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1
Manske, Llewellyn L. Biologically effective management of grazinglands. 3rd ed. North Dakota State University, Dickinson Research Extension Center, 2012.
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2
Lifshits, Arkady, and Rozaliya Ibragimova. Factors and tools for ensuring the sustainable development of engineering enterprises. Publishing Center RIOR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/01917-7.
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The monograph reveals the theoretical, methodological, methodological and applied aspects of the problem of effective anti-crisis management of domestic engineering enterprises in adverse conditions of economic activity. It has been proved that the formation of effective anti-crisis management of enterprises requires not only a systematic study of sustainable development factors, but also the creation of methods for diagnosing the stage and stage of the life cycle of an enterprise, a methodology for the formation of a flexible system of evaluation indicators. The results of approbation of these methods are presented.
 For scientists and managers of industrial enterprises and public services, teachers, graduate students and students.
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Durakova, Irina, Tat'yana Rahmanova, Larisa Matasova, Ekaterina Mayer, and Ivan Grigorov. Success, work and aging: fundamental, applied and popular science aspects of professional longevity. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1912427.
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The monograph contains the results of research concerning, firstly, the problem of the "braking syndrome" in the labor market caused by a decrease in the volume of excess labor, which for a long time has been one of the main drivers of economic growth. Secondly, the evolution of the idea of the "silver tsunami", realities and myths about the ability to work and the success of age-related workers. Thirdly, professional and socio-cultural factors affecting their work success. Fourth, medical and biological approaches to preserving the success potential of older age groups, their active longevity and healthy aging. Fifth, the functional state of the body during aging, risks in realizing the potential of success, preventive programs and measures for effective introduction to a healthy lifestyle in the workplace and prolonging working longevity, channels for obtaining information about their own health indicators..
 For students, postgraduates and teachers of economic universities and faculties, as well as a wide range of readers interested in personnel management issues.
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Perednya, Dmitriy, Aleksandr Belyaev, and Oleg Filimonov. Dynamic aspects of the managerial culture of the internal affairs bodies of Russia. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1872859.
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In the monograph, the focus of research interest is primarily focused on the dynamic aspects of the managerial culture of the internal affairs bodies. The understanding of the object-subject area was carried out based on empirical data accumulated in recent years concerning changes in the managerial culture of internal affairs bodies.
 At all times, management has been important for social structures. The fact is that the effective functioning of the organization is based on reasons directly or indirectly related to management issues, the form of existence of which is managerial culture. It is a complex phenomenon that is relevant both in research and in applied terms.
 For a wide range of readers interested in the issues of managerial culture of internal affairs bodies. It can be useful for students, postgraduates and teachers of law schools.
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Mendelsohn, Robert. Three-Factor Model of Couples Therapy. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781666983524.
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Couple psychotherapy extends the work of the psychotherapist to the patient’s most significant committed adult relationship, yet the therapy is difficult both conceptually and technically. One major reason for this difficulty is that in every couple’s treatment there is a confusing array of psychological defenses as well as regressive and nonregressive couple object relations-as distinct from the object relations that each individual member brings to the couple. Further, many of these processes are occurring outside consciousness and at the very same time. This book is an attempt to clarify all the confusing issues by presenting a three-factor model of couple psychotherapy within a psychodynamic framework. This model has been found to be very effective with many different kinds of couples. The book suggests that there are three powerful couple dynamics that shape every couple’s treatment: (A) the quality and quantity of the couple’s projective identifications; (B) the level of their “couple object relations”; and (C) the presence or absence of the defense of omnipotent control. These three variables are the most important factors in the therapy; they determine the success or failure of every therapy with every couple. These dynamics also determine quite a bit about how to conduct a couple therapy with regard to the therapist’s level of activity, tone, the way of sorting the material in his or her head, and even the kinds of interventions he/she chooses (whether or not, for example, the therapist will use certain resistance techniques). Understanding these three variables and how they interact is key to the success of the therapy.
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Blackman, Melinda. The Effective Interview. Edited by Susan Cartwright and Cary L. Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0009.
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The face of the employment interview has been gradually transforming over the past fifty years with the culmination of new research, theory, and practices. Now more than ever, researchers and human resource professionals are demanding interview formats that accurately and reliably predict a plethora of criteria in addition to the job candidate's skill set. No longer is the implementation of the traditional structured interview format sufficient for screening applicants. The effective interview is on its way to being transformed into a multifaceted instrument that aims to surpass the predictive precision of standardized selection tests. This article outlines the impetus of research, theory, and practice that spurred on the interview's transformation and the long-term payoff which employers are receiving from the changes. It gives a glimpse of where the employment interview is headed in the upcoming decade and the factors that make today's employment interview so effective.
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Landmesser, Ulf, and Wolfgang Koenig. From risk factors to plaque development and plaque destabilization. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0003.
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This chapter begins with a discussion of recent vascular research that has unveiled the complex interaction between exposure to risk factors and pathological changes at the vessel wall. Risk factors such as smoking or hyperlipidaemia first cause a pre-morbid phenotype with reversible dysfunction of flow-mediated vasodilation, known as endothelial dysfunction (ED). If exposure to risk factor(s) does not cease, ED develops into the first morphological vascular changes that finally lead to atherosclerosis. Cholesterol crystals have been shown to lead to pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages. Progression from stable coronary plaques to the plaque rupture that underlies the acute coronary syndrome is discussed in detail. The chapter provides a basic up-to-date concept of the development and progression of atherosclerosis and highlights the stages where preventive measures may still be effective.
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Thomas, Bejoy C., and Rebecca L. Malhi. Challenges in communicating with ethnically diverse populations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0041.
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Effective cancer communication is crucial for both clinicians and patients, yet is often suboptimal. Health literacy—the ability to access, comprehend, evaluate, and communicate health information—is a latent factor that may contribute to ineffective medical interactions. Limited health literacy has been associated with significant negative health outcomes and higher medical costs. Given the compelling evidence that ethnically diverse populations are particularly vulnerable, we use a narrative case example—a hypothetical clinical meeting between an oncologist and a newly-diagnosed patient—to highlight how patient risk factors for low health literacy (e.g. age, language, distress, etc.) may be amplified by clinician and contextual factors (e.g. using medical jargon, complexity of patient educational materials, etc.). Finally, we re-imagine the same clinical encounter and illustrate how some simple strategies could ameliorate the effects of low health literacy and facilitate communication and patient decision-making.
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Cruz, António S., and Fausto J. Mafambissa. Economic development and institutions in Mozambique: Factors affecting public financial management. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/890-0.
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Mozambique has achieved incipient but still fragile socio-economic development since 1975. The public financial management system has been reformed and improved, but its performance has weakened since 2013. Applying an institutional economics approach, we have identified the economic growth strategy, the separation of powers principle, and the degree of decentralization as key factors affecting the public financial management system. As the current strategy based on natural resources seems to be failing, we suggest an alternative balanced growth strategy in the context of an effective democratic political system. It would entail the identification of policy priorities required for fostering sustainable and inclusive development.
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Bateman, Anthony W., and Roy Krawitz. Generalist psychiatric treatments for borderline personality disorder: the evidence base and common factors. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199644209.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 discusses generalist psychiatric treatments for borderline personality disorder (BPD). It introduces the rationale for seeking common factors in treatment and provide a brief overview of some relevant literature, outlines the four generalist treatments that have been shown to be effective (structured clinical management (SCM), general psychiatric management (GPM), good clinical care (GCC), and supportive psychotherapy (SP)), describes the outcome studies of the four treatments, and reviews commonalities of the treatments.
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do Rosário, Maria Conceição, Marcelo Batistutto, and Ygor Ferrao. Symptom Heterogeneity in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0008.
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This chapter reviews the most relevant studies using the dimensional approach to describe the range of OCD symptomatology. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a clinically and etiologically heterogeneous condition. This heterogeneity is problematic because it can make it difficult to interpret the results of clinical, genetic and neuroimaging studies and limits the development of more effective treatment strategies. Recently, a dimensional approach to dealing with the OCD heterogeneity has been proposed. Factor analytic studies have found from three to six obsessive compulsive symptom (OCS) dimensions (or factors), which represent groups of obsessions and compulsions that tend to co-occur. Many authors have reported that these OCS dimensions are similar in children, adolescents, and adults and are temporally stable. The usefulness and validity of this dimensional approach has been proven by studies reporting the association between the OCS dimensions and various genetic, neuroimaging and treatment response variables.
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Thierauf, Robert J. Effective Business Intelligence Systems. Praeger, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400644160.
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One step above knowledge management systems are business intelligence systems. Their purpose is to give decision makers a better understanding of their organization's operations, and thus another way to outmaneuver the competition, by helping to find and extract the meaningful relationships, trends, and correlations that underlie the organization's operations and ultimately contribute to its success. Thierauf also shows that by tying critical success factors and key performance indicators into business intelligence systems, an organization's most important financial ratios can also be improved. Comprehensive and readable, Thierauf's book will advance the knowledge and skills of all information systems providers and users. It will also be useful as a text in upper-level courses covering a wide range of topics essential to an understanding of executive business systems generally, and specifically their creation and management. The theme underlying Thierauf's unique text is that a thorough understanding of a company's operations is crucial if the company is to be moved to a higher level of competitive advantage. Although data warehousing, data mining, the Internet, the World Wide Web, and other electronic aids have been in place for at least a decade, it is the remarkable and unique capability of business intelligence systems to utilize them that has in turn revolutionized the ability of decision makers to find, accumulate, organize, and access a wider range of information than was ever before possible. Effective business intelligence systems give decision makers a means to keep their fingers on the pulse of their businesses every step of the way. From this it follows that they are thus able to develop new, more workable means to cope with the competition successfully. Comprehensive and readable, Thierauf's book will advance the knowledge and skills of all information systems providers and users. It will also be useful as a text in upper-level courses covering a wide range of topics essential to an understanding of executive business systems generally, and specifically their creation and management.
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Brommelhoff, Jessica A. Depression in Dementia Syndromes. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.007.
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Depressive symptoms are common in many dementia syndromes, and depressive disorders are much more common in older adults with dementia than in cognitively intact older adults. Depression may be a risk factor for, or a prodromal feature of, subsequent dementia. Several neuropathological mechanisms have been suggested to explain these relationships, including the role of underlying cerebrovascular risk factors for depression and cognitive impairment. Depression also may be present in dementia as an emotional reaction to cognitive decline, or as a recurrence of early and midlife depression. Differential diagnosis between depression and dementia is essential, but complicated by problems in assessment, overlapping symptoms between the two conditions, and other medical co-morbidities. Pharmacological treatment of depression in dementia may also be complicated by medical co-morbidity, and can run the risk for adverse reactions or interactions between medications. Psychotherapy and psychosocial interventions, however, hold some promise for effective reduction of depressive symptoms.
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Westman, Eric C., Emily Maguire, and William S. Yancy. Ketogenic Diets as Highly Effective Treatments for Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity. Edited by Dominic P. D’Agostino. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0037.
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Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. While characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, the underlying cause of T2DM is insulin resistance—most often related to an increase in abdominal adiposity caused by obesity. The goal of treatment of T2DM is to put the disease into remission by targeting the underlying insulin resistance. The observation that dietary carbohydrate is the major factor to cause glycosuria and hyperglycemia, has been known since the early days of modern medicine. As a result, low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets were employed to treat obesity and diabetes in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This chapter reviews the rationale and recent clinical research supporting the use of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet in individuals with obesity and diabetes. For individuals affected by obesity-related T2DM, clinical studies have shown that carbohydrate restriction and weight loss can improve hyperglycemia, obesity, and T2DM.
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Kim, Gooyong. From Factory Girls to K-Pop Idol Girls. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781666993042.
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Focusing on female idols’ proliferation in the South Korean popular music (K-pop) industry since the late 1990s, Gooyong Kim critically analyzes structural conditions of possibilities in contemporary popular music from production to consumption. Kim contextualizes the success of K-pop within Korea’s development trajectories, scrutinizing how a formula of developments from the country’ rapid industrial modernization (1960s-1980s) was updated and re-applied in the K-pop industry when the state had to implement a series of neoliberal reformations mandated by the IMF. To that end, applying Michel Foucault’s discussion on governmentality, a biopolitical dimension of neoliberalism, Kim argues how the regime of free market capitalism updates and reproduces itself by 1) forming a strategic alliance of interests with the state, and 2) using popular culture to facilitate individuals’ subjectification and subjectivation processes to become neoliberal agents. As to an importance of K-pop female idols, Kim indicates a sustained utility/legacy of the nation’s century-long patriarchy in a neoliberal development agenda. Young female talents have been mobilized and deployed in the neoliberal culture industry in a similar way to how un-wed, obedient female workers were exploited and disposed on the sweatshop factory floors to sustain the state’s export-oriented, labor-intensive manufacturing industry policy during its rapid developmental stage decades ago. In this respect, Kim maintains how a post-feminist, neoliberal discourse of girl power has marketed young, female talents as effective commodities, and how K-pop female idols exert biopolitical power as an active ideological apparatus that pleasurably perpetuates and legitimates neoliberal mantras in individuals’ everyday lives. Thus, Kim reveals there is a strategic convergence between Korea’s lingering legacies of patriarchy, developmentalism, and neoliberalism. While the current K-pop literature is micro-scopic and celebratory, Kim advances the scholarship by multi-perspectival, critical approaches. With a well-balanced perspective by micro-scopic textual analyses of music videos and macro-scopic examinations of historical and political economy backgrounds, Kim’s book provides a wealth of intriguing research agendas on the phenomenon, and will be a useful reference in International/ Intercultural Communication, Political Economy of the Media, Cultural/ Media Studies, Gender/ Sexuality Studies, Asian Studies, and Korean Studies.
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Boyd, Tristan, and Arthur Kavanaugh. Biologic DMARDs (TNF inhibitors). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0029.
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Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors (TNFi) can effectively treat all domains of disease in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). They have been shown to be effective and also generally safe and well tolerated in numerous clinical trials. This chapter reviews clinical trial evidence for the efficacy and safety of TNFi in PsA and highlights evidence-based treatment recommendations for their use. Emerging treatment strategies involving the use of TNFi in the management of PsA are also discussed.
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Kurup, Viji. Quality in Medical Education. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199366149.003.0012.
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Staying current with latest developments in the field of patient care is now universally considered to be a standard of care. The same standards have not been adopted in medical education, however, and many educational techniques used to train physicians are now outdated. This chapter reviews the evidence in medical education with respect to quality of three critical elements: the teacher, the process, and the learner. Students and faculty have different perceptions regarding the characteristics of effective teachers. Modern teaching methods no longer stress lecture-based sessions, but include techniques such as interactive learning and blended learning. Simulation is also an effective tool for learning technical skills, and for crisis and team training. When technological tools are used, they should be designed to enhance the learning experience. A number of studies show that learner engagement is the key factor in the learning process.
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Fanning, Jennifer R., and Emil F. Coccaro. Neurobiology of Impulsive Aggression. Edited by Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.24.
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Aggression is a behavior with evolutionary origins, but in today’s society it’s often both destructive and maladaptive. The fact that aggression has a strong basis in biological factors has long been apparent from case histories of traumatic brain damage. Research over the past several decades has confirmed the involvement of neurotransmitter function and abnormalities in brain structure and function in aggressive behavior. This research has centered around the “serotonin hypothesis” and on dysfunction in prefrontal brain regions. As this literature continues to grow, guided by preclinical research and aided by the application of increasingly sophisticated neuroimaging methodology, a more complex picture has emerged, implicating diverse neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems (e.g., glutamate, vasopressin, and oxytocin) and neural circuits. As the current pharmacological and therapeutic interventions are effective but imperfect, it is hoped that new insights into the neurobiology of aggression will reveal novel avenues for treatment of this destructive and costly behavior.
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Iqbal, Afzaal, and Joel Kent. Chronic Sternal Pain after Cardiac Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0017.
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Chronic post-sternotomy pain (PSP) is a well-known complication of cardiac surgery that is associated with increased morbidity. The lack of adequate pain relief can compromise the patients’ rehabilitation trajectory and diminish their quality of life. Various factors have been identified that contribute to the development and maintenance of PSP. Local and systemic pain management modalities have been identified to mitigate this condition. It is important to conduct a careful history and exam in these patients in order to rule out other causes of pain and properly guide the patient’s management. Individualized treatment will ultimately result in the most effective relief.
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Traul, David E. Postoperative Visual Loss in Spine Surgery. Edited by David E. Traul and Irene P. Osborn. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190850036.003.0026.
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Postoperative visual loss (POVL) is a rare but devastating condition associated with many types of nonocular surgery. In spine surgery, the most common causes of POVL are ischemic optic neuropathy (ION), central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), and cortical blindness. Although the association of POVL with spine surgery has long been recognized, the low incidence of this complication hinders the identification of patient and perioperative risk factors and limits our understanding of the causes of POVL. In adult spine surgery, POVL is most frequently attributed to ION whereas CRAO is more commonly seen in cardiac procedures. POVL due to cortical blindness has the highest incidence in pediatric spine surgery. While several risk factors for POVL have been identified in spine surgery, there are currently no standardized practice guidelines to eliminate the risk for POVL. Currently, there are no effective treatments for POVL, and recovery from ION and CRAO is limited.
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Pereira, Luis F., Harold W. Goforth, Esteban Martínez, Joseph Z. Lux, Maria Ferrara, and Michael P. Mullen. Cardiovascular Disease, Metabolic Complications and Lipodystrophy in Persons with HIV. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0046.
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The introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy has contributed to a dramatic reduction in HIV-related mortality. As patients live longer, evidence suggests an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in persons with HIV over that among individuals who do not have HIV, thus early detection and treatment of multimorbidities and modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors particularly in persons with HIV are needed. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including the virus itself, antiretroviral therapy, and traditional risks factors. This chapter discusses detection and treatment of cardiovascular disease in persons with HIV, as well as metabolic complications involved, including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and lactic acidosis. The pathogenesis and management of HIV-associated lipodystrophy as well as its psychosocial impact are also addressed.
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Burhenn, Peggy S. Delirium. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190204709.003.0007.
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This chapter provides an overview of delirium, differentiating among hyperactive, hypoactive, and mixed subtypes. Delirium is a common, serious medical problem that is underrecognized by healthcare providers. Evidence suggests that frequent assessment of patients can result in increased recognition of delirium, which will allow for earlier intervention. Limited data are available on effective interventions for delirium once it begins; however, proactive prevention strategies have been successful. Various screening tools are recommended to identify patients with delirium. The multiple predisposing and precipitating factors that can complicate determining the cause are explored. There is a review of the assessment and interventions for delirium management and prevention protocols that target its risk factors, as well as a brief discussion of the principles of pharmacological management and previously cited recommendations. Education of staff, patients, and family members is vital.
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Betteridge, D. John, ed. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: the scale of the problem. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199543502.003.0001.
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• The epidemic of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been and still is very dynamic and heterogeneous when comparing time trends and mortality rates in different places of the world.• Age-standardized CVD mortality rates have declined in some countries, mainly due to a better management of the essential risk factors.• Unfavourable trends in CVD incidence are found and foreseen in developing countries due to demographic and to adverse lifestyle changes.• Comprehensive CVD prevention strategies are needed to promote primary prevention and better implementation of effective preventive actions in patients with established CVD.
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Emmanuel, Johan. Trauma pain and procedural pain: prevention of chronic pain following acute trauma. Edited by Brigitta Brandner. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199234721.003.0008.
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Opioid analgesics should be used with extreme cautions in the self-ventilating head injured patient. Gastric emptying ceases after trauma. This will limit the efficacy of oral analgesics. Epidural analgesia has been shown to be an independent predictor of decreased morbidity and mortality in thoracic trauma. Femoral nerve block is as effective as intravenous morphine in femoral shaft fractures. Short-term non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use has no proven deleterious effects in humans, and should be part of multimodal management. Trauma is a risk factor for complex regional pain syndrome. Prevention should be aimed at early graded mobilizations with adequate pain relief. Post-amputation pain encompasses stump pain (nociceptive and neuropathic), and phantom limb pain.
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Lavers, Tom, ed. The Politics of Distributing Social Transfers. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192862525.001.0001.
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Abstract This book provides a systematic analysis of the political processes shaping the distribution of social transfers in six countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In doing so, the book addresses a notable gap in recent research on social protection concerning the politics of implementation. While considerable attention has been devoted to debating the merits of different policy designs and the political factors shaping the adoption and diffusion of different policy models, ultimately the ability of any social transfer programme to deliver on its promises is dependent on the effective implementation and distribution of social transfers in line with intended objectives. The chapters in this book examine international and sub-national variation in programme implementation in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nepal, and Rwanda, drawing on a common analytical framework that highlights the importance of state capacity and reach, rooted in histories of state formation, and contemporary political competition in shaping the distribution of social transfers. Comparative analysis of the case studies supports the view that variation in the capacity and reach of the state within countries is a centrally important factor shaping the effectiveness and impartiality of distribution. Yet state capacity alone is insufficient. Rather, political competition and power relations shape how this capacity is actually deployed in practice. As such, the book underscores the inherently political nature of implementation and questions common technocratic efforts to improve implementation by de-politicizing the social protection policy process.
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Loraine, Sievers, and Daws Sam. Ch.10 Concluding Reflections. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199685295.003.0010.
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This concluding chapter reflects on the insights made in the preceding chapters, which themselves reveal that the procedures of the Security Council are extensive, complex, versatile, and progressive. But of course, Council procedures have also been met with criticism. Dissatisfaction with the procedures of the Security Council was one key element which led to a heightened interest in Security Council reform. However, the Council has in fact made a serious and sustained effort to adopt new methods to render its proceedings more efficient and effective, though its improvements have been underestimated. The dialogue over the Council's working methods can thus become more productive if the Security Council members and the wider UN membership keep in mind their shared interest in the effective implementation of effective decisions by the Council.
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Ralston, Stuart H. Paget’s disease of bone. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0144.
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Paget's disease of bone (PDB) affects up to 1% of people of European origin aged 55 years and above. It is characterized by focal abnormalities of bone remodelling which disrupt normal bone architecture, leading to expansion and reduced mechanical strength of affected bones. This can lead to various complications including deformity, fracture, nerve compression syndromes, and osteoarthritis, although many patients are asymptomatic. Genetic factors play a key role in the pathogenesis of PDB. This seems to be mediated by a combination of rare genetic variants which cause familial forms of the disease and common variants which increase susceptibility to environmental triggers. Environmental factors which have been suggested to predispose to PDB include viral infections, calcium and vitamin D deficiency, and excessive mechanical loading of affected bones. The diagnosis can be made by the characteristic changes seen on radiographs, but isotope bone scans are helpful in defining disease extent. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels can be used as a measure of disease activity. Inhibitors of bone resorption are the mainstay of medical management for PDB and bisphosphonates are regarded as the treatment of choice. Bisphosphonates are highly effective at reducing bone turnover in PDB and have been found to heal osteolytic lesions, and normalize bone histology. Although bisphosphonates can improving bone pain caused by elevated bone turnover, most patients require additional therapy to deal with symptoms associated with disease complications. It is currently unclear whether bisphosphonate therapy is effective at preventing complications of PDB.
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Ralston, Stuart H. Paget’s disease of bone. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0144_update_001.
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Paget’s disease of bone (PDB) affects up to 1% of people of European origin aged 55 years and above. It is characterized by focal abnormalities of bone remodelling which disrupt normal bone architecture, leading to expansion and reduced mechanical strength of affected bones. This can lead to various complications including deformity, fracture, nerve compression syndromes, and osteoarthritis, although many patients are asymptomatic. Genetic factors play a key role in the pathogenesis of PDB. This seems to be mediated by a combination of rare genetic variants which cause familial forms of the disease and common variants which increase susceptibility to environmental triggers. Environmental factors which have been suggested to predispose to PDB include viral infections, calcium and vitamin D deficiency, and excessive mechanical loading of affected bones. The diagnosis can be made by the characteristic changes seen on radiographs, but isotope bone scans are helpful in defining disease extent. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels can be used as a measure of disease activity. Inhibitors of bone resorption are the mainstay of medical management for PDB and bisphosphonates are regarded as the treatment of choice. Bisphosphonates are highly effective at reducing bone turnover in PDB and have been found to heal osteolytic lesions, and normalize bone histology. Although bisphosphonates can improving bone pain caused by elevated bone turnover, most patients require additional therapy to deal with symptoms associated with disease complications. It is currently unclear whether bisphosphonate therapy is effective at preventing complications of PDB.
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Dekker, Joost, Daniel Bossen, Jasmijn Holla, Mariëtte de Rooij, Cindy Veenhof, and Marike van der Leeden. Psychological strategies in osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0025.
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Characteristic clinical presentations of osteoarthritis (OA) include pain and activity limitations. These presentations are dependent on psychological processes. The literature reviewed in this chapter leads to the following conclusions: (1) symptoms of depression, anxiety, and fatigue are more prevalent among patients with OA than among the general population. Recently, a depressive mood phenotype has been identified in knee OA. (2) Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and fatigue, as well as other psychological variables are established risk factors for future worsening of pain and activity limitations. (3) Psychological interventions such as depression care and pain coping skills training have been demonstrated to improve pain and activity limitations, as well as psychological outcomes. Self-management may have beneficial effects, although there is clearly room for improvement. Interventions combining psychological interventions with exercise therapy have been shown to be effective; improved outcome over exercise therapy alone stills needs to be demonstrated. (4) Psychological interventions are effective in improving exercise adherence and promoting physical activity. Overall, it can be concluded that the psychological approach towards OA is fruitful: the psychological approach has resulted in substantial contributions to the understanding and management of clinical presentations of OA, including pain and activity limitations.
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Alman, Susan W., and Sara Gillespie Swanson. Crash Course in Marketing for Libraries. 2nd ed. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400633027.
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Explains effective marketing strategies and identifies the tools needed to boost the visibility and increase the use of your library in the community. Marketing a library's programs or services takes more than sending out a flyer or posting an announcement on the website. Effective marketing is important for every library, as it can lead to a significant increase in library use―which is a major factor in budget justification. Crash Course in Marketing for Libraries: Second Edition will help you develop a strategic direction for your organization and identify methods for employing your best marketing and public relations strategies. Each chapter of this second edition has been updated and expanded, comprehensively addressing the planning, implementation, and evaluation stages of the marketing and public relations process in libraries. The rise of social media as a powerful marketing tool is discussed in particular detail. The authors cover topics such as planning, promoting through the use of the existing media or advertising, and assessing the project. The book's appendixes provide examples of marketing plans and projects as well as other helpful marketing resources.
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Drelichman, Mauricio, and Hans-Joachim Voth. Risk Sharing with the Monarch. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691151496.003.0008.
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This chapter analyzes the role of contingent scenarios and nature of the defaults. Over the last 800 years, many periods of debt accumulation have been followed by default. Despite these disruptions, the market for sovereign debt did not disappear. At least, in the case of asiento lending to Philip II, excusable defaults were an important factor. Studying the loan documents directly, the chapter shows that a significant share of short-term loans contained contingency clauses. It then explores the different types of loan modifications along with their impact on cash flows and loan maturity. These modifications allowed effective risk sharing between king and bankers—an institutional solution that offered many of the desirable properties that contingent debt would have today.
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Shaari, Hasnizam, and Salniza Md. Salleh. Contemporary research in brand management. UUM Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789672064749.
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This book is about research in brand management and contemporary issues in marketing. It is designed to bring today�s professionals, managers, academicians and students the current research findings relating to issues in branding and marketing across the globe. Generally, branding has been accepted as an important strategy in managing business and marketing activities.This is because effective branding and marketing strategies can help improve business performance and bring up companies to a better position.Hence, this book is a good reference to those who wanted to understand factors influencing product and service brand performance, issues on brand loyalty, consumer purchase intention and Islamic retailing.
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Townsley, Michael. Maritime Piracy. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.27.
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This chapter outlines how theories of environmental criminology can inform our understanding of maritime piracy and assesses empirically how the incidence of maritime piracy is influenced by opportunities created by a maritime setting. The chapter is organized into three sections. The first section after the introduction discusses different periods of piracy, spanning ancient times, the Middle Ages, and up to present day. While the factors contributing to piracy in each age vary, there is a common explanation for how piracy has been quashed: establishing effective place management in the maritime realm. The second section focuses on some key constructs in environmental criminology and illustrates how they operate in a maritime setting. The concluding section deals with patterns that have been observed in maritime piracy in recent times.
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Heimann, Fritz. Private Sector Response to Corruption. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190458331.003.0019.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter focuses on what has been done to combat corruption in the private sector starting in the United States with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) in 1977: the first law that criminalized foreign bribery. The OECD Convention, which internationalized the FCPA, became effective in 1999; it prohibits foreign bribery of public officials by over forty countries. The UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) became effective in 2005; it deals with domestic as well as foreign bribery, bribery of public officials as well as bribery in the private sector. Corporate responses have also evolved with anticorruption compliance programs applied by US companies now for more than three decades. This chapter covers common problem areas such as gifts, entertainment, and travel expenses; lobbyists and sales representatives; political contributions; facilitation payments; foreign subsidies and joint ventures. This chapter also covers the psychology of corrupt conduct and factors to change the corporate culture.
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Fagan, Abigail A., J. David Hawkins, Richard F. Catalano, and David P. Farrington. Community-Based Prevention of Youth Behavioral Health Problems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190299217.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Preventing childhood and adolescent behavioral health problems such as substance use, delinquency, violence, school drop-out, and mental health problems can reduce the social and financial costs that can occur following these behaviors. Using a public health approach, prevention scientists from diverse fields have created and tested a variety of interventions to reduce the risk factors and increase the protective factors related to these problems. A growing number of these interventions have been demonstrated as effective—that is, they prevent the onset and/or reduce the frequency of multiple behavioral health problems. However, these evidence-based interventions (EBIs) are not widely used by community-based organizations. This chapter discusses how community-based prevention systems, particularly the Communities That Care (CTC) system, can help build the capacity of local communities to implement EBIs. The core components and effectiveness of CTC are reviewed and compared to other community-based prevention systems.
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Markowitz, Michael W., and Delores D. Jones-Brown, eds. The System in Black and White. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216022008.
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In a collection of compelling contributions to the study of the nexus between race, crime, and justice, noted scholars in the field critique many long-held assumptions and myths about race, challenging criminal justice policymakers to develop new and effective strategies for dealing with the social problems such misunderstandings create. In sections devoted to criminological theory, law enforcement, courts and the law, juvenile delinquency, and gender, contributors endeavor to dispel myths about African-American involvement in the criminal justice system. In so doing, a number of important facts are established about the race/crime nexus. For example, in an analysis of criminological theory, it is concluded that race, as a singular social factor, has not been adequately represented in existing paradigms. The subject of police profiling of African-Americans reveals an evolution of court decisions that have marginalized, rather than liberated, African-Americans since slavery. Each contributor challenges both the reader and the criminal justice system to develop meaningful strategies for addressing the racism that still pervades our system of justice. A chapter on women of color in prison makes a compelling argument that such institutions often represent safer environments than the life on the streets women leave behind. This persuasive volume will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students as well as faculty in Sociology, Criminal Justice, policy development, African-American and Women's Studies.
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Fulford, K. W. M., Sarah Dewey, and Malcolm King. Values-Based Involuntary Seclusion and Treatment. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.28.
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This chapter gives a reflective account of a values-based model of involuntary psychiatric seclusion and treatment (henceforth “involuntary treatment”) adopted in the training materials produced by the UK government to support implementation of its Mental Health Act 2007 and associated Code of Practice. Values-based involuntary treatment supports balanced decision-making on individual cases within a framework of shared Guiding Principles. A critical factor in developing the model was partnership between stakeholders representing the plurality of value perspectives embodied in the Guiding Principles. Values pluralism however has not been widely reflected in practice. Possible reasons for this include a fault-line in values-based practice. This has been focused on individual decision-making whereas the decisive influences on involuntary treatment have turned out to be social and political. Broadening the philosophical resources of values-based practice to include those of political philosophy may contribute to the development of more effective approaches to values-based involuntary treatment.
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An introduction to economics: concepts for students of agriculture and the rural sector. 5th ed. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620063.0000.
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Abstract This text aims to provide a simple but effective introduction to general economics for students of agriculture, the rural sector and related topics in universities and colleges. This fifth edition continues the process of adaptation and adjustment to meet changing times, the most significant of which for readers in Europe has been the withdrawal of the UK from the EU which carry implications not only for the chapter on agricultural policy but in many other places in the text. In the process of revision, the opportunity has been taken to make numerous other updates and small improvements. The book has 10 chapters which cover: the essence of economics, consumer behaviour, demand and supply, markets and competition, production economics, factors of production, macroeconomics, international trade, and government policy for agriculture and rural areas.
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Sieper, Joachim. Ankylosing spondylitis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0113.
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Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease predominantly of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) and the spine. It starts normally in the second decade of life and has a slight male predominance. The prevalence is between 0.2 and 0.8% and is strongly dependent on the prevalence of HLA B27 in a given population. For the diagnosis of AS, the presence of radiographic sacroiliitis is mandatory. However, radiographs do not detect active inflammation but only structural bony damage. Most recently new classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) have been developed by the Assessement of Spondylo-Arthritis international Society (ASAS) which cover AS but also the earlier form of non-radiographic axial SpA. MRI has become an important new tool for the detection of subchondral bone marrow inflammation in SIJ and spine and has become increasingly important for an early diagnosis. HLA B27 plays a central role in the pathogenesis but its exact interaction with the immune system has not yet been clarified. Besides pain and stiffness in the axial skeleton patients suffer also from periods of peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, and uveitis. New bone formation as a reaction to inflammation and subsequent ankylosis of the spine determine long-term outcome in a subgroup of patients. Currently only non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blockers have been proven to be effective in the medical treatment of axial SpA, and international ASAS recommendations for the structured management of axial SpA have been published based on these two types of drugs. Conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate are not effective.
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Brinton, Louise A., Mia M. Gaudet, and Gretchen L. Gierach. Breast Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0045.
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Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide, with annual estimates of 1.7 million newly diagnosed cases and 522,000 deaths. Although more breast cancers are diagnosed in economically developed than in developing countries, the reverse is true for mortality, reflecting limited screening and less effective treatments in the latter. Breast cancer incidence has been on the rise in the United States for many years, but in recent years this is restricted to certain subgroups, while internationally there have been continued generalized increases, likely reflecting adoption of more Westernized lifestyles. Breast cancer is widely recognized as being hormonally influenced, with most of the established risk factors believed to reflect the influence of cumulative exposure of the breast to stimulatory effects of ovarian hormones—leading to increased cellular proliferation, which in turn can result in genetic errors during cell division.
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Ignazi, Piero. Party in Agony? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198735854.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 7 portrays the present challenges to political parties, and their response. The chapter surveys organizational innovations, such as primaries and internal referendums, recently introduced by political parties to counteract their decline in membership and loss of confidence amongst the electorate, and it questions their efficacy and validity. These pro-membership innovations seem in fact to favour a plebiscitary modality rather than effective democratic activity. The chapter suggests that an intra-democracy would need four ‘knights’ that should comprise: inclusion, deliberation, diffusion and pluralism. The alternatives to the party that have been advanced in recent times are considered, but their effective import is challenged. The chapter concludes by arguing for the unavoidability of partisanship for effective democracy. Even if the political party suffers agonizingly over its limited legitimacy, it still remains at the core of democratic politics.
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Sieper, Joachim. Axial spondyloarthropathies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0113_update_003.
Full textAbstract:
Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease predominantly of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) and the spine. It starts normally in the second decade of life and has a slight male predominance. The prevalence is between 0.2% and 0.8% and is strongly dependent on the prevalence of HLA-B27 in a given population. AxSpA can be split in patients with radiographic axSpA (also termed ankylosing spondylitis (AS)) and in patients with non-radiographic axSpA (nr-axSpA). For the diagnosis of AS, the presence of radiographic sacroiliitis is mandatory. However, radiographs do not detect active inflammation but only structural bony damage. Most recently new classification criteria for axSpA have been developed by the Assessment of Spondylo-Arthritis International Society (ASAS) which cover AS but also the earlier form of nr-axSpA. MRI has become an important new tool for the detection of subchondral bone marrow inflammation in SIJ and spine and has become increasingly important for an early diagnosis. HLA-B27 plays a central role in the pathogenesis but its exact interaction with the immune system has not yet been clarified. Besides pain and stiffness in the axial skeleton patients suffer also from periods of peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, and uveitis. New bone formation as a reaction to inflammation and subsequent ankylosis of the spine determine long-term outcome in a subgroup of patients. Currently only non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blockers have been proven to be effective in the medical treatment of axial SpA, and international ASAS recommendations for the structured management of axial SpA have been published based on these two types of drugs. Conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate are not effective.
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Corcelles, Ricard, and Jeffrey L. Ponsky. Biliary Complications of Bariatric Surgery. Edited by Tomasz Rogula, Philip Schauer, and Tammy Fouse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190608347.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
Obesity is a major public health problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Obesity is also a well-known risk factor for gallstone formation. Bariatric surgery is the most effective therapy for morbid obesity; however, the metabolic alterations it imparts can cause specific mid- or long-term complications, such as biliary lithiasis. The rate of development of cholelithiasis after bariatric surgery has been reported to be around 32% to 42% with studies ranging from 2–52% depending on use of pharmacologic prophylaxis. Therefore, prophylactic cholecystectomy during gastric bypass was historically recommended in the era of open surgery. The current management of gallbladder pathology remains a point of contention, ranging from prophylactic cholecystectomy, to cholecystectomy in the setting of biliary symptoms or presence of stones on preoperative ultrasound, to expectant management. This chapter discusses the current evidence regarding biliary complications and management in bariatric surgery.
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Chambers, David A., Wynne E. Norton, and Cynthia A. Vinson. An Orientation to Implementation Science in Cancer. Edited by David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton, and Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
THE ROOTS of implementation science (IS) in cancer in some sense date back to the earliest days of uncovering cancer’s etiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, although it was not called that. Indeed, unlocking the mysteries of cancer and determining effective ways to intervene began not in the lab but, rather, the clinic. As Mukherjee recounted in the seminal work, The Emperor of All Maladies, 1 cancer had been the subject of clinical examination for centuries, and the drive to optimize care began in those early days. As opposed to the largely separate worlds of research discovery and care delivery that exist today, scientific research and cancer treatment coexisted. In addition, epidemiologic observations of risk factors affecting oncogenesis developed targets for what types of prevention programs needed to be implemented. Naturally, the challenges of what exactly to implement and how best to implement have been with us throughout time.
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Hughes, Kerry C., and Jeffrey L. Metzner. Suicide risk management. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0043.
Full textAbstract:
There are many risks associated with incarceration, and a substantial one is suicide. Virtually every completed suicide generates litigation. Prevalence, demographics, trends, screening and assessment of suicide risk, and recognition of the key factors associated with increased risk and managing that risk safely and appropriately in jails is presented. The factors relating to increasing suicide risk in prisons are often quite distinct from other correctional settings. Issues such as restrictive housing, facility transfers, loss of community social supports, and chronic management all play potential roles. Proactive recognition of such concerns and active management is critical to effective risk reduction. This chapter discusses such factors in the context of changing prison dynamics and trends. Following completed suicides, a formal protocol is often followed to assist staff in understanding the events that led to the suicide and specifically intervening to address staff feelings that follow such a trauma. Such a process assists quality improvement initiatives, whether in the form of a root cause analysis or other format. Best practice approaches to post-mortem review and staff intervention/ support have been developed and are in use in many facilities. Working to eliminate or reduce the frequency of suicide attempts absolutely requires a staff culture committed to continued learning and improving of both knowledge and skills. This chapter presents a review of the current standards of suicide risk reduction training.
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Hughes, Kerry C., and Jeffrey L. Metzner. Suicide risk management. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0043_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
There are many risks associated with incarceration, and a substantial one is suicide. Virtually every completed suicide generates litigation. Prevalence, demographics, trends, screening and assessment of suicide risk, and recognition of the key factors associated with increased risk and managing that risk safely and appropriately in jails is presented. The factors relating to increasing suicide risk in prisons are often quite distinct from other correctional settings. Issues such as restrictive housing, facility transfers, loss of community social supports, and chronic management all play potential roles. Proactive recognition of such concerns and active management is critical to effective risk reduction. This chapter discusses such factors in the context of changing prison dynamics and trends. Following completed suicides, a formal protocol is often followed to assist staff in understanding the events that led to the suicide and specifically intervening to address staff feelings that follow such a trauma. Such a process assists quality improvement initiatives, whether in the form of a root cause analysis or other format. Best practice approaches to post-mortem review and staff intervention/ support have been developed and are in use in many facilities. Working to eliminate or reduce the frequency of suicide attempts absolutely requires a staff culture committed to continued learning and improving of both knowledge and skills. This chapter presents a review of the current standards of suicide risk reduction training.
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Latronico, Nicola, Simone Piva, and Victoria McCredie. Long-Term Implications of ICU-Acquired Muscle Weakness. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0024.
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Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) is a significant and common complication with major implications for survivors of critical illness. ICUAW is a clinical diagnosis made in the presence of generalized muscle weakness that occurs in the setting of critical illness when other causes of muscle weakness have been excluded. Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy are the most common causes of ICUAW. Short-term implications of ICUAW include alveolar hypoventilation and an increased risk of pulmonary aspiration, atelectasis, and pneumonia—factors which may contribute to acute respiratory failure and ICU re-admission. In the long term, ICUAW has been associated with physical disturbances, including unsteady gait, sensory loss, foot drop, and, in more severe cases, persistent quadriparesis and ventilator dependency. ICUAW appears to heavily influence the failure of ICU patients to return to baseline health status post-discharge. There is a paucity of evidenced-based therapeutic strategies to reduce the incidence of ICUAW; however, early rehabilitative therapy might represent an effective measure in improving functional status.
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Arden, Nigel, and Terence O’Neill. Intra-articular injection therapy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0032.
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Intra-articular injection therapy is widely used in the management of osteoarthritis (OA). It has advantages over oral therapy in that it can provide targeted therapy to individual joint sites and at higher dose than could be achieved through oral administration and with fewer adverse effects. Intra-articular steroid therapy, the most widely used intra-articular therapy, is safe and effective in the short term particularly at the knee; though more studies are needed to better characterize the longer-term benefit. The role of intra-articular hyaluronic acid in clinical management of OA is less clear though it may have a role in selected patients in whom other therapies are contraindicated. Currently there are no factors which have been identified as being predictors of response to therapy with intra-articular therapy. Many other intra-articular agents have been used in the management of OA, however, because of the limited evidence base relating to efficacy and safety they cannot currently be recommended for use in routine clinical practice.
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Poddubnyy, Denis, and Hildrun Haibel. Treatment: DMARDs. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0021.
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In axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) there is little evidence to support use of classical synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), with the majority of studies performed in advanced ankylosing spondylitis. Sulfasalazine is the best investigated DMARD in axSpA. Its positive clinical effect, if any, seems to be more prominent in the presence of peripheral arthritis, although a certain proportion of patients with axial disease might benefit from sulfasalazine therapy. Available data indicate that there is no evidence that methotrexate might be effective in axial disease, and only marginal evidence exists in support of methotrexate use in case of peripheral involvement. No true disease-modifying properties (e.g. retardation of structural damage progression in the spine) have been demonstrated for DMARDs in axSpA to date. Efficacy of a combination therapy (e.g. methotrexate plus sulfasalazine) as well as benefits of methotrexate (or other DMARDs) in addition to tumour necrosis factor α inhibitors in axSpA remain uncertain.
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Briggs, JD, and JH Leigh. Rare or Threatened Australian Plants. CSIRO Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643105270.
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The Rare or Threatened Australian Plants (ROTAP) list and associated coding system was developed and has been maintained by CSIRO since 1979, and lists taxa that are Presumed Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, Rare or Poorly Known at the national level. This edition provides the most up-to-date list for conservation purposes.
 
 A significant number of endangered and Vulnerable taxa are included, which have not yet been considered for inclusion on either the Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council list or the Commonwealth's Schedule 1. This is the first ROTAP publication to include subspecies and varieties, and the list now includes 5031 taxa. There have also been at least 3270 amendments to data for listed taxa. A total of 2012 additional records of regional data for tax already listed has been included.
 
 A key factor in the development of public opinion, and the design of effective management schemes, lies in the production of accurate data to tell the story. What is threatened? Where is it found? These are two of the most fundamental questions to answer before any strategic plans can be drawn up. Obtaining such apparently simple statistics is a huge task. Rare or Threatened Australian Plants is therefore an important reference for the national status of threatened species, particularly for Rare and Poorly Known species.