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Journal articles on the topic 'Facial Morphology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Bittner, Christian, and Hans Pancherz. "Facial morphology and malocclusions." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 97, no. 4 (April 1990): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-5406(90)70103-j.

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2

Woodson, B. Tucker. "Facial Morphology and Nasal Resistance." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 143, no. 2_suppl (August 2010): P164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2010.06.282.

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3

Liu, B., S. M. Rooker, and J. A. Helms. "Molecular control of facial morphology." Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 21, no. 3 (May 2010): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.09.002.

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4

Crothers, A. J. R. "Tooth wear and facial morphology." Journal of Dentistry 20, no. 6 (December 1992): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-5712(92)90019-9.

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5

Miller, James R. "TMJ disorders and facial morphology." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 131, no. 5 (May 2007): 575–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.03.012.

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6

Hammond, Peter, Tim J. Hutton, Judith E. Allanson, Linda E. Campbell, Raoul C. M. Hennekam, Sean Holden, Michael A. Patton, et al. "3D analysis of facial morphology." American Journal of Medical Genetics 126A, no. 4 (May 1, 2004): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.20665.

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7

Capistrano, Anderson, Aldir Cordeiro, Leopoldino Capelozza Filho, Veridiana Correia Almeida, Priscila Izabela de Castro e. Silva, Sandra Martinez, and Renata Rodrigues de Almeida-Pedrin. "Facial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 20, no. 6 (December 2015): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.20.6.060-067.oar.

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Objective: This study aimed at assessing the relationship between facial morphological patterns (I, II, III, Long Face and Short Face) as well as facial types (brachyfacial, mesofacial and dolichofacial) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients attending a center specialized in sleep disorders. Methods: Frontal, lateral and smile photographs of 252 patients (157 men and 95 women), randomly selected from a polysomnography clinic, with mean age of 40.62 years, were evaluated. In order to obtain diagnosis of facial morphology, the sample was sent to three professors of Orthodontics trained to classify patients' face according to five patterns, as follows: 1) Pattern I; 2) Pattern II; 3) Pattern III; 4) Long facial pattern; 5) Short facial pattern. Intraexaminer agreement was assessed by means of Kappa index. The professors ranked patients' facial type based on a facial index that considers the proportion between facial width and height. Results: The multiple linear regression model evinced that, when compared to Pattern I, Pattern II had the apnea and hypopnea index (AHI) worsened in 6.98 episodes. However, when Pattern II was compared to Pattern III patients, the index for the latter was 11.45 episodes lower. As for the facial type, brachyfacial patients had a mean AHI of 22.34, while dolichofacial patients had a significantly statistical lower index of 10.52. Conclusion: Patients' facial morphology influences OSA. Pattern II and brachyfacial patients had greater AHI, while Pattern III patients showed a lower index.

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8

Mass, Eliyahu, and Leon Belostoky. "Craniofacial Morphology of Children with Williams Syndrome." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 30, no. 3 (May 1993): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1993_030_0343_cmocww_2.3.co_2.

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Facial dysmorphology is considered to be a major diagnostic feature in patients with Williams syndrome (WS). The dysmorphology is composed of soft tissue and skeletal components. In this study the skeletal component of the facial dysmorphology was examined by analyzing the lateral cephalometric radiographs of 8 children with WS. Seven anatomic areas were judged by means of the analysis of 48 cephalometric variables. Four skeletal features contributed to the facial appearance of children with WS: (1) the anterior cranial base was short, although the cranial base angle (N-S-Ba) was normal; (2) the angle of the mandibular plane was steep, although total facial height was normal; (3) despite the normal facial height, there was an unusual proportion of upper to lower anterior facial height and posterior to anterior facial height; and (4) the chin button (pogonion to N-B line) was deficient, although the mandible could not be classified as retrognathic. The common skeletal components were not dominant enough to characterize the facial dysmorphology completely.

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9

Kamínková, P. "Methods used for facial morphology research." Česká stomatologie/Praktické zubní lékařství 119, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51479/cspzl.2019.005.

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10

Kamínková, P. "Methods used for facial morphology research." Česká stomatologie/Praktické zubní lékařství 119, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51479/cspzl.2019.005.

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11

Liu, Yun, Chung How Kau, Leslie Talbert, and Feng Pan. "Three-dimensional Analysis of Facial Morphology." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 25, no. 5 (September 2014): 1890–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.scs.0000436677.51573.a6.

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12

Lowe, Alan A., John D. Santamaria, John A. Fleetham, and Colin Price. "Facial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 90, no. 6 (December 1986): 484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-5406(86)90108-3.

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13

Lace, Baiba, Inga Kempa, Janis Klovins, Janis Stavusis, Astrida Krumina, Ilze Akota, Biruta Barkane, et al. "BCL3 gene role in facial morphology." Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology 94, no. 11 (November 2012): 918–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdra.23085.

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14

Jankowska, Agnieszka, Joanna Janiszewska-Olszowska, and Katarzyna Grocholewicz. "Nasal Morphology and Its Correlation to Craniofacial Morphology in Lateral Cephalometric Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 3064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063064.

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Nose shape, size, and inclination influence facial appearance, but few studies concern the relationship between the nasal profile and craniofacial structures. The objective of this study was to analyze association of nasal cephalometric variables with skeletal structures, age, and sex. Cephalometric and nasal analysis was performed in 386 Polish orthodontic patients (aged 9–25 years). Student t-test and Mann–Whitney test were used to compare quantitative variables and Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficients—to find correlations. Soft tissue facial convexity angle correlates to Holdaway ratio, ANB (A-Nasion-B), and Wits appraisal. Nasal dorsum axis, nose length, nose depth (1) and nose depth (2), nose hump, lower dorsum convexity, and columella convexity increase with age. Nasal base angle, nasolabial angle, nasomental angle, soft tissue facial convexity and nasal bone angle decrease with age. Nasal base angle and nasomental angle are smaller in females. Thus, a relationship exists between nasal morphology and sagittal jaw configuration. Nasal parameters significantly change with age. Sexual dimorphism characterizes nasal bone angle and nasomental angle.

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15

Ahn, Ilkoo, Kwang-Ho Bae, Hee-Jeong Jin, and Siwoo Lee. "The Association between Facial Morphology and Cold Pattern." Journal of Korean Medicine 42, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 102–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.13048/jkm.21040.

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Objectives: Facial diagnosis is an important part of clinical diagnosis in traditional East Asian Medicine. In this paper, using a fully automated facial shape analysis system, we show that facial morphological features are associated with cold pattern.Methods: The facial morphological features calculated from 68 facial landmarks included the angles, areas, and distances between the landmark points of each part of the face. Cold pattern severity was determined using a questionnaire and the cold pattern scores (CPS) were used for analysis. The association between facial features and CPS was calculated using Pearson's correlation coefficient and partial correlation coefficients.Results: The upper chin width and the lower chin width were negatively associated with CPS. The distance from the center point to the middle jaw and the distance from the center point to the lower jaw were negatively associated with CPS. The angle of the face outline near the ear and the angle of the chin line were positively associated with CPS. The area of the upper part of the face and the area of the face except the sensory organs were negatively associated with CPS. The number of facial morphological features that exhibited a statistically significant correlation with CPS was 37 (unadjusted).Conclusions: In this study of a Korean population, subjects with a high CPS had a more pointed chin, longer face, more angular jaw, higher eyes, and more upward corners of the mouth, and their facial sensory organs were relatively widespread.

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Hattori, Madoka, Atsuko Saito, Miho Nagasawa, Takefumi Kikusui, and Shinya Yamamoto. "Changes in Cat Facial Morphology Are Related to Interaction with Humans." Animals 12, no. 24 (December 10, 2022): 3493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12243493.

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We aimed to clarify the changes in facial morphology of cats in relation to their interactions with humans. In Study 1, we compared the facial morphology of cats (feral mixed breed, owned domestic mixed breed, and owned domestic purebreds) with that of African wildcats. After collecting 3295 photos, we found that owned domestic cats’ noses were significantly shorter than those of African wildcats and feral mixed breed, and there were no significant differences between the latter two. The eye angles were significantly more gradual in owned domestic purebreds than in the other groups. In Study 2, we examined the correlation between facial morphology and years with the owner, and found that the former is not affected by the latter. This suggests that changes in facial morphology are possibly transgenerational changes. The difference in facial morphology between wildcats and owned cats might be caused by domestication, and that between feral cats and owned cats might be due to feralization. In Study 3, we investigated whether cats’ facial features affect cuteness ratings. We asked human participants to evaluate the cuteness of cats’ face images and found that faces with shorter nose lengths were considered cuter. This suggests that owned domestic cats’ facial morphology is preferred by humans.

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17

Yamazaki, Kazuhiro, Mieko Yamamoto, Sakura Inoue, Kazuko Ogino, and Kimiko Irisawa. "Relationship between Facial Configuration and Age-Induced Changes in Facial Morphology." Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Japan 36, no. 4 (2002): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5107/sccj.36.273.

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18

Lewandowski, Zdzisław, and Dariusz P. Danel. "Facial attractiveness and lip morphology of Caucasian women." Anthropological Review 81, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/anre-2018-0035.

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Abstract Human lips are one of the most sexually dimorphic facial features. Although lip morphology is considered particularly important for female facial attractiveness no systematic empirical study has been conducted in this respect. This study aimed to investigate a relationship between female Caucasian facial attractiveness and their lip morphology. Two series of morphologically average composite portraits with digitally increased and decreased lip width and height measurements were assessed by adult men and women. Results were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA. When compared to the average lip shape both a decrease and an increase in lip width were associated with lower female facial attractiveness. A systematic increase in lip height from the lowest values to the highest, was associated with an increase in attractiveness scores. Attractiveness assessments of men and women did not differ significantly. The results show that perception of lip attractiveness may be intersexually congruent and that a variation in lip morphology may significantly affect female facial attractiveness.

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19

Devi, Thoudam Bedita, Th Naranbabu Singh, S. Jibonkumar Singh, and Binod Kumar Tamang. "FACIAL MORPHOLOGY AND FACIAL INDEX: A STUDY ON SECULAR TREND OF MEITEI MALE POPULATION OF BISHNUPUR DISTRICT, MANIPUR, INDIA." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 4, no. 4.3 (December 31, 2016): 3279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2016.461.

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20

Guihard, Marina, Jean-Michel Gracies, and Marjolaine Baude. "Three-Dimensional Quantification of Facial Morphology and Movements Using a Wearable Helmet." BioMed Research International 2022 (February 23, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2774713.

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This work proposes a 3D normative database of facial ranges of motion in adults free from facial disorders. Ten facial movements were analyzed, each targeting the activity of specific muscle groups innervated by the facial nerve. The experimental protocol included a test-retest reliability positioning procedure of 25 skin markers based on clinical expertise in facial morphology. Three maximal voluntary contractions were recorded for each facial movement studied, using a 3D facial motion capture helmet. We included 53 adults free from facial disorders (26 men; age 43 ± 14 ), evaluated twice one week apart. The reliability of marker positioning was expressed as absolute measurement errors. The range of motion vectors of all markers from the best rest to the maximal voluntary contraction was calculated for each muscle group. Primary, secondary, and tertiary markers were extracted for each facial movement. 3D Procruste and asymmetry indices were developed. This allowed the identification of common thresholds of 10% for the asymmetry index and of 6 mm for the Procruste index, beyond which facial motions would be considered abnormally asymmetric. The normative database quantifies facial motions and allows assessment of the degree of clinical disorders by comparison. This protocol is currently being investigated in patients with chronic unilateral peripheral facial paresis.

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21

Celebi, Ahmet Arif, Chung How Kau, and Bunyamin Ozaydin. "Three-Dimensional Anthropometric Evaluation of Facial Morphology." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 28, no. 5 (July 2017): e470-e474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000003773.

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22

Vimercati, Sara Laura, Chiara Rigoldi, Giorgio Albertini, Marcello Crivellini, and Manuela Galli. "Quantitative Evaluation of Facial Movement and Morphology." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 121, no. 4 (April 2012): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348941212100410.

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23

Halazonetis, Demetrios J. "Estimated natural head position and facial morphology." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 121, no. 4 (April 2002): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mod.2002.121663.

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24

Roessler, Helen I., Kathleen Shields, Dorothy K. Grange, Nine V. A. M. Knoers, Gijs Haaften, Peter Hammond, and Mieke M. Haelst. "Three‐dimensional facial morphology in Cantú syndrome." American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 182, no. 5 (February 26, 2020): 1041–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.61517.

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25

See, Marlene S., Charles Roberts, and Charles Nduka. "Age- and Gravity-Related Changes in Facial Morphology: 3-Dimensional Analysis of Facial Morphology in Mother-Daughter Pairs." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 66, no. 7 (July 2008): 1410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2007.12.041.

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26

S.ChidanandKumar, K. "Morphology based Facial Feature Extraction and Facial Expression Recognition for Driver Vigilance." International Journal of Computer Applications 51, no. 2 (August 30, 2012): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/8014-1142.

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27

Kraatz, Brian, and Emma Sherratt. "Evolutionary morphology of the rabbit skull." PeerJ 4 (September 22, 2016): e2453. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2453.

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The skull of leporids (rabbits and hares) is highly transformed, typified by pronounced arching of the dorsal skull and ventral flexion of the facial region (i.e., facial tilt). Previous studies show that locomotor behavior influences aspects of cranial shape in leporids, and here we use an extensive 3D geometric morphometrics dataset to further explore what influences leporid cranial diversity. Facial tilt angle, a trait that strongly correlates with locomotor mode, significantly predicts the cranial shape variation captured by the primary axis of cranial shape space, and describes a small proportion (13.2%) of overall cranial shape variation in the clade. However, locomotor mode does not correlate with overall cranial shape variation in the clade, because there are two district morphologies of generalist species, and saltators and cursorial species have similar morphologies. Cranial shape changes due to phyletic size change (evolutionary allometry) also describes a small proportion (12.5%) of cranial shape variation in the clade, but this is largely driven by the smallest living leporid, the pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis). By integrating phylogenetic history with our geometric morphometric data, we show that the leporid cranium exhibits weak phylogenetic signal and substantial homoplasy. Though these results make it difficult to reconstruct what the ‘ancestral’ leporid skull looked like, the fossil records suggest that dorsal arching and facial tilt could have occurred before the origin of the crown group. Lastly, our study highlights the diversity of cranial variation in crown leporids, and highlights a need for additional phylogenetic work that includes stem (fossil) leporids and includes morphological data that captures the transformed morphology of rabbits and hares.

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28

Ts. Petleshkova, Ts Petleshkova, H. Manev, S. Sivkov, P. Timonov, A. Baltadjiev, and R. Raycheva. "STUDY OF THE FACIAL MORPHOLOGY OF YOUNG BULGARIANS WITH 3D LASER SCAN." Trakia Journal of Sciences 17, Suppl. 2 (2019): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.s.02.023.

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AIM: The aim of study was to make a cephalometric characterization of young Bulgarians using 3D laser scan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 46 males and 49 females of Bulgarian origin aged 21-30 years. Three-dimensional images were obtained using a hand-held laser scanner (FastSCAN Cobra, Polhemus Inc., Colchester VT). A set of probing points on the obtained images were used to make certain facial measurements: morphological face height, physiognomical upper facial height, lower face height. The data were statistically analyzed in SPSS 17.0. RESULTS: The facial measurements were significantly greater in males than in females. For morphological facial height most of the individuals were in very high category. For physiognomical upper facial height majority of males were in category high and females in moderate high. Regarding lower facial height most of the individuals were assessed as metriognath. CONCLUSION: The data obtained characterizing facial morphology can be used as criteria in genetic disorders diagnosis and outcome assessment in aesthetic and reconstructive surgery.

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29

Churchill, Steven E., Kamryn Keys, and Ann H. Ross. "Midfacial Morphology and Neandertal–Modern Human Interbreeding." Biology 11, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11081163.

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Ancient DNA from, Neandertal and modern human fossils, and comparative morphological analyses of them, reveal a complex history of interbreeding between these lineages and the introgression of Neandertal genes into modern human genomes. Despite substantial increases in our knowledge of these events, the timing and geographic location of hybridization events remain unclear. Six measures of facial size and shape, from regional samples of Neandertals and early modern humans, were used in a multivariate exploratory analysis to try to identify regions in which early modern human facial morphology was more similar to that of Neandertals, which might thus represent regions of greater introgression of Neandertal genes. The results of canonical variates analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis suggest important affinities in facial morphology between both Middle and Upper Paleolithic early modern humans of the Near East with Neandertals, highlighting the importance of this region for interbreeding between the two lineages.

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Jandová, Marie, and Petra Urbanová. "The relationship between facial morphology, body measurements and socio-economic factors." Anthropological Review 79, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anre-2016-0014.

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Abstract Background and aim: The effect of socio-economic factors (living conditions) and parental smoking habits on development of facial morphology and body measurements was studied on a longitudinal Czech sample of 25 girls and 25 boys. Subjects and methods: A set of studied digitalized photographs taken from 0.5 to 18 years in intervals of 6 months originated in the Brno Longitudinal Study. Facial shape changes of sub-adult participants were described using a configuration of 27 landmarks and further studied by using methods of geometric morphometric and multivariate statistics. In order to localize growth-related shape changes within the face, the studied region was divided into upper, middle and lower facial units and analyzed separately. Results and conclusion: The results show that in the course of ontogenesis there is a strong correlation between facial shape change and body measurements, height included (r=0.10 and r=0.24 in boys and in girls, respectively). The pubertal spurt of the facial shape change rate was revealed at 10.5 years in girls and at 11.5 years in boys. The earlier onset of the pubertal rate increase in facial shape changes in boys was associated with records of poor living conditions. In addition, the mother’s smoking habits were linked to a noticeable facial shape change.

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31

Angelescu, David, Teodora Angelescu, Meda Romana Simu, Alexandrina Muntean, Anca Stefania Mesaros, Sorin Berbece, and Silviu Alb. "Assessment of Craniofacial Morphology in Mouth Breathing Children. A retrospective case-control study." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 10 (November 15, 2019): 3649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.10.7614.

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The aim of this retrospective case-control study is to determine a possible correlation between breathing mode and craniofacial morphology. The study was carried out in the Department of Pedodontics,Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The sample comprised 80 patients, age between 6 and 13 years, which were divided in two groups based on respiratory pattern: control group composed of 38 nasal breathing children and case group composed of 42 oral breathing children. Three quantitative craniofacial parameters were measured from the frontal and lateral photos: facial index, lower facial height ratio and upper lip ratio. The statistical analysis showed a significant higher facial index (p=0.006*) and an increase lower facial height (p=0.033*) for the oral breathers group. No differences in facial morphology were found between genders and age groups, when comparing the data between the same type of respiratory pattern children. Spearman�s rho Correlation show a significant positive correlation (p=0.002*) between facial index and lower facial height and a significant negative correlation between facial index and upper lip (p=0,005*). Long faces children are more likely to develop oral breathing in certain conditions, which subsequently have a negative effect on increasing the lower facial height by altering the postural behavior of mandible and tongue.

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Onashko, Yu M., O. Yu Vovk, S. O. Dubina, L. O. Sosonna, and R. O. Yakymenko. "Craniometric parameters of the spatial position of the supraorbital, infraorbital and mental foramens depending on the facial index of the skull of a mature person." Reports of Morphology 28, no. 4 (December 24, 2022): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/morphology-journal-2022-28(4)-04.

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Due to increase of various operative interventions in the facial region of a mature person, it is expedient to study in detail the spatial position of the foramens of the facial part of the skull. Knowing the exact position of the foramens will help doctors during operations and minimally invasive interventions to prevent damage to the vascular and nerve bundles that pass through these foramens. The purpose of our work is to determine the craniometric characteristics and spatial position of the supraorbital (SF), infraorbital (IF) and mental (MF) foramen, depending on the type of structure of the facial part of the skull. The study was performed on 52 bone specimens of skulls and 60 CT images of adults without damage to the bone structures of the front part of the skull. Statistical methods were used to analyze the obtained measurement results in our research, which was carried out with the help of the Microsoft Excel 2010© licensed program package and with the help of the "STATISTYCA" program. When determining the position of the foramens of the facial part of the skull, first of all, we determined the individual anatomical variability of the facial part of the skull, which has the following extreme types: europrosopics (broad-faced), mesoprosopics (medium-faced), leptoprosopics (long-faced). By dividing the skulls according to the facial index, we determined the width and height of SF, IF and MF, and it was found that their diameter does not depend on the extreme types of the facial part of the skull. With the help of corresponding program, the average, lateral and line between the zy-zy points were constructed on the CT images of the 3-D models of the skulls to determine the position of SF, IF, MF relative to these lines depending on the facial index. The average values obtained were analyzed and it was established that the distance from SF, IF and MF to the median and lateral lines has larger values in europrosopics, intermediate values have mesoprosopics, the smallest results were determined in leptoprosopics. The results of the study of the distances from the above-mentioned foramens to the zy-zy line indicate an increase in their values in leptoprosopics, as opposed to europrosopics. The data we obtained confirm the dependence of the spatial position of the foramens on the type of structure of the facial part of the skull. The obtained data will supplement the craniotopographical characteristics of SF, IF and MF, and also provide a basis for further research of their position depending on the facial index.

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33

Shamaei-Tousi, Azalea, Alessio Veneziano, and Federica Landi. "Relation between Nasal Septum Deviation and Facial Asymmetry: An Ontogenetic Analysis from Infants to Children Using Geometric Morphometrics." Applied Sciences 12, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 11362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211362.

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The nasal septum has been postulated to have an intrinsic growth power and act as a pacemaker for facial development, its interactions with local craniofacial structures likely to influence facial anatomy and morphology. Recent studies have begun to investigate the link between nasal septum deviation and facial asymmetry; however, the magnitude and mechanisms of this relation are still unclear. This study aimed to analyse the degree of nasal septum deviation in a sample of infants and children (males and females from 0 to 8 years old) and its correlation with the three-dimensional structure of the facial skeleton. The scope was to test whether septal deviation is linked, and might cause, the development of a more asymmetric face. For this aim, 41 3D landmarks (homologous points) were collected on the nasal septum and cranial surface of 46 specimens extracted from medical CT-scans and were analysed using Geometric Morphometrics, Multiple Linear regressions, Multivariate ANOVAs, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results showed no significant correlation between magnitude of septal deviation and the ontogeny (changes in age) or sex of the sample, but a significant association was found between side of deviation and septal deviation magnitude and frequency. The asymmetric PCA reveals that most of the asymmetry identified is fluctuating, and that changes in the asymmetric morphology of the face are not associated to a specific side of septal deviation. In addition, a series of Multivariate ANOVAs showed that age, sex, and septal deviation have no impact on facial asymmetry, with only age impacting the symmetric development of the facial morphology. When looking at factors impacting the general morphology of the face, age is again the only major driving component, with fluctuating asymmetry and sex only approaching significance. These results could imply a certain degree of dissociation between the mechanisms of facial and septal growth and development; however, an investigation of other key developmental stages in facial morphology is needed to further understand the relation between septal deviation and facial growth.

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34

Cohen-Lévy, Julia, Philippe Contencin, and Vincent Couloigner. "Cranio-facial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea: the role of dento-facial orthopedics." Journal of Dentofacial Anomalies and Orthodontics 12, no. 3 (September 2009): 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/odfen/2009035.

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35

Gibelli, Daniele, Danilo De Angelis, Pasquale Poppa, Chiarella Sforza, and Cristina Cattaneo. "An Assessment of How Facial Mimicry Can Change Facial Morphology: Implications for Identification." Journal of Forensic Sciences 62, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13295.

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Lee, Min-Jeong, Jae-Gon Kim, Yeon-Mi Yang, and Byeong-Ju Baik. "EFFECTS OF MOUTH BREATHING ON FACIAL SKELETAL MORPHOLOGY." JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY 39, no. 4 (November 30, 2012): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5933/jkapd.2012.39.4.339.

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Mangla, Rajat, Vinay Dua, Mannu Khanna, Navjot Singh, and Prajeesh Padmanabhan. "Evaluation of mandibular morphology in different facial types." Contemporary Clinical Dentistry 2, no. 3 (2011): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-237x.86458.

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Celebi, Ahmet Arif, Chung How Kau, Felice Femiano, Ludovica Bucci, and Letizia Perillo. "A Three-Dimensional Anthropometric Evaluation of Facial Morphology." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 29, no. 2 (March 2018): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000004110.

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Krogstad, O., and B. r. L. Dahl. "Dento-facial morphology in patients with advanced attrition." European Journal of Orthodontics 7, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/7.1.57.

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Arapović-Savić, Marijana, Mirjana Umićević-Davidović, Adriana Arbutina, and Mihajlo Savić. "Linear measurements of facial morphology using automatic aproach." Stomatoloski glasnik Srbije 63, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sdj-2016-0007.

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Abstract:

Abstract Introduction Clinical extraoral examination prior to orthodontic treatment includes face analysis (front and profile). Development of computer technology has increased efficacy and simplified this process through automating several steps of the analysis. The aim of this paper was to examine the possibility of automatic determining of linear measurements based on the facial image of a patient. Material and Methods Based on the set of 20 patients in NHP (Natural Head Position) position, three sets of measurements were conducted. Trained orthodontist performed positioning of predefined points on the image of the patient two times with one week apart, after which the points were automatically determined using customized computer software. Based on the position of the points, measurements for bizygomatic distance, upper and lower facial height and full facial height were computed. Three sets of measurements were compared and statistically analyzed. Results showed that computer software produced measurements comparable to measurements obtained by a trained orthodontist. Statistical analysis included calculating mean values and standard deviations, as well as paired two‑tailed T‑test. Differences between measurements ranged from 0.03% to 0.6% suggesting that automatic method can be successfully used. Conclusions The results of this research suggest that it is possible to ease, accelerate and automate work of the orthodontist on the image analysis using suitable software without significant differences in measured values.

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Collett, A. R., and V. C. West. "Terminology of facial morphology in the vertical dimension." Australian Dental Journal 38, no. 3 (June 1993): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.1993.tb03065.x.

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COLLETT, ANTHONY R., and VICTOR C. WEST. "TERMINOLOGY OF FACIAL MORPHOLOGY IN THE VERTICAL DIMENSION." Australian Dental Journal 38, no. 6 (December 1993): 480–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.1993.tb04767.x.

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Ancell, Anthony. "TERMINOLOGY OF FACIAL MORPHOLOGY IN THE VERTICAL DIMENSION." Australian Dental Journal 38, no. 4 (August 1993): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.1993.tb05509.x.

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Bleakley, Joseph E. "TERMINOLOGY OF FACIAL MORPHOLOGY IN THE VERTICAL DIMENSION." Australian Dental Journal 38, no. 5 (October 1993): 411–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.1993.tb05528.x.

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Ravelo, Victor, Gabriela Olate, Maria Paz Moya, Leonardo Brito, Ivonne Garay, and Sergio Olate. "3-D Airway Analysis Related to Facial Morphology." International Journal of Morphology 38, no. 2 (April 2020): 423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022020000200423.

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Benefit, B. R., and M. L. McCrossin. "Ancestral facial morphology of Old World higher primates." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 88, no. 12 (June 15, 1991): 5267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.12.5267.

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Hammond, Peter, Tim J. Hutton, Judith E. Allanson, Bernard Buxton, Linda E. Campbell, Jill Clayton-Smith, Dian Donnai, et al. "Discriminating Power of Localized Three-Dimensional Facial Morphology." American Journal of Human Genetics 77, no. 6 (December 2005): 999–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/498396.

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Schouman, Thomas, Marie-Madeleine Baralle, and Joël Ferri. "Facial Morphology Changes After Total Maxillary Setback Osteotomy." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 68, no. 7 (July 2010): 1504–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2009.09.095.

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Abbas, Hawraa, Yulia Hicks, and David Marshall. "Automatic Classification of Facial Morphology for Medical Applications." Procedia Computer Science 60 (2015): 1649–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.08.275.

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Hammond, Peter, and Michael Suttie. "Large-scale objective phenotyping of 3D facial morphology." Human Mutation 33, no. 5 (March 20, 2012): 817–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/humu.22054.

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