Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Facteurs anthropiques'
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Bloundi, Mohamed Karim. "Etude géochimique de la lagune de Nador (Maroc oriental) : Impacts des facteurs anthropiques." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/BLOUNDI_Mohamed_Karim_2005.pdf.
Full textThe lagoon of Nador, located at the north-eastern coast of Morocco, is an ecosystem of biological, ecological, and economical interest. Today, the contamination by organic and inorganic pollutants increases because of the population growth as well as industrial and agricultural increase of urban wastes. The aim of this work is to carry out a detailed geochemical study in order to specify the anthropogenic impact on the inequality of the studied ecosystem. The pollutants were studied in the following fields: (i) sediments, (ii) waters, (iii), suspended matters, and (iv) interstitial waters. The first enrichment appearance of heavy metals (HM) in the sediments of the lagoon is more concentrated near the old mineral treatment factory. In addition to the HM, the sediments of the lagoon contain a new organic contamination which is characterized by an accumulation of organic carbon and sulphur. The molecular analysis of the organic matter reveals that certain sectors of the lagoon are contaminated by hydrocarbons and faecal pollution in the vicinity of the towns Beni-Enzar, Arekman as well as close to the river Bouaroug. The water in the lagoon is generally richer in phosphorus than nitrogen which is indicative of anthropogenic influences. However, the contents in HM are lower than normally. The efficiency of the purification plant of Nador (STEP) is acceptable for the suspension matter and pH, and less good for the phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and HM. The chemical variations of the interstitial water indicate the presence of reduced micro-environments which are rich in ammonium, poor in sulphates, not very charged in dissolved oxygen and where sulphate reduction is active. The analysis of the HM in the suspended matter indicates that they are concentrated at the level of the STEP exit and in the vicinity of the old iron ore works. Our results enable the mapping of highly endangered zones, where for example changes in conditions resulted in a reduced biodiversity and a modified structure of the carapaces of the ostracods (Ruiz et al. , 2005)
Launois, Lionel. "Impact des facteurs anthropiques sur les communautés piscicoles lentiques : vers l'élaboration d'un indice poisson." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10044/document.
Full textFish communities remain underused in the domain of lentic ecosystem bioindication, even though water managers need such tools in the current context of the Water Directive Framework. The objective of this thesis was to analyse the fish communities’ response to various anthropogenic pressures, in order to define the candidate biological variables in bioindication and to develop an index to evaluate the ecological status of French natural lakes and reservoirs. Several questions are raised.First of all, the means available to select fish-based metrics responding to catchment-scale anthropogenic pressures are analysed using a typological approach. This analysis consists in classifying lentic ecosystems using classifications, and then, within each homogenous group of ecosystems identified based on environmental criteria, performing linear regressions between candidate fish-based metrics and anthropogenic pressures. The results clearly show that fish communities could be used as good bioindicators for the lentic ecosystems, but they also underline the limits of typological approaches.To test how a bioindicator shared by natural lakes and reservoirs could be developed, an alternative site-specific method was subsequently developed. Statistical modeling was applied to control the natural environmental effects on lentic fish communities. This analysis shows that fish-based metrics responding to catchment-scale anthropogenic pressures differ in the two types of lentic ecosystems.The last part reports the development of an index, based on the reference condition approach, using a hindcasting statistical approach. This method, still infrequently used, enables one to sidestep the problem related to the selection of reference sites in France. Furthermore, this method allows modeling biological reference conditions, i.e. conditions without anthropogenic pressures. Fish communities’ characteristics are then compared for both undisturbed sites and sites that are more or less impacted by anthropogenic pressures. Both catchment-scale and local anthropogenic pressures were considered in this analysis. Following this protocol, a lake fish-based index resulting from the combination of metrics that respond jointly to global and local anthropogenic pressures was developed for natural lakes and reservoirs. Finally, the advances made as a result of this research and its perspectives are discussed with regards to the European context of aquatic ecosystem management
Hamade, Bariaa. "Structure et dynamique de la diversité génétique de l'amandier cultivé au Liban : facteurs biologiques et anthropiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG049/document.
Full textThe diversity of cultivated species results from a series of domestication events, gene flow between wild and cultivated compartments, effects of natural adaptive selection and also on human selection and diffusion dynamics at large scales, often over long periods. The impact of these processes on diversity depends not only on the biology of the species but is also strongly related to social context and human practices. This thesis contributes to the understanding of the influence of human on the dynamics of almond diversity in situ. The approach followed uses population genetics and anthropology to study the structuring of the genetic diversity of this allogamous perennial fruit species, grown in Lebanon. This study consists of three parts:In the first part, we sought to understand the processes of continuous diversification of cultivated almond trees based on evidence from archeology, history and evolutionary biology of almond trees in the Mediterranean Basin. We used a population genetics approach with many individuals representing each cultivar collected in Lebanon. Intensive sampling of Lebanese cultivars was compared to a large number of in situ grown trees from different Mediterranean regions. The results allowed us to distinguish the impact of different diffusion periods on the structure of genetic diversity.The second part assessed the cultural importance of the almond tree grown in Lebanon and identified its intraspecific diversity as perceived by the informants. Our results show heterogeneity of informants' knowledge that led to a flexible local taxonomy. The flexibility of local taxonomy is revealed by the presence of inclusive categories and the complexity of the nomenclature system.In the third part, we assessed the effect of the change in propagation practices on the structuration and dynamics of genetic diversity between two varieties and within each of the varieties studied.Our results show that the traditional cultivar, sexually propagated, is geographically structured. The introduction of clonal propagation mode by grafting was gradually adopted. At first, farmers maintained some genetic diversity through occasional sexual multiplication of the introduced cultivar. In contrast, introduction after grafting has reduced intra-varietal genetic diversity in recent orchards.This thesis shows how human knowledge and decisions at different spatial and temporal scales influence the structure and dynamics of the diversity of this species
Sona, Mirela. "Identification des facteurs granulochimiques influençant la mesure de la concentration des métaux dans les sols anthropiques urbains." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2011. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/914/1/SONA_Mirela.pdf.
Full textTrigui, Rima Jihane. "Influence des facteurs environnementaux et anthropiques sur la structure et le fonctionnement des peuplements benthiques du Golfe Normano-Breton." Phd thesis, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00466280.
Full textDuclos, Vanessa. "Facteurs responsables de l'arrêt de la régénération des espèces arborescentes suite à des perturbations anthropiques en forêt tropicale humide." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29138/29138.pdf.
Full textSoler, Clélia. "Dynamique de la diversité génétique du sorgho repiqué (Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor) au Nord Cameroun : facteurs biologiques et anthropiques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20223/document.
Full textIn 1996, FAO has recognized the role of farmers in building and managing genetic resources. This work is part of the project PLANTADIV which main objective is to understand how biological and anthropogenic factors interact and shape diversity of cultivated plants in the Lake Chad Basin. In this region, people have developed an original agricultural innovation: the use in dry-season of flooded clay soils for transplanting sorghum. Transplanted sorghum varieties are able to tap into soil moisture reserves to complete their growth cycle in the dry-season without any water supply. Transplanted sorghum cultivation undertook a large development in the region since the middle of the XX century.The thesis project focuses on the estimation of the genetic diversity of planted sorghum and on biological and genetic mechanisms that may have contributed to its structuration both within and between landraces. We also undertook to trace the evolutionary history of planted sorghum by relying primarily on population genetics approaches to elaborate over geographical and historical hypotheses.This study revealed that at least two events of deseasonalization occurred from rain- sorghum pools from two different genetic groups. Differentiation of dry-season sorghum is stronger than that of rain-sorghum. This may be partially due to social practices: rainy sorghum are mainly exchanged through friends, families and neighbors as planted sorghum seeds are often obtain from markets. Extensive seed exchange between different human populations across the region may have blurred the geographical pattern of the genetic diversity, not allowing us to identify potential sites for deseasonalization.The second part of this work is devoted to the reproductive biology of dry-season sorghum. Direct and indirect estimation methods have shown that dry-season sorghum is, as rain sorghum, preferably selfing. Average level of out crossing is nevertheless lower in dry-season sorghum (1.8%) than it is in rain-sorghum (12%). Within landraces, variations are also smaller for dry-season sorghum than for rain-sorghum.The last part of the thesis is devoted to the impacts of agricultural practices on the structure of the genetic diversity of dry-season sorghum at a local scale. Genetic analyzes have shown that in both studied villages of Djongdong and Bouzar, located in the extreme north of Cameroon, each landrace named by a farmer corresponds to a genetic entity. In addition, the same morphological type among different farmers corresponds to a genetic entity. Modes of seed management and cultural practices were analyzed; they seem to have little influence on the structure of the genetic diversity of dry-season sorghum
Martin, Brice. "Les aléas naturels à Vars (Hautes-Alpes, France) : le rôle des facteurs naturels et des facteurs anthropiques dans leur occurence et leur évolution de 1800 à nos jours." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996STR1GE06.
Full textThe part played by anthropic factors, often evoked to explain the occurrence of hazards, is still poorly understood, imprecise, exaggerated or played down. A study of hazards as they relate to climate, seismicity and human activity was carried out in the vars commune (hautes-alpes, france) in order to better assess their significance; the study used climatic data, which has been available since 1931, and archive material from the end of the 18th century to the present day (over 10 000 documents were consulted). During the last century hazards (mainly flooding and landsliding) were strongly linked with excessive irrigation, deforestation and generalised overgrazing throughout the district; they occured in the absence of exceptional climatic incidents. From 1880 onward the risks diminished, both for natural reasons and as a result of protective measures (reforestation, dams, drainage, etc. ). At the beginning of the 20th century they were more closely connected with unusual climatic incidents but in the late 20th century they are largely attributable to socio-economic changes in the commune
Daval, Isabelle. "Le peuplement de passereaux d'un marais salant (guerande, loire-atlantique) : structuration et fonctionnement sous l'influence de facteurs biotiques et anthropiques." Rennes 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986REN10041.
Full textRobert, Alexandre. "Effets combinés des facteurs naturels et anthropiques sur la diversité fonctionnellle des vasières à langoustines (Nephrops norvegicus) du golfe de Gascogne." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSARH101/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis aims at increasing the knowledge on factors influencing the benthic community structures of the « Grande Vasière » (GV) of the Bay of Biscay. Particular attention has been paid to the role of bottom trawling whose intensity has been estimated using VMS data. At the scale of the GV, our results suggest that bottom-trawling is the main driver of the megabenthic community structure (> 10mm). However, this hypothesis has not been formally demonstrated due to the co-variations between the trawling intensity and certain environmental characteristics. Hence, works continued on a restricted part of the GV that displayed minimal variations of environmental characteristics while exhibiting a wide gradient of trawling intensityResults suggest that bottom-trawling induces seasonnal and transient modifications on the mega and macrobenthic (> 1mm) communities. These changes could be due to an increase of food availability for the megabenthic predator-scavengers and to changes of sedimentary characteristics for macrofauna. However, investigation about functional diversity showed that these changes did not have major consequences on ecosystem functioning. We concluded that decades of bottom trawling may have shaped the benthic ecosystem of the GV and that it is currently adapted to frequent disruptions
OUEDRAOGO, JEAN-SIBIRI. "Dynamique et fonctionnement des parcs agroforestiers traditionnels du plateau central burkinabe influence des facteurs biophysiques et anthropiques sur la composante arboree." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066215.
Full textBarnagaud, Jean-Yves. "L'avifaune commune face aux changements anthropiques : comprendre les facteurs de vulnérabilité à travers la structure et les variations de la niche écologique." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00677223.
Full textEl, Amrani Mohamed. "Evolution morpho-sédimentaire de la basse vallée de l'oued Kert (Maroc nord oriental) depuis 30000 ans : Impact des facteurs naturels et anthropiques." Tours, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOUR4033.
Full textThe study of the forms and formations in the Kert low valley enable to identify six alluvial units (UF1 to UF6) and three colluvial units (UC1 to UC3). These units formed up of 18 facies and deposited since 30000 years are separated by six incision stages (11 to 16) generating three alluvial terraces (T1 to T3). Upper Pleistocene is mainly marked by sedimentary accretion (UF1a and UF1b), the holocene is characterized by the predominance of the incision (12 to 16) with sedimentary phases of variable duration (UF2 to UF6). This complex morpho-sedimentary evolution would result, for the Holocene, on contrasted bio-climatic trends not appear during upper pleistocene. During the middle holocene temporarily and especially during the upper holocene, human activity deeply modified the geosystem and induced new responses to environment
Boulain, Nicolas. "Effet des facteurs climatiques et anthropiques dans l'évolution récente des écosystèmes tropicaux : modélisation spatialisée du bilan hydrique d'un petit bassin versant sahélien." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066016.
Full textDjoufack, Viviane. "Étude multi-échelles des précipitations et du couvert végétal au Cameroun : Analyses spatiales, tendances temporelles, facteurs climatiques et anthropiques de variabilité du NDVI." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00690359.
Full textDjoufack-Manetsa, Viviane. "Etude multi-échelles des précipitations et du couvert végétal au Cameroun : analyses spatiales, tendances temporelles, facteurs climatiques et anthropiques de variabilité du NDVI." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00704629.
Full textBaret, Stéphane. "Mécanismes d'invasion de Rubus alceifolius à l'île de la Réunion : interaction entre facteurs écologiques et perturbations naturelles et anthropiques dans la dynamique d'invasion." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00646471.
Full textKOIMA, BOTHIE. "Vegetation post-culturale en zone soudanienne du senegal. Influence des pratiques culturales et des facteurs anthropiques sur la reconstitution vegetale apres abandon cultural." Corte, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CORT3038.
Full textManetsa, Viviane. "Etude multi-échelles des précipitations et du couvert végétal au Cameroun : analyses spatiales, tendances temporelles, facteurs climatiques et anthropiques de variabilité du NDVI." Thesis, Dijon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DIJOS075/document.
Full textDue to its shape and location (2°N-13°N – 8°E-16°E; proximity of the Atlantic Ocean), Cameroon is characterized by a panel of cross-regional climate encountered widely in tropical Africa. Over the region, the decrease rainfall during the second half of the last century has been shown to be associated with stronger recurrence of drier periods, specifically in the core of the rainy season. These conditions have favored the degradation of vegetation cover, driven by socioeconomic and demographic constraints. The substantial impacts on human activities and local society highlight the need to better understand how climate and environmental dynamics do interact locally. The aim of this study is to diagnose multi-scale rainfall variability and its relationship with vegetation cover (natural and/or grown), which is directly or indirectly associated to the land-cover and land-use dynamics at these latitudes. Using observed rainfall data (Climatic Research Unit/punctual), the spatial modes of rainfall variability at annual and intraseasonal scales are defined through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC). These regionalizations lead to the discretisation of 5 climatic zones, distinguished from each other, by both the amount of rainfall and seasonality (unimodal / bimodal). New intraseasonal dry spells statistics (number, length, period of occurrence) are produced as well as dates of onset and end of the vegetative seasons by sub-regions. Using unsupervised classification methods (such as ISODATA) in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data at a 8km spatial resolution, vegetation cover spatiotemporal distribution and typology were produced. Then, based on a concomitant use of statistical and GIS approaches, higher resolutions of NDVI (SPOT-1Km) and Global Land-cover data (GLC 2000), allowed to further evaluate both the pluviometric and anthropogenic factors (demography, land use) influencing vegetation dynamics. Analysis were carried out in Northern Cameroon (6°N-13°N – 11°E-16°E), which is the most sensitive region with regards to climatic and environmental variability, that could lead to important socio-economic thread locally
Adam, Gilles. "L'anguille européenne (Anguilla anguilla L. 1758) : dynamique de la sous-population du lac de Grand-Lieu en relation avec les facteurs environnementaux et anthropiques." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30107.
Full textPerret, Sylvain. "Etude de proprietes physiques, hydriques et mecaniques de sols andiques de la reunion. Facteurs naturels et anthropiques d'evolution des horizons culturaux, implications agronomiques et ecologiques." Montpellier, ENSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ENSA0013.
Full textFourmont, Agathe. "Quantification de l'érosion et de la sédimentation dans le bassin de Sarliève (Massif Central, France) au tardiglaciaire et à l'holocène : Impact des facteurs naturels et anthropiques." Tours, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOUR4033.
Full textSolid (sS) and dissolved (dS) sediment yield (S) have been quantfied along Late Glacial and Holocene in Marais de Sarlieve catchment (France Massif Central) from the study and quantifying of carbonated lacutrine sediments. Comparaison of sS and dS with the evolution of human settlement and vegetation in the catchment permit to specify agriculture development impact on erosion. During the oldest Dryas and the beginning of Holocene, S was weak : 28 t. Km[-]². An[-1] until younger Dryas, 8t. Km-²an[-1] during Preboreal then 13 t. Km[-]². An[-1] during Boreal and the beginning of Atlantic. These variations were related to pedogenesis. During the Atlantic, P reached 61 t. Km-². An[-1], with a strong increase of sS related to first clearances. During Subboreal, affected by a more pronounced humidity, P reached 201 t. Km-². An[-1] then 238 t. Km-²an[-1] during Subbatlantic. These increases are related to conjonction of climatic and human parameters
Pfister, Laurent. "Analyse spatio-temporelle du fonctionnement hydro-climatologique du bassin versant de l'Alzette (Grand-duché de Luxembourg) : Détection des facteurs climatiques, anthropiques et physiogéographiques générateurs de crues et d'inondations." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000STR1GE05.
Full textCollet, Julien. "Facteurs influençant les stratégies de recherche alimentaire des oiseaux marins : une approche comportementale." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS025/document.
Full textIt is essential to understand how animals make foraging decisions to acquire food in order to better anticipate their responses to environmental changes. Breeding seabirds make central-place foraging trips at sea, from their colony. The deployment of small GPS devices on them reveals that they travel for tens to thousands of kilometers, in search of prey for which very little information is known. The behavioural strategies they use to increase their chances to encounter prey, and the implications of these strategies with regards to human fishing activities remain open questions. This thesis offers to examine these questions in three chapters, through theoretical simulations, empirical analyses of foraging trips of various species and populations of seabirds, and the spatiotemporal matching of seabirds and fishing vessels movements. First, our random walk simulations indicate that straight-line phases within path are not sufficient to conclude that seabirds anticipate where to find their prey, contrary to previous conclusions proposed in the literature. However it is possible and easy to analyze biases in the directions individuals follow when they forage, to infer which sources of information they use to decide where to forage. Second, we compare individual fidelity strategies between species, populations and/or ecological contexts through the use of multivariate statistical models (GLMM). Many seabirds display individual fidelity in the direction they forage from the colony, suggesting they rely on memory. Our results show that this is also the case in different species and populations of tropical seabirds, where individuals can remain faithful to a foraging direction for several consecutive days. These results are surprising and difficult to explain as the species we studied are targeting prey whose distribution is supposedly very stochastic and ephemeral. It suggests that the use of memory might be much more widespread in foraging seabirds than anticipated, at least for decisions at large spatial scales. Finally, our analyses on the responses of albatrosses to fishing boats suggest that their responses can be modulated according to species and energetic constraints, and that encounters of fishing boats during a foraging trip have little influence on the strategy used by individuals on their next foraging trip. The attraction of albatrosses to boats might be mainly a local process (at the scale of the perception range) and may be largely opportunistic. Overall, our empirical results anchored in a solid theoretical framework suggest that seabird’s foraging cannot be summarized as encountering rare and unpredictable resources, but might imply resource selection processes after resources are encountered, and/or a decision as to rely either on memory or public information. With that regard, anthropic resources may only be one type of resources among others for seabirds. Many of the analytical tools used here could be transferred to other seabirds and other central place foragers. Indeed, a wider comparative approach is necessary to understand the complex variations in behavioural plasticity observed here, and their consequences regarding future environmental changes
Fakorédé, Saakou Mojisola. "Relations entre la diversité avienne des mares naturelles permanentes et quelques facteurs naturels et anthropiques dans le Parc National du W du Fleuve Niger au Bénin (Afrique de l'Ouest)." Thèse, [Rimouski, Québec] : Université du Québec à Rimouski, 2006.
Find full textMémoire présenté à l'Université du Québec à Rimouski comme exigence partielle du programme de maîtrise en gestion de la faune et de ses habitats. Comprend un résumé. Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 29 janvier 2007). CaQRU CaQRU CaQRU Bibliogr.: f. 68-73. Parait aussi en éd. imprimée. CaQRU
Depommier, Denis. "Structure, dynamique et fonctionnement des parcs a faidherbia albida (del. ) a. Chev. Caracterisation et incidence des facteurs biophysiques et anthropiques sur l'amenagement et le devenir des parcs de dossi et de watinoma, burkina faso." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066538.
Full textAndriatsiaronandroy, onjanamboa Ricardo. "Dynamique récente d'évolution des mangroves de la région de Toliara (Madagascar)." Thesis, Angers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANGE0070.
Full textMangroves have many ecological, socio-economic and climate change mitigation values and functions vital for the littoral populations around the world and in Madagascar.This richness induce them intense exploitation, subjecting to strong natural and anthropogenic pressures. However in Madagascar "the mangroves are very poorly understood and we do not have the elements necessary for a good diagnosis", while they are presented as of perpetual regression in the Madagascar Southwest region. This study aims at identifying, mapping and quantifying the evolution (since 1949) of 5 mangrove’s sites in the Southwest : Manombo-Fitsitike, Ambondrolava, Ankiembe, Sarodrano and Andriambe. It also aims the diagnosis of the different factors of evolution putting in perspective the anthropogenic and natural pressures. To achieve these objectives, two approaches were adopted : geomatics based on the diachronic analysis of Spot images from1987, 1998, 2012 and 2014 associated with aerial photographs (1949) and field work with floristic inventories, physico-chemical measurements, particle size analyzes of substrates and surveys. The results show complex and contrasting trend evolution’s dynamics between growth, stability and regression. In the end, based on the knowledge gained on the mangroves dynamic over more than 60 years, it is possible to make available to all a tool to help decision-making and sustainable and adequate management to protect and conserve these ecosystems, particularly in the context of climate change that will impact natural changes and anthropogenic forcing
Delsinne, Nicolas. "Evolution pluri-millénaire à pluri-annuelle du prisme sédimentaire d'embouchure de la Seine : facteurs de contrôle naturels et d'origine anthropique." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN2051.
Full textLaugier, Pascal Jean. "Contribution à l'analyse des risques naturels en montagne par l'étude géologique et géotechnique de scénarios de mouvements de versants et laves torrentielles : Application à la région de Bourg-Saint-Maurice (Savoie, France)." Paris, ENMP, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENMP1110.
Full textDesplanque, Carole. "Dendroécologie comparée du sapin et de l'épicéa dans les Alpes internes et franco-italiennes : rôle des facteurs climatiques et anthropique sur leur répartition." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10011.
Full textGourdeau, Justine. "Le sulfure de diméthyle et ses produits d'oxydation atmosphériques en zone cotière méditerranéenne : impact des perturbations anthropiques." Grenoble 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10099.
Full textBelingard, Christelle. "Etude dendroécologique de la dynamique de la limite supérieure de la forêt dans les Alpes du sud, en relation anec les facteurs climatique et anthropique." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30110.
Full textBaque, David. "Perturbations anthropiques du réseau hydrographique du bassin de la Garonne, cas des metaux et des nitrates." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00128208.
Full textLe prélèvement des eaux de la Garonne et de ces principaux affluents sur une année hydrologique a permis de détecter des enrichissements significatifs pour un grand nombre d'éléments en trace métalliques (ETM : Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn...). Il s'avère que la plus part de ces éléments métalliques en quantité de trace (ppb) sont éventuellement transportés sous forme particulaire par les rivières. De nombreux arguments vont dans le sens d'une source majeure diffuse de pollution à l'origine de ces enrichissements : les pluies. Toutefois, certains enrichissements spécifiques liés à des activités industrielles locales sont observées (cas du Cr sur l'Agout). Les bilans des flux [entrée (pluies), sortie (exutoire)] ont mis en évidence le stockage de certains métaux, vraisemblablement dans les sols et les sédiments du lit de la Garonne.
Le suivi des flux d'éléments dissous majeurs (NO3-, Cl-, SO42-, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Na+) et plus spécialement des nitrates, en période de basses eaux estivales (50 m3/s), dans les eaux d'un tronçon de Garonne Toulousaine, a permis la caractérisation et la quantification des apports anthropiques spécifiques en NO3-, Cl-, K+ et Na+ liés à cette agglomération. Certains de ces éléments, nitrates et potassium, sont partiellement éliminés tout au long de ce tronçon. Cette consommation peut être attribuée à l'activité biologique qui se développe dans le lit de la Garonne (développement du biofilm) dans ces périodes critiques où les eaux sont plus anoxiques (moins oxygénées).
L'étude plus spécifique du devenir des nitrates dans une zone humide riveraine de la Garonne (site de Monbéqui) a mis en exergue les capacités de ces sites à éliminer ce composé azoté. Ces zones humides sont le théâtre de la rencontre entre les eaux de la Garonne et de la nappe, propice au développement de nombreux processus biogéochimiques. Nous avons identifié et quantifié de fortes consommations biologiques en nitrates dans les zones de mélange entre la Garonne et la nappe. Cela résulte des effets couplés de l'oxydation de la matière organique, de la respiration aérobie, de la dénitrification et de la réduction des oxydes et hydroxydes de Mn et de Fe. Au contraire, dans les zones de sortie de nappe vers la Garonne, il semblerait qu'il y ait nitrification de l'ammonium probablement originaire des profondeurs de la nappe et/ou des sols.
Delsinne, Nicolas. "Évolution pluri-millénaire à pluri-annuelledu prisme sédimentaire d'embouchure de la Seine.Facteurs de contrôle naturels et d'origine anthropique." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011470.
Full textBaqué, David. "Perturbations anthropiques du réseau hydrographique du Bassin de la Garonne, cas des métaux et des nitrates." Toulouse 3, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00128208.
Full textThe Garonne’s basin, the second largest French basin (52000 km2 at Mas d’Agenais), is subject to anthropogenic pressures dues to agricultural, domestics and industrials humans activities. A one-year hydrological sampling of the Garonne’s and if its tributary’s water highlights significant enrichments for a large type of trace metal elements (TME : Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn…). It appears that most of those metals elements in trace quantity (ppb) have a particular transport in the river. Many arguments speaking in favour for a one major diffuse source pollution origin of those enrichments: the rains. However, some specific enrichments due to local industrial activities are observed (case of Cr in the Agout). The balance flux [enter : rains), out : the outlet of the catchment basin] show a storage of some metals, probably in soil and in the river bed sediments. The follow-up of majors flux elements (NO3-, Cl-, SO42-, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Na+) and especially of nitrate, in a Garonne stretch upstream to downstream of the Toulouse urban area was performed at a summer low water level period. The anthropic contribution to the river water composition from the urban area was estimated and indicated that NO3-, Cl-, K+ and Na+ represent the most important contributions of the anthropic inputs. Some of those elements, nitrates and potassium, are partially eliminated along this stretch. This looses may be attributed to biological activity (grow of biofilms) that appears in the Garonne river bed, especially in this critical period of anoxic water conditions (less oxygen). .
Hernandez, Laura. "Dynamique des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols de différents écosystèmes forestiers français : origine, distribution physique et chimique et facteurs de contrôle." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30067.
Full textFaramalala, Miadana Amélie. "Etude de la vegetation de madagascar a l'aide des donnees spatiales." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30132.
Full textYavari, Ahmad. "Allocation des ressources naturelles renouvelables et le développement rural dans les milieux montagnards de l'Iran : exemple de modalités du développement rural et la dégradation des ressources naturelles végétales de l'Alborz central." Grenoble 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10277.
Full textBrau-Nogué, Catherine. "Dynamique des pelouses d'alpages laitiers des Alpes du Nord externes." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10004.
Full textBozon, Nathalie. "Répartition et dynamique des boisements feuillus post-agricoles : analyse structurale de formations à frene, érable et merisier dans les Alpes." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10113.
Full textLescure, Jean-Paul. "La reconstitution du couvert végétal après agriculture sur brulis chez les Wayapi du Haut Oyapock (Guyane française)." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066120.
Full textJoud, Didier. "Complexe morphogénétique, historique et écologique des écosystèmes forestiers "hydromorphes" des plateaux et terrasses du Bas-Dauphiné." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10069.
Full textMsanda, Fouad. "Ecologie et cartographie des groupements végétaux d'Anzi (anti-atlas occidental, Maroc) et contribution à l'étude de la diversité génétique de l'arganier (Argania spinosa (L. ) Skeels)." Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10084.
Full textAbid, Habib. "Conception d'une carte de l'environnement en milieu rural méditerranéen : application au Tell tunisien." Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10128.
Full textGUEYE, NDIOGOU. "Role des termites dans des plantations forestieres du cap-vert (mbao, senegal)." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066413.
Full textFeltgen, Didier Lydie. "La limite supraforestière dans les Alpes : un nouveau regard sur sa structure et sa dynamique, à la lumière des successions post-pastorales et grâce à la théorie de la hiérarchie (l'exemple des gorges houillères en moyenne Maurienne, dans les Alpes françaises du Nord)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10063.
Full textGélinas, Malorie. "Plasticité phénotypique des daphnies et réponses de la communauté des crustacés planctoniques au développement résidentiel des lacs du sud du Québec." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18271.
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