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1
Jitendra, Sunte. "Importance of High Factor of Safety and Low Factor of Safety in Engineering Products Parts Elements." Research and Development in Machine Design 6, no. 2 (2023): 6–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8081244.
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It is very essential function to working environment for proper use of products, devices, equipment’s, mechanisms while in operations conditions. These performances will be obtained easily with maximum better output comfort by the applications of high Factor of safety. In classical very old traditional techniques one has to make such a factor of safety which product parts are widely used in every sector none of taking or considering factor of safety best example is use of bolts. So here classical bolts are widely used in every application like in fan fitting, wall structures, motorcycles, etc. all classical designed bolts or elements are made from high FOS. Here the problem is why we don’t try elements from high FOS. In engine all parts designed from FOS more than 10. There is no compromise of quality in considering high FOS. This paper is mainly intense concepts for cause’s deficiency for manufacturing high FOS.
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Jitendra, Sunte. "Factor of Safety in Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering and Medical Life Projects." Research and Reviews on Experimental and Applied Mechanics 7, no. 2 (2024): 13–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12623720.
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<em>This paper clarifies the concepts of engineering materials strengths based on factors of safety in the fields of mechanical engineering machine components, civil structural components, and medical human life beings, as well as human body parts such as the kidney,, heart, etc. If there is a there is a high factor of safety, then the strength of the member is high for all types of working loading conditions. A generally high FOS yields a lot of life for that particular member. It is so tedious to give all people high FOS components because of the high of the high material cost and the non-availability of the ingredient parts composition. That’s why only a few people will be getting high FOS components, just like in desi and hybrid technology. In medical safety for risk avoiding as longer term of living of any human body parts. Always small importance parts will be FOS=1 and very essential important parts will be FOS=10 and above. Without FOS, the components are also designed, but strain is to be considered, which has the least strength. Generally, FOS is the best solution because it is universal. </em>
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Zhang, J., C. Luo, and X. S. Li. "Research on the Equivalent Criterion for Ratios of Safety Margin in Terms of the Factor of Safety and the Reliability Index Under Lognormal Distribution." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1337, no. 1 (2024): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1337/1/012046.
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Abstract The ratio of safety margin is the bridge between deterministic design and reliability design. However, the equivalence criterion between the ratios of safety margin in terms of the factor of safety (FOS) and the reliability index is ambiguous. This paper considers the traditional and reliability-based design method at the same safety level. A general form of the FOS following lognormal distribution is adopted. It was found that the variability of FOS is affected by the normalized gradient and the coefficient of variation of random variable. The ratios of safety margin in terms of the FOS and the reliability index are equivalent in the specific project if the normalized gradient does not vary with the design parameters. The feasibility of applying the ratio of safety margin may be increased in engineering practice.
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Nata, Refky Adi, Gaofeng Ren, Yongxiang Ge, et al. "The Role of LEM in Mine Slope Safety: A Pre- and Post-Blast Perspective." Safety 10, no. 4 (2024): 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10040101.
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Slopes are formed as a result of mining operations. These slopes are classified as artificial slopes. Improper planning of slopes can lead to instability and potentially trigger landslides. PT. Allied Indo Coal Jaya employs the open-pit mining method in its coal mining operations. Slopes are naturally formed in open-pit mines. Additionally, PT. Allied Indo Coal Jaya utilizes blasting for rock demolition. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the impact of blasting activities on slope stability. This study investigates the influence of blasting on slope stability in coal mines using the limit equilibrium method (LEM). The study evaluates the effects of factors such as ground vibration, blast distance, and blast hole count on the factor of safety (FoS) of slopes. The limit equilibrium method (Fellenius, Bishop, Janbu, Spencer, and Morgenstern-Price) is employed to determine the factor of safety. The factor of safety is modeled using RocScience SLIDE version 6.0 in this study. The factor of safety (FoS) is defined as the ratio of the stabilizing force to the destabilizing force acting on the slope. This study also models the influence of ground vibration, distance, and total number of blast holes on the factor-of-safety (FoS) value. The results indicate that the slope remains stable both pre- and post-blasting, with an overall FoS value greater than 1 for the five slopes examined using various limit equilibrium method (LEM) techniques. However, the FoS value decreased prior to blasting due to the impact of ground vibration and blast distance. It is evident that the ground vibration (PPA) increases with the number of blast holes. The amount of ground vibration decreases as the number of blast holes increases. An increased number of blast holes leads to a decrease in the FoS value. The observed decline in slope FoS values and the increase in PPAs is attributable to the growing number of blast holes. The type of explosive, along with its power and rate of detonation, influences the amount of energy produced, which in turn affects the degree of ground vibration. The findings indicate that the slopes remain stable (FoS > 1) both before and after blasting, although blasting slightly reduces the FoS. The study reveals that as the number of blast holes increases, both ground vibration (PPA) and the reduction in FoS increase, underscoring the effects of explosive power and detonation rate on slope stability.
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Gupta, A., Y. Aggarwal, and P. Aggarwal. "Deep neural network and ANN ensemble for slope stability prediction." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 116, no. 1 (2022): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.0975.
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Application of deep neural networks (DNN) and ensemble of ANN with bagging for estimating of factor of safety (FOS) of soil stability with a comparative performance analysis done for all techniques. 1000 cases with different geotechnical and similar Geometrical properties were collected and analysed using the Limit Equilibrium based Morgenstern-Price Method with input variables as the strength parameters of the soil layers, i.e., Su (Upper Clay), Su (Lower Clay), Su (Peat), angle of internal friction (φ), Su (Embankment) with the factor of safety (FOS) as output. The evaluation and comparison of the performance of predicted models with cross-validation having ten folds were made based on correlation-coefficient (CC), Nash-Sutcliffe-model efficiency-coefficient (NSE), root-mean-square-error (RMSE), mean-absolute-error (MAE) and scattering-index (S.I.). Sensitivity analysis was conducted for the effects of input variables on FOS of soil stability based on their importance. The results showed that these techniques have great capability and reflect that the proposed model by DNN can enhance performance of the model, surpassing ensemble in prediction. The Sensitivity analysis outcome demonstrated that Su (Lower Clay) significantly affected the factor of safety (FOS), trailed by Su (Peat). This paper sets sight on use of deep neural network (DNN) and ensemble of ANN with bagging for estimating of factor of safety (FOS) of soil stability. The current approach helps to understand the tangled relationship of various inputs to estimate the factor of safety of soil stability using DNN and ensemble of ANN with bagging. A dependable prediction tool is provided, which suggests that model can help scientists and engineers optimise FOS of soil stability. Recently, DNN and ensemble of ANN with bagging have been used in various civil engineering problems as reported by several studies and has also been observed to be outperforming the current prevalent modelling techniques. DNN can signify extremely changing and intricate high-dimensional functions in correlation to conventional neural networks. But on a detailed literature review, the application of these techniques to estimate factor of safety of soil stability has not been observed.
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Nata, Refky Adi, Gaofeng Ren, Yongxiang Ge, et al. "Designing Stable Rock Slopes in Open-Pit Mines: A Case Study of Andesite Mining at Anugerah Berkah Sejahtera." Sustainability 17, no. 13 (2025): 5711. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135711.
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Landslide prevention is crucial, particularly for protecting roads and infrastructure in rock landslide-prone areas. This global issue has garnered significant attention from researchers worldwide. This study addresses landslide prevention by modeling the factor of safety (FoS) for slope stability through the Geological Strength Index (GSI), limit equilibrium method (LEM), and finite element method (FEM). A GSI analysis was conducted using RocLab software version 1.0, and slope modeling was performed using RocScience SLIDE version 6.0 and RS2 version 11. The results revealed various cohesion and friction angles across six slopes, with Slope 5 exhibiting the highest FoS values (up to 3.27 with the FEM) and Slope 1 exhibiting the lowest (1.59 with the FEM). All slopes, designed with a uniform geometry, remained stable, exhibiting FoS values greater than 1.1. This study further provides an optimal slope design for the open pit in the andesite mining plan at Anugerah Berkah Sejahtera. These findings highlight the important role of accurate modeling in the assessment of slope stability. With a suggested safe slope height of 10 m and an angle of 80° (FoS = 1.62), slope stability analysis based on the factor of safety (FoS) showed that single slopes made of andesite maintain stability at steep angles. Claystone slopes, however, have a maximum slope height of 30 m at 20° (FoS = 1.27) and 27 m at 50° (FoS = 1.34), requiring more conservative geometries to maintain their stability. For an overall slope that comprises both rock types, a height of 30 m with a slope angle of 60° is recommended (FoS = 1.23) to ensure stability. The critical design condition for a claystone slope occurs at a height of 30 m with a slope angle of 50°, yielding a factor of safety (FoS) of 0.92, which indicates instability (FoS < 1.1). Similarly, a 35 m-high slope with a slope angle of 20° produced an FoS of 1.04, and a 35 m-high slope with a slope angle of 50° produced an FoS of 0.89, further confirming instability. For the overall slope configuration, instability occurs at a height of 30 m with a slope angle of 65° that produces an FoS of 1.09.
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Nofrizal, Nofrizal, Nofrizal Nofrizal, and Muhammad Farhan. "ANALISIS PEMODELAN PRILAKU STABILITAS LERENG DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN APLIKASI GEOSLOPE." Jurnal Teknologi dan Vokasi 2, no. 1 (2024): 47–55. https://doi.org/10.21063/jtv.2024.2.1.47-55.
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Sitinjau Laut merupakan kawasan batuan bukit barisan yang didominasi oleh pelapukan batuan vulkanik berupa tanah liat, lempung pasir dengan batuan berukuran kerikil sampai bongkahan besar tanah liat dan lempung pasiran itu bersifat sangat plastis, jika terkena air sehingga pada tebing akan mudah memicu gerakan tanah (Ade Edwar, 2022). Pada tahun 2019 sering terjadi bencana alam longsor di ruas jalan Sitinjau Laut km 23, longsor terjadi akibat curah hujan yang tinggi dan struktur tebing yang curam dan menyebabkan jalan tidak bisa dilalui (DIBI, 2019). Jalan Sitinjau Laut merupakan sarana transportasi yang penting di Kota Padang, dampak dari longsor yang terjadi di ruas jalan Sitinjau Laut mengakibatkan terganggunya arus lalu lintas di jalan tersebut. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui nilai angka keamanan (Factor of Safety) dari lereng lokasi penelitian dengan menggunakan program Geo - Slope/W 2012. Dari hasil penelitian didapat kesimpulan bahwa nilai Factor of Safety (FoS) dari lereng dengan simulasi menggunakan software Geoslope/W 2012 yaitu sebesar 0,581. Dari hasil yang diperoleh dapat dikatakan bahwa lereng daerah penelitian tidak aman karena nilai Factor of Safety (FoS) kurang dari 1. Simulasi menggunakan beberapa variasi sudut 30 ̊, 45 ̊ ,60 ̊ dan 90 ̊ didapatkan nilai minimum dan maksimum Factor of Safety (FoS) kurang dari 1. Dengan demikian stabilitas lereng menggunakan beberapa variasi sudut tidak aman.
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Nofrizal, Nofrizal, Nofrizal Nofrizal, and Muhammad Farhan. "ANALISIS PEMODELAN PRILAKU STABILITAS LERENG DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN APLIKASI GEOSLOPE." Jurnal Teknologi dan Vokasi 2, no. 1 (2024): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21063/jtv.2024.2.1.6.
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Sitinjau Laut merupakan kawasan batuan bukit barisan yang didominasi oleh pelapukan batuan vulkanik berupa tanah liat, lempung pasir dengan batuan berukuran kerikil sampai bongkahan besar tanah liat dan lempung pasiran itu bersifat sangat plastis, jika terkena air sehingga pada tebing akan mudah memicu gerakan tanah (Ade Edwar, 2022). Pada tahun 2019 sering terjadi bencana alam longsor di ruas jalan Sitinjau Laut km 23, longsor terjadi akibat curah hujan yang tinggi dan struktur tebing yang curam dan menyebabkan jalan tidak bisa dilalui (DIBI, 2019). Jalan Sitinjau Laut merupakan sarana transportasi yang penting di Kota Padang, dampak dari longsor yang terjadi di ruas jalan Sitinjau Laut mengakibatkan terganggunya arus lalu lintas di jalan tersebut. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui nilai angka keamanan (Factor of Safety) dari lereng lokasi penelitian dengan menggunakan program Geo - Slope/W 2012. Dari hasil penelitian didapat kesimpulan bahwa nilai Factor of Safety (FoS) dari lereng dengan simulasi menggunakan software Geoslope/W 2012 yaitu sebesar 0,581. Dari hasil yang diperoleh dapat dikatakan bahwa lereng daerah penelitian tidak aman karena nilai Factor of Safety (FoS) kurang dari 1. Simulasi menggunakan beberapa variasi sudut 30 ̊, 45 ̊ ,60 ̊ dan 90 ̊ didapatkan nilai minimum dan maksimum Factor of Safety (FoS) kurang dari 1. Dengan demikian stabilitas lereng menggunakan beberapa variasi sudut tidak aman.
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Pandey, Binaya Raj, Helmut Knoblauch, and Gerald Zenz. "Slope Stability Evaluation Due to Reservoir Draw-Down Using LEM and Stress-Based FEM along with Mohr–Coulomb Criteria." Water 15, no. 22 (2023): 4022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15224022.
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Rapid Draw-Down (RDD) in an earthfill dam has serious implications for dam safety regarding slope stability issues. The evaluation of reservoir draw-down impact on slope stability was carried out with the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) and stress-based Finite Element Method (FEM), using GeoStudio. The time-dependent Factor of Safety (FOS) and nonlinear behavior were evaluated considering 8 h of RDD. The resulting FOS values of 1.28 and 1.27 using LEM and stress-based FEM were classified as unsafe. The minimum allowable draw-down factor of safety value is 1.3, as per the guideline. The suggested two designs, with upstream horizontal filters and increased upstream dam permeability, provided an adequate FOS. However, the nonlinear analysis with coupled FEM has shown that the upstream slope is unstable in all three cases (i.e., as-built design, increased upstream dam shell permeability, and suggested application of horizontal filter layers) considering 8 h of RDD. Several gradual draw-down rates were also tested and it has been found that the FOS increases with decreased draw-down rates. FOS charts, pressure fluctuation, and flow measurements in the upstream dam shell have revealed that slope stability is highly influenced by pore water pressure and draw-down rate. The safe allowable draw-down rate of 20 h was identified, considering the as-built design of the dam.
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Kartini, Dessy Lestari Saptarini, Rahma Norfaeda, and Habib Sahal Khomaini. "Improving Slope Stability of Lowwall Areas in Coal Mines: A Case Study." E3S Web of Conferences 622 (2025): 01009. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202562201009.
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Coal mining is an industry susceptible to slope failures, which can lead to significant economic losses and casualties. To mitigate this risk, a study was conducted to assess the stability of a post-landslide slope in the QR pit. The Factor of Safety (FOS) was calculated before and after slope improvement using Slide 6.0 software and the Bishop method. Results indicated that the initial FOS was 1.19, categorizing the slope as NOT STABLE. After improvement, the FOS increased to 1.33, classifying the slope as STABLE. The primary cause of the landslide was identified as groundwater activity, exacerbated by large cavities and cracks in the slope material. To address these issues, three potential mitigation measures were proposed: slope geometry modification, counterweight installation, and geomembrane application. The safety factor analysis necessitated the modification of the slope geometry to improve lowwall slope stability. This was achieved through the application of counterweights and geomembranes.
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Rahman, Md Nahul. "Applications of Tree Based Regressors in Predicting Factor of Safety in Slope Stability and Observing Feature Importance." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 13, no. 5 (2025): 7379–89. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.71777.
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In the geotechnical engineering field, it is required to anticipate the Factor of Safety (FOS) in slope stability precisely in order to assess the possibility of slope failure and guarantee infrastructure safety. This research utilizes a thorough slope stability dataset to inspect how well six tree-based regression models—Decision Tree, Random Forest, Extra Trees, AdaBoost, Gradient Boosting, and XGBoost—predict the FOS. With the target of predicting the continuous FOS value, the dataset covers 10,000 samples with eight vital geotechnical parameters and one categorical reinforcement feature. Using performance metrics like RMSE, MAE, R2 score, and execution time, a modified study was executed. The most significant factors affecting slope stability were also resolved using feature importance analysis. The Extra Trees Regressor performs finer than other models in terms of predictive accuracy, according to the results, while cohesion, internal friction angle, slope angle, and pore water pressure ratio decrease.
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El Maguiri, Abdelhakim, Salah Souabi, Montserrat Zamorano Toro, and Laila Idrissi. "Design of the Safe Model of Landfill Dikes for Developing Countries." Civil and Environmental Engineering 16, no. 1 (2020): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cee-2020-0002.
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AbstractThis article is a dimensioning study of the landfill locker dike of the city of Casablanca, where the geotechnical parameters of waste have particular limitations, theses limitation are a common characteristic for most developing countries. Considering the very small available land area in general, the objective is to achieve an optimal dimensioning of the locker to maximize the volume to be buried, while respecting the requirements of stability of the structure; namely, the model whose safety factor will be greater than 1.5. The Factor of Safety (FoS) was calculated by the Finite Element Method (FEM) using “PLAXIS 2D” software. The results show that, for both cases (with and without final cover), FoS, as obtained from both the analysis, show a similar pattern, with the maximum FoS for low inclinations, especially those lower than 15.95°. The critical FoS (< 1), was obtained for slopes strictly greater than 21.80°. The study also demonstrated that the 3.5H 1V model could be considered as the optimal one that satisfies the structural stability requirements (FoS> 1.5) and maximizes the volume to be buried. Nevertheless, the validation of this model is conditioned by a geometric modification (weakening the lateral slope of the landfill, by moving the dikes by 3 m) and the improvement of the mechanical characteristics of the soil of the peripheral dike, through replacing the material with the compacted clay. This model was validated by PLAXIS, which showed that the FoS for the phase preceding the anchoring of the final cover is 1.577, which reaches 1.604 after anchoring.
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Wei, Wei, Xibing Li, Jingzhi Liu, Yaodong Zhou, Lu Li, and Jian Zhou. "Performance Evaluation of Hybrid WOA-SVR and HHO-SVR Models with Various Kernels to Predict Factor of Safety for Circular Failure Slope." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (2021): 1922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041922.
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To detect areas with the potential for landslides, slopes are routinely subjected to stability analyses. To this end, there is a need to adopt appropriate mitigation techniques. In general, the stability of slopes with circular failure mode is defined as the factor of safety (FOS). The literature includes a variety of numerical/analytical models proposed in different studies to compute the FOS values of slopes. However, the main challenge is to propose a model for solving a non-linear relationship between independent parameters (which have a great impact on slope stability) and FOS values of slopes. This creates a problem with a high level of complexity and with multiple variables. To resolve the problem, this study proposes a new hybrid intelligent model for FOS evaluation and analysis of slopes in two different phases: simulation and optimization. In the simulation phase, different support vector regression (SVR) kernels were built to predict FOS values. The results showed that the radius basis function (RBF) kernel produces more accurate performance prediction compared with the other applied kernels. The prediction accuracy of this kernel was obtained as coefficient of determination = 0.94, which indicates a high prediction capacity during the simulation phase. Then, in the optimization phase, the proposed SVR model was optimized through the use of two well-known techniques, namely, the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) and Harris hawks optimization (HHO), and the optimum input parameters were obtained. The optimal results confirmed that both optimization techniques are able to achieve a high value for FOS of slopes; however, the HHO shows a more powerful process in FOS maximization compared with the WOA technique. In addition, the developed model was also successfully validated using new data with nine data samples.
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Jawad, Ahmed S. "RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE SEISMIC STABILITY OF EMBANKMENTS REINFORCED WITH STONE COLUMNS." Journal of Engineering 17, no. 04 (2011): 829–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2011.04.14.
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Geotechnical engineers have always been concerned with the stabilization of slopes. For this purpose,various methods such as retaining walls, piles, and geosynthetics may be used to increase the safety factor of slopes prone to failure. The application of stone columns may also be another potential alternative for slope stabilization. Such columns have normally been used for cohesive soil improvement. Most slope analysis and design is based on deterministic approach i.e a set of single valued design parameter are adopted and a set of single valued factor of safety (FOS) is determined. Usually the FOS is selected in view of the understanding and knowledge of the material parameters, the problem geometry, the method of analysis and the consequences of failure. This results in different FOS obtained by different designers. This inherent variability characteristic dictates that slope stability problem is a probabilistic problem rather than deterministic problem. Furthermore, the FOS approach cannot quantify the probability of failure or level of risk associated with a particular design situation. The objective of this study is to integrate probabilistic approach as a rational means to incorporate uncertainty in the slope stability analysis. The study was made through a hypothetical problem which includes a sensitivity analysis. The methodology is based on Monte Carlo simulation integrated in commercially available computer program SLOPE/W. The output of the analysis is presented as the probability of failure as a measure of the likelihood of the slope failure. Results of this study have verified that the probability of failure is a better measure of slope stability as compared to the factor of safety because it provides a range of value rather than a single value.
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Md Ghazaly, Zuhayr, Mustaqqim Abdul Rahim, Kok Alfred Chee Jee, Nur Fitriah Isa, and Liyana Ahmad Sofri. "Landslide Simulation Using Limit Equilibrium and Finite Element Method." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.555.
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Slope stability analysis is one of the ancient tasks in the geotechnical engineering. There are two major methods; limit equilibrium method (LEM) and finite element method (FEM) that were used to analyze the factor of safety (FOS) to determine the stability of slope. The factor of safety will affect the remediation method to be underdesign or overdesign if the analysis method was not well chosen. This can lead to safety and costing problems which are the main concern. Furthermore, there were no statement that issued one of the analysis methods was more preferred than another. To achieve the objective of this research, the soil sample collected from landslide at Wang Kelian were tested to obtain the parameters of the soils. Then, those results were inserted into Plaxis and Slope/W software for modeling to obtain the factor of safety based on different cases such as geometry and homogenous of slope. The FOS obtained by FEM was generally lower compared to LEM but LEM can provide an obvious critical slip surface. This can be explained by their principles. Overall, the analysis method chosen must be based on the purpose of the analysis.
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Dewi, Anggi Purnama Sari, Maulid M. Iqbal, Yulindasari Sutejo, Ratna Dewi, and Bimo Adhityia. "Factors Causing Landslides on Highways in Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra Province." International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies 5, no. 2 (2022): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v5i2.394.
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This research focuses on the study of a slope’s Factor of Safety (FOS) in the context of landslides. The slopes under study are located on the outer bend of a river and feature differences in groundwater levels on the slope and outside the slope. This research was conducted on Jalan Kol. Burlian STA 429+312 (case 1) and connecting road IV STA 194+420 (case 2) in OKU Regency, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. The analysis was carried out using the Slope/W program to obtain the FOS to discover the cause of the landslide. The results of the Slope/W program (Fellenius method) provided an initial condition FOS value for case study 1 of 1.70, and a FOS value after scouring of 1.12. For case study 2 the initial condition FOS value was 1.68, and after scouring 1.05. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that the cause of the landslide is the occurrence of scouring and the presence of GWT.
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Marcell Fandy, Patrick, Minar Julita Hutagalung, Frans Simbol Tambing, George Belly Sahetapy, and Herlina Sanggamele. "ANALYSIS OF LIMESTONE QUARRY SLOPE STABILITY, NIMBOKRANG DISTRICT, JAYAPURA REGENCY, PAPUA, INDONESIA." Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi 5, no. 3 (2024): 763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.55338/saintek.v5i3.2375.
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Slope stability analysis generally uses the concept of factor of safety (FoS) value using several whole rock parameters. The slope stability analysis method that will be used in this research is the slope stability analysis method in open pit mines based on rock mass classification with the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system and the Geological Strength Index (GSI) system and analyses the potential for landslides that can occur on slopes at that location with kinematics and limit equilibrium methods so that the type of landslide can be determined based on the intensity of the geological structure on the slope of the CV. Inti Jaya open pit limestone mine, in Wahab Village, Nimbokrang District, Jayapura Regency. This research aims to provide information on the current condition of the slope whether it is by safety standards, make slope engineering improvements and redesign safe slopes if unstable slope conditions are found. Research on the stability of limestone slopes begins with the collection of field data and rock samples. Furthermore, sample testing was carried out to obtain physical and mechanical properties and weighting of rock masses, which were then analysed to obtain the characteristics and quality of rock masses that would be applied using the finite element method with Slide 6 from Rocscience to determine the Factor of Safety (FK) and the design of safe slope geometry. The RMR value for slope 1 is 62, slope 2 is 61, and slope 3 is 62. So it can be concluded that the rock is included in rock mass class 2 with good quality. Based on the analysis of potential avalanche types, the three slopes have non-arc avalanche types. From the analysis carried out using Rocscience Slide 6.0 software, the FoS value for slopes in original, dry, and saturated conditions is obtained, where on slope 1: FoS in original conditions is 0.935, FoS in dry conditions is 1.619, and FoS in saturated conditions is 0.671. Then slope 2: FoS in original condition is 0.896, FoS in dry condition is 1.457, and FoS in saturated condition is 0.806. Slope 3: FoS in original condition is 3.490, FoS in dry condition is 4.199, and FoS in saturated condition is 3.368. So it can be concluded that slopes 1 and 2 are unsafe or unstable in original and saturated conditions so that landslides can occur. In the analysis of the FoS value of the actual condition of the slopes in the field using the Hoek & Brown method, the FoS value of slope 1 is 0.387, the FoS value of slope 2 is 0.579, and the FoS value of slope 3 is 1.272, it can be seen that the actual condition of the slopes in the field is slopes 1 and 2 in an unsafe or unstable state. Improvements must be made to the slope geometry to maintain the stability of the slope to remain safe or stable. The recommended improvement is to create a new working level for slopes 1 and 2, with steep height and large rock porphyry.
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Sutejo, Yulindasari, Anggi Purnama Sari Dewi, Maulid M. Iqbal, Ratna Dewi, Bimo Brata Adhitya, and Reffanda Kurniawan Rustam. "Factors Affecting Slope Stability Improvement using Soil Nailing." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics 136, no. 1 (2025): 96–109. https://doi.org/10.37934/aram.136.1.96109.
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The soil nailing method is used to enhance slope reinforcement. This technique employs a top-down construction approach, meaning construction is built from the top and downwards. An analysis is carried out on the use of soil nailing for both internal and external stability. The research locations are Terusan Village as STA 194 + 420 (case 1) and SP. Sugih Waras Village at STA 429+312 (case 2). The factor of safety (FOS) calculation for the soil nailing reinforcement is done using the Slope/W software program. The soil nailing reinforcement modelling comprises 27 variations. The reinforcement design aims to address slope conditions with reinforcement, such as long distance, placement intervals, and reinforcement angles. The analysis result of this research explains that the nail length, placement interval, and changes in installation angle influence the value of the slope’s FOS. Higher angles, longer nails, and closer placement intervals can increase the slope’s FOS. Three optimum combinations were identified with FOS values: installation angles of 10, 15, and 20 for case 1 and case 2. The results FOS for case 1, the value FST is 5,167; FSP is 5,301; FSG is 1,622, FSSL is 2,431; and FSH is 5,953. In the results FOS for case 2, the value FST is 1,846; FOS FSP is 2,464; FSG is 1,622, FSSL is 2,974; and FSH is 9,452. Higher slopes, longer nails, and closer mounting space can increase the value of slope FOS.
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Hu, Jie, Zhaohua Li, Félix Darve, and Jili Feng. "Advantages of second-order work as a rational safety factor and stability analysis of a reinforced rock slope." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 57, no. 5 (2020): 661–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2019-0092.
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Landslides can be considered as a static–dynamic transition with the sudden release of kinetic energy. The sharp vanishing of the second-order work is also linked to this phenomenon. In this study, the relation between the second-order work and the kinetic energy is reviewed, and five advantages of the normalized global second-order work (D2Wn) as a factor of safety (FOS) are proposed and discussed, comparing this FOS with the one based on the strength reduction method. The D2Wn is considered in the explicit algorithm of the finite difference method, and its mesh-independence is numerically checked by a series of triaxial compression tests. By simulating the excavations of a reinforced rock slope, the stability analyses are performed using the D2Wn and the traditional FOS. The D2Wn is proven completely independent of the convergence criterion and more sensitive to the global failure. Finally, a recently developed energy-absorbing cable is considered for supporting the studied rock slope. Its supporting effect is compared with that of traditional cables.
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Xu, Jingshu, Xinrui Wang, Pengfei Xie, Ruotong Wang, and Dianchun Du. "Effect of Rock Mass Disturbance on Stability of 3D Hoek–Brown Slope and Charts." Buildings 14, no. 1 (2023): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010114.
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The present study performs a stability analysis of a three-dimensional (3D) rock slope in disturbed rock masses following the Generalized Hoek–Brown (GHB) failure criterion. The factor of safety (FoS) of the slope is derived and the optimal solution is captured combining the limit analysis method and the strength reduction technique. It is indicated by the parametric analysis that the 3D geometric characteristics have a significant impact on slope stability such that FoS decreases sharply with the increase in the width-to-height ratio B/H within 0<B/H≤2.0 and thereafter reaches a constant value asymptotically. The FoS decreases more than 60% linearly when the disturbance factor D increases from 0 to 1.0. Stability charts and slope angle weight factor fβ_3D for 3D slopes are proposed to provide a convenient and straightforward approach to obtain the FoS solutions of 3D slopes. A case study was carried out to apply the stability charts on practical engineering cases, which showed that slope stability under two-dimensional (2D) plane strain will lead to conservative results, and a 3D stability analysis of slope is more appropriate, especially for a slope with a limited width.
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Muhammad Akmal, K. A., and AT Zaihasra. "The effect of external load to slope stability using slope/w in ft 006, section 61.50, Pulau Pinang." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1347, no. 1 (2024): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1347/1/012065.
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Abstract Sustainability in slope protection is very important to reduce environmental impact and loss of property and life. Landslides and slope failure frequently occur due to a variety of factors. The factors that contribute to the slope failure are the external load such as heavy machinery and also rainfall. The study area for this study is slope are at FT006, Section 61.50, Pulau Pinang. The objective of this study is to identify the factor of safety (FOS) of original slope and also factor of safety after slope protection applied. The soil nailing and also sheet pile are choosing as a slope protection. The 2D modelling using Slope/W software was created and analysed. This slope consists of multi-layers soil properties with the steepest angle of 52°. This model is applying with external load to stimulate the real situation of existing slope. The result shows that the minimum FOS for slope without any external load is 0.58 and the FOS decrease to 0.28 when the external load was applied. When the soil nailing was applied to the slope, it is increase to 3.74 without external loading and 1.247 with external load. Meanwhile, when sheet pile was applied the FOS increase to 3.88 without external load but with external load it is drop to 0.39. Therefore, the soil nailing was proposed to this slope as effective slope protection.
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Xiao, Shuangshuang, Kemin Li, Xiaohua Ding, and Tong Liu. "Numerical Computation of Homogeneous Slope Stability." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/802835.
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To simplify the computational process of homogeneous slope stability, improve computational accuracy, and find multiple potential slip surfaces of a complex geometric slope, this study utilized the limit equilibrium method to derive expression equations of overall and partial factors of safety. This study transformed the solution of the minimum factor of safety (FOS) to solving of a constrained nonlinear programming problem and applied an exhaustive method (EM) and particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) to this problem. In simple slope examples, the computational results using an EM and PSO were close to those obtained using other methods. Compared to the EM, the PSO had a small computation error and a significantly shorter computation time. As a result, the PSO could precisely calculate the slope FOS with high efficiency. The example of the multistage slope analysis indicated that this slope had two potential slip surfaces. The factors of safety were 1.1182 and 1.1560, respectively. The differences between these and the minimum FOS (1.0759) were small, but the positions of the slip surfaces were completely different than the critical slip surface (CSS).
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Sazzad, Md Mahmud, and Shakila Afroz. "Stability Analysis of Slope Using Concrete Piles by Limit Equilibrium Method." Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering 7, no. 3 (2025): 54–60. https://doi.org/10.46610/jocce.2021.v07i03.005.
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Investigation of the stability of slope is significant to geotechnical engineers considering its social and economical aspects. This study aims at evaluating the effect of using two and three concrete piles in slope on the factor of safety (FOS) of the slope. SLOPE/W was used to analyze the model and the investigation was done using the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM). The study depicts that the position and inclination angles of concrete piles in the slope have noticeable impacts on the FOS of the slope. Elevated values of FOS of the slope are obtained when two piles are placed in the middle to lower region of the slope with pile inclination angle of 45⁰, 75⁰, 90⁰ and 105⁰. Maximum value of FOS for two concrete piles in slope is aobtained for a pile inclination of 105⁰. On the contrary, the use of three concrete piles at a time gives maximum value of FOS when the pile inclination angle is 60⁰.
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Julianto, Baskoro Tri, and Sitti Filzha Fitrya Ginoga. "Sand Slope Stability Analysis Using the Bishop Simplified Hyrcan 2.0 Method with CaCO3 Reinforcement." Journal of Civil Engineering and Planning 6, no. 1 (2025): 18–23. https://doi.org/10.37253/jcep.v6i1.9979.
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Slopes are open land surfaces that form an angle and therefore their stability and safety factors need to be considered. This research aims to analyze the stability of sand slopes using the Bishop Simplified method in Hyrcan 2.0 software with the addition of calcite (CaCO3) as a reinforcement method. Sand slopes have low stability due to low cohesion and lack of interaction between particles, which is exacerbated by the influence of groundwater. The addition of CaCO3 in various concentrations (0%, 10%, and 20%) was applied to improve the shear strength parameters of the sand slope. The simulation model includes six material variations with slope geometric configurations that reflect field conditions. The simulation results showed that the slope with 20% CaCO3 concentration had the highest factor of safety (FOS) of 1.05, compared to 0.73 in the model without reinforcement. Vertically shifting the landslide center point affects the length of the slide plane and the FOS value, where increasing the CaCO3 concentration contributes significantly to improving the slope stability. The relationship between the vertical location of the landslide center and FOS was analyzed using linear regression, which showed a negative relationship between the two. This study concludes that the addition of CaCO3 effectively improves the stability of sand slopes, with FOS approaching safe values although the FOS value in the best model is still categorized as unsafe.
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Mennaai, Amor, Abdallah Zatar, Djamal Hamadi, and Samir Djireb. "An efficient genetic algorithm for locating critical failure surfaces in slope stability analysis with limit equilibrium method." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 5, no. 2 (2024): e12327. https://doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n2-823.
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The determination of the critical failure surface in geotechnical field is carried out in the process of evaluating the stability of slopes, embankments, dam, excavations, retaining walls and many others. As in many other studies, the problem of slope stability is analyze by limit equilibrium method (LEM) in homogeneous soil. These methods frequently make it possible to identify the critical circular slip surface (CFS) corresponding to the minimum factor of safety (FOS). Finding the critical slip surface (CFS) and minimum safety factor (FOS) in slope stability analysis can be performed using global optimization metaheuristic techniques. The paper presents a new modified genetic algorithm (MGA), based on Multi-Parametric Convex Crossover (MPCX), to search the critical circular for locating failure surfaces (CFS) and determining the lowest (FOS). The performance of the modified genetic algorithm proposed based on (MPCX), is explored by solving four benchmark applications from the literature. This proposed program converge rapidly to the optimal solution in function of the number of iterations, the results demonstrate that using the approach proposed (MGA) can be applied within the very well result including the analysis of the stability of the slopes, since it presents improved performances compared to the other methods such as grid search and genetic algorithm.
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Liu, Li, Jun Liu, Futian Zhao, and Zequan Xu. "An energy-based criterion for defining slope failure considering the coupling effect of groundwater table and impact loading." Géotechnique Letters 14, no. 4 (2024): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgele.24.00074.
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Slope instability poses significant risks in tunnel construction, particularly under the influence of impact loading and fluctuations in groundwater table. This study addresses the complexity of energy transformation and distribution in slopes affected by these factors. The research aims to analyze the local dynamic Factor of Safety (FOS) from the perspective of energy-based criterion, considering groundwater table, impact loading, and load position. Key findings indicate that the groundwater table is the most influential factor on slope stability, followed by load position and impact loading. The overall dynamic FOS was observed to peak at 0.35 s and trough appears at 1.0 s during impact loading, stabilizing after 2 s. The evolution of the overall dynamic FOS is explained from the energy dissipation and transformation mechanisms. These insights provide a critical basis for risk assessment and prevention in complex slope scenarios, contributing to sustainable infrastructure development in line with UN SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).
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Liu, Li, Jun Liu, Futian Zhao, and Zequan Xu. "Energy-based criterion for slope failure considering groundwater and impact loading." Géotechnique Letters 14, no. 4 (2024): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgele.24.00065.
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Slope instability poses significant risks in tunnel construction, particularly under the influence of impact loading and fluctuations in groundwater table. This study addresses the complexity of energy transformation and distribution in slopes affected by these factors. The research aims to analyze the local dynamic Factor of Safety (FOS) from the perspective of energy-based criterion, considering groundwater table, impact loading, and load position. Key findings indicate that the groundwater table is the most influential factor on slope stability, followed by load position and impact loading. The overall dynamic FOS was observed to peak at 0.35 s and trough appears at 1.0 s during impact loading, stabilizing after 2 s. The evolution of the overall dynamic FOS is explained from the energy dissipation and transformation mechanisms. These insights provide a critical basis for risk assessment and prevention in complex slope scenarios, contributing to sustainable infrastructure development in line with UN SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).
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Rashid, Mehboob ur, Waqas Ahmed, Ihtisham Islam, Petros Petrounias, Panagiota P. Giannakopoulou, and Nikolaos Koukouzas. "Impact of Climate Change on the Stability of the Miacher Slope, Upper Hunza, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan." Climate 11, no. 5 (2023): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli11050102.
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Especially in recent years, the study of landslide phenomena is considered as very important because of the effects of climate change. The aim of this paper is to examine the stability of the slope located in Miacher Nagar village along the Hunza River (HR), using the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM). The Miacher slope rises to a height of 900 m from the foot of the Hunza River and has a base angle of 50 degrees. Meta-sediments and quaternary recent glaciated deposits make up the majority of the slope’s composition. The slope movement of Miacher was first triggered in 1995, and was further triggered in 2010 and 2013. The slope was geologically, geomorphologically, geotechnically and geochemically investigated as well as modeled by Slope/w to determine the safety factor. Soil samples were analyzed for their geotechnical, geological and geomorphological properties. The Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) was employed in this study to analyze the Factor of Safety (FOS) of the slope, based on assumptions of the Morgenstern and Price, Ordinary, Janbu and Bishop Methods, using the Slope/w software. Various factors, including pore water pressure, unit weight, cohesion, angle of internal friction and overburden, were examined by analyzing different scenarios. The findings showed that an increase in cohesion and angle of internal friction resulted in an increase in FOS, whereas an increase in unit weight and overburden caused a decrease in FOS. The influence of pore water pressure was positive to a certain extent, but a further increase led to a significant reduction in FOS. The results showed that the Miacher slope is currently stable, as all FOS values were greater than one, based on the existing strength parameters and simulated results obtained using Slope/w.
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Lotte, Julia Sophie, Daan Sem Luuk, Sven Noah Max, and Alexander Simon Nick. "The brake pressure depends upon the pedal ratio." International research journal of management, IT and social sciences 6, no. 6 (2019): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v6n6.794.
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The brake disc having a factor of safety (FOS) within the range of 2 to 3 is sustainable. The disc with a FOS less than 2 or greater than 3 undergoes distortion and are less sustainable. Theoretically it has been proven using graphs and calculations that a slight variation in the pedal ratio leads to a large variation in the clamping forces and stopping distance. As per the comparisons made from the FOS and as per result from Ansys, when the pedal force is 1200N and the pedal ratios are 7.2and 4.5, the FOS are 2.1 and 2.8 respectively. Hence the disc is sustainable. When the pedal force is 1500N, and the pedal ratio is 4.5, the FOS is 2.2. Hence in this case too, the disc is sustainable. Therefore by maintaining proper pedal ratios, the length of the pedal can be made compact and with effective braking effects. This phenomenon is useful in case of racing vehicles as it reduces the effort of driver. The proper pedal design work also determines the size of master cylinder to be adopted for the vehicle.
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Hosseini, Navid, and Mehran Gholinejad. "INVESTIGATING THE SLOPE STABILITY BASED ON UNCERTAINTY BY USING FUZZY POSSIBILITY THEORY." Archives of Mining Sciences 59, no. 1 (2014): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsc-2014-0013.
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Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the slope stability condition by using fuzzy estimation method based on fuzzy possibility theory. Due to use of this theory, the inaccuracy, ambiguity and uncertainty in input parameters are considered and therefore, the calculated factor of safety (FOS) is highly reliable. In this research, first, the input parameters of slope stability analysis, based on statistical characteristics and grade of membership concept, as a fuzzy numbers are defined. Then the performance function of slope behavior is defined and by using the fuzzy parameters, the FOS is calculated. In next step, by using the several α - cut, the calculated FOS is defined as a fuzzy form and subsequently, the slope stability condition based on fuzzy presentation of FOS is evaluated. The results show that, although based on deterministic analysis the studied slope is stable but based on fuzzy interpretation of FOS, the slope stability condition is scare. The fuzzy analysis of slope stability condition, by applying the uncertainty in calculating the FOS and defining the grade of membership for each unknown input parameters in model, a more realistic interpretation of slope stability condition is provided. In addition, the fuzzy presentation of the FOS, allowing more accurate judgments about slope stability condition.
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Karunakaran, Priyadatchini, and Walldan Wazeel. "ASSESSING THE RAPID DRAWDOWN RISKS ON SLOPE STABILITY." Journal of Engineering & Technological Advances 9, no. 1 (2024): 13–27. https://doi.org/10.35934/segi.v9i1.105.
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This study investigates the slope failure that occurred at a 152.18-acre residential development in Kulim. The unreinforced slope was reported to be deemed stable before its failure in the mid-April 2023. Continuous pumping activity for nearby basement construction had been underway for several weeks prior to the failure. To confirm the causality of drawdown effect, the groundwater level was monitored using two piezometer standpipes. The fieldwork investigation confirmed a significant difference in groundwater levels caused by the dewatering activities. By developing a numerical model using Slope/W software, slope stability analysis was performed to assess the slope performance before and after the failure, analysing the impact of dewatering. The findings revealed a significant reduction in the factor of safety (FOS) from 1.348 to 1.080, not adhering to the Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR)’s slope specifications of a minimum FOS of 1.3 for unreinforced soil. The findings also confirmed the detrimental effect of rapid drawdown on the strength of the slope. To mitigate the slope failure, gabion walls were proposed as cost-effective alternatives. This remedial measure increased the FOS to 1.612, meeting JKR specifications of a minimum FOS of 1.5 for reinforced soil. The findings highlight the importance of educating on groundwater management to enhance safety and mitigate similar risks in future projects.
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Eka Bima Saputra, Ahmad Zohari, Andriansyah, and Wahyu Bambang Sulistyo. "The Analysis Static of Chassis Robot Arm as Design Modification Induction Melting Furnace Machine Using FEA Method." Journal of Renewable Energy and Mechanics 6, no. 02 (2023): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/rem.2023.vol6.no02.14344.
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Induction furnace is a metal melting furnace that uses heater. The high temperatures can cause work accidents if not carefully. The cause of work accidents, especially machines is had mistake when initially machine designed. An alternative solution is to make improvements the machine. The researcher made a robot arm design that functions to transfer melting products and reduce work accidents like being exposed to melted metal. The researcher’s purpose is to analyze the design static of robot arm as modification induction melting furnace machine. The method is to study previous research literature related to static simulation. Researchers use the SolidWork premium 2018 software which consists of stress (von mises), displacement, and FOS (factor of safety) calculations. Based on the static simulation results, it can be concluded that the highest values of simulated stress (von mises) at 5N, 10N, and 15N loads were 13.926Mpa, 27.728Mpa, and 41.531Mpa which categorized as feasible because they were below yield strength value of 64.205Mpa. Simulation displacement, the design experienced the most significant deformation at 15N load with value of 0.337 mm. The FOS (factor of safety) value each loading were 4.610; 2.315; and 1.474 which fulfills the static load safety requirement 1.25.
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Louw, Silke. "A Case Study: Shear Interface Testing of a Constructed Geosynthetic Barrier." E3S Web of Conferences 368 (2023): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336802006.
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Since geosynthetic interfaces often serve as a weak plane on which sliding may occur, shear strengths of these interfaces need to be carefully assessed. In this case study, geosynthetic and soil samples were exhumed from the base and side slope of a constructed facility to generate site specific data. The importance of using representative materials and performing the shear interface testing under conditions similar to those expected in the field are discussed. Once the test data was available, they were used in a stability analysis software package to determine the Factor of Safety (FoS) of the barrier system. Lastly, to illustrate the risk of using literature shear strengths parameters without confirming them during construction, the FoS using actual shear strengths will be compared to the design FoS which used literature shear strengths.
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Nurdiana, Yuda, Dhimas Wicaksono, and Ferry Setiawan. "DESAIN DAN MANUFAKTUR BOX VACUUM FORMING DENGAN FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS." Teknika STTKD: Jurnal Teknik, Elektronik, Engine 11, no. 1 (2025): 20–27. https://doi.org/10.56521/teknika.v11i1.1129.
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One of the manufacturing techniques often used in industry to produce various forms of plastic components. The research stage begins with designing a box using Solidworks software, Analysis carried out on the vacuum forming box structure using finite element analysis. The results obtained are in the form of maximum stress that occurs, displacement and safety factor. The vacuum forming box structure is also subjected to a load of 51.878 N or equivalent to 5.2901 kg. The location of the force given to the vacuum forming box structure with a vertical force direction downwards, the displacement that occurs in the vacuum forming box structure with a force of 51.878 N. The largest displacement occurs at the top center of the vacuum forming box surface with a displacement of 0.75 mm. This happens because in that section the area is free or does not have a support in the middle. the safety factor value that occurs in the vacuum forming box structure with a force of 51.878 N. The safety factor value used in this analysis is 1.5. The safety factor value obtained in the vacuum box structure is 1.8. The safety factor value requirement used, then based on the data obtained, the vacuum box structure using plywood material is safe in receiving a load of 51,878 N, because the FOS value obtained is greater than the FOS standard used. In testing the tool using PET plastic with a temperature of 100 ℃ and a time of 30 seconds, the testing process begins with the preparation of the appropriate PET plastic and is placed on the part or mold of the tool to be tested. The temperature of the tool is heated to 100 ℃.
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NIK ISMAIL, Nik Mohd Khaıruddin, Mohd Azhari JOHAN, Nur Ain ABD RAHMAN, Ahmad Najmie RUSLI, Shaharudin AHMAD, and Mohd Saberi MUDA. "Structure Design and Strength Analysis of the Glass Reinforcement Plastic (GRP) Malay Traditional “Perahu Bedar”." Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 13, no. 1 (2024): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1355952.
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The Perahu Bedar, a traditional fishing boat in the Terengganu region of Malaysia, has been historically crafted from Cengal wood. In response to challenges posed by wood scarcity and limitations in skilled craftsmen, this study pioneers the exploration of Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) as a novel alternative material for constructing the traditional Perahu Bedar, measuring 4.32 meters in length. Through a rigorous analysis, the research delves into the structural design intricacies and strength attributes of the GRP Perahu Bedar, marking a significant departure from conventional wood-based construction methods. The study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the structure design and strength characteristics of the GRP Perahu Bedar. The weight, buoyancy force, and load distribution along the boat are analyzed. The data shows varying weight and buoyancy forces along the stations, with positive load values indicating upward forces contributing to buoyancy and negative load values representing downward forces. This analysis provides insights into the boat’s stability and distribution of forces. The sheer force and bending moment along the Perahu Bedar are evaluated. The sheer force values gradually increase or decrease along the boat, while the bending moment is highest at the midsection and decreases towards the ends. These results indicate the distribution of forces and stress on the boat’s structure, aiding in understanding its integrity and stability. The Factor of Safety (FoS) analysis demonstrates a FoS value of 2.2368, indicating a safety margin greater than 1. This suggests that the GRP Perahu Bedar design meets safety requirements and can withstand applied 
 
 stresses without exceeding yield strength. The FoS value provides assurance of structural integrity and safety during normal operating conditions. In summary, this study underscores the groundbreaking potential of Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) as a viable alternative to traditional wooden Perahu Bedar due to very high cost of Cengal Wood (wood that been used to build Peahu Bedar). By meticulously analyzing critical factors such as weight, buoyancy, load, shear force, bending moment, and Factor of Safety (FoS), the research offers invaluable insights into the structural integrity and safety aspects of GRP Perahu Bedar. These revelations not only herald a new era of sustainable and cost-effective boatbuilding practices but also serve as a crucial step towards safeguarding and perpetuating the rich maritime heritage of the region.
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Masri, Nurul Fauziah, Syamsul Razak Haraty, Laode Ngkoimani, and Harisma. "Engineering Geology and Slope Stability Analysis in Kendari-Andoolo Road Section, Wolasi District, South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi." Jurnal Rekayasa Geofisika Indonesia 5, no. 01 (2023): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.56099/jrgi.v5i01.15.
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This research presents the engineering geological features of the Kendari-Andoolo road section, Wolasi Sub-district, South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, a vulnerable area for landslides. The slope factor of safety (FoS) was also determined using the limit equilibrium method on a single and overall slope. Hand auger drilling and Wenner-Schlumberger configuration geoelectric surveys were conducted to estimate the slope failure plane. The study area is composed of phyllite, mudstone, and sandstone. Discontinuities at the face of the slope are N45ºE and N105ºE shear fractures, N280ºE foliation, and N310ºE fault brecciation. The overburden is low plasticity organic silt (OL) with a density range of 16.92 kN/m3-18.01kN/m3 and a plasticity index of 8.64-10.57 (medium). The FoS values of the slopes assumed rotational and nonrotational slip failures. On a single slope assuming rotational failures, the FoS value was lower than the nonrotational plane but still above the threshold value. The critical FoS is on the rotational sliding plane on the overall slope model. The slope's landslide failure plane is the clay's boundary layers and weathered phyllite.
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Men, Ni, and You Wei Sun. "Study on Slope Stability Evaluation Methods under Seismic Load." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 1508–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.1508.
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Slope dynamic factor of safety (FOS) under earthquake was calculated based on time history analysis method and compared with acceleration time history to analyze correspondence between them. In view of the fact that earthquake is a dynamic process, this paper proposed that three respects can be considered to analyze the slope stability rather than adopting a single FOS value. Firstly, the variation trend of the FOS time history can be combined with the forces on key points to analyze slope stability. Secondly, the displacement and stress vector fields can be adopted to evaluate the final slope stability. Thirdly, the variation trend of the displacement and velocity time history can be used as well. The above methods are applied to Beihoushan landslide in Hanyuan in Wenchuan earthquake to evaluate slope stability under earthquake and the analysis shows that the slope is stable as a whole.
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Melodi, Aldo, Eddy Ibrahim, and Syamsul Komar. "Desain Geometri Lereng Optimal Pada Rencana Penggalian Ulang Material Timbunan Berdasarkan Parameter Geoteknik Melalui Pendekatan Tingkat Pemadatan Timbunan." Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development 7, no. 4 (2025): 2277–90. https://doi.org/10.38035/rrj.v7i4.1615.
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This study analyzes the slope stability in Pit X of PT Bukit Asam, Tbk (PTBA), which is a former disposal area that has been re-excavated, resulting in the presence of old dump material. The objective of this study is to analyze and process the material properties used in assessing the slope stability in Pit X and to determine the optimal overall slope geometry for Pit X. In this study, the determination of material properties for slope stability analysis in Pit X was carried out by creating cross-sections, considering the position of boreholes, and processing material properties from the nearest borehole data using a class creation and interval creation approach for each material property. The material properties used are the median values of each class. The most optimal overall slope geometry consists of a single bench height of 6 meters, a single bench width of 12 meters (1:2 ratio), and a bench width of 23 meters. This slope geometry was applied to all cross-sections, resulting in a dynamic factor of safety (FoS) of 1.216 and a static FoS of 1.393 for cross-section A-A', a dynamic FoS of 1.552 and a static FoS of 2.016 for cross-section B-B', a dynamic FoS of 1.529 and a static FoS of 1.760 for cross-section C-C', and a dynamic FoS of 1.585 and a static FoS of 1.827 for cross-section D-D', all of which are considered safe. These FoS values were obtained under conditions immediately after rainfall had ceased, with a recorded rainfall intensity of 110.08 mm and a duration of 4.18 hours.
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Satoto, Sapto Wiratno, Mufti Fathonah, and Achmad Ducha Juli Ardianto. "Studi Perbandingan Desain Geometri Padeye Simetri dan Tidak Simetri." JURNAL INTEGRASI 9, no. 2 (2017): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/ji.v9i2.294.
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Salah satu metode pemindahan yang digunakan dalam pembuatan structure / module adalah pengangkatan. Prioritas utama dalam melakukan pengangkatan adalah keamanan dari struktur tersebut. Maka hal utama yang perlu diperhatikan dalam proses pengangkatan adalah perhitungan dari pengangkatan harus sesuai dengan batasan perancangan dan kapasitas dari seluruh alat angkat serta kekuatan dari struktur tersebut. Untuk mempermudah proses pengangkatan dapat menggunakan padeye sebagai alat bantu pengangkatan. Untuk membuat desain yang aman bagi semua jenis structure kita harus mengetahui perilaku mekanis dari benda tersebut. Selain perilaku mekanis apakah geometri padeye juga berpengaruh dalam perencanaan FOS (Factor of Safety) dari padeye atau tidak. Untuk mengetahui perbandingan antara geometri padeye, dilakukan proses simulasi dengan memberikan gaya pada arah yang sama, yaitu massa 1 ton (1000 Kg) asumsi sudut design load 60° dengan material S355J0. Proses simulasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan software solidwork 2013, dengan lubang pin berada tepat ditengah atau simetri (Geometri 1), quadrant lingkaran sejajar dengan sisi padeye (Geometri 2), dan lubang berada sesuai mengikuti sudut dari sling 60° (Geometri 3). Hasil simulasi menunjukkan Geometri dari padeye mempengaruhi semua aspek dari segi tegangan, regangan, peralihan, dan FOS pada saat melakukan pengangkatan. Geometri 1 memiliki FOS sebesar 4,08, geometri 2 memiliki FOS sebesar 5,94 dan geometri 3 mempunyai FOS 6,02. Jadi Geometri 3 lebih aman 47,55 % dan 1,35 % dibandingkan geometri 1 dan 2.
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Aggarwal, Srijan, Philip S. Stewart, and Raymond M. Hozalski. "Biofilm Cohesive Strength as a Basis for Biofilm Recalcitrance: Are Bacterial Biofilms Overdesigned?" Microbiology Insights 8s2 (January 2015): MBI.S31444. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/mbi.s31444.
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Bacterial biofilms are highly resistant to common antibacterial treatments, and several physiological explanations have been offered to explain the recalcitrant nature of bacterial biofilms. Herein, a biophysical aspect of biofilm recalcitrance is being reported on. While engineering structures are often overdesigned with a factor of safety (FOS) usually under 10, experimental measurements of biofilm cohesive strength suggest that the FOS is on the order of thousands. In other words, bacterial biofilms appear to be designed to withstand extreme forces rather than typical or average loads. In scenarios requiring the removal or control of unwanted biofilms, this emphasizes the importance of considering strategies for structurally weakening the biofilms in conjunction with bacterial inactivation.
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Jiang, Haoran, Xiaowen Zhou, and Ziwei Xiao. "Stability of Extended Earth Berm for High Landfill." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (2020): 6281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186281.
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This study presents a stability analysis of an extended berm reinforced by geotextiles, with a steep slope of 1V:1.1H (vertical: horizontal). Finite element (FE) analyses were carried out to explore the failure mechanism and factor of safety (FOS) of the berm, on which the effect of the strength of geotextiles, leachate level, and anti-slide pile arrangement located at the toe of the berm were considered. It was found that: (1) failure surfaces developed along the interface between the new and the existing berms; (2) the FOS decreased as the leachate increased, and an FOS value of 1.42 could be obtained if the leachate level was controlled at a height of 20 m; (3) the tensile force of geotextiles was far lower than the available strength, which suggested that the geotextile had enough of a safety reserve; and (4) one row of longer piles at the toe of the berm performed better than two rows of shorter piles if the total length of piles was the same. The design and analysis of this project can be used as a reference for landfill expansion. Especially for a site condition with limited space, a geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) berm is a safe, reliable and promising alternative.
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Abioga, Adefi, Arief Rachmansyah, and Yulvi Zaika. "Rainfall-Induced Slope Stability on Soil-Rock Mixture." Rekayasa Sipil 19, no. 1 (2025): 83–96. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.rekayasasipil.2025.019.01.11.
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Many landslides are caused by rainfall, and antecedent rainfall plays a major role in slope failure. The landslide in Bululawang, Blitar, is one example of a slope that failed during a rainfall event. The stratification of the rock and soil in this area is complicated. There are several blocks of rock and clay-based soil in the landslide region, along with limestone. This study aims to examine how rainfall affects rock-mixed soil. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was conducted to model the slope stratification combined with boring to verify the results. Soil properties mixed with rock (SRM) were estimated by rock block proportion on the slope. A transient model of slope stability analysis was created using the SEEP/W program to simulate slope seepage and SLOPE/W to compute slope stability. Following the antecedent precipitation, an extreme rainfall event occurred. The findings demonstrate how the slope in Bululawang Blitar is affected by antecedent rainfall, affecting the slope's initial state before applying intense rainfall. The elevation of the groundwater level and the pore water pressure on the slope are altered by antecedent rainfall. When examined, this phenomenon will impact the slope's safety factor. The slope safety factor (FoS) was reduced by 31.48% from 1.542 to 1.057 in the event of extreme rainfall, which does not satisfy the requirement for a slope safety factor of 1.25. The slope design utilizing a counterweight can optimally elevate the slope safety factor (FoS) from 1.057 to 1.461, which exceeds the required value of 1.25. SRM-type soil possesses high permeability, resulting in a rapid decline in the stability value of the slope in the event of extreme rainfall. Consequently, an early warning system tool is necessary to alert against landslide hazards.
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Halim, Noor, Zbigniew Lechowicz, and Mirosław Lipiński. "Stability analysis of the Mamak Dam’s behaviour under various water levels in the reservoir." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Architectura 24 (January 13, 2025): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.22630/aspa.2025.24.1.
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A dam is an engineered construction designed to store water primarily for human needs. When a dam fails, it has the potential to become a substantial disaster. Some primary causes of dam failure are excessive water leakage, landslides and earthquakes. In general, the current performance evaluation of the Mamak Dam falls into the “fairly good” category, even in the aftermath of the earthquake event with a magnitude of 6.5 Mw in 2018. In this study, the dam’s stability is analysed under seismic events, rapid drawdown and maximum daily rainfall infiltration. It is concluded that the upstream and downstream slopes were generally found to be safe in all design situations. Nevertheless, the impact of the maximum design earthquake (MDE) is notable in both pseudo-static and dynamic analyses, causing a reduction of over 50% in the factor of safety (FoS) – ultimately falling below the minimum safety threshold. Conversely, the operating basis earthquake (OBE) has a relatively minor effect on the FoS.
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Duong, Toan Thi, Duc Minh Do, and Kazuya Yasuhara. "Assessing the Effects of Rainfall Intensity and Hydraulic Conductivity on Riverbank Stability." Water 11, no. 4 (2019): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040741.
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Riverbank failure often occurs in the rainy season, with effects from some main processes such as rainfall infiltration, the fluctuation of the river water level and groundwater table, and the deformation of transient seepage. This paper has the objective of clarifying the effects of soil hydraulic conductivity and rainfall intensity on riverbank stability using numerical analysis with the GeoSlope program. The initial saturation condition is first indicated as the main factor affecting riverbank stability. Analyzing high-saturation conditions, the obtained result can be used to build an understanding of the mechanics of riverbank stability and the effect of both the rainfall intensity and soil hydraulic conductivity. Firstly, the rainfall intensity is lower than the soil hydraulic conductivity; the factor of safety (FOS) reduces with changes in the groundwater table, which is a result of rainwater infiltration and unsteady state flow through the unsaturated soil. Secondly, the rainfall intensity is slightly higher than the soil hydraulic conductivity, the groundwater table rises slowly, and the FOS decreases with both changes in the wetting front and groundwater table. Thirdly, the rainfall intensity is much higher than the soil hydraulic conductivity, and the FOS decreases dominantly by the wetting front and pond loading area. Finally, in cases with no pond, the FOS reduces when the rainfall intensity is lower than hydraulic conductivity. With low hydraulic conductivity, the wetting front is on a shallow surface and descends very slowly. The decreasing of FOS is only due to transient seepage changes of the unsaturated soil properties by losing soil suction and shear strength. These obtained results not only build a clearer understanding of the filtration mechanics but also provide a helpful reference for riverbank protection.
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Kim, Yongmin, Tze En Sim, Yuan Shen Chua, Nurdaulet Bakytuly, Alfrendo Satyanaga, and Jaan H. Pu. "Harnessing Green Cover Systems for Effective Slope Stabilization in Singapore." Land 14, no. 2 (2025): 436. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020436.
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Slope stability is crucial in civil engineering, especially in urban areas like Singapore, where heavy rainfall may result in catastrophic slope failures. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of three rectification methods, i.e., vegetation covers, GeoBarrier Systems (GBS), and Capillary Barrier Systems (CBS), in reducing rainwater infiltration for maintaining slope stability. Numerical analyses were conducted using finite element seepage and limit equilibrium slope stability software incorporating various rainfall and soil conditions to simulate real-world scenarios, focusing on the Factor of Safety (FOS) and Overdesign Factor (ODF) variations during and after rainfall events. The results from numerical analyses indicate that all three rectification methods significantly reduced negative pore pressure across slope layers under different rainfall scenarios, with CBS being slightly less efficient compared to other methods. Compared to simulations of slopes without rectification methods, the negative pore pressures of the rectified slope are improved by 50 kPa, demonstrating the effectiveness of the rectification methods in mitigating rainwater infiltration. The rectification methods showed similar trends in FOS values, with significant improvements over bare slope simulations. The FOS of the bare slope dropped by 0.7, reaching 1.0 under short, intense rainfall and 0.94 under prolonged heavy rainfall. The FOS of the slope with rectification methods remained stable, with only a 0.05 drop under different rainfall scenarios. The ODF showed similar results. Simulations with high-permeability soils revealed the same trends, confirming the rectification methods’ reliability in representing negative pore pressure and FOS accurately. These findings suggest that all three rectification methods are highly effective in maintaining slope stability under heavy rainfall, making them viable options for slope stabilization in Singapore.
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Osiński, Piotr, Richmal J. Rickson, Mike J. Hann, and Eugeniusz Koda. "Assessment of slope stability influenced by vegetation cover and additional loads applied." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Land Reclamation 46, no. 2 (2014): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sggw-2014-0007.
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Abstract Assessment of slope stability influenced by vegetation cover and additional loads applied. The article presents the results of research conducted in order to create nomographs allowing assessment of slope stability. The proposed recommendations involve graphs and charts, where factor of safety (FOS) is computed in according to six different characteristics: slope height and angle, slope surface vegetation cover, applied surcharge, position of water table, soil mechanical conditions. For the purpose of the research several geotechnical models and approaches were used and became a basis for developing simplified method of predicting the failure of natural and engineered slopes. The advantage of the solutions presented is their simplicity of use; as further FOS calculations are not required during the complex assessment of slope stability
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Jin, Caifeng, Liguo Zhu, and Cheng Huang. "One‐way coupled seepage‐stress slope stability analysis using ABAQUS." ce/papers 8, no. 2 (2025): 322–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/cepa.3126.
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AbstractSeepage is a significant contributor to slope failure. This study investigates the stability of homogenous soil slopes under steady seepage using a one‐way coupled seepage‐stress analysis in ABAQUS, with results validated against those from Slide2. Quantitative simulations across various scenarios show that both methods yield good agreement in terms of Factor of Safety (FOS) and failure surfaces, though Slide2 is found to be slightly more conservative. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis on soil parameters, specifically cohesive strength and friction angle, reveals their considerable impact on FOS and failure surface development. This study suggests that one‐way coupling provides a practical balance between computational efficiency and accuracy for slopes under steady seepage, making it suitable for routine engineering with simple hydro‐mechanical conditions.
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Li, Hong Jun, Yan Yi Zhang, and Zu Wen Yan. "A Further Study on Soil Slope Stability Analysis by Finite Element Slip Surface Stress Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 492–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.492.
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In this paper, it proves that the necessary and sufficient condition for the potential sliding body reaching the ultimate limit equilibrium state is that the summation of shear stresses along the sliding surface equals to that of resistant shear strength. Based on the rigorous theory analyses and derivations, it is clearly shown that the definition of factor of safety (FOS) in the slip surface stress method (SSSM) is irrelevant with the shape of slip surface. Thus, the authors demonstrate that the FOS of noncircular slip surface can also be defined as the ratio of the sum of resistant sliding force along slip surface to that of sliding force. Furthermore, the physical meaning of the FOS in the SSSM, which can be taken as the average evaluation of the strength reduction coefficient that makes the sliding body reach the ultimate limit equilibrium state along the slip surface in nature, is formulated on the basis of strength reserving theory rather than the overloading theory like that in the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) and the Shear Strength Reduction Method (SSRM). Finally, the factors of safety (FOS) and the locations of critical failure surfaces obtained by the SSSM, LEM and SSRM are compared for various geotechnical practices. It is found that the SSSM can achieve precise and reasonable stability assessments for the soil slopes on the basis of actual stress field. Consequently, compared with the LEM and SSRM, the SSSM is demonstrated to be effective and efficient alternative approach for routine analysis and design in geotechnical engineering practice with a high level of confidence.
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Sutrimo, Rizky Fajar, and Muhamad Fitri. "Safety device strength analysis during repair of cylinder loader up down curing machine." JTTM : Jurnal Terapan Teknik Mesin 6, no. 1 (2025): 10–19. https://doi.org/10.37373/jttm.v6i1.1201.
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While repairing the up-down loader cylinder by the tire company engineering team, a work accident occurred. The loader fell due to movement when releasing the loader cylinder and the loader load which was hanging on the nok, because it was not strong enough to support the loader, the nok fell off followed by the loader dropping. So then the engineering team installed a safety device to withstand the load of the loader if something similar happened, but until now its strength has not been tested. The aim of this research is to analyze the strength of the safety device installed on the loader using calculation analysis and test simulations with Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The research began with collecting load data received by the safety device, then carrying out theoretical calculation analysis and simulations using Solidwork software. And the result it by calculating maximum bending stress is 63,30 N/mm2 . Meanwhile, for the strength of the welded joint 424,05 kN, while the actual load received by the welded joint is 6806,891 N. So it can be stated that the welded joint is safe. In the loading simulation using Solidwork software, the maximum stress (57,279 N/mm2), the maximum deformation (0.036mm), and the FOS (4,365). Safety loaders with ASTM A36 material are declared safe because the FOS value is > 2 (safety factor based on static load)
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Morales, Camilo, Alberto Bard, and Carolina Palma. "The impact of considering the vertical seismic coefficient kv on the pseudostatic slope stability analysis of downstream tailings sand dams." Obras y Proyectos, no. 32 (December 2022): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21703/0718-51620202203203.
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In Chile, the limit equilibrium analysis under pseudostatic conditions is compulsory according to the Supreme Decree 248 (DS248, 2007), which establishes a minimum factor of safety (FoS) of 1.2 for stability analysis. In Chilean geotechnical practice, it is usually considered just the horizontal seismic coefficient (kh) for the analyses. However, there is a constant discussion about the necessity of applying both horizontal and vertical seismic coefficient (kv) into the analyses. In addition, there is uncertainty about what kv/kh should be considered and the effect that the sense of application (upward or downward) could have on the FoS. This paper presents an analysis of the effect of considering different |kv|/kh from 0 to 1 on both analysis directions for generic downstream tailings sand dam. Based on this, different dam heights, beach lengths and seepage conditions are also analysed. The obtained results show that when both kh and kv are applied, the FoS increase if kv acts downward and decrease when it acts upward. In addition, the effect for |kv|/kh ≤ 0.5 is almost neglectable, especially for kh ≤ 0.15. Furthermore, although a short beach length significantly impacts the FoS, the influence of applying both kh and kv seems to be independent of the beach length