Journal articles: 'Facies (Geology)'

1

Bronto, Sutikno. "Fasies gunung api dan aplikasinya." Indonesian Journal on Geoscience 1, no. 2 (June 28, 2006): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17014/ijog.1.2.59-71.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.17014/ijog.vol1no2.20061Based on the nature and rock association, a composite volcanic cone can be divided into central facies, proximal facies, medial facies and distal facies. Physiographically, those begin from central eruption at the summit, going down to upper slope, lower slope, and foot plain in the surrounding area. Central facies is characterized by the presence of subvolcanic intrusions, lava domes, and hydrothermally altered rocks. Proximal facies consists of alternating lava fl ows and pyroclastic breccias. Medial fasies mainly is composed of pyroclastic breccias, laharic breccias, and conglomerates. Whereas, distal facies is dominated by fi ne-grained epiclastic rocks having sand to clay size. Tuff can be widely distributed from proximal to distal facies due to its fi ne grain and lightness. Methodological approachs for classifi cation of volcanic facies in Tertiary and older rocks are remote sensing and geomorphology, volcanic stratigraphy, physical volcanology, structural geology, and petrology-geochemistry. This volcanic facies division is useful for supporting new discovery on energy and mineral resources, environmental geology, and geologic hazard mitigation.

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Liu, Wei Fu, Shuang Long Liu, and Hong Ying Han. "Depositional Model and Development Significance of Clastic Reservoir." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 1245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.1245.

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A general geologic sedimentation model for reservoir is made by carefully analyzing the inberent essence of depositional environmentand for clastic rocks of lake basin. The basic model in the streaming environment is composed of two basic facies units: one is the waterway facie and the other is non-waterway facie. The principal characteristics of developing geology and sedimentology have been outlined. It can be commonly used in developing under-producted reserves and raising recovery ratio in the highly developed oil fields.

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Schenk, C. J. "Facies models." Journal of Sedimentary Research 55, no. 3 (May 1, 1985): 448–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.55.448.

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Pendrel, John, and Henk Schouten. "Facies — The drivers for modern inversions." Leading Edge 39, no. 2 (February 2020): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle39020102.1.

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It is common practice to make facies estimations from the outcomes of seismic inversions and their derivatives. Bayesian analysis methods are a popular approach to this. Facies are important indicators of hydrocarbon deposition and geologic processes. They are critical to geoscientists and engineers. The application of Bayes’ rule maps prior probabilities to posterior probabilities when given new evidence from observations. Per-facies elastic probability density functions (ePDFs) are constructed from elastic-log and rock-physics model crossplots, over which inversion results are superimposed. The ePDFs are templates for Bayesian analysis. In the context of reservoir characterization, the new information comes from seismic inversions. The results are volumes of the probabilities of occurrences of each of the facies at all points in 3D space. The concepts of Bayesian inference have been applied to the task of building low-frequency models for seismic inversions without well-log interpolation. Both a constant structurally compliant elastic trend approach and a facies-driven method, where models are constructed from per-facies trends and initial facies estimates, have been tested. The workflows make use of complete 3D prior information and measure and account for biases and uncertainties in the inversions and prior information. Proper accounting for these types of effects ensures that rock-physics models and inversion data prepared for reservoir property analysis are consistent. The effectiveness of these workflows has been demonstrated by using a Gulf of Mexico data set. We have shown how facies estimates can be effectively used to build reasonable low-frequency models for inversion, which obviate the need for well-log interpolation and provide full 3D variability. The results are more accurate probability-based net-pay estimates that correspond better to geology. We evaluate the workflows by using several measures including precision, confidence, and probabilistic net pay.

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Postma, George. "The geology of fluvial deposits, sedimentary facies, basin analysis and petroleum geology." Sedimentary Geology 110, no. 1-2 (May 1997): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-0738(96)00081-4.

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6

Yang, Xiuwei, and Peimin Zhu. "Reservoir Prediction Under Control of Sedimentary Facies." Journal of Computational Acoustics 25, no. 03 (September 2017): 1750022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x17500229.

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Acoustic impedance (AI) from seismic inversion can indicate rock properties and can be used, when combined with rock physics, to predict reservoir parameters, such as porosity. Solutions to seismic inversion problem are almost nonunique due to the limited bandwidth of seismic data. Additional constraints from well log data and geology are needed to arrive at a reasonable solution. In this paper, sedimentary facies is used to reduce the uncertainty in inversion and rock physics modeling; the results not only agree with seismic data, but also conform to geology. A reservoir prediction method, which incorporates seismic data, well logs, rock physics and sedimentary facies, is proposed. AI was first derived by constrained sparse spike inversion (CSSI) using a sedimentary facies dependent low-frequency model, and then was transformed to reservoir parameters by sequential simulation, statistical rock physics and [Formula: see text]-model. Two numerical experiments using synthetic model and real data indicated that the sedimentary facies information may help to obtain a more reasonable prediction.

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Zhabin, A. G. "CONTRASTING FACIES ORE AGGREGATES." International Geology Review 27, no. 1 (January 1985): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206818509466389.

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Chamley, Hervé. "Green marine Clays. Oolitic ironstone facies, verdine facies, glaucony facies and celedonite-bearing rock facies — a comparative study." Marine Geology 91, no. 1-2 (January 1990): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(90)90140-f.

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9

Anderton, R. "Clastic facies models and facies analysis." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 18, no. 1 (1985): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1985.018.01.03.

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10

Côrtes, Ariane Raissa Pinheiro, and José Alexandre De Jesus Perinotto. "Facies and facies association of Piramboia Formation in the region of Descalvado (SP)." Geologia USP. Série Científica 15, no. 3-4 (December 26, 2015): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9095.v15i3-4p23-40.

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A Formação Piramboia é uma unidade litoestratigráfica da Bacia do Paraná que tem sido alvo de diversos estudos em razão de sua grande importância como componente primordial no Sistema Aquífero Guarani e no sistema petrolífero Irati-Piramboia, atuando como excelente rocha-reservatório. Historicamente, essa unidade tem sido alvo de diversas controvérsias quanto à idade, relações de contato com as unidades sotoposta e sobreposta e paleoambiente deposicional. Entretanto, é comumente considerada de idade triássica e produto da deposição em sistemas eólicos úmidos, com abundância de interdunas úmidas e fácies fluviais subordinadas. Neste trabalho, a Formação Piramboia foi caracterizada por meio de técnicas como análise de fácies, associação vertical e lateral de fácies e arquitetura deposicional realizadas a partir de levantamentos nas frentes de lavra da Mineração Jundu, em Descalvado, nordeste do estado de São Paulo. Foram descritas cinco fácies para a Formação Piramboia na região de estudo: St, Sh, Sm, Sr e Gt, geradas por meio de processos sedimentares do tipo carga de fundo, a maioria sob regime de fluxo inferior. Além disso, foram reconhecidas quatro associações de fácies que permitem estabelecer quatro elementos arquitetônicos presentes no canal fluvial principal: Complexo de barras de canal, constituído pelas macroformas de acresção vertical (FM), forma de leito arenosa (SB) e forma de leito do tipo barras conglomeráticas (GB); Depósito de enchentes, constituído pelos lençóis de areia laminados (LS); Depósitos de fluxos hiperconcentrados e depósitos eólicos. Os resultados indicam que a Formação Piramboia na região de estudos é o registro da sedimentação em rios entrelaçados com depósitos de dunas e interdunas subordinados que caracterizam interação fluvio-eólica

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11

Sola, Fernando, Juan C. Braga, and Gunnar Sælen. "Contradictory coeval vertical facies changes in upper Miocene heterozoan carbonate–terrigenous deposits (Sierra de Gádor, Almería, SE Spain)." Journal of Sedimentary Research 92, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 257–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2022.010.

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ABSTRACT While spatial facies patterns can be observed in modern systems, only vertical facies successions can usually be examined in ancient deposits. Lateral facies relationships (depositional models) and relative sea-level changes throughout time are traditionally deduced from correlation of vertical facies successions along transects perpendicular to inferred paleo-shorelines. Establishing vertical facies successions and their corresponding time-equivalent proximal to distal facies patterns are, therefore, paramount in reconstructing ancient carbonate depositional systems and their response to sea-level change. In the present study of well-exposed panoramics of late Tortonian (8.1 Ma) mixed heterozoan carbonate and terrigenous deposits in La Chanata area in Sierra de Gádor, Almería, SE Spain, we show that frequent changes in facies width make it difficult to predict how variation in sea level impacts the facies distribution. The following facies are recognized: shoreline conglomerates directly overlie an erosion surface on the basement; terrigenous coralline-algal packstones extend basinwards from the conglomerates and are interpreted as shallow-water deposits stabilized by seagrass. There exist three types of facies consisting of relatively well-preserved, parautochthonous bioclasts, which occur generally seawards of the packstones: a) branching-coralline rudstones that formed from rhodolith (maërl) beds, both shorewards and basinwards from seagrass meadows where b) foliose-coralline rudstones to floatstones accumulated, and c) lenses of Heterostegina rudstones to floatstones changing laterally to any of the coralline algal facies. The factory facies of a–c show a patchy distribution with no definite arrangement in shoreline-parallel belts. The evolution of the depositional system is as follows: after filling paleovalleys in the erosion surface, deposition took place on a homoclinal ramp. The hybrid heterozoan carbonate–terrigenous deposits show a general retrogradation altered by one episode of proximal facies progradation. The width of facies across the ramp changes markedly in different episodes of relative sea-level rise: in several episodes of transgression, terrigenous coralline-algal packstones spread across the ramp locally overlying more distal facies, such as branching-coralline rudstones, thus generating regressive vertical patterns during relative sea-level rise. In other transgressive episodes packstones disappear, and the a–b factory facies pass laterally into conglomerate. The stratigraphic changes in facies width might be due to changes in general energy caused by climate variations or, alternatively, to the amount of relative sea-level rise. Large sea-level rise would result in relatively deep and calm conditions, thus favoring little fragmentation of large bioclasts during accumulation of the factory facies. Conversely, little change in accommodation would have resulted in higher-energy environments with concomitant increased physical erosion of the coralline-algae factories, thus resulting in mostly sand-size bioclasts in the packstones. In this environmental context, vertical change from distal to proximal facies can result from relative sea-level rise with increased mobilization and lateral expansion of proximal facies across the ramp. This outcome challenges the adequacy of using vertical lithofacies successions to reconstruct relative sea-level change in carbonate depositional systems.

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12

Meng, Ning Ning, Guang Xue Zhang, Gao Qun Wei, and Xin Lv. "Study on Three-Dimensional Geological Modeling of Reservoir in Hei46 Block." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 2349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.2349.

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Three dimensional (3D) geologic modeling is used to study the reservoir quantitatively from a three-dimensional angle, and its core is the prediction to reservoir of multi-disciplinary integration, quantitative and visualization. Compared with traditional reservoir research, it has a significant advantage. This paper makes geological modeling research and builds structural models sedimentary micro-facies models and phased property model for Hei46 block of Daqingzi oilfield by utilizing 3D geologic modeling technique and petrel software on the basis of integrated using of geology, logging, oil production test, production of dynamic information, thus it provide a reliable basis for reservoir's development and adjustment.

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13

Kirk, M. "Westphalian alluvial plain sedimentation, Isle of Arran, Scotland." Geological Magazine 126, no. 4 (July 1989): 407–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800006592.

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AbstractFacies analysis suggests that Westphalian (Upper Carboniferous) Coal Measure sequences on the Isle of Arran, Scotland, were deposited in a proximal alluvial plain environment close to the basin margin. Detailed examination of well exposed coastal sections has revealed the existence of six laterally and vertically interrelated sedimentary facies. Facies 1 to 3 are interpreted as fluvial channel deposits. Low sinuosity multistorey (facies 1), low sinuosity vertically accreted (facies 2), and rare high sinuosity laterally accreted channel deposits (facies 3) are developed. Associated overbank sediments comprise the deposits of crevasse splays (facies 4), flood plains (facies 5) and shallow lakes (facies 6). In terms of the spatial distribution of facies, a relatively high proportion of fluvial channel and floodplain deposits (facies 2 and 5) occur in the more proximal sequence at Laggan compared with the more distally located sequence occurring at Corrie. Palaeocurrent measurements from fluvial channel sandstones indicate that sediment source areas and the Westphalian basin margin lay to the north and northwest. Down palaeoslope towards the southeast, normal coal-bearing Westphalian sediments formed penecontemporaneously on the Scottish mainland in Ayrshire.A sedimentological model is presented for the proximal non-coal-bearing Westphalian sequences of Arran. This model can explain the differences observed between the Arran sediments, and contemporaneous normal coal-bearing Westphalian sediments of the Scottish mainland.

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He, Qing Kun, and Chang Ying Shi. "Application of Electron Probe Microanalyzer (EPMA) to Depositional Environment Identification of Sedimentary Rock." Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (January 2014): 1795–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.1795.

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s: Electron microprobe technology is widely used to component analysis of metals, minerals and geology. Elements of sedimentary rock including B, Ga, Ba, Sr, Co, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni were analyzed by EPMA respectively. It was discussed that marine faces and continental facies, oxidation environment and reducing environment, the depth of water and salinity influence on sedimentary rock, respectively. Then the influence of marine faces, continental faces, oxidation environment, reducing environment and the depth of water and salinity on sedimentary rock was discussed respectively. The results show that EPMA is a useful instrument to analyze the components of sedimentary rock.

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Turki, Farah, and Salih Awadh. "Discrimination Reef and Non-Reef Environments, Using REE Geochemistry." Iraqi Geological Journal 56, no. 1A (January 31, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.1a.1ms-2023-1-13.

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This research aims to distinguish the reef environment from the non-reef environment. The Oligocene-Miocene-succussion in western Iraq was selected as a case study, represented by the reefal limestone facies of the Anah Formation (Late Oligocene) deposited in reef-back reef environments, dolomitic limestone of the Euphrates Formation (Early Miocene) deposited in open sea environments, and gypsiferous marly limestone of the Fatha Formation (Middle Miocene) deposited in a lagoonal environment. The content of the rare earth elements (REEs) (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, and Y) in reef facies appear to be much lower than of those in the non-reef facies. The open sea facies have a low content of REEs due to being a transitional phase. The facies investigated have ƩREEs lower than the PAAS. The lagoonal facies shows an average ƩREEs higher than the Global Standard of Carbonate Rocks (GSCR), whereas reefal and open sea facies contain lower. The Y/Ho, Y/Dy, and Er/Nd were used as distinctive indicators of facies diagnosis; reefal facies have a high value of Y/Ho, Y/Dy, and Er/Nd as compared to PAAS are higher than1. In contrast, non-reef facies (lagoonal) have a lower value of Y/Ho, and Y/Dy as compared to PAAS is lower than 1, but Er/Nd is higher than 1. While in open sea facies the Y/Ho and Y/Dy have moderate values as compared to PAAS are close to 1, but a high value of Er/Nd as compared to PAAS higher than 1.

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Yu, Jiang Tao, Jin Liang Zhang, and Shuang Yan Chen. "Application of Three-Dimensional Fine Geological Modeling in Complex Fault-Block Reservoir with Low Permeability." Applied Mechanics and Materials 511-512 (February 2014): 779–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.511-512.779.

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Three dimensional geologic modeling is a powerful tool for reservoir development stages of geological study, it can solves many traditional problems existing in geological research through the establishment of precise three dimensional geologic modeling and represents an important direction for the further development of oilfield geological research. Low permeability and thin interbed reservoir of complex fault block have the characteristics of severe heterogeneity, complex relations of oil-water distribution, poor development effect, it is necessary to built high precision three dimensional geologic modeling in the process of oilfield exploration and to fine reservoir description and prediction on this basis, finally reach the purpose of reduce the risk of development and improve the economic benefit. This paper makes geological modeling research and builds structural models sedimentary micro-facies models and phased property model for Zhuzhuang block of Jiangsu oilfield by utilizing three dimensional geologic modeling technique and petrel geology modeling software on the basis of integrated using of geology, logging, oil production test, production of dynamic information, thus it provide a solid basis for reservoir's development and adjustment.

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17

Reading, Harold G. "Clastic facies models, a personal perspective." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 48 (December 31, 2001): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2001-48-05.

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Facies models evolved from classifications that were mainly descriptive, based on observable, measureable features such as the composition and texture of sedimentary rocks. As our understanding of sedimentary processes expanded, genetic facies models were developed based on the inferred process of formation. Since individual facies cannot be interpreted in isolation, they must be studied with reference to their neighbours, emphasizing the association of facies and sequences, in particular those that coarsen and fine upward. Environmental facies models are based on the interaction of studies on modern environments and ancient rock facies. Earlier facies models tended to invoke intrinsic, autocyclic controls. The advent of sequence stratigraphy led to greater emphasis on the surfaces that separate sequences and to external allocyclic controls. These were, initially, sea-level changes; later, changes in climate, tectonic movements and sediment supply were invoked. Over time, simple, all embracing models have given way to increasingly complex ones as our knowledge of the variability of nature has increased. Complex though these models are, they are only simplifications of reality. In nature there are no models and the majority of past environments differed in some respect from any modern environment. Each environment and rock sequence is unique.

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18

Kirk, Rob. "Seismic Facies Mapping-Getting More Geology into Your Play." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2016, no. 1 (December 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2016ab117.

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Sengor, A. M. C. "The Geology of Switzerland--An Introduction to Tectonic Facies." American Journal of Science 301, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.301.6.593.

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Hardy, Mark. "The geology of Switzerland: An introduction to Tectonic Facies." Journal of Structural Geology 18, no. 4 (April 1996): 529–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8141(96)80004-6.

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21

Barnicoat, Andrew. "The geology of Switzerland. An introduction to tectonic facies." Endeavour 20, no. 1 (January 1996): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-9327(96)90091-5.

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MATTAUER, M., and P. MATTE. "The geology of Switzerland. An introduction to tectonic facies." Earth-Science Reviews 40, no. 3-4 (June 1996): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(95)00062-3.

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23

Crook, Keith A. W. "Sedimentary environments and facies." Sedimentary Geology 58, no. 1 (July 1988): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(88)90008-5.

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24

Hall, Brendon. "Facies classification using machine learning." Leading Edge 35, no. 10 (October 2016): 906–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle35100906.1.

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There has been much excitement recently about big data and the dire need for data scientists who possess the ability to extract meaning from it. Geoscientists, meanwhile, have been doing science with voluminous data for years, without needing to brag about how big it is. But now that large, complex data sets are widely available, there has been a proliferation of tools and techniques for analyzing them. Many free and open-source packages now exist that provide powerful additions to the geoscientist's toolbox, much of which used to be only available in proprietary (and expensive) software platforms.

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Norris, G. "Palynology and British Purbeck facies." Geological Magazine 122, no. 2 (March 1985): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800031101.

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Walker, R. G. "Facies modeling and sequence stratigraphy." Journal of Sedimentary Research 60, no. 5 (September 1, 1990): 777–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/212f926e-2b24-11d7-8648000102c1865d.

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Ponsot-Jacquin, Catherine, Frédéric Roggero, and Guillaume Enchery. "Calibration of facies proportions through a history-matching process." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 180, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.180.5.387.

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Abstract The facies-proportion calibration method is a new history-matching technique, which modifies facies proportions within a fine geological – geostatistical model until a good match of the field data is reached. The initial facies proportions in the model are usually locally constrained by well data, for example, but their spatial tendencies may be unreliable in some parts of the reservoir. The algorithm presented in this paper introduces average proportion ratios between facies groups in order to calculate new facies proportions while taking into account their initial values. It can be applied locally on specific regions or globally on the whole reservoir for stationary or non-stationary facies distributions. The proportion ratios can be manually adjusted or iteratively computed through an optimization process. The method has been successfully applied to a real field case.

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Pye, K., and D. H. Krinsley. "Microfabric, mineralogy and early diagenetic history of the Whitby Mudstone Formation (Toarcian), Cleveland Basin, U.K." Geological Magazine 123, no. 3 (May 1986): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800034695.

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AbstractThe Whitby Mudstone Formation in northeast England contains three shale facies (normal, restricted and bituminous) which have previously been differentiated on the basis of sedimentary structures and faunal assemblages. This paper shows that the three facies can also be differentiated by mineralogical, geochemical and microtextural criteria determined using BSEM, EDXRA, XRD and XRF. The bituminous shale facies consists of finely laminated shales containing an early diagenetic mineral assemblage dominated by pyrite, calcite and dolomite. The weakly laminated restricted facies shales contain an early diagenetic assemblage dominated by pyrite. The normal facies shales are very weakly laminated and contain siderite in addition to pyrite. The geochemical conditions which left a dominant early diagenetic imprint on the three facies are interpreted to be carbon-rich sulphidic, carbon-poor sulphidic and very carbon-poor sulphidic respectively.

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Wang, Wenguang, Chengyan Lin, Xianguo Zhang, Chunmei Dong, Lihua Ren, and Jianli Lin. "Diagenesis, Diagenetic Facies and Their Relationship with Reservoir Sweet Spot in Low-Permeability and Tight Sandstone: Jiaxing Area of the Xihu Sag, East China Sea Basin." Minerals 13, no. 3 (March 14, 2023): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13030404.

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The optimization of reservoir sweet spots is the key to the efficient exploration and development of low-permeability and tight sandstone gas reservoirs. However, offshore deep, low-permeability and tight sandstone has the characteristics of large burial depth, large diagenesis heterogeneity and prominent importance of diagenetic facies, which make it difficult to predict reservoir sweet spots. This work comprehensively used logging data, core observation, conventional core analysis, thin section, powder particle size analysis, clay X-ray diffraction analysis, cathode luminescence analysis, scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum analysis and carried out the study of diagenesis, diagenetic facies and reservoir sweet spots of low-permeability and tight sandstone of H3 and H4 (the third and fourth members of Huagang Formation) members in the Jiaxing area of the Xihu Sag. The results show that the H3 and H4 sandstones were divided into five diagenetic facies types, and chlorite-coated facies and dissolution facies were favorable diagenetic facies belts. The H3 member mainly develops chlorite-coated facies, dissolution facies and quartz-cemented facies, whereas the H4 member primarily develops quartz-cemented facies and chlorite-coated facies. The percentages of type I sweet spot, type II1 sweet spot and type II2 sweet spot in the H3 reservoir are approximately 21%, 23% and 26%, respectively, whereas the percentages of type I sweet spot, type II1 sweet spot and type II2 sweet spot in the H4 reservoir are about 16%, 15% and 16%, respectively. The distribution rules of reservoir sweet spots were investigated. Type I sweet spot was mainly developed in the areas of chlorite-coated facies and dissolution facies of medium sandstone and coarse sandstone in the channel bar and braided channel sedimentary microfacies. Type II sweet spot was primarily distributed in the areas of quartz-cemented facies, chlorite-coated facies and minor dissolution facies of medium sandstone, fine sandstone and sandy conglomerate in the braided channel, subaqueous distributary channel and channel bar sedimentary microfacies. Type III sweet spot was chiefly developed in the areas of tightly compacted facies, calcite-cemented facies and quartz-cemented facies of fine sandstone, siltstone and a small amount of sandy conglomerate in the subaqueous distributary channel sedimentary microfacies.

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Finch, T. "The Lithological Characteristics of the Glacial Deposits of County Longford." Irish Geography 23, no. 1 (August 2, 2016): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.1990.607.

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A preliminary examination of the glacial geology of Co. Longford is presented. Four lithologically distinct facies of diamicton and three associated glaciofluvial members are examined in terms of their petrographic composition. The units are then interpreted with reference to direction of ice movement, nature of deglaciation and bedrock geology.

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Qi, Ming, Changcheng Han, Cunfei Ma, Geng Liu, Xudong He, Guan Li, Yi Yang, Ruyuan Sun, and Xuhui Cheng. "Identification of Diagenetic Facies Logging of Tight Oil Reservoirs Based on Deep Learning—A Case Study in the Permian Lucaogou Formation of the Jimsar Sag, Junggar Basin." Minerals 12, no. 7 (July 20, 2022): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12070913.

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As a typical tight oil reservoir in a lake basin, the Permian Lucaogou Formation of the Jimsar Sag in the Junggar Basin has great potential for exploration and development. However, at present, there are few studies on the identification of the diagenetic facies of tight oil reservoir logging in the study area, and the control effect of diagenesis on tight oil reservoirs is not clear. The present work investigates the diagenesis and diagenetic facies logging of the study area, making full use of core data, thin sections, and logs, among other data, in order to understand the reservoir characteristics of the Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Jimsar Sag. The results show that the Lucaogou Formation has undergone diagenetic activity such as compaction, carbonate cementation, quartz cementation, and clay mineral infilling and dissolution. The diagenetic facies are classified according to mineral and diagenetic type, namely, tightly compacted facies, carbonate-cemented facies, clay mineral-filling facies, quartz-cemented facies, and dissolution facies. The GR, RT, AC, DEN, and CNL logging curves were selected, among others, and the convolutional neural network was introduced to construct a diagenetic facies logging recognition model. The diagenetic facies of a single well was divided and identified, and the predicted diagenetic facies types were compared with thin sections and SEM images of the corresponding depths. Prediction results had a high coincidence rate, which indicates that the model is of a certain significance to accurately identify the diagenetic facies of tight oil reservoirs. Assessing the physical properties of the studied reservoirs, dissolution facies are the dominant diagenetic facies in the study area and are also the preferred sequence for exploration—to find dominant reservoirs in the following stage.

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Al-Mashaikie, Saad Z. A. Kader, and Younis A. Mohammed. "ANATOMY OF CARBONATE BRECCIAS, TURBIDITE FACIES AND DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS OF GERCUS FORMATION IN DOKAN AREA, NORTHERN IRAQ." Iraqi Geological Journal 50, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.50.1.7ms-2017-06-29.

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Four facies associations are classified based on facies types, sedimentary structures and facies successions, these are; distal slope apron siliciclasticcalciturbidites (siliciclastic/ carbonate dominated), proximal marine siliciclasticcalciturbidites (carbonate/ siliciclastic dominated), distal basinal fan siliciclastic turbidites (siliciclastic dominated) and proximal basinal fan siliciclasticcalciturbidites (carbonate/ siliciclastic dominated). The most important characteristic representative facies types are; ball and pillows dolomite (reported here for the first time), thick fissile shale, slump/ slide limestone, slump/ slide sandstone, channeled sandstone, ball and pillow sandstone, slump sandstone, convolute sandstone, crossbedded sandstone, sigmoidal channeled sandstone, disturbed sandstones, red argillaceous mudstone, gray massive claystone, flute scoured sandstone with slump carbonate breccias types. The carbonate breccias are the most important characteristic facies types observed in the formation and reported here for the first time and it is strong indication for marine environment. Examinations and anatomy of facies types and associations suggest developed marine environment, effected mainly by gravity flows and turbidity currents, forming sequences of submarine fans including high density turbidity currents in deeper margins.

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Pu, Boling, Dazhong Dong, Xinjun Ning, Shufang Wang, Yuman Wang, and Shaoke Feng. "Lithology and sedimentary heterogeneity of Longmaxi shale in the southern Sichuan Basin." Interpretation 10, no. 1 (November 17, 2021): T45—T56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2020-0198.1.

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Producers have always been eager to know the reasons for the difference in the production of different shale gas wells. The Southern Sichuan Basin in China is one of the main production zones of Longmaxi shale gas, whereas the shale gas production is quite different in different shale gas wells. The Longmaxi Formation was deposited in a deepwater shelf that had poor circulation with the open ocean, and it is composed of a variety of facies that are dominated by fine-grained (clay to silt size) particles with varied organic matter distribution, causing heterogeneity of the shale gas concentration. According to the different mother debris and sedimentary environment, we recognized three general sedimentary subfacies and seven lithofacies on the basis of mineralogy, sedimentary texture and structures, biota, and the logging response: (1) There are graptolite-rich shale facies, siliceous shale facies, calcareous shale facies, and a small amount of argillaceous limestone facies in the deepwater shelf of the Weiyuan area and graptolite-rich shale facies and carbonaceous shale facies in the Changning area; (2) there are argillaceous shale facies and argillaceous limestone facies in the semi-deepwater continental shelf of the Weiyuan area and silty shale facies in the Changning area; and (3) argillaceous shale facies mainly developed in the shallow muddy continental shelf of the Weiyuan area, whereas silty shale facies mainly developed in the shallow shelf of the Changning area. Judging from the biostratigraphy of graptolite, the sedimentary environment was different in different stages.

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Alaudah, Yazeed, Patrycja Michałowicz, Motaz Alfarraj, and Ghassan AlRegib. "A machine-learning benchmark for facies classification." Interpretation 7, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): SE175—SE187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2018-0249.1.

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The recent interest in using deep learning for seismic interpretation tasks, such as facies classification, has been facing a significant obstacle, namely, the absence of large publicly available annotated data sets for training and testing models. As a result, researchers have often resorted to annotating their own training and testing data. However, different researchers may annotate different classes or use different train and test splits. In addition, it is common for papers that apply machine learning for facies classification to not contain quantitative results, and rather rely solely on visual inspection of the results. All of these practices have led to subjective results and have greatly hindered our ability to compare different machine-learning models against each other and understand the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. To address these issues, we open source a fully annotated 3D geologic model of the Netherlands F3 block. This model is based on study of the 3D seismic data in addition to 26 well logs, and it is grounded on the careful study of the geology of the region. Furthermore, we have developed two baseline models for facies classification based on a deconvolution network architecture and make their codes publicly available. Finally, we have developed a scheme for evaluating different models on this data set, and we have evaluated the results of our baseline models. In addition to making the data set and the code publicly available, our work helps advance research in this area by creating an objective benchmark for comparing the results of different machine-learning approaches for facies classification.

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Chahud, Artur. "El Miembro Taquaral, Formación Irati (Cuenca del Paraná, Pérmico): síntesis de estudios paleontológicos." Estudios Geológicos 77, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): e139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/egeol.44141.594.

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La Formación Irati (Cisuraliense, Kunguriense) se destaca por sus características sedimentológicas, paleontológicas y tafonómicas, importantes para conocer detalles paleoambientales y deposicionales. Dos miembros componen esta formación: Taquaral, el inferior, y Assitência, superior. En el miembro Taquaral, las características litológicas, las estructuras sedimentológicas y los datos paleontológicos permitieron el reconocimiento de tres facies. Las facies arenosa inferior es caracterizada por una fauna de vertebrados rica y diversificada. La segunda facies, compuesta por lutitas limosas, contiene una familia endémica de crustáceos Clarkecariidae, desconocida en cualquier otro depósito del mundo, lo que deja evidente del cuerpo de agua durante la sedimentación de esta facies. La tercera facies, conocida solo en el Estado de Paraná, es la única que alcanza condiciones intermitentes para la sedimentación de carbonatos. Los moluscos bivalvos están presentes solo en estas facies, cuya sedimentación ocurrió solo en la mitad superior de este miembro. Este trabajo presenta una síntesis del registro paleontológico del miembro Taquaral y una interpretación de los distintos ambientes deposicionales obtenida a partir de datos sedimentológicos y paleontológicos.

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Al-Mashhdani, Mohammed, and Aiad Al-Zaidy. "Depositional and Stratigraphic Evolution of the Mishrif Formation in Eridu Oil Field, Southwestern Iraq." Iraqi Geological Journal 56, no. 1E (May 31, 2023): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.1e.3ms-2023-5-13.

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This study is achieved in the local area in Eridu oil field, where the Mishrif Formation is considered the main productive reservoir. The Mishrif Formation was deposited during the Cretaceous period in the secondary sedimentary cycle (Cenomanian-Early Turonian as a part of the Wasia Group a carbonate succession and widespread throughout the Arabian Plate. There are four association facies are identified in Mishrif Formation according the microfacies analysis: FA1-Deep shelf facies association (Outer Ramp); FA2-Slope (Middle Ramp); FA3-Reef facies (Shoal) association (Inner ramp); FA4-Back Reef facies association. Sequence stratigraphic analysis show there are three stratigraphic surfaces based on the abrupt changing in depositional environments, one of them ((Mishrif –Kifl unconformity) are regionally correlated with the other equivalent formations in surrounding countries within the Arabian Plate. And intra- Mishrif two surfaces are maximum flooding surfaces which represents the deepening up-ward association facies. Two major sequences are identified based on the behaviors of facies association within a sequence of stratigraphic boundaries and system tracts. These sequences include sequence I and sequence II.

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Permana, Aang Panji, Subagyo Pramumijoyo, and Sunarty Suly Eraku. "MICROFACIES AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF TERTIARY LIMESTONE, GORONTALO PROVINCE, INDONESIA." Series of Geology and Technical Sciences 2, no. 446 (April 15, 2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-170x.29.

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The research area is located in northern Limboto Lake in Gorontalo Province, which has complex geological characteristics. The geological complexities include stratigraphy and tectonics which influence the formation of the Limboto Basin. Limestone research in the Late Tertiary Limboto Basin is very intriguing to be done because of the lack of research in limestone. Gorontalo limestone outcrops, which become the focus of the research, have a total thickness of 30 meters. The research objective is to analyze facies, microfacies, and depositional environment of tertiary limestone. These two research objectives are attained by using two research methods, namely measurd section and petrography analysis. The research result exhibits that there are four Gorontalo limestones facies, including coralline rudstone intercalated with thin mudstone facies, sandy micrite intercession facies, coralline rudstone intercession facies and sandy allochem limestone intercession facies. According to the limestone micro- facies standard, the depositional environment of Gorontalo limestone is platform interior restricted (facies zone 8).

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Moore, Shawn A., Lauren P. Birgenheier, Matthias D. Greb, Daniel Minisini, Maísa Tunik, and Julieta Omarini. "Facies heterogeneity and source potential of carbonate-mudstone-dominated distal ramp deposits, Agrio Formation, Neuquén Basin, Argentina." Journal of Sedimentary Research 90, no. 5 (May 7, 2020): 533–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.25.

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ABSTRACT The carbonate-mudstone-dominated Lower Cretaceous Agrio Formation is the youngest marine source rock of the hydrocarbon-prolific Neuquén Basin in Argentina, yet its facies variability and unconventional hydrocarbon potential remains relatively understudied. Detailed studies of mudstone facies variability in thick, carbonate mudstone successions deposited largely below storm wave base (i.e., chalk–marl, black shale, limestone), like the Agrio Formation, are rare and instead commonly focus on biostratigraphy or organic geochemistry alone. A continuous northern section of the Agrio Formation and a southern composite section of the lower Pilmatué and middle Avilé members, totaling ∼ 1,200 m of outcrop, were measured. From these measured sections, programmed pyrolysis (n = 339 samples), X-ray diffraction (XRD; n = 69), and thin sections (n = 69) were used to develop a high-resolution integrated macrofacies and microfacies scheme. The four most volumetrically abundant facies include detrital-quartz-silt-bearing fine mudstone (facies 1), radiolarian-bearing calcareous fine mudstone (facies 2), detrital-quartz-silt- and shell-bearing calcareous fine mudstone (facies 3), and calcareous wackestone (facies 4). All four facies are volumetrically dominated by carbonate mud matrix (i.e., micrite) that represents either 1) original pelagic coccolithophore deposition modified by diagenesis, 2) transported carbonate mud (i.e., bottom currents like contour currents or sediment gravity flows), or 3) a combination of both. Outcrop observations, XRD mineralogic trends, and petrographic variations in grain composition between detrital quartz silt, radiolarian and microfossil to macrofossil content (mainly benthic foraminifera and bivalves) distinguish the four mudstone facies. The facies scheme indicates distinctly more heterogeneous and current-influenced sedimentation in the downdip sub-storm wave base than previously described in the Agrio and in carbonate-dominated basinal settings in general. A depositional model is proposed for further testing that may prove valuable towards re-evaluating basinal carbonate mudstone successions worldwide. Utilizing TOC, S2, and HI value cutoffs, this study defines five discrete stratigraphic packages in the Agrio Formation that have the highest source potential, collectively totaling ∼ 140 m thick. The novel integration of macrofacies and microfacies analysis, stratigraphy, and a geochemical analysis allow both depositional insights and the assessment of a potential source rock. The study adds to a growing body of literature on 1) carbonate ramp (or slope) to basinal processes and 2) facies models for organic-rich, carbonate-dominated mudstone successions that are unconventional hydrocarbon systems.

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Saraswat, Puneet, and Mrinal K. Sen. "Artificial immune-based self-organizing maps for seismic-facies analysis." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): O45—O53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0203.1.

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Seismic facies, combined with well-log data and other seismic attributes such as coherency, curvature, and AVO, play an important role in subsurface geological studies, especially for identification of depositional structures. The effectiveness of any seismic facies analysis algorithm depends on whether or not it is driven by local geologic factors, the absence of which may lead to unrealistic information about subsurface geology, depositional environment, and lithology. This includes proper identification of number of classes or facies existing in the data set. We developed a hybrid waveform classification algorithm based on an artificial immune system and self-organizing maps (AI-SOM), that forms the class of unsupervised classification or automatic facies identification followed by facies map generation. The advantage of AI-SOM is that, unlike, a stand-alone SOM, it is more robust in the presence of noise in seismic data. Artificial immune system (AIS) is an excellent data reduction technique providing a compact representation of the training data; this is followed by clustering and identification of number of clusters in the data set. The reduced data set from AIS processing serves as an excellent input to SOM processing. Thus, facies maps generated from AI-SOM are less affected by noise and redundancy in the data set. We tested the effectiveness of our algorithm with application to an offshore 3D seismic volume from F3 block in the Netherlands. The results confirmed that we can better interpret an appropriate number of facies in the seismic data using the AI-SOM approach than with a conventional SOM. We also examined the powerful data-reduction capabilities of AIS and advantages the of AI-SOM over SOM when data under consideration were noisy and redundant.

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Chaaou, Ismail, Lahcen Kabiri, and Badre Essafraoui. "Lithostratigraphic and Paleoenvironmental Characterization of the Senonian Series of the Errachidia-Boudenib-Erfoud Basin, South-East Morocco." Iraqi Geological Journal 56, no. 2D (October 31, 2023): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2d.6ms-2023-10-12.

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Six lithostratigraphic sections distributed in different parts of the Errachidia-Boudenib-Erfoud basin (SE Morocco) were surveyed bed by bed and sampled in order to study stratigraphy, analyzed the facies, and characterized the depositional environment of the Senonian series. This study shows that this series is mainly constituted of three lithostratigraphic units: the first one is mixed, attesting to an alluvial plain environment disturbed by marine incursions at the base. The second is dominated by "kerkoub" sandstone bars intercalated by silt-clay intervals, reflecting a floodplain environment. The third is dominated by gypsum versicolored facies, marking an evaporitic playa environment. The correlation of the studied sections shows that the Senonian sedimentary prism opens progressively to the East. The series ends with Tertiary deposition: western marine carbonates and eastern continental conglomerates. The non-deposition of these faces in the center of the basin could be the result of the presence of a paleorelief at the Tinejdad-Goulmima transition.

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Mikuláš, Radek, Petr Skupien, Miroslav Bubík, and Zdeněk Vašíček. "Ichnology of the Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds (Outer Western Carpathians, Czech Republic)." Geologica Carpathica 60, no. 3 (June 1, 2009): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10096-009-0016-1.

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Ichnology of the Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds (Outer Western Carpathians, Czech Republic)Large differences in the intensity and overall character of bioturbational structures were found in five facies containing hemipelagic red beds. Red beds (CORB) of the Godula facies of the Silesian Unit and their equivalents (mostly not red) in the Kelč facies of the Silesian Unit and the CORB in the non-calcareous sediments of the Rača Unit display a very low degree of bioturbation. The CORB facies of the Rača Unit, containing calcareous intercalations, displays a very high degree of bioturbation as expressed by a high ichnofabric index. They contain trace fossilsChondrites, Zoophycos, Planolites, Thalassinoides, Palaeophycus, TeichichnusandPhycosiphon.The supply of food obviously acted as the controlling factor. The "calcareous" facies of the CORB of the Rača Unit has a considerably higher proportion of sand-dominated interbeds and also carbonates than the non-calcareous facies. This (especially the presence of carbonates) suggests a relative proximity of food-rich environments and an easy transport of nutrition-rich substrate by turbidite currents into the basin directly, not only by periodical fall-out of dead plankton (which is probably responsible for the rhythmicity of poor colonization horizons in weakly bioturbated units).

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Deng, Mo, Guowei Zhao, Xiaobing Lin, Chunyu Chen, Longlong Li, and Qingshao Liang. "Sedimentary Facies, Paleogeography, and Depositional Models of the Middle–Late Permian in the Sichuan Basin, Southwest China." Minerals 13, no. 11 (November 1, 2023): 1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13111406.

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This study focuses on the analysis of the sedimentary facies of the Middle–Late Permian, including the Qixia, Maokou, Wujiaoping/Longtan, and Changxing/Dalong Formations, in the Sichuan Basin, southwest China. Integrating drilling data and field outcrop data, various sedimentary facies indicators were employed to define eight sedimentary facies types in the Sichuan Basin during the Middle–Late Permian, namely, mixed tidal flat, tidal flat, restricted platform, open platform, platform margin, slope, basin, and volcanic facies. Detailed facies analysis was conducted on selected well logs, and sedimentary facies distribution maps were compiled for different time intervals, establishing depositional models. During the Qixia to Maokou stages, an extensive open platform was developed in the Sichuan Basin, accompanied by shallow intra-platform shoals. Towards the west along the Dayi–Ya’an line, platform margins were developed, followed by slope facies and basin facies in a northwest direction. During the Changxing stage, the Kaijiang–Liangping fault block subsided, forming the “Kaijiang-Liangping” paleochannel, which controls reef–shoal deposition in the region. This study provides comprehensive insights into the sedimentary facies characteristics and depositional environments of the Middle–Late Permian in the Sichuan Basin, contributing to the understanding of the regional sedimentary history and geological evolution.

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Opuwari, M., M. Amponsah-Dacosta, S. Mohammed, and N. Egesi. "Delineation of sandstone reservoirs of Pletmos Basin offshore South Africa into Flow Units using Core Data." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 4 (October 26, 2020): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0032.

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Abstract The present study is focused on the comparison of petrophysical rock typing and zonation methods of the Valanginian age sandstone in the Pletmos Basin offshore South Africa, to produce a zonation scheme for the low-permeability shaly sandstone reservoirs from core porosity and permeability data. The Valanginian age sediments of the Lower Cretaceous consist predominantly of a shallow marine sequence with interbeds of siltstone, claystone, generally fine-grained sandstone, and glauconitic, with varying amounts of an argillaceous matrix. A core description report was used in conjunction with a gamma-ray log to group rock types into different facies based on texture and grain size. Three different facies were identified as facies 1, a moderately sorted fine to medium-grained glauconitic sandstone; facies 2, a fine to very fine-grained glauconitic sandstone, moderately sorted; facies 3, a very fine sandstone to siltstone, laminated, argillaceous and bioturbated. Three independent reservoir zonation methods (Winland r35 pore throat, Hydraulic Flow Unit, and Stratigraphic Modified Lorenz Plot) were applied to three wells (SW1, SW2, and SW3) for which wireline logs, core porosity, and permeability data are available. Results were analyzed and compared with facies used as a context for the identification of rock types and zones. The results revealed eleven zones, grouped as moderate, very-low, and tight zones. The moderate flow zone is the best reservoir quality rock composed of macroporous rock type, ranked, as good rock type associated with facies 1. Three very-low flow zones were identified, which are of a microporous rock type, ranked as poor quality rock, associated with facies 2. Eight tight zones were revealed, which are of nanoporous rock type ranked as an impervious rock. The tight flow zone is the most reduced rock quality associated with facies 3. This study has developed a zonation scheme that will be used to locate other flow zones as well as to investigate whether the units/zones identified extend to other parts of the field.

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Калимуллин, Алмаз Маратович, and Альберт Феликсович Сафаров. "Application of lithologic-and-facies analysis in geological modeling of sirenevskoye field bobrikovskian formation." Нефтяная провинция, no. 2(10) (October 31, 2017): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.25689/np.2017.2.95-108.

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В данной статье рассматривается важность применения концептуальной геологической модели бобриковского горизонта Сиреневского месторождения при подсчете запасов и при дальнейшем расчете гидродинамической модели. Основой для воссоздания условий осадконакопления отложения послужил литолого-фациальный анализ. В настоящее время литолого-фациальный анализ отложений широко применяется в нефтегазовой геологии, как в начале изучения территории, так и на этапе промышленного освоения залежей, и всего месторождения. Появляется возможность формализовать свойства геологического пространства и выявить последовательность изменений геологический тел. Анализ данных позволил дать рекомендации в отношении доразведки месторождений РТ, выделить зоны, благоприятные для разбуривания скважин. The authors focus on importance of the conceptual geologic model of the Sirenevskoye field Bobrikovskian formation for evaluation of reserves and building of a reservoir model. To model the sedimentation environment of the Bobrikovskian formation, the lithologic-and-facies analysis was used. Lithologic-and-facies analyses have been widely used in petroleum geology both at the initial exploration stage, and at the stage of commercial production of reserves. This method allows to formalize the properties of the geologic space and to visualize consequential changes of geological bodies. The studies performed made it possible to issue recommendations regarding follow-up exploration in the Republic of Tatarstan, and to define sweet spots.

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Khitrunov, A. T. "GRANITOID MINERAL FACIES OF FOLDED REGIONS." International Geology Review 27, no. 7 (July 1985): 870–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206818509466473.

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Wright, V. P. "Peritidal carbonate facies models: A review." Geological Journal 19, no. 4 (April 30, 2007): 309–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350190402.

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Michelena, Reinaldo J., Kevin S. Godbey, and Omar Angola. "Constraining 3D facies modeling by seismic-derived facies probabilities: Example from the tight-gas Jonah Field." Leading Edge 28, no. 12 (December 2009): 1470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3272702.

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Gao, Dengliang. "Latest developments in seismic texture analysis for subsurface structure, facies, and reservoir characterization: A review." GEOPHYSICS 76, no. 2 (March 2011): W1—W13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3553479.

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In exploration geology and geophysics, seismic texture is still a developing concept that has not been sufficiently known, although quite a number of different algorithms have been published in the literature. This paper provides a review of the seismic texture concepts and methodologies, focusing on latest developments in seismic amplitude texture analysis, with particular reference to the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and the texture model regression (TMR) methods. The GLCM method evaluates spatial arrangements of amplitude samples within an analysis window using a matrix (a two-dimensional histogram) of amplitude co-occurrence. The matrix is then transformed into a suite of texture attributes, such as homogeneity, contrast, and randomness, which provide the basis for seismic facies classification. The TMR method uses a texture model as reference to discriminate among seismic features based on a linear, least-squares regression analysis between the model and the data within an analysis window. By implementing customized texture model schemes, the TMR algorithm has the flexibility to characterize subsurface geology for different purposes. A texture model with a constant phase is effective at enhancing the visibility of seismic structural fabrics, a texture model with a variable phase is helpful for visualizing seismic facies, and a texture model with variable amplitude, frequency, and size is instrumental in calibrating seismic to reservoir properties. Preliminary test case studies in the very recent past have indicated that the latest developments in seismic texture analysis have added to the existing amplitude interpretation theories and methodologies. These and future developments in seismic texture theory and methodologies will hopefully lead to a better understanding of the geologic implications of the seismic texture concept and to an improved geologic interpretation of reflection seismic amplitude.

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Khadkikar, Aniruddha S. "Trough cross-bedded conglomerate facies." Sedimentary Geology 128, no. 1-2 (October 1999): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-0738(99)00060-3.

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Kalkreuth, Wolfgang D. "Coal facies studies in Canada." International Journal of Coal Geology 58, no. 1-2 (April 2004): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2003.06.001.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Facies (Geology)'

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