Journal articles on the topic 'Facility location-protection problem'

Mobile devices with global positioning capabilities allow users to retrieve points of interest in their proximity. To protect user privacy, it is important not to disclose exact user coordinates to un-trusted entities that provide location-based services. Currently, there are two main approaches to protect the location privacy of users: hiding locations inside cloaking regions and encrypting location data using private information retrieval protocols. Previous work focused on finding good trade-offs between privacy and performance of user protection techniques, but disregarded the important issue of protecting the POI dataset. It is very easy for a person to know his/her location with the help of devices having GPS facility. When user’s location is provided to LBS, it is possible to user to know all location dependent information like location of friends or Nearest Restaurant, whether or traffic conditions. The massive use of mobile devices pave the way for the creation of wireless networks that can be used to exchange information based on locations. When the exchange of location information is done amongst entrusted parties, the privacy of the user could be in harmful. Existing protocol doesn’t work on many different mobile devices and another issue is that, Location Server (LS) should provide misleading data to user. Privacy preserving reputation techniques provides a suitable approach to address such problem. They can be easily integrated into our methods. 

In this paper, we study the location of emergency centres considering cooperative and backup coverage while natural disasters occur which can result in facility disruption. In this regard, a reliable version of cooperative covering problem is presented considering two types of candidate sites, i.e., reliable and unreliable. To achieve a fortified system against disaster, reliable candidate sites are selected from areas which are far away from the disaster harms. Furthermore, backup coverage is considered to compensate unsatisfied coverage of the demand zones due to facility disruption. The performance of the model is investigated solving numerical examples with different approaches utilising commercial software. The results confirm accurate performance of the model. They also show that both facility failure and backup coverage considerations lead to a more efficient network by incurring some additional cost.

Greening of industrial areas with the use of tree species and shrubs resistant to chemical pollution can reduce dangerous concentrations of dust and gas, reduces the negative physical impact of noise, vibration, electromagnetic fields around the facility on the surrounding area. The extent of damage to green areas by industrial emissions indicates that the pollution of the territory of the facility is becoming increasingly limiting for the environment. The most powerful sources of phytotoxic pollutant emissions are oil production and refining enterprises. The article is devoted to the problem of greening the territory of LLP "Sazankurak" of Atyrau region. One of the main pollutants at the enterprise is inorganic dust. The concentration and duration of exposure to dust depends on the wind rose, topography and location of emission sources. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the operating mode of the enterprise taking into account local climatic conditions, recommendations for establishing sustainable plantings in the sanitary protection zone have been developed. The features of biological sorption of pollutants and the formation of anthropogenic anomalies in the territory of industrial facilities have been studied. The characteristic of species and individual stability of the main species of trees and shrubs of Western Kazakhstan is given. The system of measures for landscaping areas in the crude oil production field "Sazankurak" was substantiated.

THE PURPOSE. The study of a fish protection structure such as a water-air curtain as an example of an ecological solution to the problem of conservation of aquatic biological resources at an energy facility.METHODS. A comparative analysis of our own research and literature data on the use and evaluation of the effectiveness of fish protection structures (FPS) has been carried out. For the selection of ichthyological samples, mesh networks of 10, 18, 22, 30 and 70 mm were used, installed in front of the water supply channels to the shore pumping stations (SPS). When analyzing the efficiency of the FPS, the methods of fish accounting are considered: the method of catching fish and the procedure for conducting observations at the facility. The assessment of fish ingress to the SPS (after the FPS) was carried out by round-the-clock observations of fish penetrating into the water supply channel in comparison with their ingress to the water-retaining rotating nets of water treatment machines on the SPS. The efficiency coefficient was determined by the difference in the concentration of fish before the FPS (at the reservoir) and after the FPS (at the SPS).RESULTS. It is shown that the efficiency coefficient of the FPS by the type of water-air curtain averaged 86.9%, which exceeds the regulatory efficiency. It has been revealed that a fish protection structure (FPS) by the type of a water-air curtain is the most environmentally friendly technical solution for water intake at power facilities.CONCLUSION. The improvement of the ecological situation in the area of the location of the RSL by the type of water-air curtain in terms of the concentration of oxygen in the water and the reduction of trophies due to the oxidation of organic substances was noted.concentration in water and of decrease in trophy due to the oxidation of organic substances.

The technology of waste incineration makes it possible to solve the issue of obtaining an alternative type of fuel and eliminate the problem of the excess waste in landfills. A multi-stage emission cleaning technology has been proposed to protect the environment and service personnel. The chemical processes that take place in the furnace space have been considered.
 The purpose of the research is to develop the concept of control systems for the technological cycle of the installation of thermal disposal of solid household waste to protection of the environment from these toxic substances: dioxins, carcinogenic hydrocarbons, products of incomplete combustion, in particular, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen and sulfur oxides. A complex of methods of system analysis and the method of data analysis was applied to achieve the goal of the research. An analysis of modern international literary sources, an analysis of the morphological composition of solid household waste, an analysis of the interaction of chemical substances, and experimental studies at a research and industrial facility were carried out. As a result of the research, the scientific and applied task of improving the system of protection of the environment and service personnel from emissions of thermal disposal of solid household waste was formulated and substantiated.
 Research results might apply to designing equipment for waste incineration, for choosing rational parameters of the furnace, location of fuel supply burners. General recommendations for the use of chemical properties of harmful substances in the design of cleaning equipment have been provided. The effectiveness of the method of supplying an inert medium (flue gases) to the combustion zone at a temperature below the flame temperature was evaluated. Effective thermal destruction of dioxins is possible in modern waste incineration plants, provided high temperatures, excess air and sufficient residence time followed by a catalytic cleaning. Homogeneous and heterogeneous formation of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans formed and released in zones with relatively low temperatures.

It is known that all production resources are limited and rare. This economic problem is especially acute for such major components of natural resources as land, forest resources, mineral deposits, water resources, wildlife, which people use in the production of various goods and without which economic activity is impossible. The planning, construction and operation of roads should be carried out in accordance with environmental standards, and the standards themselves should minimize the impact of road networks on the environment. The high level of concentration of heavy industry, unreasonable scale of land reclamation, environmental voluntarism in the development and location of productive forces and the financing of environmental measures on a residual basis lead to an ecological crisis. The effects of economic activity have led to the pollution of vital resources and the degradation of the environment. This article identifies the nature and extent of the main types of environmental impacts during the overhaul of the facility and its subsequent operation. Measures to prevent negative impact on the environment, such as: rational use of land and natural resources, protection of atmospheric air. Ways and means of normalization of the state of the environment, the main source of which on the highway are directly vehicles and road vehicles are considered. The amount of harmful emissions and the distance of their spread varies depending on the intensity and composition of traffic, road, natural and climatic conditions. In the process of existing potential types of environmental impacts is the impact on ambient air. On the geological environment, microclimate, aquatic environment, soil, flora and fauna. The impact on the environment of the road section after major repairs is permanent and is not harmful provided they are harmoniously combined with nature.

The decrease of mangrove ecosystem in the coast Labuan Uki bay loak subdistrict, bolaang mongondow province caused by conversion land on each parts of mangrove become industry area and people residance. It’s has effect to fish production, when there has low area of mangrove aqual to fisherman income. It means that, mangrove has no fungsion as development facility of marine biota will give the effect to the organism in that area.To make protection to mangrove ecosystem area in the bay of Labuan Uki. The researcher do the research of mangrove ecosystem based society by village decision. To know the wide and the study case of useless in labuan uki area. The result of this research to analys using qualitatife description method.The result of this research to give information to the researcer about the village regulation able to accept by villager with one hundred percent (30 persons total respondents). Than in the village regulation is kinds of mangrove ecosystem protection based society that purpose to the cuntinue basic development in the bay of labuan uki and have been to apply solid system and partnerships. And the wide of mangrove about ± 241.75 ha. In there has genus Rhizophora, genus Sonneratia, Genus Bruiguera and genus Avicennia. But the most genus in Labuan Uki is dominate of genus Rhizphora. In this case has to identificate effect of this problem that is to find out location of it. For the first in Sauk village dusun 1 the wide about ± 7.500 m2 as a talung conversion area. Secondly batubara II village dusun 3 the wide about ± 204 m2 and ± 3 ha. To conversion as location to make residance and fishpond area. And the last Labuan Uki village dusun IV the wide about ± 3 ha and about ± 3 ha. To conversion as fishpond area and PT. BETAGAS factory area.The key : defect case, mangrove, joint village regulation ABSTRAK Berkurangnya ekosistem hutan mangrove di pesisir Teluk Labuan Uki Kecamatan Lolak, Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow dikarenakan oleh konversi lahan pada beberapa daerah dari hutan mangrove menjadi daerah perindustrian dan pemukiman penduduk. Hal tersebut berpengaruh pada produksi perikanan, dimana penurunan areal hutan mangrove berbanding lurus dengan tingkat pendapatan nelayan. Artinya, hilangnya fungsi hutan mangrove sebagai fasilitas perkembangbiakan biota laut akan dapat mempengerahui keberadaan organisme laut disekitanya.Untuk mendekati upaya perlindungan di sekitar ekosistem hutan mangrove di kawasan teluk Labuan Uki, maka dilakukan penelitian ekosistem hutan mangrove berbasis masyarakat melalui penetapan peraturan desa bersama. Guna mengetahui luasan dan kasus kegiatan pemanfaatan yang terjadi di kawasan teluk Labuan uki. Hasil penelitian selanjutnya di analisis menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peraturan desa bersama dapat disetujui masyrakat desa dengan nilai 100 % (dari total responden 30 orang). Sedangkan penulisan peraturan desa bersama adalah bentuk upaya perlindungan ekosistem hutan mangrove berbasis masyarakat yang mengarah pada prinsip-prinsip pembangunan berkelanjutan teluk Labuan Uki dan telah menerapkan sistem keterpaduan dan kemitraan. Dan ekosistem hutan mangrove terdapat luas ± 241.75 ha. Serta banyak ditumbuhi oleh genus Rhizophora, genus Sonneratia, Genus Bruiguera dan genus Avicennia. Namun yang mendominasi kawasan teluk Labuan Uki adalah genus Rhizphora. Di samping itu, indentifikasi pemangku kepentingan dan permasalahan dari kasus kegiatan kerusakan hutan mangrove ditemukan beberapa titik, Desa Sauk dusun I luasan ± 7.500 m2 yang di konversi sebagai lahan talung (pemecah ombak) dan ± 1.500 m2 untuk jalan perahu. Desa Baturapa II dusun 3 luasan ± 204 m2 dan ± 3 ha yang dikonversi sebagai lahan pembuatan rumah dan tambak. Dan Desa Labuan Uki dusun IV luasan ± 3 ha dan luasan ± 3 ha yang dikonversi sabagai lahan tambak dan perusahaan pabrik PT. BETAGAS.Kata kunci: Kasus kerusakan, hutan mangrove, peraturan desa bersama.

Most modern production and storage facilities are fire hazardous. A large area, a large fire load, the use of technologies with high temperatures, contributes to the rapid development of fire in a short period of time over a large area. The current direction of providing the fire safety system at the enterprises is to eliminate the conditions of rapid development of the fire and minimize its consequences through the use of fire curtains.
 Develop a method for determining the optimum dimensions of the enclosed volume of a closed warehouse facility by using fire-proof curtains to limit the rate of fire spread.
 To provide fire protection for warehouse facilities, the following tasks must be addressed first and foremost
 
 to investigate the process of fire spread in enclosed premises at production and storage facilities;
 to develop a method of determining the optimal size of the volume of premises, closed production facilities and to investigate the impact of the use of fire curtains on the speed of fire.
 
 In order to solve the first problem, materials were stored in the production and storage facilities, the combustion of which was accompanied by a thermal decomposition with the release of gaseous combustion products. The rate of burning of solid materials depends not only on the physical nature of the material, but also on the location of the fire load structure. In addition, the rate of burnout indoors differs from the rate of burnout in open space.
 Two modes of development of combustion of materials in a room are possible: 1) with the presence of sufficient amount of air (oxygen), that is, the resulting fire is regulated by the fire load; 2) with insufficient air (oxygen), that is, the resulting fire is regulated by ventilation.
 Indoors in real conditions, the first mode of fire gradually goes into the second, and after reaching the temperature in the room at which the windows are destroyed, the gas exchange process becomes two-sided and the fire goes to the first mode.
 To solve the second problem, a method of determining the optimal size of the volume of premises, closed production and storage facilities was developed.
 Conclusions and specific suggestions:
 
 The number of sheltered volumes of storage facilities and their optimal area depends on the storage area of ​​the equipment and equipment not protected from free spread of fire.
 The accuracy of determining the optimal area of fire depends on the accepted probability of hit points to be within the range of acceptable solutions of the optimization problem.
 The presence of a protected volume of storage facilities reduces the rate of fire spread by 1.8 times.
 In the protected volume of the room with fire curtains on the roof of the warehouse it is necessary to arrange 3-piece air-exhaust lights to remove smoke in case of fire.

Emergency alarm systems are extremely important in our daily life since these can provide adequate and timely warning to people in event of threatened disaster. These systems cause a traumatic hearing loss due to their extremely high sound level. Hearing protection devices are the most popular and convenient solution for avoiding a traumatic hearing loss. However, the study of alarm location problems with hearing protection has not been much paid attention. The purposes of this study were; (1) to determine the number of alarm devices, their optimum locations and minimum sound power levels and; (2) to find the effectiveness of hearing protection devices. The selected working environment was a machining facility that usually generates extremely high noise level. An analytical model was provided and the effects of hearing protection devices were discussed with two examples. The results showed that hearing protection was highly required at or above 85dBA noisy environment.

Names are essential for communication. In biodiversity we have a nomenclature system that has stood the test of time (around 270 years) and, despite some shortcomings, it works. However, the world has changed. Extinction rates have increased rapidly in recent times and are rising at ever increasing rates due to climate change and human neglect. As a result, we need to do everything we can to protect the species that remain and, to do that, we need to be able to communicate about those species. The publishing process is slow, and there is a dearth of taxonomists, so the formal publication for many of these species, especially in the tropics and the New World, cannot keep up with the ever-increasing known unpublished species. It is estimated (Chapman 2009) that only about 16% of the world's species have been described. In plants that figure is around 65% described, with 35% still undescribed. Many of these are known, and many are threatened, but unless we give them names, we cannot adequately communicate about them, exchange data on them, or add them into conservation legislation. This includes being able to identify photos, etc. in citizen science apps such as iNaturalist, which can be important in determining ranges, identifying new taxa, and for taxonomists and other researchers.In the 1980s, Australia developed a formulaic naming system for undescribed plant species (Chapman 2005). The formulaic name follows the format: \"&lt;Genus&gt; sp. &lt;colloquial name, location or description&gt; (&lt;Voucher&gt;)\" e.g., \"<em>Prostanthera</em> sp. Somersbey (B.J.Conn 4024)\". This was universally adopted in Australia in the 1990s, and allowed, from 1999, the inclusion of these undescribed taxa in the legislated National and State threatened species lists. As of May 2022, there were 41 such taxa listed in the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). Such formulaic names can be synonymised as new names are formally described. A more detailed discussion of the formulaic method was given on pages 20-21 in Chapman (2005).Some have said that this is a trivial issue, but it is not trivial, and we will give evidence of this by looking at just one small part of the world – Western Australia – where there are currently 987 currently accepted undescribed taxa out of an estimated flora of about 13,000 that use this formulaic naming system (https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/). That is around 7.5% of all plant species in the state. Of these 987 taxa, over 50% are listed as Conservation Priority taxa (calculated from the florabase reference).This is not just an Australian problem, or just a plant problem, and thus we need such a system formalised into a TDWG standard. This would allow for consistency across the globe and across life kingdoms and allow for the transfer of data through data aggregators such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). We also need citizen science apps such as iNaturalist to allow for the inclusion of such names in their taxonomies, otherwise we lose a lot of important information on some of the most valuable and threatened taxa in the world.While looking at the benefits, we must also look at some of the drawbacks e.g., physical piracy of rare taxa, and taxonomic piracy. It has been suggested that in some taxonomic groups, tying a formula name to a voucher, and especially where there is a link to a photo on iNaturalist, could encourage taxon pirates to describe and publish the taxa as new taxa in self-published journals without having examined any material. These issues need to be discussed, but we believe they are not reasons to deny support of the concept of formulaic names, even if different formats are needed for different taxonomic groups.

The growth of world population has fueled environmental, legal, and social concerns, making governments and companies attempt to mitigate the environmental and social implications stemming from supply chain operations. The state-run Environmental Protection Agency has initially offered financial incentives (subsidies) meant to encourage supply chain managers to use cleaner technologies in order to minimize pollution. In today’s competitive markets, using green technologies remains vital. In the present project, we have examined a class of closed-loop supply chain competitive facility location-routing problems. According to the framework of the competition, one of the players, called the Leader, opens its facilities first. The second player, called the Follower, makes its decision when Leader’s location is known. Afterwards, each customer chooses an open facility based on some preference huff rules before returning the benefits to one of the two companies. The follower, under the influence of the leader’s decisions, performs the best reaction in order to obtain the maximum capture of the market. So, a bilevel mixed-integer linear programming model is formulated. The objective function at both levels includes market capture profit, fixed and operating costs, and financial incentives. A metaheuristic quantum binary particle swarm optimization (PSO) is developed via Benders decomposition algorithm to solve the proposed model. To evaluate the convergence rate and solution quality, the method is applied to some random test instances generated in the literature. The computational results indicate that the proposed method is capable of efficiently solving the model.

Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORMs) in the offshore petroleum industry are generally associated with the formation of scale in pipes and vessels. As scale and sludge contain radioactive isotopes of radium they are in the category of Low Specific Activity (LSA) NORMs. Handling of NORMs creates issues involving occupational health and safety, environmental protection and radioactive waste management and waste disposal. Barium(Radium)Sulfate scale is highly insoluble and can create serious production problems by clogging pipes and valves.The paper discusses the external gamma radiation monitoring at the external surfaces of well and oil production pipes which assists in establishing the scale thickness patterns in pipes and in identifying the optimum location of a scale inhibitor injection point.To minimise radiation doses received by workers special NORM handling Work Procedures and Instructions supported by radiation protection training need to be developed. If facility personnel are trained in radiation protection and Work Procedures and Instructions are adopted it is possible to effectively manage personal radiation exposures below the public limit of 1 millisievert per year. Under such conditions no personal radiation monitoring during routine operations is required and the assessment of routine annual external radiation doses may be carried out through yearly external gamma radiation surveys of of fshore petroleum production facilities.The NORM waste cannot be disposed of onshore within the same disposal sites used for general non-radioactive waste. In Australia only the NORM waste generated in Western Australia can be disposed of onshore in an official low level radioactive waste disposal facility. It is important that Governments of other States and Territories address the onshore NORM waste disposal option. Regulations should also address a screening method for scrap metal contaminated by NORMs to be released for smelting.

Monitoring thunderstorm activity can help you solve many problems such as infrastructure facility protection, warning of hazardous phenomena associated with intense precipitation, study of conditions for the occurrence of thunderstorms and the degree of their influence on human activity, as well as the influence of thunderstorm activity on the formation of near-Earth space. We investigate the characteristics of thunderstorm cells by the method of cluster analysis. We take the Vereya-MR network data accumulated over a period from 2012 to 2018 as a basis. The Vereya-MR network considered in this paper is included in networks operating in the VLF-LF range (long and super-long radio waves). Reception points equipped with recording equipment, primary information processing systems, communication systems, precision time and positioning devices based on global satellite navigation systems are located throughout Russia. In the longitudinal-latitudinal thunderstorm distributions of interest, the dependence on the location of recording devices might be manifested. We compare the behavior of thunderstorms on the entire territory of the Russian Federation with those in the Baikal natural territory. We have established the power of thunderstorms over the Baikal region is lower. The daily variation in thunderstorm cells we obtained is consistent with the data from other works. There are no differences in other thunderstorm characteristics between the regions under study. This might be due to peculiarities of the analysis method. On the basis of the work performed, we propose sites for new points of our own lightning location network, as well as additional methods of cluster analysis.

Monitoring thunderstorm activity can help you solve many problems such as infrastructure facility protection, warning of hazardous phenomena associated with intense precipitation, study of conditions for the occurrence of thunderstorms and the degree of their influence on human activity, as well as the influence of thunderstorm activity on the formation of near-Earth space. We investigate the characteristics of thunderstorm cells by the method of cluster analysis. We take the Vereya-MR network data accumulated over a period from 2012 to 2018 as a basis. The Vereya-MR network considered in this paper is included in networks operating in the VLF-LF range (long and super-long radio waves). Reception points equipped with recording equipment, primary information processing systems, communication systems, precision time and positioning devices based on global satellite navigation systems are located throughout Russia. In the longitudinal-latitudinal thunderstorm distributions of interest, the dependence on the location of recording devices might be manifested. We compare the behavior of thunderstorms on the entire territory of the Russian Federation with those in the Baikal natural territory. We have established the power of thunderstorms over the Baikal region is lower. The daily variation in thunderstorm cells we obtained is consistent with the data from other works. There are no differences in other thunderstorm characteristics between the regions under study. This might be due to peculiarities of the analysis method. On the basis of the work performed, we propose sites for new points of our own lightning location network, as well as additional methods of cluster analysis.

Previous studies have attempted to disaggregate census data into fine resolution with multisource remote sensing data considering the importance of fine-resolution population distribution in urban planning, environmental protection, resource allocation, and social economy. However, the lack of direct human activity information invariably restricts the accuracy of population mapping and reduces the credibility of the mapping process even when external facility distribution information is adopted. To address these problems, the present study proposed a novel population mapping method by combining International Space Station (ISS) photography nighttime light data, point of interest (POI) data, and location-based social media data. A similarity matching model, consisting of semantic and distance matching models, was established to integrate POI and social media data. Effective information was extracted from the integrated data through principal component analysis and then used along with road density information to train the random forest (RF) model. A comparison with WordPop data proved that our method can generate fine-resolution population distribution with higher accuracy ( R 2 = 0.91 ) than those of previous studies ( R 2 = 0.55 ). To illustrate the advantages of our method, we highlighted the limitations of previous methods that ignore social media data in handling residential regions with similar light intensity. We also discussed the performance of our method in adopting social media data, considering their characteristics, with different volumes and acquisition times. Results showed that social media data acquired between 19:00 and 8:00 with a volume of approximately 300,000 will help our method realize high accuracy with low computation burden. This study showed the great potential of combining social sensing data for disaggregating fine-resolution population.

INTRODUCTION. The aging of the population and the resulting increased proportion of older patients with chronic, non-communicable diseases represent one of the greatest challenges for the healthcare system in many countries. At the same time, a high level of medical care, including transportation, must be guaranteed for older people. This makes it crucial to research both organizing challenges associated with the development of well-functioning processes directly at the medical facility and accessibility when receiving medical care.OBJECTIVE. To research the main variables affecting organizational and medical access barriers for patients who are over working age in the Russian Federation.MATERIAL AND METHODS. In the present work we used the questionnaire survey method with a questionnaire consisting of three blocks and 89 questions. The statistical analysis of the data was carried out using the programs Statistica for Windows Version 10.0, Stata and R-Studio. The Pearson test of agreement (Chi-criterion) was used to compare the distributions of qualitative characteristics. A generalized linear model with a logit link function was used to test the hypothesis about the influence of individual respondent characteristics on the probability of falling into quartiles. To test the hypothesis about the influence of individual sociodemographic factors on the probability of getting into the top 25% of the distribution based on the mean of the scores, a generalized linear model with a logit function of the relationship was used.RESULTS. A total of 3,942 respondents took part in the survey. All persons older than working age faced some obstacles in obtaining medical care, and the prevalence of problematic situations ranged from 12.5% (problems with movement due to the inconvenient location of the practice) to 74.3% (absence the right specialist and the need to see another one). medical organization). Factors that influence the severity of the barriers are described (living in rural areas, presence of financial problems and low social integration, older age).DISCUSSION. The results obtained in this work are comparable to a number of studies conducted in the Russian Federation and worldwide.CONCLUSION. Overcoming accessibility and organizational barriers requires management and organizational decisions on the part of regional health protection authorities, municipalities, and employees of medical organizations and social services.

Исследования в странах ОЭСР по проблемам загрязнения окружающей среды и их влиянию на здоровье населения, позволили разработать и реализовать управленческие решения в природоохранном законодательстве и в области охраны общественного здоровья. Проведенные за последние десятилетия в постсоветских странах исследования с применением методов оценки риска направлены на выяснение причинно-следственных связей между уровнем загрязнения различных объектов окружающей среды и состоянием здоровья населения.В настоящее время система управления качеством окружающей среды в Казахстане не может полностью обеспечить безопасность здоровью населения и правильно определитьприоритеты для улучшенияэкологической ситуации в конкретных регионах и в целом, по стране.Данная статья посвящена оценке риска состоянию здоровья населения, проживающего вблизи объекта ТОО «Жаикмунай», г. Уральск, Западно-Казахстанской области, выполненное в рамках проекта «Национальная программа внедрения персонализированной и превентивной медицины в Республике Казахстан» ИРН OR12165486.В ходе исследования проведена оценка влияния пандемии COVID-19 на демографические показатели в изучаемом регионе за 2020-2021 годы, так из причин смертности заболеваний органов дыхания и сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний корреляционным методом исключены острые состояния, связаные непосредственно с коронавирусной инфекцией и заболеваниями обусловленными пандемийной угрозой.Исследование проводилось по методике, утвержденной приказом Министра здравоохранения Республики Казахстан от 14 мая 2020 года № 304 «Об утверждении Методики оценки рисков негативного воздействия факторов окружающей среды на состояние здоровья населения» (далее - Методика).Самая высокая дозовая нагрузка приоритетных веществ в атмосферном воздухе наблюдалась у максимальных концентраций оксида углерода в течение всего периода наблюдений. Сравнительно высокие величины ингаляционной дозовой нагрузки наблюдались у максимальных концентраций взвешенных частиц, диоксида серы и диоксида азота. Они оказывают неблагоприятные эффекты на органы дыхания.Наибольшие коэффициенты опасности при остром ингаляционном воздействии на организм на неприемлемом уровне выявлены у взвешенных частиц, диоксида серы и азота, оксида азота, озона, сероводорода, и аммиака во все рассматриваемые годы. В отдельные периода неприемлемые значения хронических неканцерогенных коэффициентов опасности наблюдались у взвешенныхчастиц исероводорода.В г. Уральск наблюдается неблагополучная ситуация по отдельным показателям здоровья населения. Наблюдается рост смертности от болезней органов дыхания, новообразований и болезней системы кровообращения, показатели которых превышают республиканские. Оценка риска проведена по списку загрязнителей, определяемых в атмосферном воздухе постами наблюдения ТОО «Казгидромет. Выявлены неприемлемые коэффициенты опасности при суммировании острых и хронических эффектов воздействия поллютантов атмосферного воздуха на органы дыхания. Numerous studies by leading scientists of the OECD countries on the problem of environmental pollution and its impact on public health have allowed them to develop and implement management solutions in environmental legislation and in the field of public health protection. The studies conducted using risk assessment methods over the past decades on the territory of post-Soviet countries, including the Republic of Kazakhstan, were aimed at clarifying the cause-and-effect relationships between the level of pollution of various environmental objects and the state of public health. So at present, Kazakhstan has developed an environmental quality management system that cannot fully ensure safety for public health and correctly determine priorities for improving the environmental situation in specific regions and across the country as a whole.This article is devoted to the risk assessment of the health status of the population living near the facility of "Zhaikmunai" LLP, Uralsk, West Kazakhstan region, which was carried out within the framework of the project: "National Program for the introduction of personalized and preventive medicine in the Republic of Kazakhstan" IRN OR12165486.COVID-19 pandemic impact on demographic indicators in the region for 2020-2021 was evaluated. Exposure of acute conditions associated with coronavirus infection and diseases caused by the pandemic threat were excluded from the causes of mortality of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases by the correlation method.This study was conducted according to the methodology approved by the Order of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated May 14, 2020 No. 304 "On approval of the Methodology for assessing the risks of negative impact of environmental factors on the health of the population" (hereafter - Methodology).The highest dose load of priority substances in the atmospheric air is determined from the maximum concentrations of carbon monoxide during the entire observation period. Relatively high values of the inhalation dose load are determined from the maximum concentrations of suspended particles, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. They have the ability to cause adverse effects from the respiratory system.The greatest values of the hazard coefficients for acute inhalation exposure to the body were determined at an unacceptable level for suspended particles, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen, nitrogen oxide, ozone, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia in all the years under consideration. In some years, unacceptable values of chronic non-carcinogenic hazard coefficients were for suspended particles and hydrogen sulfide.Currently, there is an unfavorable situation in the city of Uralsk for certain health indicators. There is an increase in mortality from respiratory diseases, neoplasms and diseases of the circulatory system, the indicators of which were higher than the republican ones. The risk assessment was carried out on the basis of a list of pollutants determined in the atmospheric air by observation posts of Kazhydromet LLP, while unacceptable hazard coefficients were identified when summing acute and chronic effects from exposure to atmospheric pollutants on the respiratory organs.

<strong>Abstract</strong> The investigation of the management of birds in the Ruzizi Delta was conducted as part of a global doctoral research on the ecology, conservation and management of birds in the Ruzizi Delta through direct observation, the real bibliography and the virtual bibliography by internet. Direct observation led us to report on the problems of soils, hydrology, land and vegetation cover, wild animals on the banks of rivers and islets, natural ponds, lagoons and the coast of Lake Tanganyika. The real and virtual bibliography on the internet has revealed to us the development plans that we suggest for the Rusizi Burundian Delta (RBD) and for the Ruzizi Congolese Delta (RCD). It recommends the formulation of projects in synergy for the conservation of birds and biodiversity in the RBD and the RCD. For the DRC, the study recommends legislating on the creation of a community reserve for the Ruzizi Congolese wetlands delta protection as was the case before the wars of 1996-2003. For Burundi, the study recommends the reforestation of a buffer zone for the demarcation of wetlands in areas in full urbanization, particularly around the City of Gatumba. <strong>Key words:</strong> Bird Management; Development of crocodiles; Hippos management; Biodiversity management plan; Wild animals of the banks and islets. <strong>References</strong> ABO. (2008). <em>Burundi&rsquo;s Important Bird Areas, Status and Trends in 2008.</em> Bujumbura: ABO (Association Burundaise pour la protection des Oiseaux), 58 pages. www.abo-conservation-bi.org. ADBG. (2015). <em>Ruzizi III Hydropower Plant (147 MW), Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Summary.</em> Abidjan: ADBG (African Development Bank Group), 28 pages. ADBG. (2019). <em>Republic Of Burundi Country Strategy Paper 2019-2023 (CSP 2019-2023) .</em> Bujumbura: ADBG (African Development Bank Group), 66 pages. Amani, G. N. (2018). <em>Mortalite Infantile En Milieu Rural Et Post-Conflit Au Sud-Kivu, Est De La Rd Congo: Une Etude Transversale.</em> Bukavu: M&eacute;moire de master en sant&eacute; publique present&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;Ecole Doctorale de l&rsquo;Univresit&eacute; Catholique de Bukavu, 18 pages. Bahizire, D. (2020). <em>Community structuring: huge challenges for the appropriation of change for development.</em> Bukavu: FOPROCONA &amp; Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Unit at PNKB, December 6-8, 14 pages. BAHIZIRE, D. (2020). Community structuring: huge challenges for the appropriation of change for development. <em>FOPROCONA &amp; Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Unit at PNKB in Bukavu December 6-8</em>, 14 pages. Banderembako, D. (2006). The link between land, environment, employment, and conflict in Burundi. <em>Washington DC: USAID</em>, 11 pages. Bank, W. (2018 b). <em>Burundi Landscape Restoration And Resilience Project.</em> Bujumbura: Public Disclosure Authorized, 148 pages. Bank, W. (2018). <em>Lake Tanganyika Environmental Management Project (P165749), Project Information Document/ Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet (PID/ISDS).</em> Washington DC, USA: Public Disclosure Authorized, 21 pages. Bank, W. (2018a). <em>Republic Of Burundi Addressing Fragility And Demographic Challenges To Reduce Poverty And Boost Sustainable Growth Systematic Country Diagnostic.</em> Bujumbura: WBG (World Bank Group), 112 pages. Bashonga, B. (2013). <em>The Importance of Ruzizi Congolese Plain, South Kivu, DRC for the Conservation of Birds. A dissertation submitted to the DRGT in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of a degree of Master of Science in ENR of MUK, Uganda.</em> Kampala: Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, 112 pages. Bashonga, B. A. (2019). Public Awareness on tne Reauction of Threats to Crocodiles and Hippopotami in the Ruzizi Plain and the Lake Shore in Uvira DRC, Northern End of Lake Tanganyika. <em>CEBioS, Buxelles. http://cebios.naturalsciences.be 07/10/2021</em>, 4 pages. Bekele, A. T., &amp; Getahun, M. S. (2020). Review on Wetland Ecosystem Destruction. <em>. International Journal of Scientific Research in Civil Engineering Volume 2, Issue 2, Jimma Ethiopia</em>, 12 pages. Beni, H. L., &amp; Pascal, I. M. (2012). <em>Essai D&rsquo;evaluation De L&rsquo;influence Des Activites Anthropiques Sur La Physico-Chimie,La Composition Et L&rsquo;abondance Du Plancton Et Des Macroinvertebres Du Littoral Du Lac Tanganyika (Cas des zones littorales le long de Bujumbura (Burundi) et Uvira (RD Congo).</em> Bujumbura-Burundi: Sciences de l&#39;Environnement, Universite du Burundi hal-00806750, 49 pages. BETTI, J. L., FERUZI, M., RUSHEMEZA, J., &amp; NZIGIYIMPA, L. (2014). Sustaining Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman (Rosaceae), a CITES listing tree species in the Teza Forest, Kibira National Park, Burundi. <em>International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation</em>, 7 pages. Bruce, J. W. (1996). <em>Research Paper 130 Country Profiles of Land Tenure:Africa. .</em> Washington: LTC (Land Tenure Center) University of Wisconsin&ndash;Madison, 289 pages. Burundi, C. E. (2017). <em>Understanding the Environment within the Dynamics of a Comlex World: Linkages to Fragility, Conflict, and Climate Change.</em> Bujumbura: World Bank Group &amp; Terr Africa, 170 pages. Burundi, G. F. (2016). <em>Republic of Burundi Addressing Fragility and Demographic Challenges to Reduce Poverty and Boost Sustainable Growth Systematic Country Diagnostic.</em> Bujumbura: World Bank Group, Bujumbura, 112 pages. Burundi, T. M. (2018). <em>Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Proposed Rehabilitation of Bujumbura-Rutunga-Rumonge Rood (78km) Section in Bujumbura City, Bujumbura Rural, and Rumonge Provinces.</em> Bujumbura: Burundian Roads Office, 227 pages. Cabinet, P., &amp; DRC. (2011). <em>Law n&deg; 11/009 of July 9, 2011 on fundamental principles relating to the protection of the environment.</em> Kinshasa, DRC: Official Journal special issue July 16, 2011, 32 pages. Cabinet, P., &amp; DRC. (2014). Law No. 14/003 of February 11, 2014 relating to the conservation of nature. <em>State Journal of the DRC</em>, 17 pagCBD. ( 2013). <em>Quick guides to the Aichi Biodiversity Targets Version 2, 2011-2020 The United Nations Decade on Biodiversitty.</em> Aichi, Japan: Conservation on Biological Diversity (CBD), 42 pages. Demey, R., &amp; Louette, M. (2001). Democratic Republic of Congo. Dans L. D. Fishpool, &amp; M. I. Evans, <em>Important Bird Areas in Africa and Associated islands: Priority Sites for Conservation:</em> 198-218, 20 pages. Newbury and Cambridge (UK): Pisces Publications and Bird Life International (Bird Life Conservation Series No 11). esyre&eacute;, L. (2015). <em>People, Poverty And The Need For A Rights Based Approach To Land Policy Reform In Africa: The Case Of The Democratic Republic Of Congo (Drc) And The Kingdom Of Lesotho. A Master Dissertation of Witwatersrand University, South Africa.</em> Witwatersrand South Africa: Witwatersrand University, South Africa, 63 pages. Dowset, &amp; Dowset-Lemaire. (1993). <em>A contribution to the Distribution and Taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy birds Tauraco Research Report .</em> Li&egrave;ge, Belgium.: Tauraco Press, Jupille No. 5: 195-204, 9 pages. EPA. (2000). <em>Environmental Guidelines: Use and Disposal of Biosolids Products .</em> Bujumbura: EPA (Environmental Protection Authority), 122 pages. FAO. ( 2016). <em>Nature &amp; Faune Gestion durable des for&ecirc;ts et de la faune sauvage en Afrique: Am&eacute;liorer la valeur, les avantages et les services.</em> Accra: FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) , 116 pages. FAO. (2010). Burundi Country Site: Forestry Policy and Institutions.<em> FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/61584/en/bdi/ 26/05/2021</em>, 6p. FAO, &amp; UKAID. ( 2015). <em>The legal framework for forest conversion in the Republic of Congo.</em> London, Brussels &amp; Warsaw (Wales): ClientEarth, 39 pages. www.clientearth.org 01/11/2021. FPP. (2008). <em>Forest Peoples Programme Supporting Forest People&rsquo;s Rights.</em> Bujumbura: FPP (Forest People Programme) on Laws, Rights and Access to Natural Resources, 32 pages GEF. (2020a). <em>Lake Kivu and Rusizi River Basin Water Quality Management Project.</em> Rubavu-Gisenyi, Rwanda: GEF (Global Environment Facility), 69 pages.https://gefportal2.worldbank.org 25/08/2021. GEF. (2020b). <em>Biodiversity conservation, sustainable land management and enhanced water security in Lake Tanganyika basin.</em> Bujumbura-Burundi: GEF (Global Environment Facility) Ivesting in our Planet, 87 pages.https://gefportal2.worldbank.org 25/08/2021. GIEWS. (2016). <em>Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture Country Brief.</em> Antananarivo: GIEWS (Global Information and Early Warning System), 32 pages. www.foodsec.org 09/06/2021. GLC. (2017). <em>Climate Resilient Altitudinal Gradients (CRAGs), Building Climate Change Resilience in the Kivu-Rusizi Watersheds.</em> Entebbe: GLC (Great Lake Conference) Entebbe, 19 pages. GOB, Land, &amp; Code. (1986). <em>Burundi Global Property Land Code, </em>1143 pages<em>.</em> Bujumbura: GOB (Global Organisation of Burundi). ICCN, UNESCO, CPM, UNDP, GEF, &amp; WCS. (2008). <em>National strategy for community conservation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (2007 - 2011).</em> Kinshasa: Congolese Institute for the Conservation of Nature (ICCN), 36 pages. IRIN. ( 2002). <em>The Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN).</em> Bujumbura: IRIN Evaluation Report, 111 pages. IUCN. (2010). <em>Integration of freshwater biodiversity in the development process throughout Africa; mobilizing information and site demonstrations: Rusizi Demonstration Site Component, Final Report.</em> Nairobi: IUCN Invasive Species Initiative, 28 pages. IUCN, &amp; ISI. (2010). <em>Integration of freshwater biodiversity in the development process throughout Africa; mobilizing information and site demonstrations: Rusizi Demonstration Site Component, IUCN Project No. 76458-009, Finalized by the Invasive Species Initiative during 09-10.</em> Nairobi-Kenya: IUCN (Intrnational Union for the Conservation of Nature) &amp; ISI (Invasive Species Initiative), 28 pages. www.iucn.org/species 07/10/2021. Judith, V., Juv&eacute;nal, T., Abed, D. O., &amp; Ntababarwa, N. A. (2020). <em>The Ruzizi Plain, A Crossrods of Conflict and Violence Insecure Livelihoods Series.</em> Bujumbura-Burundi: CRG (Conflict Research Group), GICN (Gouvernance In Conflict Network) &amp; GEC-SH (Groupe d&#39;Etudes sur les Conflits et la Securite Humaine), 82 pages. Kabila, J. (2003). <em>Loi No 011/2002 du 29 aout 2002 portant code forestier en Republique Democratique du Congo.</em> Kinshasa, RDC: Journal Officiel, 25 pages. http://www.leganet.cd/code%20Forestier/rdc-loiforestiers.pdf 01/11/2021 Kanyamibwa, S., &amp; Vandeweghe, J.-P. (2001). Burundi. Dans Fishpool, &amp; Evans, <em>Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands:</em> 127-132, 5 pages. Cambridge: Pisces Publications. Khan, H. Z. (2016). <em>Multi-Dimensional Performance Measurement Practicesin Developing Countries: A Literature Review And Future Research Direction .</em> Canberra, Australia: Corporate Ownership &amp; Control / Volume13, Issue 2, 21 pages. Luthra, T., Agarwal, R., Estari, M., Adepally, U., &amp; Sen, S. (2017). A novel library of-arylketones as potential inhibitors of &alpha;-glucosidase: Their design, synthesis, in vitro and in vivo studies. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 13246. l&ouml;tter, D. (2015). <em>People, Poverty And The Need For A Rights Based Approach To Land Policy Reform In Africa: The Case Of The Democratic Republic Of Congo (Drc) And The Kingdom Of Lesotho.</em> Pretoria, South Africa: A Master Dissertation of Witwatersrand University, South Africa, 63 pages. Luhunu, K. S., &amp; Kiyulu, N.-N. J. (2001). <em>Integration of Biodiversity into the Forestry Sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Congo Case Study.</em> Bogor, Indonesia: Aquadocs , 34 pages. http://hdl.handle.net/184/626 13/06/2021. Majaliwa, J., Twongyirwe, R., R.Nyenje, M.Oluka, B.Ongom, Sirike, J., et al. (2009). <em>The Effect of Land Cover Change on Soil Properties around Kibale National Park in South Western Uganda.</em> Kampala, Uganda: Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 8 pages. Makana, J.-R., &amp; Sean, T. C. (2006). <em>Impacts of selective logging and agricultural clearing on forest structure, floristic composition and diversity, and timber tree regeneration in the Ituri Forest, DRC.</em> Kisangani: Biodiversity and Conservation, 23 pages. MEEATU, Convention, R., &amp; WWF. (2014). <em>Atlas of Burundi&#39;s four Ramsar sites: Location and Resources.</em> Bujumbura, Burundi: Ministry of Water, Environment, Land Use Planning and Town Planning (MEEATU), 44 pages. http://www.meeatu.gov.bi 09/12/2021. MENTC. (2015). <em>Forest Investment Program (PIF), Support project for forest-dependent communities in the Democratic Republic of Congo / Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF).</em> Kinshasa, DRC: MENTC (Ministry of Environment, Nature and Tourism Conservation), 187 pages. OTHMAN, J., BENNETT, J., &amp; BLAMEY, R. (2004). <em>Environmental values and resource management options: a choice modelling experience in Malaysia.</em> Kuala Lumpur: Environment and Development Economics, null pp 803-824, 21 pages.http://journals.cambridge.org/EDE. PDA. (2012). <em>Improving Agricultural Productivity and Market Efficiency in Latin America and The Caribbean: How ICTs can Make a Difference?</em> Whashington: PDA (Public Disclosure Authorized), 20 pages. PPCR. (2017). <em>Climate Investment Funds, Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience (SPCR) Rwanda.</em> Kigali: PPCR (Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience), 268 pages. Punga, J. K., &amp; Ifuta, S. N. (2015). Recent Data on Birds of Kinshasa in Democratic Republic of Congo. <em>. David Publishing Washington the Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. </em><em>http://www.davidpublisher.com/Public/uploads/</em> RECORD. (2003). <em>Etat des connaissances sur les micro-organismes dans la filiere dechets, Rapport final janvier 2003.</em> Paris-France: H. HOURS-Reseau Sante Dechets, 123 pages.www.record-net.org 20/09/2021. Reekmans, M. (2016). <em>The vegetation of the lower Rusizi plain (Burundi).</em> Brussels: Bull. Ard. Bot. Nat. Belg., 49 pages. http://about.jstor.org/terms. RFF. (2016). <em>Protected Areas In The Congo Basin: Failing Both People And Biodiversity?</em> Kinshasa: RFF (Rain Forest Foudation UK) UK, 144 pages. Toyi, O. (2012). <em>Crises De La Democratisation Et Politiques Publiques Urbaines De L&rsquo;habitat Dans La Ville De Bujumbura De 1962 A 2009, Histoire.</em> Adour, Espagne: Universit&eacute; de Pauet des pays de l&rsquo;Adour, 403 pages. UNDP. (2007). <em>Ministry For Land Management,Tourism And Environment, National Adaptation Plan of Action to climate change &ldquo;NAPA&rdquo;.</em> Bujumbura: UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), 85 pages. UNDP. (2011). <em>Complete Vision Burundi 2025.</em> Bujumbura: UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) in Burundi, 104 pages. http://documents.albankaldawli.org &rsaquo; curated &rsaquo; pdf 25/05/2021. UNDP, GEF, &amp; UNOPS. (2002). <em>Lutte Contre La Pollution Et Autres Mesures Pour Proteger La Biodiversite Du Lac Tanganyika.</em> Bujumbura-Burundi: LTBP (Lake Tanganyika Biodiversity Project), PROJET RAF/92/G32, 125 pages.https://iwlearn.net/resolveuid/ 19 09 2021. UNEP, WCMC, &amp; IUCN. (2016). <em>Protected Planet Report How protected areas contribute to achieving global targets for biodiversity.</em> London: Cambridge UK and Gland, Switzerland, 84 pages. UNICEF, &amp; Bank, W. (2019). <em>Burundi Addressing The Challenges And Opportunities In Basic Education.</em> Bujumbura: UNICEF (United Nations Children&rsquo;s Emergency Fund), 96 pages. USAID. (2010). <em>Country Profile Property Rights and Resource Governance Burundi.</em> Bujumbura: Burundi-Property Rights and Resource Governance, 22 pages. USAID. (2015). <em>Beyond Stabilisation: Understanding the Conflict Dynamics in North and South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo.</em> London UK: USAID (United States Agency for International Development) &amp; International Alert,&nbsp; 56 pages. USAID. (2017). <em>Country Profile Property Rights and Resource Governance Burundi.</em> Bujumbura: USAID (United State Agency International Development) , 22 pages. USEPA. (2004). <em>Handbook of Groundwater Protection and Cleanup Policies for RCRA Corrective Action for Facilities Subject to Corrective Action Under Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).</em> Washington: USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 102 pages. USFS. (2006). <em>US Forest Service International Programs, Department of Agriculture Republic of Burundi Technical Assistance to the US Government Mission in Burundi on Natural Resource Management and Land Use Policy.</em> Bujumbura: USFS (United States Forest Service), 51 pages. USFS. (2007). <em>State and National Economic Effects of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Related Recreation on U.S. Forest Service-Managed Lands.</em> Washington: USFS (United States Forest Service), 63 pages. WBG. (2016). <em>A to Z, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.</em> Washington DC: WBG (World Bank Group), 272 pages. www.worldbank.org 09/06/2021.

PurposeFortification-interdiction models provide system designers with a broader perspective to identify and protect vital components. Based on this concept, the authors examine how disruptions impact critical supply systems and propose the most effective protection strategies based on three levels of decision-makers. This paper aims to investigate location and fortification decisions at the first level. Moreover, a redesign problem is presented in the third level to locate backup facilities and reallocate undisrupted facilities following the realization of the disruptive agent decisions at the second level.Design/methodology/approachTo address this problem, the authors develop a tri-level planner-attacker-defender optimization model. The model minimizes investment and demand satisfaction costs and alleviates maximal post-disruption costs. While decisions are decentralized at different levels, the authors develop an integrated solution algorithm to solve the model using the column-and-constraint generation (CCG) method.FindingsThe model and the solution approach are tested on a real supply system consisting of several hospitals and demand areas in a region in Iran. Results indicate that incorporating redesign decisions at the third level reduces maximum disruption costs.Originality/valueThe paper makes the following contributions: presenting a novel tri-level optimization model to formulate facility location and interdiction problems simultaneously, considering corrective measures at the third level to reconfigure the system after interdiction, creating a resilient supply system that can fulfill all demands after disruptions, employing a nested CCG method to solve the model.

This study aimed to address the problem of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) in determining the strategic locations of the fire stations in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines to provide a fast and timely response using the facility location problem (FLP). This study compared two FLP models, namely minimum impedance and the maximal covering location problem (MCLP) to determine the optimal number and the respective best locations of the fire stations without relocation. In addition, a set of adopted performance criteria was employed to evaluate which model fitted the problem. In the integration of the Q-coverage requirement, results identified the backup fire stations of each barangay (village) if the primary fire station is unavailable or responding to other demands. The results revealed that MCLP performed better than the minimum impedance across the average travel distances of 1.19, 3.43, and 4.44 km for Q values 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Moreover, MCLP outperformed each of the three criteria for all of the Q values. Thus, the MCLP provided an efficient application for deciding on the locations of fire stations to minimize the travel distance between demand, primary and backup fire stations, thereby fulfilling its mandate of protecting communities from destructive fires and other emergencies.

Article Many-Objective Simulation Optimization for Camp Location Problems in Humanitarian Logistics Yani Xue 1,*, Miqing Li 2, Hamid Arabnejad 1, Diana Suleimenova 1, Alireza Jahani 1, Bernhard C. Geiger 3, Freek Boesjes 4, Anastasia Anagnostou 1, Simon J.E. Taylor 1, Xiaohui Liu 1, and Derek Groen 1,* 1 Department of Computer Science, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom 2 School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom 3 Know-Center GmbH, Graz, Austria 4 Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands * Correspondence: Yani Xue (Yani.Xue3@brunel.ac.uk); Derek Groen (Derek.Groen@brunel.ac.uk) Received: 10 March 2024 Accepted: 19 August 2024 Published: 26 September 2024 Abstract: Humanitarian organizations face a rising number of people fleeing violence or persecution, people who need their protection and support. When this support is given in the right locations, it can be timely, effective and cost-efficient. Successful refugee settlement planning not only considers the support needs of displaced people, but also local environmental conditions and available resources for ensuring survival and health. It is indeed very challenging to find optimal locations for establishing a new refugee camp that satisfy all these objectives. In this paper, we present a novel formulation of the facility location problem with a simulation-based evolutionary many-objective optimization approach to address this problem. We show how this approach, applied to migration simulations, can inform camp selection decisions by demonstrating it for a recent conflict in South Sudan. Our approach may be applicable to diverse humanitarian contexts, and the experimental results have shown it is capable of providing a set of solutions that effectively balance up to five objectives.

Electric power systems are created to provide the maximum level of stability and dependability in the energy supply. A substation facility is a compact structure that houses transformers, switches, voltage regulators, and metering devices for controlling voltages and keeping an eye on circuits. Since the transmission lines used to transfer the power generated at the main stations hundreds of miles before it reaches the substations. The amount of power received at the substations may decrease due to a significant degree of power loss that may take place during the conveyance of the generated electricity. The main goal is to bypass the power and distribution transformers and ensure protection against damages brought on by overloading and defective situations like short-circuits and surges, among others. Current sensor is used in this situation to remedy the issue. Accurate fault location cuts down on the amount of time needed to fix damage, restore power, and lower costs. If a problem arises, the substation will be informed via the Internet of Things (IoT). The proposed initiative reduces business losses, damages to equipment, and improves power quality and reliability. Keywords: Aurdino, GSM module, Relay, LCD, Transmission Line.

The article focuses on development telecommunication functions providing remote control of technological processes, their visualizing, and executive mechanisms of different processing facilities (e.g. executive mechanisms of a small-size dryer created in Murmansk State Technical University in order to smoke and dry fish). The solution of the problem became possible due to the web application developed according to ASP (Active Server Pages) technology and used on top the web-server controlled by IIS (Internet Information Services), Microsoft. The advantage of the web-application is that it allows logging onto the automated control system irrespective of a small-size dryer location (i.e. working place is mobile), and technological process control is possible from any mobile platforms and operational systems. Due to using MS SQL Server Express it became possible to organize nonstop data exchange between automatic system of the small dryer and the end user (simultaneous work of several users is possible). The article presents the scheme of the user and web-application interface. Class of the project safety (III) has been determined, as well as corresponding basic protection measures, which provide implementing the user identification and authentication systems, antivirus and network intrusion systems. Project costs proved to be lower than the cost of software TRACE MODE Data Center (35.000 rubles instead of 58.000 rubles), which is found a truly sustainable solutions to realize a remote access to the automation facility. A growing number of users doesn’t affect the final cost of the project.

Main goal of preventive healthcare problems are at decreasing the likelihood and severity of potentially life-threatening illnesses by protection and early detection. The levels of establishment and staffing costs along with summation of the travel and waiting time that clients spent are considered as objectives functions of the proposed nonlinear integer programming model. In this paper, we have proposed a bi-objective mathematical model for designing a network of preventive healthcare facilities so as to minimize aforementioned objectives, simultaneously. Moreover, each facility acts as M/M/1 queuing system. The number of facilities to be established, the location of each facility, and the level of technology for each facility to be chosen are provided as the main determinants of a healthcare facility network. Finally, to demonstrate performance of the proposed model, four multi-objective decision making techniques are presented to solve the model.

Names are essential for communication. In biodiversity we have a nomenclature system that has stood the test of time (around 270 years) and, despite some shortcomings, it works. However, the world has changed. Extinction rates have increased rapidly in recent times and are rising at ever increasing rates due to climate change and human neglect. As a result, we need to do everything we can to protect the species that remain and, to do that, we need to be able to communicate about those species. The publishing process is slow, and there is a dearth of taxonomists, so the formal publication for many of these species, especially in the tropics and the New World, cannot keep up with the ever-increasing known unpublished species. It is estimated (Chapman 2009) that only about 16% of the world’s species have been described. In plants that figure is around 65% described, with 35% still undescribed. Many of these are known, and many are threatened, but unless we give them names, we cannot adequately communicate about them, exchange data on them, or add them into conservation legislation. This includes being able to identify photos, etc. in citizen science apps such as iNaturalist, which can be important in determining ranges, identifying new taxa, and for taxonomists and other researchers. In the 1980s, Australia developed a formulaic naming system for undescribed plant species (Chapman 2005). The formulaic name follows the format: "&amp;lt;Genus&amp;gt; sp. &amp;lt;colloquial name, location or description&amp;gt; (&amp;lt;Voucher&amp;gt;)" e.g., "Prostanthera sp. Somersbey (B.J.Conn 4024)". This was universally adopted in Australia in the 1990s, and allowed, from 1999, the inclusion of these undescribed taxa in the legislated National and State threatened species lists. As of May 2022, there were 41 such taxa listed in the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). Such formulaic names can be synonymised as new names are formally described. A more detailed discussion of the formulaic method was given on pages 20-21 in Chapman (2005). Some have said that this is a trivial issue, but it is not trivial, and we will give evidence of this by looking at just one small part of the world – Western Australia – where there are currently 987 currently accepted undescribed taxa out of an estimated flora of about 13,000 that use this formulaic naming system (https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/). That is around 7.5% of all plant species in the state. Of these 987 taxa, over 50% are listed as Conservation Priority taxa (calculated from the florabase reference). This is not just an Australian problem, or just a plant problem, and thus we need such a system formalised into a TDWG standard. This would allow for consistency across the globe and across life kingdoms and allow for the transfer of data through data aggregators such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). We also need citizen science apps such as iNaturalist to allow for the inclusion of such names in their taxonomies, otherwise we lose a lot of important information on some of the most valuable and threatened taxa in the world. While looking at the benefits, we must also look at some of the drawbacks e.g., physical piracy of rare taxa, and taxonomic piracy. It has been suggested that in some taxonomic groups, tying a formula name to a voucher, and especially where there is a link to a photo on iNaturalist, could encourage taxon pirates to describe and publish the taxa as new taxa in self-published journals without having examined any material. These issues need to be discussed, but we believe they are not reasons to deny support of the concept of formulaic names, even if different formats are needed for different taxonomic groups.

Currently, most university campuses in China are plagued by issues such as high food demand, imbalanced diets, serious food waste and poor environmental quality. Research has shown that the multiple benefits of an edible campus, which may also be referred to as a school garden or farm catering to various educational levels, can help alleviate the aforementioned problems. However, there is limited research on how to promote the benefits of an edible campus through design. Therefore, taking the South Campus of Hebei University of Technology in China as an example, this paper aims to explore the correlation between design and benefits of an edible campus. The design factors and benefit factors related to an edible campus are extracted through literature search. The design preferences and benefit predictions are obtained through 261 questionnaire surveys and interviews with 30 participants. During the statistical analysis phase, principal component analysis and multiple regression analysis are applied to analyze the correlation between design factors and benefit factors. The results indicate: (1) The design factors of an edible campus can be categorized into seven categories: spatial location, spatial carrier, size, space function, facility configuration, planting and crop varieties, and technology application. (2) The benefits of an edible campus include environmental education, physical and mental health, social interaction, ecological protection, and economic output. (3) There are significant differences in design factors that positively or negatively correlate with different benefits. Among them, the strongest positive correlation exists between planting function and the five benefits, followed by central landscape and container planting. Furthermore, the causes behind the correlation between design factors and benefit factors are analyzed, and design strategies for an edible campus under different benefit orientations are proposed. The findings of this study can contribute to the sustainable development of university campuses in China.

Ash and slag materials are removed from boiler rooms of CHP “Combined Heat and Power Plant” (Teploelektrotsentral’) by hydraulic transport and disposed in ash dumps. These are specially organized areas encircled by protective dams depending on the relief either along the entire perimeter or only in certain low-lying areas. The dams of hydraulic structures must provide stability to the whole structure against the following factors: shear; stability of slopes against sliding; filtration resistance of a dam body soils; reliable slope protection against possible failure due to atmospheric precipitation; as well as against wave action of water (within a settling pond); sufficient excess of dam crest over water level of a pond, etc. The study focuse on the design of ash and slag dump embankment (for storage of the ash and slag removed from the boiler rooms of Karaganda CHP by hydraulic transport). Ash dump design requires a broad range of problems to be solved. These include determination of location, design features and type of embankment, area of the basin and volume of the stored waste, strength of the embankment structures, etc. In order to assess the condition of the ash dump design, the stability of the facility embankment slopes for different combinations of loads, the conditions of possible watering of the dams, the presence of “geomembrane”, and pore pressure need to be analysed. A software program based on the finite element method allows simulation of ground (soil) conditions based on the strength and strain characteristics of the dam body filling soils and the base soils. Safety factors of the outer (downstream) slopes of hydraulic structures is determined taking into account the category and design of a structure, type of base (foundation), criticality of the design process stage, and other factors on the basis of conditions that ensure the prevention of the onset of limit states. The most critical and characteristic cross-sections across the perimeter of the ash dump embankment were selected for the computations, based on the analysis of the designed hydraulic structure base lithological composition. According to the computations performed, the outer slopes of the embankment at the paths of wells No. 373-19, No. 381-19, characteristic of almost the entire length of the embankment, are stable for different combinations of loads.