Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Facteurs de restriction virale'
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Mezher, Joelle. "Immunité innée et contre-mesures virales : études structurales et biophysiques du complexe formé entre la cytidine désaminase humaine APOBEC3G et le facteur d'infectivité virale du VIH-1." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ053/document.
Full textAPOBEC3 are human antiviral cytidine deaminase and RNA/DNA-editing enzymes that belong to the innate immune defense system, targeting retroviruses or retrotransposons. Among all APOBEC3 proteins, hA3B, hA3C, hA3DE, hA3F and hA3G are able to interfere negatively with HIV-1 infectivity: they induce a deamination of dC to dU in the minus strand DNA, resulting in G to A hypermutation in the plus strand DNA. This hypermutation results either into a degradation of U-rich DNA strands by the uracyl-DNA glycosylase or into the production of aberrant viral protein. In addition, a deaminase-independent mechanism is able to inhibit the HIV-1 reverse transcription through a yet unknown mechanism.To evade the host defense system, HIV expresses the virion infectivity factor, Vif, which causes the degradation of APOBEC3G by the proteasome by recruiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex composed of the CBFβ, EloB, EloC, Cullin5, Rbx2 proteins. The goal of this study will be the determination of the X-ray structure of the Vif/APOBEC-3 complex. Understanding this molecular recognition might be useful to direct structure-based design of anti-HIV drugs that act by inhibiting the action of Vif and lead to new anti-HIV drugs.To overcome the solubility problems of Vif and APOBEC3G/F, a co-expression strategy had been applied with the different E3 ubiquitin ligase proteins both in prokaryotic (E. coli) and eukaryotic (BHK21) systems. Once the complex obtained, we will perform several structural and biophysical studies as well as crystallization trials.In E. coli, I managed to obtain the Vif/CBFβ/EloB/EloC/Cul5 complex in vivo and in vitro, soluble, monodisperse and in good quantities for structural studies. The protein A3G was not obtained in E. coli even by co-expression with the complex.On the other side, I succeeded in obtaining the polyprotein Vif-CBFβ-EloB-EloC-A3G/F complex in the hamster cells (BHK21) by applying the vaccinia virus strategy. Optimizing the yield and the purity is necessary for crystallization and more structural studies
Libre, Camille. "Contrôle traductionnel des facteurs de restriction APOBEC3G/F par la protéine Vif du VIH-1." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ067/document.
Full textThe HIV-1, through its Vif protein, counteracts the restriction factors A3G and A3F activity in several ways including translational inhibition. We demonstrated that this translational repression of A3G by Vif is specific of the 5’UTR. Moreover, an uORF sequence contained in this region is essential for both the translational regulation and the repression by Vif. We showed that A3G and A3F are translated by leaky-scanning and re-initiation mechanisms and that the distance between the two ORFs is important for the translational inhibition. Then, we showed that this mechanism is conserved among several Vif subtypes and that the Vif amino acids 39, 48 and 127 are implicated in this repression. Finally, we observed that the Vif-A3G interaction is necessary for the translational inhibition. A3G and A3F mutants transfections experiments into an infectious system like the pNL4.3 clone are considered. It will permit to observe the uORF effect on the viral infectivity but also on the assembly, the maturation and the release of the viral particles
Lemaître, Cécile. "Virologie moléculaire d'un rétrovirus endogène humain fonctionnel." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC329/document.
Full textHuman endogenous retroviruses (HERV) represent about 8% of our genomic content. HERV-K(HML2) betaretroviral family is one of the most active in humans. Although it entered 45 million years ago in the primate genomes, its members have amplified quite recently despite the existence of restriction factors, which are host proteins blocking viral replication in cells. Tetherin/BST2 is one of them and acts by keeping the viral particles attached to the cell surface. It targets most enveloped viruses tested so far including HERV-K(HML2). We show that the envelope protein (Env) of HML2 family is an antagonist of Tetherin retriction, property that probably helped the endogenous retrovirus to efficiently amplify in the genomes. We mapped several domains required for antagonism : the surface subunit of Env (SU), which interacts with Tetherin, and the transmembrane. We also show that the cytoplasmic tail is dispensable for counteraction. Similar to Ebola glycoprotein, HERV-K(HML2) Env does not mediate Tetherin degradation or cell surface removal; therefore, it uses a yet-undescribed mechanism to inactivate the restriction factor. Due to their recent amplification, HERV-K(HML2) elements are extremely polymorphic in the human population, and it is likely that individuals will not all possess the same anti-Tetherin potential. This could have functional consequences in pathologies where HERV-K(HML2) is specifically induced. Among them, melanomas, breast cancers and germ line tumors display a strong association with HML2 Env expression, that we wanted to better analyse. We first show that Env expression in a model of epithelial human breast cancer cells induces the so-called EMT (epithelial mesenchymal transition), critical for cancer progression and the process of metastasis. This includes enhanced migratory capacities (shown by transwell assays), changes in cell morphology and characteristic modifications in a set of molecular markers (e.g. E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin, fibronectin). Microarray experiments performed in 293T cells revealed that HERV-K(HML2) Env is a strong inducer of several transcription factors, namely ETV4, ETVS and EGRI, which have been associated with cellular transformation. Importantly, we also show that HERV-K(HML2) Env activates the MAP kinase pathway via ERK 1/2, key player in numerous cancers. This induction occurs upstream of the kinase Raf and involves the cytoplasmic tail of HERV-K(HML2) Env. In addition, this phenomenon is very specific, being absent with every other Env tested, except for JSRV Env which is already known to have transforming properties in vivo
Le, Douce Valentin. "Importance des facteurs cellulaires LSD1 et HIC1 dans la restriction de l'expression du VIH-1 dans les cellules microgliales." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00813219.
Full textSeissler, Tanja. "Inhibition traductionnelle du facteur de restriction APOBEC3G par la protéine Vif du VIH-1 : rôle d'une uORF dans la 5'-UTR de l'ARNm d'A3G et identification de facteurs cellulaires." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ028.
Full textThe HIV-1 Vif protein counteracts the restriction factor APOBEC3G (A3G) by downregulating its expression level in infected cells. This is achieved in different ways, one of which is translational inhibition, a mechanism that is still poorly understood. The first part of my thesis contributes to the characterization of a small upstream ORF (uORF), that is found in the 5'-UTR of A3G and A3F mRNAs. This uORF has been found to be crucial for regulation of A3G translation and is necessary to allow Vif-mediated translational inhibition. In the second part of this thesis, different protocols have been set up in order to identify A3G mRNA-associated cellular proteins which might play a role in the mechanism of Vif-mediated translational inhibition. Several proteins, whose presence on A3G mRNA seems to be modulated by Vif have been identified
Gerossier, Laetitia. "L’influence de HBx sur la réplication du virus de l’Hépatite B et les conséquences sur la cellule." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1196/document.
Full textHepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health problem worldwide as (1) despite an effective preventive vaccine over 240 million individuals are chronically infected and (2) the actual viral suppressive treatments available do not eliminate viral DNA from cells. Thus, infected individuals are at a high risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and understanding viral replication mechanisms and how it impacts on hepatocarcinogenesis is a major challenge.The role of the HBx protein, notably in viral replication and oncogenic processes, is the subject of many publications. However, many studies have often used non-physiological infection conditions. My thesis project has addressed these limitations by using cellular models, including primary human hepatocytes which can be infected by HBV, to investigate HBx’s role in these processes. I have shown that HBx is indispensable for HBV replication and that HBx associates with the infected cell’s DDB1/ E3 ubiquitin complex to target its Smc5/6 complex for degradation via the proteasome. These studies have identified that the Smc5/6 complex is a novel viral restriction factor that acts at an epigenetic level to block viral replication. This unexpected role of SMC5/6 has led to new research into the evolutionary conservation of restriction factors for episomal DNA viruses. As SMC5/6 is implicated in DNA Damage Repair (DDR), the last section of my thesis reports how SMC5/6 degradation in infected cells can sensitise cells to the cell killing effects of DNA damaging agents such as ionizing radiation and hydroxyurea. These results open-up possibilities for HCC treatment where HBx expression may be of therapeutic benefit
Niocel, Mathilde. "Caractérisation des fonctions cellulaires du facteur de restriction viral APOBEC3A." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN017/document.
Full textAPOBEC3A (Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like editing complex 3 A) belongs to a family of cytidine deaminases that can edit cytidines to uraciles. APOBEC3G (model protein for the family) is a restriction factor for HIV: since it’s incorporated in the viral particle, it can deaminate the newly formed viral genome leading to hypermutation and viral DNA degradation.A3A is not incorporated in the viral particle: this protein is specifically expressed in myeloid cells where it is harmless for the cell and edits the DNA of the incoming viral particle in the same way than A3G.Physiologically, in non-myeloid cells, APOBEC3s deaminate single strand cellular DNA and the resulting uraciles are cut out by UNG2. These abasic sites are cleaved by the DNA repair machinery and can generate double strand breaks that will result in cell death.The objective of the thesis was to understand this difference of behaviour between different cell types. For that purpose, A3A-inducible cell lines were created in HeLa and U937 (monocytic) cells. The results obtained indicate that partially nuclear A3A edits the genomic DNA of cycling cells, leading to DNA damage, to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to cell death. Differentiated cells do not present this type of damage and that phenotype can be explained by a different localization of the protein.These results link for the first time DNA damage induced by a member of the A3 proteins family to ROS production and to induction of an immune activation. This activation could have implications in infection as well as in tumorigenic processes
Lesbordes, Jeanne-Claire. "Thérapie génique des maladies motoneuronales par les facteurs neurotrophiques : approches virale et non-virale." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05CD06.
Full textBailly, François. "Modalites therapeutiques et facteurs pronostiques du traitement des hepatites chroniques c par l'interferon." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO1M195.
Full textMaillet, Sarah. "Inhibition de la transcription inverse du VIH-1 par la protéine Daxx." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT062.
Full textDaxx is a multifunctional ubiquitously expressed protein, mainly found in the nucleus, where it associates with nuclear structures called PML nuclear bodies. In a previous study, the team showed that antiviral effect of PML was not direct and identified Daxx as a novel restriction factor which interferes with an early step of HIV-1 and other retroviruses replication cycle. Daxx indeed targets the reverse transcription, an essential step responsible for the RNA viral genome conversion in a double stranded DNA that can integrate in the cellular host genome. In order to decipher the mechanism underlying Daxx-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcription, we sought to identify Daxx’s partners involve in this antiviral activity. We first showed that the C-terminus domain of Daxx called SIM, for SUMO-interacting motif, was required for its antiviral activity. A proteomic screen combined with biochemical approaches showed that Daxx associates with incoming viral cores in a SIM-dependant interaction with cyclophilin A (CypA). Daxx is found in a multiprotein complex associated with incoming viral particles and containing TRIM5α, TRIM34 and TNPO3. Knowing that some of these factors influence HIV-1 core stability, we investigated the effect of Daxx on the fate of incoming viral particles, and showed that Daxx interferes HIV-1 uncoating in a SIM-dependant manner. Altogether, our findings suggest that Daxx interacts with CypA associated with viral capids to recruit a multiprotein complex containing TRIM5α, TRIM34 and TNPO3 in order to stabilize the viral cores thus preventing uncoating and reverse transcription
Chougui, Ghina. "Antagonism of HUSH restriction by lentiviral Vpx and Vpr proteins HIV-2/SIV viral protein X counteracts HUSH repressor complex." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB080.
Full textHIV-1 and 2 are both responsible for AIDS, though similar, these two retroviruses harbour different sets of auxiliary proteins. Through the inactivation of cellular antiviral factors, these auxiliary proteins allow the establishment of a favourable environment for viral replication. Vpx, an HIV-2 only auxiliary protein, is known for its ability to increase viral infection, which was long linked to its sole capacity to counteract SAMHD1, a restriction factor active at the reverse transcription step. However, several lines of evidence suggested a SAMHD1-independent advantage of Vpx. We therefore investigated the possibility of an additional Vpx target and through a proteomic screen, we identified the HUman Silencing Hub (HUSH) complex. HUSH complex, including: TASOR, MPP8 and Periphelin, was reported to epigenetically silence integrated transgenes and recently Line-1 transposable elements. Here, we show that Vpx binds the HUSH complex and induces its proteasomal degradation through the hijacking of the DCAF-1 ubiquitin ligase adaptor, independently from SAMHD1-antagonism. As a consequence, Vpx is able to reactivate HIV latent proviruses, unlike Vpx mutants unable to induce HUSH degradation. Although antagonism of human HUSH complex is not conserved among all lentiviral lineages including HIV-1, it is a feature of Vpr from SIVs of African green monkeys and from the divergent SIV of l'Hoest's monkey, arguing in favor of an ancient lentiviral species-specific vpx/vpr gene function. Altogether, our results highlight an unexpected post-integration activity of Vpx and suggest HUSH complex as a restriction factor. They also support the idea of epigenetic control as an intrinsic immunity barrier maintaining the integrity of the cellular genome
Bridet, Lionel. "Facteurs prédictifs de survenue de carcinome hépato-cellulaire sur cirrhose post-virale C." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR23088.
Full textSterkers, Ghislaine. "Clones T humains spécifiques du virus de l'influenza restriction, spécificité anti-virale, fonction et mécanisme de prolifération /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376013740.
Full textSTERKERS, MORINEAUX GHISLAINE. "Clones t humains specifiques du virus de l'influenza : restriction - specificite anti-virale - fonction et mecanisme de proliferation." Paris 7, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA077207.
Full textMuyssen, Arnaud. "Toxicomanie intraveineuse et hepatite c : seroprevalence et facteurs predictifs positifs a propos de 172 patients de la metropole lilloise." Lille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIL2M219.
Full textHallez, Camille. "Impact des facteurs de restriction sur la réplication du virus de l'hépatite B." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066390.
Full textHepatitis B Virus (HBV) infects 350 millions people worldwilde. It triggers accute hepatitis that can turn into cirrhosis then hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV genome is composed of a partially double-stranded DNA.Thus, it could be targeted by some cellular nucleases that hydrolyze double-stranded DNA. We have highlighted that Deoxyribunuclease I (DNase I) can be incorporated into HBV virions and degrade its genome, leading to a loss of viral infectivity. Moreover, DNase I is upregulated under hypoxia which is a caracteristic of liver cirrhosis. DNase I could be involved in HBV elimination in cirrhotic patients. In an other study, we found that APOBECDE, a cytidine deaminase of the same family than some restriction factors, has a proviral activity. Indeed, association of APOBEC3DE with APOBEC3F or APOBEC3G leads to a loss of cytidine deaminase activity and a better viral replication. When APOBEC3DE is associated with those two proteins, APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G cannot be incorporated into HBV virions. This is the reason why HBV is more infectious when APOBEC3DE is expressed
Salmon, Jérôme. "Facteurs et effecteurs mis en jeu dans le contrôle de l'évolution des lésions provoquées par un papillomavirus oncogène : le modèle du lapin." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077110.
Full textDEVROUX, ALEX. "Facteurs predictifs de reponse a l'interferon alpha chez les patients atteints d'hepatite chronique c : etude multivariee chez 36 sujets." Reims, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REIMM070.
Full textMorin, Pierre. "Identification des voies d'activation transcriptionnelle induites par l'infection virale : Rôle des facteurs régulateurs d'interféron 3 et 7." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05S015.
Full textViral infection of eukaryotic cells causes the transient expression of interferon genes (IFN-A, IFN-B and IFN-G) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISG) and leads to the synthesis of a specific set of proteins mainly participating in the stimulation of antiviral immune response. Transcriptional activation of the IFN-A multigenic family members is mediated by interferon regultory factors, especially IRF-3 and IFR-7. .
Marnata, Caroline. "Etude de l'entrée et de l'assemblage du virus de l'hépatite C et du virus simien GB-B : incidence sur la restriction d'hôte de ces hepacivirus." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077181.
Full textHepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important human pathogen that infects more than 150 million persons worldwide and leads to chronic liver disease and liver cancer. A small experimental animal model would be invaluable for the development of a preventive vaccine and the improvement of current therapies. While HCV only infects humans and chimpanzees, GB virus B (GBV-B), a closely related hepacivirus, infects small New World primates (tamarins, marmosets). The aim of this study was to determine the viral life cycle step(s) involved in primate-species restriction of HCV and GBV-B in order to develop a small primate model of HCV infection. We found that HCV surface glycoproteins allowed efficient entry into tamarin hepatic cell lines and primary marmoset hepatocytes, demonstrating that virus cell entry was not restricted. Furthermore, we found that a highly cell culture adapted strain of HCV was able to achieve a complete viral cycle leading to a modest secretion of infectious virions in marmouset liver cells cultured ex vivo. These data suggest that further adaptation of HCV to this simian host may be possible, thus are promising toward the development of an accessible in vivo model system for hepatitis C
Chikhi-Brachet, Roxane. "Epidémiologie communautaire des gastroentérites virales en France." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066575.
Full textMaroun, Marlène. "Etude du rôle de SNF5/Ini1 et des co-facteurs cellulaires dans la réplication du VIH-1." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077207.
Full textThe replication cycle of HIV-1 involves the insertion of a DNA copy of its RNA genome into a chromosome of the host cell which is catalyzed by the enzymatic activity of the viral integrase. Although this process have been intensively studied in vitro, the molecular mechanism in vivo is still poorly understood. Using yeast two hybrid screen we have isolated several cellular proteins, including SNF5/lni1, a component of the chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF previously described, as well LEDGF/p75 a new binding partner for HIV-1 Integrase (IN). We have shown that the catalytic core domain of the integrase is necessary for the interaction with both proteins, SNF5/lni1 and LEDGF/p75. We then investigated the role of these two cellular proteins in HIV-1 replication using different approaches. Using RNA interference we have demonstrated that thé déplétion of SNF5/lni1 does not affect the nuclear localization of the integrase, but stimulates HIV-1 replication. These results correlated with the increase of both the number of viral integrated copies and the formation of the circular 2LTR detected by quantitative PCR. Three integrase mutants deficient for the interaction with SNF5/lni1 were isolated using two hybrid screen. Two mutants have an enzymatic activity equivalent to the wild type integrase. Viruses harboring these mutants revealed increased replication in lymphocyte cell line in comparison with the wild type. Using the same approaches, we have shown that a single mutation in the integrase abolished the interaction with LEDGF/p75 inhibiting totally HIV-1 replication by preventing viral integration. Second one - inter-species - lies in comparing two genomes captured in the same state, e. Subject to the same environmental changes
Delvert, Didier. "Les facteurs prédictifs de réponse chez les malades traités pour une hépatite chronique C : à propos de quatre-vingt-deux patients." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR23083.
Full textGreco, Anna. "Le virus d'Epstein-Barr : rôle des transactivateurs viraux dans la levée de la latence virale et étude d'un promoteur viral précoce transactivable." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO19004.
Full textMadjo, Ursula. "Rôle de la protéine LC3C dans les mécanismes déployés par le VIH-1 pour contrer la restriction imposée par BST2/Tetherin sur la production virale." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB039.
Full textBST2/Tetherin is a key mediator of the innate immune system that restricts the dissemination of enveloped viruses. This restriction factor impedes the release of de novo formed HIV particles by physically retaining them at the surface of infected cells. The HIV-1 protein Vpu promotes the release of virus by counteracting this restriction. Vpu removes BST2 present at the budding site and downregulates BST2. The mechanisms by which Vpu counteracts BST2 are still not well understood. Recently, we showed that HRS and Rab7A, two regulators of the endocytic and autophagic pathway participates to the mechanism by which Vpu counteracts BST2-mediated restriction on HIV-1 release. Interestingly, these two proteins are also required in the autophagy pathway. Autophagy (macroautophagy) is a highly conserved degradative mechanism that leads to degradation of cytosolic components through the formation of double-membrane vacuoles called autophagosomes that sequester cytosolic material. This process is tightly regulated by the ATG proteins that are hierarchically recruited at the phagophore assembly site to form the autophagosome. Some ATG proteins are additionally involved in non autophagic cell functions involved in maintenance of cell homeostasis and resistance of pathogens. Notably, they participate in microbe clearance through LC3-associated phagocytosis, a process independent of autophagic preinitiation complex in which some ATG proteins directly modify the phagosomal membrane to enhance degradation of phagocytosed elements. The aim of my thesis was to explore if the autophagy pathway or some ATG proteins could be involved in the molecular mechanism by which Vpu counteracts BST2/Tetherin on HIV-1 release. Here, we reveal that the protein LC3C is required in the Vpu-induced antagonism of BST2 restriction. Our results show that only ATG5 and Beclin-1, and not all the components of the autophagy pathway, act with LC3C to favor the counteraction of Vpu on BST2 restriction, and thus enhance HIV-1 release. We report that BST2 and Vpu are present in LC3-positive compartments. We found that Vpu selectively interacts with the ATG8 ortholog, LC3C, through a non-canonical LIR motif by immunoprecipitation and GST pulldown assays. This motif is required for Vpu to antagonize BST2 restriction. LC3C expression favors the removal of BST2 from HIV-1 budding site, and thus HIV-1 release in BST2 expressing cells. Altogether, our data support the view that Vpu uses a non-canonical autophagy pathway reminiscent of LC3-associated phagocytosis to counteract BST2 restriction
Barbier, Vincent. "Pastrel, a restriction factor for picornalike-viruses in Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ114/document.
Full textSince the discovery of the evolutionarily conserved TOLL and IMD pathways, involved in antifungal and antibacterial immune responses, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is used as a model to study the molecular mechanisms of innate immunity. To defend against viral pathogens, Drosophila relies on two main facets: the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway and virus specific inducible responses. We show that the RNAi pathway plays a role in the control of a DNA virus, in addition to RNA viruses. We also observe that the fly genetic background can modulate the resistance to infection by Drosophila C virus (DCV), a natural pathogen of Drosophila. This resistance to DCV infection is correlated with polymorphisms in a gene named pastrel,localized on the left arm of the third chromosome. Our loss- and gain-of-function experiments indicate that pastrel encodes a molecule opposing infection by picorna-like viruses DCV and also Cricket Paralysis virus (CrPV), raising the question of the mechanism involved. This restriction appears early after infection. The Cterminal region of Pastrel protein is important for its antiviral activity and its localization in vesicular structures co-localizing with Nile Red staining, a marker for lipid droplets. Altogether, our data suggest a connection between lipid droplets and restriction of viral infection in Drosophila, as already described in mammals between the restriction factor Viperin, present on lipid droplets, and the replication of the human pathogen Hepatitis C Virus
Deflubé, Laure. "Transcription et réplication du génome du virus Hantaan : caractérisation des éléments requis en cis et des facteurs agissant en trans." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077076.
Full textHantaan virus (HTNV; Hantavirus genus, Bunyaviridae family) has a genome that consists of three single-stranded RNA segments. A System for transient transcription/replication of viral-like RNAs or minigenomes has been used to study frans-acting factors and c/s-acting elements within the non coding regions (NCRs) of the viral RNA segments that are required for transcription and replication. First, we found that the N protein is not required for either transcription or replication, contrary to what has been described for other negative strand RNA viruses. Next, we analyzed HTNV minigenomes with additional nucleotides on viral genome segment ends showing that the L protein is able to recognize an internally located promoter. Furthermore, we probed the putative polymerase binding site by deleting or introducing nucleotide substitutions in the conserved sequence of 14 nucleotides localized at the end of the NCRs. Such mutations did not affect the ability of the L protein to transcribe and replicate the viral-like RNA. In addition, a vRNA-oriented minigenome lacking the 5' NCR was found to be a functional template for transcription by the L protein, demonstrating that no interaction between both viral segment ends are required for polymerase binding and transcription initiation. This minigenome lacking the 5' NCR has been further used to identify transcription cis acting elements within the 3' NCR. These surprising results lead us to wonder if well-accepted dogmas in the negative strand RNA virus field apply to HTNV as well as to the entire Hantavirus genus
Bizollon, Thierry. "Contribution à l'étude des facteurs prédictifs de l'évolution et de la prise en charge thérapeutique de la récidive virale C après transplantation hépatique." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO1T126.
Full textDemeret, Caroline. "L'action combinee de la proteine virale e2 et de facteurs cellulaires dans la transcription, la replication, et l'effet oncogene du papillomavirus humain hpv18." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066536.
Full textMarchand, Cécile. "Etude du rôle des cytidines désaminases de la famille APOBEC3 dans les phénomènes de restriction virale et d’édition observés sur l’orf vpr du génome du VIH-1." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR21683/document.
Full textRNA editing is a post-transcriptional process that changes the informational capacity within the RNA. This process modifies transcripts in many organisms and thus contributes to expanding the number of gene products without the generation of new genes. Base changes on DNA by C deaminases can be considered as a protection mechanism preventing the invasion of the cell by exogenous genes. In human, A-I and C-U conversion have been described. The C-to-U changes are catalyzed by APOBEC cytidine deaminases, with the APOBEC3 family involved in DNA modifications. The aim of this work is to study the APOBEC3 proteins that are involved in viral restriction phenomenon observed particularly in HIV-1 infections. One of the targets for deamination, the vpr orf, was chosen as model. The correlation between C-T and G-A transitions inactivating vpr with the variation of apobec3 expression, led us to postulate that APOBEC3 family proteins could be partially responsible of the presence of defective viruses. In that way, the activity of restriction deaminases may be involved in chronic infection observed in the H9/LAI cells and, in some cases, on long-term non-progressor patients. In vitro deamination assays showed that two C residues in vpr can be modified in Us by APOBEC3G, but not by other APOBEC3 deaminases, suggesting that APOBEC3G is responsible of the changes observed on the HIV-1 genome. I also look for potential cellular partners for APOBEC3G using a TAP-tag approach. Preliminary experiments indicate a complex composed of at least five proteins
Lemay, Julie. "Etude de facteurs cellulaires impliqués dans les étapes précoses du cycle de réplication du VIH-1." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077107.
Full textThe early steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle are still poorly understood. These steps include membranes fusion, uncoating, reverse transcription, nuclear import and integration. The works described in this manuscript concern about two of these steps: fusion and reverse transcription. The first part is treating about the oligomerisation of the CCR5 receptor, and its importance for HIV-1 entry into cells. The second part is about the identification of two cellular partners of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). HuR is the first cellular protein to be characterised has being an interactant of RT. This nuclear protein is involved in the stabilisation of some mRNAs. The second cellular protein we caracterised is AKAP149, a membrane protein that anchors PKA to mitochondrial and nuclear membranes. We characterised the interaction between RT and these two proteins, by both in vitro and in vivo experiments. With the use of RNA interference, we showed that the absence of both proteins was impairing HIV-1 replication, particularly at the level of the reverse transcription. Taken together, these results suggest that HuR and AKAP149 could be involved in the pre-integration steps of the viral replication cycle. The mechanisms by which these two proteins modulate the reverse transcription reaction still remain to be elucidated
Le, Buanec Hélène. "Contribution au développement de vaccins visant à corriger l'immunosuppression stromale induite par les tissus infectés par le VIH-1 et par les tumeurs dépendantes de la protéine E7 du papillomavirus de type 16." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066060.
Full textBarré, Benjamin. "Identification de facteurs génétiques et environnementaux impliqués dans le vieillissement à travers l’étude des variations naturelles de la levure." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4237/document.
Full textAging is a classical complex trait varying quantitatively among individuals and affected by both the genetic background and the environment. While aging is the highest risk factor for a large number of diseases, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. Identifying the causal genetic variants underlying natural variation in longevity and understanding their interaction with the genetic background and the environment remains a major challenge. In this work, I used the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to identify environmental and genetic factors contributing to aging. While extensive classical genetic studies discovered several genes involved in the regulation of chronological lifespan (CLS), which measures cell viability dynamic in non-dividing condition, using laboratory strains in standard conditions, there are only few studies exploiting variations in natural populations. In the first part, I used a large cohort of more than 1000 sequenced natural S. cerevisiae strains to provide a species-wide overview of CLS variability. Longevity was measured in different environments, including calorie restriction (CR), a natural intervention known to increase lifespan, and in the presence of rapamycin (RM), a drug that mimics CR by downregulating the TOR pathway. Unicellular microorganisms spend most of their lifetime in harsh restricted environments interrupted by short windows of growth, making CLS an important and likely adaptive trait. I found that wild strains subjected to CLS tend to trigger the meiotic developmental process leading to the formation of gametes wrapped into a very resistant cell wall. In contrast, domesticated strains tend to enter quiescence state when starved and display a tremendous variability in their survival capacity. Moreover, using both candidate gene approach and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), I demonstrated that variability in CLS is determined by a full spectrum of genetic variant that include gene presence/absence, copy number variation, non-synonymous SNPs and loss of function. All these genetic features were strongly regulated by the environment. In the second part, I performed linkage analysis using 1056 diploid segregants derived from a two parent advanced intercross. These 1056 diploid segregants were phenotyped for CLS to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs). The CLS was measured in complete media, CR and RM environments across multiple time points. I mapped 30 distinct QTLs, with some shared across different environments and time points, while others were unique to a specific condition. The two major effect size QTLs were linked with natural variation in the cell wall glycoproteins FLO11 and HPF1, previously unknown to regulate CLS. Interestingly, both genes presented massive intragenic tandem repeat expansions in one of the founder strain used in the crossing scheme. While the short versions of FLO11 and HPF1 alleles did not impact CLS, tandem repeat expansions within those genes were sufficient to confer a dominant detrimental effect that was partially buffered by rapamycin treatment. Further investigation revealed that the extended form of HPF1 makes cells floating during exponential phase, exposing them to higher oxygen rates, and leading to perturbation of redox homeostasis, activation of misfolded protein response, and alteration of multiple genes involved in methionine, ribosome and lipid biosynthesis, eventually contributing to CLS shortening. Taken together, my work provided an unprecedented overview of natural variation in CLS in a genetic model system and revealed multiple genetic and environmental factors that shape the species phenotypic variation
Demange, Antonin. "Protéines à motif tripartite (TRIM) chez le porc (Sus scrofa) et réplication du rétrovirus endogène porcin." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00992386.
Full textTéoulé, François. "Etude des interactions entre les facteurs viraux et cellulaires impliqués dans la réplication virale et les voies de signalisation au cours de l’infection par le poliovirus." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0023.
Full textPoliovirus (PV), an Enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family, is the causal agent of acute paralytic poliomyelitis (APP). APP is characterised by flaccid paralysis due to the destruction of motor neurons by apoptosis following PV replication. We have shown, in particular, that the transfer of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondria contributes to the apoptosis induced by PV (Brisac et al. , 2010). This apoptotic process also involves the replication and synthesis of viral non-structural (NS) proteins. We have identified two cellular proteins interacting with the NS 3A protein of PV: ACBD3 (acyl-coenzyme A binding domain-containing 3) and CREB3 (cyclic AMP response element-binding protein). We have shown that ACBD3 modulates the rate of PV replication (Téoulé et al. , in revision), whereas CREB3 may be involved in regulating cell signalling and apoptosis during infection
Turek, Marine. "Etude des facteurs cellulaires responsables de l'initiation et de la dissémination du virus de l'hépatite C." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ123/document.
Full textHCV infection is the leading cause of chronic liver disease. The current SOC is still limited by high costs, toxicity and emergence of viral resistance. In the first part of my thesis we focused our workon viral entry. Viral entry is required for initiation, spread, and maintenance of infection, and thus is a promising target for the development of new antiviral therapies. CD81 and SR-BI are the first entry factors identified as important for HCV entry. In our work we confirmed their crucial role in entry, especially at the post-binding step. In addition we proved their key role in viral dissemination through the cell-cell transmission. As HCV mainly infects hepatocytes, we studied in the second part of my thesis, the restricted cellular tropism of HCV to hepatocytes and we defined the minimal host factors rendering non hepatic cell lines susceptible to HCV infection by the establishment of a powerful tool to identify new assembly and replication factors
Fares, Fouad. "Quantification et suivi de la charge virale de l'Epstein-Barr dans le sang périphérique, par PCR-ELISA et PCR in situ : étude de la méthylation du promoteur BamHIW par PCR-enzymes de restriction." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO1T198.
Full textRobette, Gwenaelle. "Régulation transcriptionnelle du virus HTLV-1: rôle fonctionnel des sites Sp1 et implication du cofacteur CTIP2 dans la latence virale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209294.
Full textL’infection par le virus HTLV-1 se caractérise par l’absence de virémie due à la latence du virus dans la majorité des cellules infectées suite à la répression transcriptionnelle de l’expression virale in vivo. Cette latence favorise très probablement le développement tumoral en permettant aux cellules infectées d’échapper à la réponse immunitaire médiée par l’hôte infecté.
Au cours de ce travail, nous avons tout d’abord identifié deux nouveaux sites de liaison pour le facteur de transcription Sp1, localisés dans la région R du promoteur LTR du HTLV-1. Nous les avons caractérisés physiquement par des expériences de retard de migration sur gel et avons mis en évidence la liaison de Sp1 au niveau de ces deux sites. Nous avons ensuite déterminé l’affinité de Sp1 pour les différents sites du promoteur du HTLV-1 et avons montré que les sites Sp11 (localisé dans la région U3) et Sp15 (localisé dans la région U5) sont les plus forts. Nous avons étudié l’impact de mutations de tous les sites Sp1 du LTRHTLV-1 sur son activité promotrice en conditions basales et transactivées par Tax dans le contexte d’un vecteur rapporteur épisomal. Nous avons mis en évidence que les sites Sp1 de la région R du LTRHTLV-1 agissent comme répresseurs de la transcription du LTR5’ mais n’ont aucun effet sur l’activité promotrice du LTR3’.
Dans une seconde partie de notre travail, nous avons étudié l’implication du cofacteur CTIP2 dans la répression transcriptionnelle du HTLV-1 et avons mis en évidence sa capacité à réprimer la transactivation médiée par Tax des promoteurs (LTR5’ et LTR3’) du HTLV-1 en cellules T-lymphoïdes Jurkat. Nous avons également montré par des expériences d’immunoprécipitation de chromatine, le recrutement de CTIP2 aux promoteurs du HTLV-1 dans une lignée infectée de manière latente par le rétrovirus et son absence dans une lignée productive. A l’inverse, Sp1 est présent dans les deux types de lignées. De plus, nous avons exclus l’implication des sites Sp1 du LTRHTLV-1 dans le recrutement du cofacteur étant donné que CTIP2 réprime toujours la transactivation Tax-dépendante du LTRHTLV-1 muté au niveau de tous les sites Sp1.
Finalement, nous avons étudié l’importance des modifications post-traductionnelles de CTIP2 dans son activité de cofacteur transcriptionnel. Nous avons montré que CTIP2 était acétylé par les HATs CBP et p300 et avons identifié 5 sites majeurs d’acétylation. Nous avons mis en évidence l’importance de l’acétylation de la lysine 604 de CTIP2 dans son activité répressive de la transactivation Tax-dépendante des LTRs du HTLV-1.
L’ensemble de ces résultats suggère un rôle du corépresseur CTIP2 dans la régulation transcriptionnelle du promoteur du HTLV-1 ainsi qu’un rôle répresseur des sites Sp1 de la région R du LTRHTLV-1 dans la transcription des gènes viraux au départ du LTR5’. La poursuite de ce travail devrait contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires génétiques et épigénétiques impliqués dans la latence et la réactivation transcriptionnelles des promoteurs du HTLV-1.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Inacio, Mamede Joao Filipe. "Interactions de la capside de lentivirus de primates avec les facteurs cellulaires de l’hôte." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON13524/document.
Full textEver since HIV has been discovered to be the pathogenic agent that causes AIDS in 1983, much progress has been made in the field. Two different viruses are now known to infect humans, HIV-1 and HIV-2. These two distinct viruses have many sub-types and clades representing a high diversity inter and intra-individuals (quasi-species). The finding of HIV simian counterparts, the Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses (SIVs), has broadened the knowledge of primate lentiviruses and to date forty-five species of non-human primates are known to be infected with SIVs in sub-saharan Africa. It is now clear that HIV-1 and HIV-2 epidemics are the result of zoonosis from chimpanzees/gorillas and sooty mangabeys, respectively. With such a big diversity of SIVs in the wild and a frequent contact of SIV infected monkey species with humans, it is interesting that so far, only two lineages breached the species barrier and infected human populations. To be able to correctly infect a cell, a lentivirus has to overcome the installed cellular barriers known as restriction factors while at the same time correctly exploiting the established host cellular machinery. Proteins such as TRIM5, APOBEC3, Tetherin/Bst2, SAMHD1 are able to restrict retroviral infections in certain conditions. In this thesis, it has been evaluated the role of TRIM5 proteins and other capsid interacting proteins with a scope to the eventuality of a cross-species transmission infection. The results showed that human TRIM5alpha does not restrict any of the primate lentiviruses tested, and so far, no primate lentivirus is known to be restricted by it. Cyclophilin A binding and dependence is variable depending on the SIV capsid; this interaction is widespread among the primate lentiviruses phylogenetic tree but not a universal phenotype. Different capsids from SIVs have been tested for the sensitivity to the depletion of nucleoporins that are known to be used by HIV-1 in its infection; it has been concluded that the same diversity applies to the interaction with RanBP2 and Nup153. Additionally, we identified a SIV capsid that is highly restricted in human cells; this phenotype was called Ref2. With the report of a possible correlation between HIV-2 capsid variations and different levels of progression to AIDS, we devised a study aiming to identify if TRIM5 proteins were involved in this phenotype. We concluded that human TRIM5alpha does not restrict any HIV-2 capsid obtained from a HIV-2 cohort, in which individuals were presenting different levels of progression to AIDS. However, we observed a different viral fitness that correlated with pathogenicity. Moreover, Cyclophilin A dependence seems ubiquitous among all of the tested HIV-2 capsids. All of these capsids are sensitive to RanBP2 depletion and the interaction is much likely mediated by RanBP2's C-terminal motif that shares a high homology with Cyclophilin A. Summing up, it is much likely that some SIVs that still circulate in the wild can hijack the same specific cellular co-factors as HIV-1 to produce a new epidemic in humans. TRIM5α does not seem to be a potent barrier to an eventual cross-species transmission from lower primates to humans, and Cyclophilin A interaction seems to play a major role to the infection of some SIVs
Ferlin, Juliette. "Etude de la voie de signalisation GBF1-ARF au cours de la réplication virale." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S047.
Full textGBF1 has recently emerged as a cellular factor essential for the replication of single-stranded positive-sense RNA ((+)RNA) viruses from different families. GBF1 is a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor of small G proteins of the Arf family, known to regulate the early secretory pathway. By studying the hepatitis C virus (HCV) as a model, we have shown that the role of GBF1 in viral replication is distinct from its regulatoryfunction of the sercretory pathway. Indeed, GBF1 function in HCV replication is mediated by Arf4 and Arf5,whereas another pair, Arf1 and Arf4, mediates the regulation of the secretion. To determine if this mechanism ofaction is conserved among (+)RNA viruses, we showed that GBF1 is involved in yellow fever virus (YFV),sindbis virus (SINV), human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) and coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) infection. Our results indicate that YFV, SINV and HCoV-229E infections are Arf4 and Arf5 dependent, as we previouslyshowed for HCV. However, YFV and SINV would also use another Arf pair, Arf1 and Arf4, during their lifecycle. In addition, CVB4 infection depends on GBF1, but doesn’t seem to depend on any Arf. Although GBF1 is required for (+)RNA viruses replication, its mechanism of action appears not to be conserved.The Arf4-Arf5 pair appears to be involved in the replication of several (+)RNA viruses. However, these twoproteins have been poorly studied so far, contrary to Arf1. Our hypothesis is that the Arf4-Arf5 pair regulatesspecific effectors involved in viral replication. Our results indicate that Arf4 and Arf5 simultaneous depletionalters the morphology of the Golgi apparatus, which becomes condense, and of lipid droplets (LD), whichaccumulate and grow bigger at the cell periphery. However, a lipidomic analysis of Arf4 and Arf5 depleted cellsdisplayed an unaltered lipid composition, which suggests a morphologic impact on LD, rather than a disruptionof the lipid metabolism. A transcriptomic analysis identified proteins up- or down-regulated after Arf4 and Arf5 depletion. We assessed the function of some of these proteins in HCV replication, but none of them proved implicated.In conclusion, our results hightlighed new GBF1 functions, mediated by the pair Arf4-Arf5. Arf4 and Arf5 are involved in regulating the morphology of Golgi complex and of LDs, as well as the replication of (+) RNA viruses. It remains to assess if these functions are independent or related to each other, and which specific effectors they use
Dubois, Julia. "Étude de l'infection par le métapneumovirus humain : facteurs de virulence et développement de vaccins vivants atténués." Thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1018/document.
Full textHuman metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a major pathogen responsible of acute respiratory tract infections, such as bronchiolitis or pneumonia, affecting especially infants, under five years old, elderly individuals and immunocompromised adults. Identified since 2001, this virus and its pathogenesis still remain largely unknown and no licensed vaccines or specific antivirals against hMPV are currently available. In this context, my research project was built over two main subjects: (i) The study of the fusion F glycoprotein which is the major antigenic protein of hMPV and is responsible of viral entry into host cell. By its crucial role for the virus, the F protein has already been characterized in several structural and/or functional studies. Thus, it has been described that the hMPV F protein induces membrane fusion autonomously, resulting in variable cytopathic effects in vitro, in a strain-dependent manner. However, as the determinants of the hMPV fusogenic activity are not well characterized yet, we focused on identification of some of these, located in heptad repeats domains of the protein. (ii) The evaluation of hMPV SH and G gene deletion for viral attenuation. Liveattenuated hMPV vaccine candidates for infants’ immunization has been constructed thank to this deletion approach at the beginning of hMPV vaccine development efforts. Despite encouraging results, these candidates have not been further characterized and the importance of the viral background has not been evaluated
Perrin, Florent. "Modification du métabolisme des caroténoïdes en réponse aux stress biotique et abiotique chez la carotte." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0027/document.
Full textCarrot presents a high nutritional interest as a carotenoid intake source. However, knowledge about accumulation mechanisms of these compounds is a major issue. While genetic determinism was relatively well studied, the impact of stresses on carotenoid accumulation in carrot remains unknown. This thesis work aims to determine (i) the impact of biotic and abiotic stresses applied individually or in combination on carotenoid contents in carrot leaves and roots, (ii) the regulation mechanisms which could explainthese variations and (iii) if secondary metabolism is specifically affected independently from primarymetabolism. Results bring to light a negative effect of the different stress conditions, particularly applied in combination, on carotenoid contents in carrot leaves and roots but depend on genotypes. Transcriptional regulation based on carotenoid biosynthetic genes can only partially explain contentvariations. Chlorophyll content variations in leaves and sugar content variations in roots are correlated to those of carotenoids suggesting common regulation mechanisms. This work shows that the impact of stress on culture, and particularly in combination, is an important determinism of nutritional quality. Further works need to be performed to establish a more precise regulation network pattern of carotenoid accumulation in carrot
Leobold, Matthieu. "Démonstration fonctionnelle de la nature virale des particules sans ADN de la guêpe parasitoïde venturia canescens." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4017.
Full textViral particles devoid of DNA called VLPs (for Virus-Like Particles) are specifically produced in the ovaries of the parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens and line the chorion of the wasp’s eggs injected into the host caterpillar. VLPs are immunosuppressive and allow parasitoid eggs survival. These VLPs result from the integration of a nudivirus into the wasp ancestor genome, nudivirus which was then domesticated to form viral liposomes capable of carrying, into the host, virulence proteins of cellular origin. The aim of the study carried out during this thesis was, first, to analyze the viral domestication mechanisms that led to the current endogenous symbiotic virus called VcENV (for V. canescens endogenous nudivirus) and secondly to provide some answers on VLPs morphogenesis process and parasitic mode of action
Hammoumi, Saliha. "Etude des facteurs susceptibles de favoriser ou de limiter l'infecton des cellules humaines par le virus de l'encéphalomyocardite." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077210.
Full textIn order to evaluate the transmission risk of EMCV, from animal, mainly pig, to human, especially during xenotransplantations, we were interested in factors likely to support or limit this transmission by studying the interaction of EMCV with human cells. Tools allowing the detection of the virus multiplication at the various stages of the infection were developed. In particular, for the follow-up of the proteins synthesis, a recombinant EMCV expressing EGFP was created. The recombinant virus was pathogenic for mouse like the parental virus. EGFP could be detected by autofluorescence in vitro in infected cells and in vivo on prints of mouse brains. The infectious power of various viral strains on human cell lines and primary cells, reflecting the tropism of the virus in animal, was analysed. The results indicated that the infection of the cells depends on the cellular type and the viral strain and that adsorption varies primarily according to the strains. By comparison of the sequences of capsid, amino acids playing a probable part in this adsorption were highlighted. The analysis of the cellular partners implied in the attachment made it possible to show that the adsorption of the strain 1086C is dependent on sialic acid and that lysine 231 of VP1 would play an important part in this connection. In addition, the adsorption of the B279/95 strain is independent of sialic acid but depends on heparanes sulfates. This suggests the probable use of co-receptors carrying heparane sulfates or sialic acids
Martin, Isabelle. "Étude du déterminisme moléculaire des Interactions compatibles et incompatibles Vitis vinifera-Nepovirus-Nicotiana occidentalis (InViNNo)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ102.
Full textGrapevine fanleaf virus (genus Nepovirus) the causative agent of fanleaf degeneration, induces variable symptoms. This manuscript presents a mechanistic study of GFLV symptomatology on both an herbaceous model plant and an agronomically important crop plant.On N. occidentalis, I demonstrated that GFLV-F13 induces a reaction exhibiting hallmarks of a hypersensitive response (HR), partially restricting virus spread. Using reassortants, recombinants and natural variants of the virus, I could identify and map the viral determinant of this HR. On grapevine, I took advantage of a unique experimental set-up and used RNA-Seq to compare the transcriptoms of Gewurztraminer plants infected with two different GFLV strains, one of which induced stunting symptoms and the other mild symptoms. 1,023 genes among which genes involved in the regulation of HR, were specifically regulated by the more severe strain This is the first hint of a HR taking place in grapevine in response to a virus infection
Hivin, Patrick. "HBZ, un facteur de transcription de type AP-1 codé par le HTLV-I et son implication dans la régulation de la transcription virale et cellulaire." Montpellier 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON1T020.
Full textBarbaron, Christine. "Maladies immunologiques après vaccin recombinant contre l'hépatite B : à propos de six patients bordelais." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2M077.
Full textLebsir, Nadjet. "Étude sur l'interaction entre le virus de l'hépatite C et le facteur cellulaire proviral GBF1." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S027/document.
Full textGBF1 has emerged as a host factor required for the replication of RNA viruses of different families. During the hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle, GBF1 performs a critical function at the onset of replication, but is dispensable when the replication is established. To better understand how GBF1 regulates HCV infection, we have looked for interactions between GBF1 and HCV proteins. NS3 was found to interact with GBF1 in yeast two-hybrid, in co-immunoprecipitation and in proximity ligation assays, and to interfere with GBF1 function and alter GBF1 intracellular localization in cells expressing NS3. The interaction was mapped to the Sec7 domain of GBF1 and the protease domain of NS3. A yeast two-hybrid screen for mutations altering NS3-GBF1 interaction yielded an NS3 mutant (N77D, Con1 strain) that is non-replicative despite conserved protease activity. The mutated residue is exposed at the surface of NS3, suggesting it could be part of the domain of NS3 that interacts with GBF1. The corresponding mutation in JFH-1 strain (S77D) produces the same phenotype. Our results provide evidence for an interaction between NS3 and GBF1 and suggest that an alteration of this interaction is detrimental to HCV replication
Boubred, Farid. "Conséquences vasculaires et rénales à long terme de la restriction de croissance intra-utérine et de la nutrition postnatale chez le rat." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20693.
Full textEvidence suggest that low birth weight and/or postnatal catch-up growth increase the risk for long term cardiovascular diseases (hypertension especially). Their role on the progression of chronic kidney disease is less evident. The mechanism is incompletely known. Nephron number deficit, associated with low birth weight, may play an important role. In such a condition, an adaptative single nephron glomerular hyperfiltration to meet excretory demands may lead overtime to renal damages. However this hypothesis is still questionable.In the rat, through two experimental models of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), we have shown that adverse long term vascular and renal functions are highly dependent on the severity of nephron number deficit. Moreover, we have demonstrated that a rapid neonatal catch-up growth plays a determinant role. Neonatal overfeeding and a high protein diet following IUGR accelerate the expression of hypertension and the progression of chronic kidney disease. Long term vascular and renal diseases may thus result from a mismatch between adverse fetal environment and postnatal beneficial environment. In human prospective epidemiological studies are needed with the aim to evaluate the effect of postnatal nutrition and to determine early markers for future preventive studies
Lê-Bury, Gabrielle. "Infection des macrophages par le VIH-1 : facteurs moléculaires impliqués dans la production virale et dans le développement de bactéries opportunistes The HIV-1 protein Vpr impairs phagosome maturation by controlling microtubule-dependent trafficking Pronounced stealth phenotype and differential pyroptosis induction by invasive Salmonella Typhimurium revealed by coinfection of human macrophages with HIV Role of Solute Carriers in efficient HIV-1 production by human macrophages." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB094.
Full textHuman Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects macrophages. In contrast to CD4+ T cells, macrophages are resistant to the cytotoxic effects of the virus and represent a reservoir for the pathogen. In these cells, the new virions are produced and stored in a specific intracellular compartment called Virus-Containing Compartment (VCC). This non-acidic compartment, transiently connected to the plasma membrane, remains poorly characterized. In addition, HIV-1 induces an alteration of macrophage function, allowing the development of opportunistic bacteria, such as specific strains of Salmonella Typhimurium. In particular, we studied invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella Typhimurium (iNTS) strains that developed in HIV-positive patients. The aims of my thesis have been to identify the molecular factors involved in the production of HIV-1 in primary human macrophages and to study the development of the invasive strains of Salmonella Typhimurium. First, I participed in studying the effects of HIV-1 infection on macrophage function. Their main role is phagocytosis, which is a defense mechanism enabling internalization and degradation of pathogens. It has previously been shown in the host laboratory that in HIV-1 infected macrophages, the internalization step is partially inhibited by the virulence factor Nef. In this work, we have shown that the infection of these cells by HIV-1 also inhibits the maturation of phagosomes, in this case, via the viral protein Vpr. Further, we have demonstrated that HIV-1 leads to a pre-activation state of the macrophage, while preventing the cell from responding to subsequent stimuli, such as bacterial superinfection. Secondly, I studied the coinfections between HIV-1 and an invasive strain of Salmonella Typhimurium that was compared to reference strains. This work demonstrated that bacteria do not hijack the viral compartment for their survival in co-infected macrophages. Additionally, the invasive strain of Salmonella Typhimurium was observed to induce less cell death by pyroptosis than a reference strain. The signaling pathways upstream of this cell death were determined to be associated with an inflammatory mechanism. Hence, it was demonstrated that the invasive strain of Salmonella hijacks the mechanism of pyroptosis to survive in macrophages. This may explain the dissemination observed in patients. Finally, a study of new cellular factors involved in viral production in macrophages was conducted. Following a transcriptomic analysis of human primary macrophages infected, or not, with HIV-1, we identified a large number of membrane transporters called SLC (Solute Carrier) whose expression was modulated by the infection. After selecting some of the candidates for further study, I have demonstrated that some of these SLCs are important for viral production in macrophages. In conclusion, this work contributes to defining how HIV-1 infects macrophages and disturbs their activation and clearance functions, and how opportunistic pathogenic bacteria develop