technique for evaluating the human face, in several medical fields, such as maxillofacial surgery, aesthetic surgery, orthodontics, prosthodontics, general dentistry. The instrument is based on the binocular vision: two pairs of cameras, with known reciprocal distance and angulation, capture two different images of the same object, allowing its three-dimensional virtual reconstruction, using a dedicated software. The current thesis proposes and evaluates three different applications of this technology: the first study proposes a new possibility in medical imaging, merging the superior dental arch with the 3D image of the face in a unique image. The procedure resulted accurate and reliable, with a relative error magnitude <1.2%, in comparison with direct anthropometry. Applications are possible in the diagnosis and treatment of the dento-facial pathologies, in the monitoring of the orthodontic and orthopaedic therapies. The second study investigates the morphological changes of the facial soft tissues, after dental additive modifications. A dental treatment was simulated by applying veneers with different thicknesses (1 and 2 mm) to the vestibular surfaces of the superior anterior teeth and the resulting new position of the facial tissues was compared with the baseline one. The highest amount of morphological response (from 0.4mm to 0.6mm) was concentrated in a central area around the upper and the lower lip, even using 1mm thickness. The study can help physicians to formulate more complete diagnosis and treatment planning, especially in the aesthetic field of dento-labial region. The third study is an anthropometric and aesthetic-related research of human face proportions, including references to the golden ratio. Out of a population of 600 subjects, who underwent a stereophotogrammetric facial acquisition, two groups of 20 subjects were extracted and divided in “very attractive” and “not attractive” by a panel of 4 judges. 10 facial ratios were compared between the two groups, using an ANOVA test, in order to find differences based on gender and attractiveness. The values of the facial ratios were also compared to the golden ratio (1.618) using a paired t-test. No significant differences were found in any group. Only a few facial ratios have significant relationships with the golden ratio. Beyond the technical results, the study is an example of how much helpful stereophotogrammetry could be in anthropometric research. In conclusion, stereophotogrammetry proved to be a reliable technique in several face-related medical fields. Its characteristics of high-quality imaging, three-dimensionality, non-invasive and easy-to-use procedure will ensure its wider diffusion and affordability in the future.
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Harper, Cally. "Morphology of the melon and its tendinous connections to the facial muscles in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) /." Electronic version (PDF), 2007. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2007-1/harperc/callyharper.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Facial Morphology"

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Olow-Nordenram, Märta. Maxillonasal dysplasia (Binder's syndrome): A study of craniofacial morphology, associated malformations and familial relations. Göteborg: Department of Orthodontics, University of Göteborg, 1987.

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Kiliaridis, Stavros. Masticatory muscle function and craniofacial morphology: An experimental study in the growing rat fed a soft diet. Göteborg: Department of Orthodontics, University of Göteborg, 1986.

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Kellerstein, Jeremy. A serial study of the relationship between diminished lower facial height and dentoalveolar morphology. 2005.

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Balyshev, Marat. Astronomical research in Kharkiv at the end of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century. “Naukova Dumka”, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/978-966-00-1863-1.

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The main milestones of the formation and development of astronomical science in Kharkiv during 1883–1945 are reconstructed on the example of the activities of the astronomical observatory of Kharkiv University. During this period, the outstanding worldview science in Kharkiv has achieved significant success: the works of Kharkiv astronomers have received world recognition; a well-known scientific planetary school has been established at the Observatory; the scientific community highly appreciated the research on the physics and chemistry of the Moon, the giant and small planets of the Solar System. The primary goal of the research is to inscribe the history of the university Observatory into the European and world context. Its purpose is to summarize the results of a comprehensive historical ad scientific study of the development of astronomical research in Kharkiv at the end of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century and identification of ways of further scientific research. The completed research, which continues the problems of works devoted to the study of the history of astronomical science in Ukraine, focuses on expanding the well-known source base by attracting new retro-information resources. In particular, the monograph used a significant array of archival primary sources from almost twenty archival and library institutions of different countries. Most of them were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, which allowed to determine and specify the sequence of stages of development of astronomical science in Kharkiv during the research period, to clarify and identify the little-known circumstances of the observatory life. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of historism, objectivity and a systematic approach to studying the problem. To solve specific problematic tasks in the monograph, general scientific and specially historical methods were used which allowed to study, analyze and summarize the presented factual material in a complex manner. The main sections of the monograph represent the dynamics of replenishment of the instrumental base of the university observatory, the chronology of the construction of the observatory complex of buildings at the location of the modern Scientific Research Institute of Astronomy of the V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. According to the author’s periodization, the stages of formation of subjects and directions of scientific work of university astronomers have been analyzed, including: seismic observations with the help of horizontal Rebeur-Paschwitz pendulums, research of the activity of the Sun, astrometric observations on the Repsold meridian circle of for the purpose of compiling a catalog of zodiac stars, studying lunar eclipses and meteor showers. The participation of university astronomers in the creation of the plan of the city of Kharkiv and its connection with the general network of precise geometric leveling of the Military Topographic Department of the General Staff; the organization of observations by an expedition of Kharkiv astronomers of the total Solar eclipse of 1914 in Henichesk; the creation of the School-workshop of precision mechanics at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kharkiv University were considered; information on the participation of Kharkiv astronomers in the events of the civil war during the Ukrainian Revolution was documented. The scientific research activity of Kharkiv astronomers during 1920-1930-s which was devoted to carrying out important astrometric works on meridian observations of star declinations by absolute methods and observations of Kopf-Rentz stars according to the programs of the International Astronomical Union; the initiation of the creation of the Catalog of faint stars; research in astrophysics aimed at studying the physical conditions on the Moon and the Sun, planets and the interstellar environment; performing long series of spectrophotometric observations of the Moon, Jupiter, Mars and Saturn under different conditions of observation; study of the kinematics of stellar systems of different order, the physical parameters and evolution of stars, the morphology of the Galaxy, the nature of the stellar subsurfaces and atmospheres, dust and gas nebulae, new stars and the variability of stars have been considered; the directions of solid works carried out in the field of celestial mechanics, devoted to the dynamics of the minor planets of the Jupiter group, the definition and improvement of the orbits of minor planets have been clarified. The development of amateur astronomy in Kharkiv, in particular, the functioning of circles and societies that directed their activities to the dissemination of astronomical knowledge, was highlighted; the participation of their representatives in astronomical observations at the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory was emphasized. Reconstructed the development of historical events in the 1930s related to the involvement of Soviet and Western astronomers in the processes of political confrontation between the USSR and the Western world; investigated the course of circumstances that prevented the implementation of the project of creating a new modern astronomical center of national importance – the central Ukrainian observatory in Kharkiv; the participation of an expedition of Kharkiv astronomers in the observation of the «great Soviet eclipse» – the total solar eclipse of 1936 – in the North Caucasus is highlighted; established the facts of political «purges» and repressions by the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs ( the NKVD) in the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory. The activity of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory has been documented and authentic biographical information about its representatives during the Nazi occupation of 1941–1943, the period of the German-Soviet war, has been presented; the unpopular facts of the forced collaboration of some scientists are highlighted; the process of recovery and reconstruction of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory after the liberation of the city is characterized. With the aim of researching the personal history of Kharkiv astronomy of the studied period, the monograph presents the results of a historical and biographical study of facts of life and scientific heritage of scientists who fully devoted themselves to Science, laid the foundations for the future development of many directions of modern astronomical research, made a significant contribution to the treasury of the national and European astronomical science, whose activities were connected with the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory, in particular: Grigory Levytsky, Ludwig Struve, Mykola Evdokymov, Otto Struve, Mykola Barabashov, Boris Gerasimovich, Vasil Fesenkov, Oleksiy Razdolsky, Boris Ostashchenko-Kudryavtsev, Nicholas Bobrovnikov, Paraskovia Parkhomenko, Mstislav Savron, Boris Semeykin, Kostyantyn Savchenko and others (25 biographical essays are presented). A significant part of the mentioned factual material was also introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. A separate section of the monograph provides chronologically structured information that reflects the sequence of research work of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory employees during the period under study: from astrometric observations of stars and seismic research to spectrohelioscopic and spectroheliographic observations of the Sun and the initiation of the Kharkiv school of planetary science. It is assumed that the materials of the monograph will be used in research work devoted to the study of the process of institutionalization of astronomical research in Kharkiv at the end of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century.
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Book chapters on the topic "Facial Morphology"

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Kwiecinski, Gary G., James D. German, and J. Timothy Cannon. "Bat Facial and Lip Projections: Unique Integumentary Morphology." In Bat Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation, 93–109. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7397-8_5.

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Sforza, Chiarella, Claudia Dellavia, Marcio De Menezes, Riccardo Rosati, and Virgilio F. Ferrario. "Three-Dimensional Facial Morphometry: From Anthropometry to Digital Morphology." In Handbook of Anthropometry, 611–24. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1788-1_32.

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Kreiborg, Sven, Nuno V. Hermann, and Tron A. Darvann. "Characteristics of Facial Morphology and Growth in Infants with Clefts." In Cleft Lip and Palate, 245–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30770-6_9.

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Liu, Stanley Yung-Chuan, and Mohamed Abdelwahab. "Considerations of Facial Skeletal Morphology to Optimize Upper Airway Stimulation." In Upper Airway Stimulation in Obstructive Sleep Apnea, 59–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89504-4_6.

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García-Ramírez, Jesús, J. Arturo Olvera-López, Ivan Olmos-Pineda, and Manuel Martín-Ortíz. "ROIs Segmentation in Facial Images Based on Morphology and Density Concepts." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 169–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59226-8_17.

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Wan, Jing, Li Shen, Shiaofen Fang, Jason McLaughlin, Ilona Autti-Rämö, Åse Fagerlund, Edward Riley, H. Eugene Hoyme, Elizabeth S. Moore, and Tatiana Foroud. "A Framework for 3D Analysis of Facial Morphology in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 118–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15699-1_13.

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Goebel, H. H., I. Schneider, D. S. Tews, A. Gunkel, E. Stennert, and W. F. Neiss. "Morphologic Studies on Human and Rodent Facial Muscles." In The Facial Nerve, 24–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85090-5_6.

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Bowman, Dan. "Textural and Facies Characteristics." In Principles of Alluvial Fan Morphology, 69–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1558-2_9.

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Zamboni, G., A. Scarpa, G. Bogina, A. Achille, and G. Serio. "Ampullary Cancers: Correlation of Morphology, Stage, and Genetic Abnormalities." In Facing the Pancreatic Dilemma, 283–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79167-3_32.

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Booij, Geert. "Piet van Sterkenburg (ed.), Linguistics Today—Facing a Greater Challenge. Amsterdam: Philadelphia, 2004, 367 p. ISBN 90 2723223 7. US D 192." In Yearbook of Morphology, 314. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4066-0_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Facial Morphology"

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Gupta, Sakshi, and Ravindra K. Singh. "Mathematical morphology based face segmentation and facial feature extraction for facial expression recognition." In 2015 International Conference on Futuristic Trends on Computational Analysis and Knowledge Management (ABLAZE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ablaze.2015.7154939.

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Said, Eyad Haj, Ayman Abaza, and Hany Ammar. "Ear segmentation in color facial images using mathematical morphology." In 2008 Biometrics Symposium (BSYM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bsym.2008.4655519.

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Patterson, Eric, Amrutha Sethuram, Midori Albert, Karl Ricanek, and Michael King. "Aspects of Age Variation in Facial Morphology Affecting Biometrics." In 2007 First IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications, and Systems. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/btas.2007.4401953.

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Sadler, Lewis L., Xiaoming Chen, and Ann Fyler. "Medical prosthetic applications of growth simulations in four-dimensional facial morphology." In Boston - DL tentative, edited by Robin E. Herron. SPIE, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.25113.

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Jayatilake, Dushyantha, Anna Gruebler, and Kenji Suzuki. "An Analysis of Facial Morphology for the Robot Assisted Smile Recovery." In 2008 4th International Conference on Information and Automation for Sustainability (ICIAFS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciafs.2008.4783988.

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Sadler, Lewis L., Xiaoming Chen, Alvaro A. Figueroa, and Howard Aduss. "Medical applications of three-dimensional and four-dimensional laser scanning of facial morphology." In Boston - DL tentative, edited by Robin E. Herron. SPIE, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.25115.

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Haining, Wang, Tong Z, and K. Liu. "Development of 3D Reference Headforms for Chinese Adults." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001927.

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To improve the fit of head worn products for Chinese adults, this study utilized the principal component analysis (PCA) panel on 15 facial measurements extracted from 3,358 3D Chinese adult head scans. The PCA panel covers 95.80% of Chinese population. All samples were divided into 5 size categories based on the differences among eye and facial morphology, and 3D reference headforms were developed respectively based on the statistics of these measurements. The headforms can be used for head-worn products like eyewear, VR headsets, eye and face PPE and etc.
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SERO, DZEMILA, MARK SHRIVER, DIRK VANDERMEULEN, and PETER CLAES. "A Phenotypically Driven Segmentation for 3-D Facial Morphology: Modularity of 3-D Faces Through Spectral Clustering." In 4th International Symposium on Biological Shape Analysis (ISBSA). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813225701_0011.

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S., Sivakumar, John Presin Kumar Ayyaswamy, Balaji R, Mukesh Nadarajan, and Suneel Koppisetti. "Protective Facial Mask Filters Made from Timber Wood Wastes: An Useful Recycling Approach." In International Conference on Advances in Design, Materials, Manufacturing and Surface Engineering for Mobility. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-28-0451.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Anti-pollution masks have been experiencing a noteworthy importance in protecting people from hazardous health effects imparted by pollution gases. Incorporating elements with good adsorption properties in mask could enhance the filtration of air in a fine quality. Activated carbon has been well acknowledged in terms of evincing adequate adsorption properties. This peculiar property of activated carbon made it to be appraised where air filtration comes into light. This work deals with a novel methodology for measurement study on the pollutant gas adsorption effect of activated carbon particle pellets incorporated in the protective facial mask for better adsorption of main pollutant gases utilizing recycled wood wastes. The resulted mask is up to the par and adsorption capability is well appreciated enough to resist the passage of dust particles through nostrils. Easily available and scraped industrial wood waste materials were utilized to synthesize activated carbon. This was characterized by fixed carbon percentage, bulk density and scanning electron microscopic morphology study. The effectiveness of adsorption of gases like NO<sub>x</sub>, CO and CO<sub>2</sub> was analysed using AVL gas analyser.</div></div>
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CLAES, PETER, KATLEEN DANIELS, DIRK VANDERMEULEN, PAUL SUETENS, and MARK D. SHRIVER. "A PLS Regression Framework for Spatially-dense Geometric Morphometrics to Analyze Effects on Shape and Shape Characteristics: Applied to the Study of Genomic Ancestry and Sex on Facial Morphology." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814704199_0013.

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Reports on the topic "Facial Morphology"

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Paradis, S., G. J. Simandl, N. Drage, R J D'Souza, D. J. Kontak, and Z. Waller. Carbonate-hosted deposits (Mississippi Valley-type, magnesite, and REE-F-Ba) of the southeastern Canadian Cordillera: a review and isotopic data comparison. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/327995.

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The Mississippi Valley-type, magnesite, and REE-F-Ba deposits in the southeastern Canadian Cordillera are in the weakly deformed/metamorphosed Paleozoic carbonate platform of the Rocky Mountains. Most are hosted in dolostones of the middle Cambrian Cathedral, upper Cambrian Jubilee, and Upper Devonian Palliser formations and spatially associated with hydrothermal dolomite. They occur along structurally controlled facies transitions between the shallow-water carbonate platform and deeper water basin rocks of the Paleozoic continental margin. Their location and morphology reflect episodic rifting along the Paleozoic margin. The carbonate protolith was replaced by fine-grained 'replacive dolomite' followed by several stages of coarser saccharoidal, sparry, and saddle dolomites and sulfides replacing dolostone and filling open spaces. The 87Sr/86Sr, delta-18O, delta-13C, and fluid-inclusion data are consistent with high-temperature fluids interacting with host rocks and show influence of adjacent or underlying siliciclastic rocks. The large range of delta-34S values of sulfides suggests that thermochemical sulfate reduction of seawater sulfate was the main sulfur-reducing process, but bacterial sulfate reduction also occurred locally. Lead isotopes suggest a mixing trend involving highly radiogenic and non-radiogenic end members. These observations are consistent with hydrothermal fluids replacing protoliths, precipitating sulfides, and possibly REE-F-Ba mineralization.
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