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1
Payne, Martha Elizabeth Haines Pamela S. "Nutritional factors of vascular depression." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,312.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Nutrition." Discipline: Nutrition; Department/School: Public Health.
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Scannell, Claire. "Psychosocial factors in postpartum depression." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6552.
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This study examined 214 New Zealand women, both during pregnancy and in the postpartum, in order to determine the influence of infant-related stressors, unplanned pregnancy, social support and the role of the marital relationship in the development of postpartum depression. The relationship of demographic factors, the woman's feelings about having a new baby in the family and previous history of depression were also analyzed.
The prevalence of depressive symptomatology was 30.8% during pregnancy and 39.7% in the postpartum. Postpartum depression was predicted by depression during pregnancy, by poorer postpartum marital adjustment and by lower levels of postpartum social support. The strongest predictor of the change in depression scores over time was depression during pregnancy. The important role of depression during pregnancy in the etiology of postpartum depression, suggests that postpartum depression is a continuation of depression during pregnancy.
Women who were more depressed during pregnancy tended to be younger, of lower socio-economic status, and to have a reported history of depressive episodes prior to their pregnancies. Higher levels of prepartum depression were also related to women's feelings of being unhappier about having a new baby in the family, to poorer marital adjustment, and to lower levels of social support during pregnancy.
Depression during pregnancy was found to be more likely to have a negative effect on marital adjustment than poor marital adjustment on depression. Similarly, depression during pregnancy was found to be more likely to have a negative effect on social support, than vice versa.
However, further regression analyses, showed that postpartum marital adjustment and postpartum social support had a strong relation to postpartum depression, irrespective of the levels of prepartum marital adjustment, prepartum social support, and prepartum depression.
Contrary to predictions, neither infant temperament, nor infant risk were related to postpartum depression.
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Gerstein, Stephanie Hannah. "Examining the Children's Depression Inventory factors' ability to predict outcomes of depression." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0020/MQ43876.pdf.
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Holttum, Susan. "Depression : cognitive, social, environmental and emotional factors." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2654.
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This work examined four issues, in relation to both the experience of depression, and vulnerability to depression. There were four empirical studies, each with two parts. The first study examined the role of cognitions, such as overgeneralizations (Beck, 1963; Beck et al, 1979), and causal attributions (Abramson et al, 1978; Alloy et al, 1988). Their role as symptoms of depression, and as possible vulnerability factors, independent of current mood, was examined. In the first part of the study, clinically depressed patients, recovered subjects, and community control subjects were interviewed and given questionnaires. In the second part of the study a larger sample of students, some of whom became mildly depressed on beginning university filled in questionnaires at the start of term and again five weeks later. The same subject groups were the basis for the study on social factors, and the study on life events. The fourth study was also in two parts. A different sample of students were the subjects for the first part, and the same clinical and control groups participated in the second part. Factors found to be associated with the state of depression were: Internal, stable and global attributions for the causes of bad events, negative view of future outcomes, and negative view of self; social skill deficits and lack of social support; recent difficult life events. One factor failed to show any strong association with the depressed state – unrealistic goals. Factors associated with vulnerability to depression: Negative evaluations of future outcomes, and of self, unrealistic goals and, surprisingly, lower-than-normal goals; deficits in social skill (especially low self-confidence in social settings) and lack of social support; history-of difficult life events. Factors which failed to show association with vulnerability to depression: Causal-attributions for events; adverse reaction to depression itself. Deficits in social skill were associated with lack of social support. Depression proneness itself appeared to be a risk factor for negative life events.
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Haynes, Patricia L. "Circadian impact of psychosocial factors in depression /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3094609.
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Hibbard, Kate Clara. "Relationship Between Attachment and Depression: Mediating Factors." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1317929391.
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Crossett, Sarah E. "Interpersonal and cognitive risk factors for postpartum depression." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.
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Tweedy, Maureen P. "Metabolic Syndrome and Psychosocial Factors." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc11005/.
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Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of risk factors, including abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high fasting glucose, that commonly cluster together and can result in cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the components that comprise the syndrome vary by age and by racial/ethnic group. In addition, previous research has indicated that the risk factors contributing to metabolic syndrome may be exacerbated by exposure to perceived stress. This study utilized data from the 2002, 2004, and 2006 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data sets. It was hypothesized that depression and anxiety (conceptualized as stress in this study) increase the risk of presenting with metabolic syndrome while social support decreases the risk of metabolic syndrome. While results of cross-sectional analysis do not indicate a significant relationship between depression and metabolic syndrome (t = -.84, ns), longitudinal analysis does indicate a significant relationship between depression and metabolic syndrome over time (t = -5.20, p <.001). However, anxiety is not significantly related to metabolic syndrome when the relationship is examined through cross-sectional analysis (t = -1.51, ns) and longitudinal analysis (χ² = 13.83, ns). Similarly, social support is not significantly related to metabolic syndrome when examined in cross-sectional (χ² = .63, ns) and longitudinal (t = 1.53, ns) analysis. Although level of stress is not significantly related to metabolic syndrome as a whole, there is a significant relationship between stress and both triglyceride level (t = -2.94, p = .003) and blood glucose level (t = -3.26, p = .001).
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Mutiso, Lori A. "Factors Influencing Depression in Men: A Qualitative Investigation." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/nursing_etds/15.
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The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study is to describe men’s experiences of depression in order to provide direction for future research of the screening, diagnosing, and treatment of men's depression. Previous research indicates that men experience different depressive symptoms than women, and there is a possibility that men's depression is not being adequately captured by current screening standards, which would theoretically lead to a large number of men with unrecognized, undiagnosed, and untreated depression. If this is the case, this may explain the disproportionately low number of men diagnosed with depression compared to women, in contrast to the disproportionately high number of men who complete suicides. There is a need in the literature for descriptions of depression experienced by men in order to determine the adequacy of current psychometric screening tools and approaches to treatment which are currently in practice. This qualitative study seeks to begin to fill in this gap in the literature. Key findings indicate that intentionally and unintentionally hide their feelings of depression, and that men experience anger as an early sign of depression. In addition, men often do not recognize their distress as depression until someone else suggests they seek professional help; and men use various methods of distraction to cope with their distress, including excessive working, sleeping, eating, TV watching, and alcohol consumption. Recommendations for further research are discussed.
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Hinckley, Michael. "Socioecological factors that affect adolescent nervousness and depression." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527709.
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The purpose of this study was to examine various social and ecological factors that affect adolescents' nervousness and/or depression. Secondary data from the 2011- 2012 California Health Institute Survey were used to examine these factors. Chi-Square analyses were utilized to test if relationships existed between the variables in the data. This study examined race, poverty level, immigration status, physical well-being, safety of environment, and the receipt of psychological/emotional counseling as factors for influencing feelings of nervousness and/or depression among adolescents. Results indicated that adolescents feeling nervous were affected by race, poverty level, environmental safety, and the receipt of psychological/emotional counseling. Feeling nervous did not have a significant association with physical well-being in this study. Furthermore, adolescent depression was affected by race, poverty level, physical well-being, environmental safety, and the receipt of psychological/emotional counseling. Immigration status was not found to be associated with affecting adolescent nervousness or depression. Further research is suggested.
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Cerel, Julie. "The role of family factors in childhood depression." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1375275484.
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Sorohan, Helen Henrietta. "Psychosocial factors and pregnancy outcome." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273937.
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Augustsson, Linnea, and Carolina Chamoun. "Riskfaktorer för depression och sjuksköterskors möjligheter att identifiera depression hos äldre : En litteraturöversikt." Thesis, Ersta Sköndal Bräcke högskola, Institutionen för vårdvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:esh:diva-5947.
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Bakgrund: Depression blir allt vanligare men ändå diagnostiseras endast cirka hälften av dem som drabbas. Svårigheterna med att bli diagnostiserad ökar med åldern då äldre ofta upplever mer somatiska symtom vid depression och sjukvården har en stor kunskapslucka kring identifieringen och vilka riskfaktorer som inverkar. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa riskfaktorer som kan inverka på utvecklingen av en depression hos äldre och de möjligheter sjuksköterskor har att identifiera depression hos äldre personer. Metod: En litteraturöversikt gjordes på valt ämne. Studier söktes genom databaserna: MEDLINE, CINAHL Complete, ASSIA och Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection. De sökord som användes var: depression, older adults, older, nurse/nurses, identify, recognize, risk factors och elderly. Fribergs analysmetod användes vid analys av artiklarna. Resultat: Resultatet i litteraturöversikten redovisas utifrån de två kategorier som framkom genom analysen av artiklarna. Första kategorin beskriver de riskfaktorer som kan inverka på depression hos äldre och den andra beskriver sjuksköterskans möjligheter till att identifiera depression. De riskfaktorer som kan inverka på en depression är livskvalitetens inverkan och somatisk inverkan. Sjuksköterskans möjligheter till att identifiera depression sammanställdes till kunskap och utbildning samt tid för samtal. Diskussion: Styrkor och svagheter diskuteras i metoddiskussionen och resultatet diskuteras i relation till syfte, bakgrund och Barkers tidsvattenmodell i resultatdiskussionen.Background: Depression is becoming more common but only half of the cases are getting diagnosed. The difficulties of getting a diagnose increases with age and the elderly have more somatic symptoms of depression. There is a huge knowledge gap within healthcare sector relating to the identification of depression and the risk factors that influence it. Aim: The aim is to highlight the risk factors that may influence the development of depression among the elderly and the opportunities nurses have to identify depression among the older people. Method: A litterature review was made on the chosen topic. Studies were searched through the databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL Complete, ASSIA and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection. The keywords that were used was: depression, older adults, older, nurse/nurses, identify, recognize, risk factors and elderly. Friberg’s analytical method was used to analys the articles. Results: Two categories were presented in the result. The first category descibes the risk factors that may effect depression among the elderly and the second category describes the nurses possibilities to identify depression. The risk factors that may effect a depression are: quality of life and somatic impact. The nurses ability to identify depression among elderly were compiled into knowledge, education and time for dialog. Discussion: Strength and weaknesses are discussed in the method discussion while the results are discussed in relation to the purpose, background and Barkers tidalmodel in the result discussion.
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Stange, Jonathan P. "Inflexibility and Vulnerability to Depression." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/346556.
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PsychologyPh.D.
Although existing research has evaluated various cognitive, behavioral, physiological, and environmental risk factors for depression (Johnson, Cuellar, & Miller, 2009), previous studies have typically focused on the content of cognitive styles and coping styles when evaluating vulnerability to depression (e.g., Alloy et al., 2006; Compas et al., 2009). However, recent research has suggested that the ability to flexibly engage in different thoughts, strategies, and behaviors that fit situational demands may be most indicative of psychological health (Bonanno & Burton, 2013; Fresco, Williams, & Nugent, 2006a; Kashdan & Rottenberg, 2010). Existing studies have typically evaluated inflexibilities in isolation without examining commonalities among these factors, and few studies have evaluated inflexibilities as prospective predictors of depression within a vulnerability-stress framework. Thus, the present study was designed to examine (1) which forms of cognitive, behavioral, and psychophysiological inflexibility confer vulnerability to depressive symptoms, particularly when individuals are confronted with life stressors, (2) whether elevations in depressive symptoms prospectively predict decreases in coping flexibility and explanatory flexibility and increases in rumination, and (3) the extent to which explanatory and coping flexibilities are associated with other cognitive, behavioral, and physiological indices of flexibility. A sample of 187 university students completed a multi-wave study, which included a baseline assessment of components of cognitive, behavioral, and autonomic flexibility and symptoms of depression, and four follow-up waves (once every three weeks) assessing the occurrence of negative life events, event-specific explanatory and coping flexibilities, and symptoms of depression. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to test the hypotheses that baseline inflexibilities would predict prospective symptoms of depression, particularly when individuals encountered high levels of negative life events relative to their own mean level of events. Partial support for these hypotheses was found. Deficits in set-shifting predicted greater prospective symptoms of depression. Extreme attributions, brooding, and deficits in cognitive inhibition, autonomic reactivity and recovery interacted with negative life events to predict prospective symptoms of depression. Additionally, elevations in depressive symptoms predicted prospective increases in the use of rumination, but did not predict reductions in explanatory or coping flexibilities. Extreme pessimistic attributions were associated with set-shifting deficits and lack of autonomic flexibility, whereas coping flexibility was associated with greater autonomic flexibility. Overall, the results suggest that assessing components of inflexibility may help to identify individuals who are vulnerable to experiencing depression. They also suggest that enhancing flexibility is a possible mechanism by which interventions (e.g., mindfulness training) may reduce vulnerability to depression.
Temple University--Theses
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Mensforth, Helen Lestelle. "An examination of different explanations of gender differences in depression using a sample of midlife women /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm5488.pdf.
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Kunsak, Nancy Elizabeth. "Factors of Depression in the Elderly: Assessment and Implications for Diagnosis." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331201/.
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The problem of assessment and diagnosis of depression in the elderly begins with the definition of depression being indefinite. In this study, the theory of learned helplessness was chosen because of its value in organizing research within a learning theory framework. The Beck Depression Inventory, measures of fluid and crystallized intellectual ability, locus of control, and attribution of success and failure were chosen as variables for an exploratory factor analysis. The purpose of selecting these variables was to assess the cognitive, motivational, and affective components of learned helplessness as they affected the responses of elderly subjects to depression items. Self report measures of income, education, and health, were included to assess the relationship of these variables to depression. A somatic factor was predicted to correlate with an affective factor of depression.
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Tsui, Chi-man. "Risk factors associated with geriatric depression in Hong Kong /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31384584.
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Tsui, Chi-man, and 徐志文. "Risk factors associated with geriatric depression in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45010420.
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Liu, Chak-chun Jeffrey, and 劉澤俊. "Specific and common vulnerability factors to anxiety and depression." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45588491.
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Evangelista, Kimberly. "Factors Associated with Depression in Adult Cardiac Surgery Patients." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1163.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Nursing
Nursing
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Li, Amanda. "Factors contributing to depression among older Chinese American adults." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1584936.
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The purpose of this research was to explore depression among older Chinese American adults. Secondary data from the California Health Interview Survey were used to explore factors that impact depression among older Chinese-American adults living in California. This study utilized several bivariate analyses to employ results including frequency, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and correlation. The study found that language spoken by the respondent is directly correlated to depression. However, the study found that language barriers did not exist among the respondents within the healthcare setting due to similar languages spoken by their primary care provider. Furthermore, a significant relationship was found between older Chinese Americans and depression when the respondent had heart disease, arthritis, gout, and/or lupus. Although, there were results consistent with the literature, there were numerous insignificant relationships between the factors explored and depression.
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Roiser, Jonathan Paul. "Genetic, neurochemical and cognitive factors in understanding unipolar depression." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614897.
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Topalian, Alique G. "Neighborhood Factors and Adolescent Depression: A National Representative Study." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1593170405001069.
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Wilson-Barnardo, Jo. "Therapeutic factors in short-term group psychotherapy for depression." Thesis, University of Essex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425848.
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Franche, Renée-Louise. "Self-criticism and dependency as vulnerability factors to depression." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30809.
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The present study investigated the interpersonal schemata of self-criticism and interpersonal dependency as cognitive vulnerability factors to depression. The study's primary hypothesis was that dependency and self-criticism schemata remain stable at remission and that they are independent of mood. Stability in these two factors was related both to their self-report at remission and to their endurance as components influencing the information processing of patients during remission.
Twenty clinically depressed individuals, 20 remitted depressives, and 20 normal controls were compared on memory tasks, a modified Stroop task, the Depressive Experience Questionnaire (DEQ) and the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory (IDI). The above instruments converged to measure dependency and self-criticism.
Current and remitted depressives reported significantly higher levels of self-criticism and interpersonal dependency than the normal control group, when measured by the DEQ and the IDI. Performance on the three memory tasks was more ambiguous. For the free recall task, remitted depressives recalled more self-critical traits than other traits; however, the control group also recalled more self-critical traits than dependent ones, and the current depressives did not show the predicted bias. Performance on the recognition and impression formation tasks did not support' the study's main hypothesis. For the Stroop interference scores, currently depressed individuals demonstrated a trend to have more interference on the mood-congruent cards than the normal control group.
Overall, the three components of the study -- questionnaires, memory tasks and Stroop task -- elicited three different patterns of results. The DEQ and the IDI indicated the presence of self-criticism and dependency in both current and remitted depressives, and thus supported
the schemata's stability and independence from mood. Performance on the memory tasks offered weak support to the proposition that remitted depressives process information according to a self-critical schema, although no evidence was obtained for the dependent schema. Results of performance on the Stroop task suggested the presence of a mood congruent attentional bias in currently depressed individuals; however, no evidence was found for a self-critical or dependent attentional bias in either groups of depressives.
Two explanations are offered to interpret the conflicting findings. First, a negative mood induction may be necessary to prime the interpersonal schemata. Second, tasks that are more self-focused, such as the questionnaires, than other-focused, such as the memory and Stroop tasks, may be needed to activate the schemata.Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate
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Claxton, Jade. "Depression in trauma-exposed children and adolescents : an exploration of risk factors and PTSD-depression comorbidity." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2017. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/66838/.
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Background: Whilst traumatic exposure appears common and the majority remain resilient, some go on to develop depression and PTSD. Childhood and adolescence is a critical period for more deleterious and long-term impacts of trauma exposure; but crucially to date research has been limited. Post-traumatic depression and PTSD-depression comorbidity are particular facets of child and adolescent trauma responses that require increased focus. Aims: This portfolio presents two research elements: a synthesis of the literature aims to examine risk factors for post-traumatic depression in children and adolescents; an empirical study aims to investigate cognitive appraisals, cognitive avoidance and rumination as potential shared cognitive vulnerabilities in PTSD and depression. Methods: a systematic keyword search of the literature between 1980 and 2016 yielded 647 studies. Fifty-nine studies were identified for inclusion (N=45,688) and meta-analyses were conducted for 12 potential risk factors for post-traumatic depression. A community sample of 280 school-aged adolescents (12-15 years) reporting trauma exposure completed measures of PTSS, depression, trauma-related and depressogenic appraisals, cognitive avoidance and rumination. Findings: Pre-trauma and peri-trauma risk factors largely generated small effect sizes (r=.10 – r=.21) whereas post-trauma risk factors largely generated moderate to large effect sizes (r=.29 – r=.58). Comorbid PTSD was the most prominent risk factor. Negative cognitive appraisals, cognitive avoidance and rumination were found to be strong, equivalent correlates of PTSS and depression symptoms; endorsed by all probable diagnostic groups; and significant predictors in hierarchical regression models of PTSS and depression symptoms. Conclusions: post-trauma environment and responses appear important in determining post-traumatic depression in children in adolescents. Cognitive appraisals, cognitive avoidance and rumination are found to be shared cognitive vulnerabilities in PTSD and depression and may underlie comorbidity. Targets for assessment, monitoring and treatment are highlighted.
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Draganov, Metodi. "Neurobiological factors associated with treatment response and resistance in Major Depression." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671083.
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La depressió és una malaltia heterogènia que afecta una part substancial de la població mundial en algun moment determinat de la seva vida. En els casos lleus, la gent pot sentir tristesa i apatia durant diversos dies per les coses que li agradava fer a la vida quotidiana, mentre que en els casos greus la persona pot necessitar una combinació d’antidepressius i psicoteràpia durant diversos anys. En aquests darrers casos, iniciar el tractament tard, per diversos factors com ara un diagnòstic poc clar, pot dificultar les possibilitats futures d’èxit. Fins el moment, el diagnòstic es basa en un examen clínic dels símptomes exposats. El principal problema ve del fet esmentat que, tot i que la depressió té subtipus altament heterogenis, els metges encara no tenen el coneixement precís dels factors neurobiològics associats, i especialment dels de la depressió resistent al tractament. En aquests casos, el tractament estàndard d’assaig i error amb antidepressius pot tenir resultats perjudicials per a la salut mental del pacient, així com per a la societat si se’n mesuren les pèrdues econòmiques per absència a la feina i el cost d’un tractament més llarg. Per tant, es fa necessari esbrinar els factors neurobiològics associats a la resposta i resistència al tractament per proporcionar pistes per a un tractament dirigit amb més precisió i augmentar la taxa de resposta. Aquesta tesi se centra a crear i ampliar el coneixement existent proporcionant proves de nous marcadors genètics, epigenètics i de neuroimatge per a la resistència al tractament, especialment els relacionats amb la inflamació.
El primer estudi va explorar 153 pacients deprimits que es van puntuar en funció del seu nivell de resistència i, en funció d’això, es van dividir en dos grups: resistents i no resistents. Les dues mostres es van comparar en diverses anàlisis genètiques (al·lel, genotip, haplotip) i epigenètiques (estat de metilació). Els resultats van suggerir que les variants dels gens IL-1β, IL-6 i IL-6R es podrien associar a la resistència.
El segon estudi va investigar possibles alteracions neuroquímiques glutamatèrgiques associades a una pitjor resposta mesurada amb espectroscòpia de ressonància magnètica. Cinquanta pacients van proporcionar mostres per genotipar i es van sotmetre a un protocol estandarditzat per adquirir nivells metabòlics a la zona ventromedial de l’escorça prefrontal. Els resultats van mostrar que una de les mutacions genètiques examinades situada a la zona promotora del gen IL-1β podria estar associada amb un augment dels nivells glutamatèrgics i una major resistència al tractament.
En conclusió, els resultats d’ambdós estudis suggereixen que la depressió resistent al tractament podria representar un subtipus separat caracteritzat per factors neurobiològics específics. El gen IL-1β, juntament amb el complex de gens IL-6 / IL-6R semblen tenir un paper específic en la resposta als antidepressius, de manera que proporcionen una gran oportunitat per a més investigacions i objectius provisionals per desenvolupar nous tractaments personalitzats en un futur proper.La depresión es una enfermedad heterogénea que afecta a una parte sustancial de la población mundial en algún momento determinado de su vida. En los casos leves, la gente puede sentir tristeza y apatía durante varios días por las cosas que le gustaba hacer en la vida cotidiana, mientras que en los casos graves la persona puede necesitar una combinación de antidepresivos y psicoterapia durante varios años. En estos últimos casos, iniciar el tratamiento tarde, por varios factores como un diagnóstico poco claro, puede dificultar las posibilidades futuras de éxito. Hasta el momento, el diagnóstico se basa en un examen clínico de los síntomas expuestos. El principal problema viene del hecho mencionado que, aunque la depresión tiene subtipo altamente heterogéneos, los médicos aún no tienen el conocimiento preciso de los factores neurobiológicos asociados, y especialmente los de la depresión resistente al tratamiento. En estos casos, el tratamiento estándar de ensayo y error con antidepresivos puede tener resultados perjudiciales para la salud mental del paciente, así como para la sociedad si se miden las pérdidas económicas por ausencia al trabajo y el coste de un tratamiento más largo. Por lo tanto, se hace necesario averiguar los factores neurobiológicos asociados a la respuesta y resistencia al tratamiento para proporcionar pistas para un tratamiento dirigido con más precisión y aumentar la tasa de respuesta. Esta tesis se centra en crear y ampliar el conocimiento existente proporcionando pruebas de nuevos marcadores genéticos, epigenéticos y de neuroimagen para la resistencia al tratamiento, especialmente los relacionados con la inflamación. El primer estudio exploró 153 pacientes deprimidos que se puntuaron en función de su nivel de resistencia y, en función de ello, se dividieron en dos grupos: resistentes y no resistentes. Las dos muestras se compararon en varias análisis genéticos (alelo, genotipo, haplotipo) y epigenéticas (estado de metilación). Los resultados sugirieron que las variantes de los genes IL-1β, IL-6 e IL-6R se podrían asociar a la resistencia. El segundo estudio investigó posibles alteraciones neuroquímicas glutamatérgicas asociadas a una peor respuesta medida con espectroscopia de resonancia magnética. Cincuenta pacientes proporcionaron muestras para genotipar y se sometieron a un protocolo estandarizado para adquirir niveles metabólicos en la zona ventromedial de la corteza prefrontal. Los resultados mostraron que una de las mutaciones genéticas examinadas situada en la zona promotora del gen IL-1β podría estar asociada con un aumento de los niveles glutamatérgicos y una mayor resistencia al tratamiento. En conclusión, los resultados de ambos estudios sugieren que la depresión resistente al tratamiento podría representar un subtipo separado caracterizado por factores neurobiológicos específicos. El gen IL-1β, junto con el complejo de genes IL-6 / IL-6R parecen tener un papel específico en la respuesta a los antidepresivos, por lo que proporcionan una gran oportunidad para más investigaciones y objetivos provisionales para desarrollar nuevos tratamientos personalizados en un futuro próximo.
Depression is a heterogeneous disease affecting a substantial part of the world population at a given point in their life. In the mild cases people might feel sad and loose passion for several days for the things they enjoy doing in everyday life, while in the severe cases the person might need a combination of antidepressants and psychotherapy for several years. In the latter cases, starting the treatment late due to various factors such as unclear diagnose can hinder the future chances of success. At the moment the diagnosis is based on a clinical examination of the exhibited symptoms. The major problem comes from the aforementioned fact that while depression has highly heterogeneous subtypes, clinicians still lack the precise knowledge of the neurobiological factors associated with them, especially evident in Treatment Resistant Depression. In these cases, the standard trial and error treatment with antidepressants can have detrimental results for the patient’ mental health, as well as for the society measured in economic losses due to absence at work and cost of longer treatment. Therefore, neurobiological factors associated with treatment response and resistance are highly desirable in order to provide clues for more precisely targeted treatment and increase the response rate. This thesis is focused on building on and expanding the existing knowledge by providing evidence for novel genetic, epigenetic and neuroimaging markers for treatment resistance, especially those related to inflammation. The first study explored 153 depressed patients that were scored on their level of resistance and based on this they were divided into resistant and non-resistant group. The two samples were compared in several genetic (allele, genotype, haplotype) and epigenetic (methylation status) analyses. The results suggested that variants in the IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-6R genes might be associated with resistance. The second study investigated potential neurochemical glutamatergic alterations associated with worse response measured by MRI Spectroscopy. 50 patients provided samples for genotyping and underwent a standardized protocol to acquire metabolic levels at the vmPFC area. Results showed that one of the examined genetic mutation located in the promoter area of the IL-1β gene might be associated with increased glutamatergic levels and increased resistance. In conclusion, the results from both studies suggest that Treatment Resistant Depression might represent a separate subtype characterized by specific neurobiological factors. The IL-1β gene, together with the IL-6/IL-6R genes complex seem to play a specific role in the response to antidepressants, hence providing an exciting opportunity for further investigation and tentative targets for developing novel personalized treatments in the near future.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Neurociències
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Roberts, Del Re Marilyn R. "Risk factors for depression and anxiety, parenting, personality and coping." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ62351.pdf.
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Cameron, Isobel M. "Recognition of depression in primary care : associated factors and outcomes." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=202543.
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Eales, Martin James. "Social factors in the occurrence of depression and allied disorders." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1986. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/321002e0-d7e5-4155-8660-ffe1eae9063f/1/.
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A retrospective study was conducted in a sample of 80 unemployed men selected from an unemployment benefit office in London. Psychiatric state was assessed using reliable, clinically-oriented, criteria for the diagnosis of affective disorders (depressive and anxiety states), and the date of onset of any disorder ascertained. Feelings of shame over unemployment were rated using explicit criteria, and information on life events, and difficulties, and a variety of other social factors ,collected using established procedures. Among men who were well at the time of job loss, one in seven subsequently developed a relatively severe ('case') affective disorder, and one in three a severe or a mild ('borderline case'?) disorder. Most of these were depressive states and had arisen in close proximity to the event of job loss. Factors found to increase the risk of onset of a disorder following job loss were (1) the lack of an intimate relationship with a wife or girlfriend (for the more severe disorders only) ; (2) economic difficulties antedating the present spell of unemployment (pre-existing money difficulties or a past history of insecure employment) and (3) the personality trait of shyness (each for the more severe and the milder disorders). Feelings of shame were reported by one in four men, and these were also associated with previous economic difficulties and with trait shyness. Shame was strongly associated with the onset of an affective disorder following job loss, and analysis indicated that the most likely explanation for this was that shame and affective disorder were both related to a common mediating factor, which it was suggested may have been chronically low or acutely damaged self-esteem.
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Rodriguez, Irene. "Factors That Influence Whether Mexican Americans With Depression Seek Treatment." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5588.
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Mexican Americans, the largest Hispanic subgroup in the United States, tend to underuse mental health services. Grounded in Andersen's behavioral model of health services use, the purpose of this nonexperimental study was to examine the likelihood of birth country, education, income, and insurance predicting which respondents would report seeking mental health services to treat depression. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to diagnose depression in 203 Mexican Americans whose data was archived from the primary study. This archived data was analyzed within this study. The results of the 2 x 2 chi-square tests of independence indicated a significant association between a person's birth country and the likelihood that a person will seek mental health treatment, with U.S.-born participants more likely to seek mental health treatment than foreign-born participants. There were no significant bivariate associations found between education, income, or insurance and seeking mental health treatment. The full model containing the 4 independent variables was statistically significant per the results of the binary logistic regression analysis. This finding indicates that the model reliably distinguished between respondents who reported seeking and not seeking mental health treatment. The results of the binary logistic regression analysis indicated education was the only independent variable that made a uniquely significant contribution to the model, with participants with 12 years or more of education more likely to seek mental health treatment. The implications for positive social change include the potential to provide communities and health care providers knowledge of the factors that influence whether Mexican Americans with depression access mental health.
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Hepgul, Nilay. "Cognitive, biological and psychosocial factors predicting interferon-alpha-induced depression." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/cognitive-biological-and-psychosocial-factors-predicting-interferonalphainduced-depression(bcba081e-60d5-4ccb-9085-1b47bb256013).html.
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Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with the development of depression and other neuropsychiatric adverse effects. However, well-defined predictors of this depression are still lacking. Several interlinked biological systems as well as cognitive and psychosocial factors may predispose individuals to the development of IFN-α-induced depression. The aim of this study was to identify such predictive factors as well as prospectively monitor the impact of IFN-α on a variety of clinical and biological outcomes. Forty-eight patients with chronic HCV infection were recruited and assessed at baseline and after 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks of IFN-α treatment. At each assessment, patients were evaluated with a number of questionnaires as well as the structured Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Blood samples were also collected at all time points as well as salivary cortisol at baseline and end of treatment. IFN-α-induced depression developed in 40% of patients. Patients who developed IFN-α-induced depression had more negative illness perceptions, lower baseline levels of cortisol during the day, and lower baseline levels of kynurenic acid. Patients who developed IFN-α-induced depression also had altered gene expression in a number of pathways relevant for depression such as inflammation and neuroplasticity. Finally, detection and management of depression in this population is shown to be a complex process, reliant on the availability of clinical experts and good communication within a multidisciplinary team. In conclusion, the findings of this study provide evidence for a number of cognitive, psychosocial and biological predictors of IFN-α-induced depression. These findings provide a rationale to test the effect of preventative cognitive interventions in these patients. However, future studies are needed to confirm some of these novel clinical and biological predictors, as well as to look at the interplay between these factors.
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Ivanecka, Ada. "Factors that influence treatment choices made by people with depression." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2015. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/53403/.
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Background: People with depression should be actively involved in deciding what treatment they are prescribed. In order to facilitate informed decision-making, healthcare professionals need to be aware of, and respond to, the decision-making issues patients find important. Whilst a number of factors have been related to particular treatment decisions in depression, little is known about how these factors relate to each other and how influential people think they are in relation to treatment decision-making. Aim: To better understand what factors influence treatment decisions made by depressed people. Method: Using concept mapping, an established mixed methods design, I collected and compared the views of patients (n=28), their family and friends (n=14) and healthcare workers (n=22). The method involves three data collection tasks. 1. Brainstorming – within the group or in individual sessions, participants brainstorm about the factors that influence treatment decisions made by depressed people. The factors are recorded as individual ‘statements’, and pooled at the end of the phase in order to be reviewed and reduced to below 98. All participants are invited again to take part in the following tasks. 2. Clustering – participants individually put together into groups the statements that they consider to be related based on their own criteria. 3. Prioritising – participants individually rank their perceived relative importance of each statement with regards to its effect on patients’ treatment decisions. Results: The three stakeholder groups differed significantly in their opinions about which factors they considered to be most influential l of patients’ treatment decisions. These factors included patients’ insight, emotional states (i.e. how I feel right now), external views about depression (stigma) and doctors’ advice. I also identified five subgroups of patients with depression who differed significantly in their views about how they make treatment decisions. Conclusion: To facilitate more considered decisions about depression treatment, mental health professionals need to better understand how treatment choices are made. Health professionals should be more vigilant to the differences of individual patients.
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Yip, Nga-ting Keziah. "Factors associated with depressive symptoms in Hong Kong : a cross-sectional survey /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/b3972430x.
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Skitch, Steven. "The relationship between substance use disorders and depression in adolescence: an examination of cognitive vulnerability factors to depression." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18664.
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Adolescent substance use is a major public health concern with prevalence rates of substance use disorders increasing markedly during this developmental period. Substance use disorders frequently co-occur with depressive disorders and such comorbidity leads to a more chronic, severe course of illness. Self-medication models propose that substance use is employed as a strategy for coping with negative affective states such as depression, a pattern of consumption which increases vulnerability for the development of substance use problems. Individuals who are susceptible to experiencing heightened, persistent emotional distress in response to stress are posited to be most likely to employ substance use as a coping strategy. As such, factors that predict vulnerability to the onset and maintenance of depressive symptoms may also predict vulnerability to substance use disorders. Cognitive theories of vulnerability to depression have generated considerable theoretical and empirical interest among both adult and adolescents populations. Despite this proliferation of research, there have been few studies seeking to examine cognitive vulnerability factors to depression as predictors of substance use disorder symptoms. The purpose of this dissertation was to prospectively examine cognitive vulnerability factors to depression as predictors of substance use disorder symptoms among adolescents. Specifically, the research examined a depressogenic attributional style and a ruminative response style as predictors of substance use disorder symptoms. The research described in Chapter 2 examined the tendency to ruminate in response to stress as a vulnerability factor and found that adolescents who ruminate reported greater elevations in both depressive symptoms and substance use problems following elevations in negative life events than adolescent who do not tend to ruminate. Furthermore, elevations in negative affect symptoms of depression were found to mediatLe taux de prévalence d'utilisation de substances psychoactives augmente de façon marquée durant l'adolescence, en faisant un problème de santé d'intérêt public majeur. Le trouble lié à l'utilisation d'une substance est fréquemment identifié chez des personnes atteintes de troubles dépressifs, et une telle comorbidité mène à une évolution de la maladie plus chronique et sévère. Selon les modèles d'automédication, l'utilisation de substances serait employée comme stratégie d'adaptation à des états affectifs négatifs tels que la dépression, une habitude de consommation qui augmenterait la vulnérabilité aux troubles de consommation. On assume que les individus susceptibles d'expérimenter une détresse émotionnelle élevée et persistante en réponse au stress sont plus à risque d'avoir recours à l'utilisation de substance comme stratégie d'adaptation. Les facteurs prédisposants au développement et à la maintenance de symptômes dépressifs pourraient ainsi prédirent la vulnérabilité au trouble lié à l'utilisation d'une substance. Les théories cognitives avancées pour expliquer la vulnérabilité à la dépression ont généré un intérêt théorique et empirique considérable, autant chez les populations adulte qu'adolescente. Cependant, malgré la prolifération de la recherche à ce sujet, peu d'études ont examiné les facteurs de vulnérabilité à la dépression comme facteurs prédisposants aux symptômes de trouble lié à l'utilisation d'une substance. Le but de cette dissertation était d'étudier de manière prospective les facteurs de vulnérabilité cognitifs de la dépression comme facteurs de prédisposition au trouble lié à l'utilisation d'une substance chez les adolescents. Plus spécifiquement, cette recherche a examiné un style d'attribution dépressogène et un style de réponse ruminatif comme facteurs prédisposants aux symptômes de trouble lié à l'utilisation d'une sub
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Tweedy, Maureen P. Guarnaccia Charles Anthony. "Metabolic syndrome and psychosocial factors." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-11005.
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Buckley, Sarah. "Attachment style and depression : an investigation into interpersonal factors and processes." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25759.
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Introduction: Depression is one of the most dominant universal mental health disorders and has a high rate of persistency and recurrence. Interpersonal theories posit that it is interpersonal, or relational, factors that serve to cause and maintain depression, which is supported by a growing evidence base. CBASP is an interpersonally-focused psychotherapy specifically designed for the treatment of chronic depression and employs a variety of cognitive, behavioural and interpersonal techniques within the therapeutic relationship to help individuals evaluate their interpersonal exchanges and consider the implications. Research has highlighted the effectiveness of CBASP for this client group, however there is limited research investigating therapist and client factors that contribute to positive outcomes. Attachment style and mentalization are two such factors that are theoretically and empirically linked to an individual’s way of relating to others but have not been investigated in relation to outcomes in CBASP. Aims: A systematic review aimed to identify and evaluate significant social and interpersonal mediators that account for the relationship between attachment style and depressive symptoms. An empirical study then explored the role of therapist and client attachment style, mentalisation, and therapeutic alliance on clinical outcomes in CBASP. Methods: A systematic search of the literature exploring social and interpersonal mediators between attachment style and depressive symptoms was conducted in order to identify and evaluate mediators. The empirical study used a longitudinal case series design where both therapist and client attachment style, mentalization and the therapeutic alliance were assessed, and clinical outcomes were measured at each session to allow evaluation of change over time. Results: The systematic review provided evidence that specific social and interpersonal variables mediate the relationship between attachment and depressive symptoms, specifically social support, social anxiety, social self-efficacy, relationship satisfaction, interpersonal negative events, and interpersonal dependency. Two studies failed to find mediating effects of social support and social self-efficacy. The findings of this review are interpreted with caution as there contained several methodological limitations that affect the ability to generalize to other populations and infer causation. Findings from the empirical study provided evidence for the role of therapist attachment style and mentalization in relation to the therapeutic alliance and clinical outcomes in chronic depression in CBASP. Client attachment style and mentalization were not found to have a significant impact on the process of change but did account for some variance in symptoms of depression. Findings should be cautioned due to the small sample size and lack of statistical power to detect smaller effects. Discussion: The findings of this thesis suggests that there exist social and interpersonal factors that mediate the relationship between attachment style and depressive symptoms, and this has clear socio-political and clinical implications. However more research using robust methods of design and statistical analysis are needed in order to provide clarity in this field. The empirical study provided rich and novel data that suggests that therapist attachment style and mentalization, more so than client factors, are important in developing the therapeutic alliance and promoting symptom reduction over the course of treatment. Further research utilizing a larger sample size could provide more robust evidence for this association.
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Cankaya, Banu. "Psychosocial Factors, Maladaptive Cognitive Schemas, and Depression in Young Adults: An Integration." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32846.
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The present study examined a psychosocial-cognitive model that integrates recent findings on the independent effects of early maladaptive cognitive schemas (EMSs; Young, 1994) and psychosocial factors/stressors; viz., social support, expressed emotion, stressful life events and daily hassles, on level of depressive symptoms in young adults. Consistent with Beck's theory of depression, the expectation was that individuals with the EMSs would be more likely to respond to psychosocial stressors with higher levels of depression. Questionnaires measuring the selected psychosocial factors and EMSs were administered to 244 (82 male and 162 female) undergraduate students, mean age 19. Previous findings on the direct relationships between stressful life events, social support and EMSs, and level of depression were replicated. Except for daily hassles, the moderator role of the EMSs was largely disconfirmed when a conservative statistical test (Bonferroni correction) was applied to moderator analyses. With regard to perceived social support received from family and friends, present results were promising for the moderator effect of the EMSs of self sacrifice, functional dependency/incompetence and abandonment. The prediction equation to the criterion of depression indicated independent contributions of stressful life events, and the EMSs of abandonment, functional dependency/incompetence, and insufficient self control, accounting for half of the variance in depression. Taken together, the present data provided little support for the moderator effect of the EMSs rather supported Young's theory (1990) that maladaptive cognitions in themselves can produce increased levels of depression regardless of the presence of triggering stressors.Master of Science
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Vorontsova, Natasha. "Cognitive factors maintaining persecutory delusions in psychosis : the contribution of depression." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2012. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/cognitive-factors-maintaining-persecutory-delusions-in-psychosis(51b7c144-b811-4d72-8b82-df06a0d72c79).html.
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Persecutory delusions are one of the most common and distressing symptoms of psychosis. Many studies indicate an association of persecutory delusions with depression. A direct role for depression-related cognitive factors in the maintenance of persecutory delusions has not been systematically examined, despite such processes being implicated in a cognitive model. To determine whether depression in people with persecutory delusions is associated with the same cognitive factors implicated in major depressive disorder, and to examine these factors as predictors of the persistence of persecutory delusions over time. A systematic literature review formed the basis of two linked studies: one cross-sectional and one longitudinal. In the first study, 60 participants with persecutory delusions and schizophrenia spectrum diagnoses were classified into two groups, according to whether or not they met ICD-10 criteria for major depression. Assessments were made of delusions, depression and key cognitive factors from the literature: schematic beliefs, avoidance, rumination, memory specificity and problem solving. The groups’ scores were compared, and the same comparisons were made between 30 participants with non-psychotic depression and 30 non-clinical controls. For the second study, 54 participants with delusions were re¬assessed six months later, and predictors of symptom persistence were examined. 50% of participants with persecutory delusions met diagnostic criteria for major depression. With baseline paranoia levels controlled, higher baseline depression predicted higher paranoia six months later. Negative schematic beliefs about the self and problem solving deficits predicted the persistence of both paranoia and depression over time. Coexisting depression predicts the persistence of persecutory delusions, suggesting a causal association. Trials are warranted of depression-related therapeutic techniques for people with delusions, including those that target negative schematic beliefs about the self. An improved understanding of the mechanisms that maintain paranoid beliefs can enable the development of better treatments.
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Dynes, Robyn A. "Factors causing feed intake depression in lambs infected by gastrointestinal parasites." Lincoln University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/2174.
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A reduction in voluntary feed intake is a major factor in the lost productivity of grazing lambs infected by gastrointestinal parasites yet the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Potential pathways involved in parasite-induced feed intake depression were investigated in lambs with minimal previous exposure to parasites and artificially infected by the small intestinal parasite Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Six in vivo experiments were conducted on lambs housed in individual pens or metabolism crates with similar feeding and experimental procedures. In Experiment 1 (Chapter 4) the effect of T. colubriformis infection on short term feed intake in lambs and of some pharmacological agents on feed intake depression were investigated. Prior to and for the duration of infection, lambs were fed once per day and feed intake recorded at regular intervals over the day (8 h). Following the onset of feed intake depression in the infected group (9 weeks after commencing dosing), all animals were treated with an analgesic (codeine phosphate per os), an anti-inflammatory agent (indomethacin per os), a CCK antagonist (L364-718 by subcutaneous injection) or saline (control) in a replicated Latin square design (n = 8). Although the pattern of feed consumption was similar in infected and non-infected lambs, average daily intake was reduced 32 % and short term intake (recorded at 10 minute intervals for the first hour of feeding, 15 minute intervals for the second hour and hourly for the next 6 hours of feeding) reduced 40 % by infection. This identified the key component by which intake was depressed and enabled the use of a short term intake model and short duration of action compounds to identify the pathways involved in intake depression in this sequence of experiments. None of the pharmacological treatments increased intake in the infected group. These results suggest a reduction in the rate of consumption due to reduced hunger signals, rather than change of meal eating patterns, is the major cause of feed intake depression. Specific conclusions about the pathways investigated using the pharmacological agents could not be obtained. Experiment 2 (Chapter 5) was designed to investigate the roles of pain and osmolality on feed intake depression. Digesta samples collected prior to and during parasite infection and before and after feeding had similar osmolalities (240-260 mosmol/l) which indicated that feeding or infection had no effect on osmolality of digesta. Following the onset of feed intake depression in infected animals, all animals were treated in a Latin square design (n = 4) with no treatment, saline, local anaesthetic (xylocaine) or analgesic (codeine phosphate) solution 15 minutes before feeding, by slow injection into the duodenum. There was no effect of these treatments on food intake. In the second part of the experiment, hyperosmotic solutions (mannitol and NaCI) markedly depressed short term intake in non-infected animals, suggesting a role for osmoreceptors in intake regulation. However these effects were not blocked by local anaesthetic so the depressed intake may have resulted from generalised malaise rather than from specific osmoreceptor effects. In Experiment 3 (Chapter 6) the role of peripheral CCK on intake depression was examined by a dose-response study utilising the CCK antagonist, loxiglumide. Intravenous injection of 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg LW of loxiglumide to infected lambs 10-15 minutes before feeding (n = 6) had no effect on feed intake at any of the dose levels. In experiment 4 (Chapter 7) loxiglumide was infused intravenously for 10 minutes (30 mg/kg/h) before feeding and for the first 2 h (10 mg/kg/h) after feed was offered to minimise any effect of the rate of clearance of loxiglumide on the lack of feed intake response. As well, the rate of marker disappearance from the abomasum was recorded in both infected and non-infected animals. Continuous infusion of loxiglumide did not attenuate parasite induced intake depression nor did it have any effect on abomasal emptying. Abomasal volume was reduced by infection (66.3 vs 162 ml) as was the fractional outflow rate (2.2 vs 2.8 ml/min) but these differences were accounted for by the lower level of feed intake in the infected animals. In Experiment 5 (Chapter 8) brotizolam, a benzodiazepine appetite stimulant, thought to act on the hypothalamus, was administered in a dose-response study to infected and non-infected animals (n = 4) immediately prior to feeding or following termination of the first meal (45 minutes after feeding) and the feed intake response recorded. Brotizolam elevated both the short term (0-0.75 h), daily (22 h) intake and all time intervals in the first 5 h after feeding in infected and non-infected animals when administered after the first meal but when administered prior to feeding elevated intake only over the first 6 h of feeding. In both cases the magnitude of the response was greater in infected animals than in non-infected animals. Brotizolam appeared to increase the rate of eating without having a major impact on meal eating patterns when administered before feeding. Where administration was after the first meal, the effect was due to an "extra" meal being consumed. These findings showed that infected animals can respond to central stimulators of intake although the mechanism of the response is not known. Opioids were implicated in intake depression as the rate of intake rather than meal patterns appeared to be the major parameter depressed under parasitism. This was examined in experiment 6 (Chapter 9) where animals (n = 6) were fasted for 26 h or not fasted, then treated with saline (control), brotizolam (intake stimulant) or naloxone (opioid antagonist) immediately prior to feeding. Fasting stimulated feed intake in the short term (100 % increase in 75 min) and over the day (12 % increase) in both infected and non-infected animals. Following fasting, infected animals ate a similar amount of feed to the non-infected, fasted animals and more than the non-infected, non-fasted animals. The signals resulting from a one day fast were sufficient in the short term to override parasite induced mechanisms causing feed intake depression. Naloxone suppressed the intake stimulatory effects of a 26 h fast in both infected and non-infected animals, which supports a role for endogenous opioids as hunger signals. Where animals were not fasted, naloxone reduced intake only in the non-infected animals which suggested endogenous opioid levels may be lower in infected animals than in non-infected animals. In the final experiment (Experiment 7, Chapter 10) the role of central hunger and satiety mechanism were investigated. Infected and non-infected animals (n = 6) were treated with naloxone or saline by intravenous injection, or saline and met-enkephalinamide (an opioid analogue) by intracerebral infusion, or naloxone and the opioid analogue simultaneously to investigate the role of central opioids in feed intake depression. To determine the role of CCK induced satiety signals on feed intake at a central level, loxiglumide and CCK were infused separately and in combination for 30 minutes prior to feeding and for the first 60 minutes of feed on offer, into a lateral cerebral ventricle of the brain of infected and control animals (n = 6). The opioid analogue tended to increase intake in infected animals but the effect was not significant probably because the dose used was too low to elicit a response in sheep. Naloxone depressed intake only in the infected animals, which conflicted with the results of Experiment 4. As a consequence these results were inconclusive because of the single low dose of opioid analogue used and the conflicting naloxone responses. CCK alone depressed intake by 39-52 % only in infected animals and this effect of the 90 minute infusion was evident over the 8 h short term recording period. Loxiglumide attenuated the feed intake depressive effects of CCK in the infected animals to the extent that intake was elevated above control levels. Loxiglumide alone was an intake stimulant in both infected and non-infected animals. Intake was increased over the entire 8 h but mostly in the second hour when intake was increased by 188 % in infected animals and by 16 % in the non-infected animals and resulted in almost continuous eating. These results showed loxiglumide will temporarily block the effect of parasite infection on feed intake in sheep when administered centrally and the fact that it blocked the effects of exogenous CCK on intake indicated that the effect is mediated via CCK receptors. In conclusion GIT parasite infection reduced both short term and daily feed intake apparently by a change in rate of intake rather than any alteration in meal patterns. It was further suggested that anyone of a number of potential peripheral pathways, including changes to osmolality, gut emptying, pain and inflammation of the gut, alone is not involved in anorexia in sofar as the compounds used could block these factors and the results support the idea that intake depression is mediated via a central mechanism. Intake in infected animals responded to a much greater extent when fasting, i.c.v. loxiglumide or brotizolam were employed. Feed intake thus appears to be regulated through the same mechanisms in infected and non-infected animals. The results from compounds affecting the central mechanism suggest central CCK receptors are important in parasite induced anorexia, possibly by changing the onset of satiety or by interacting with endogenous opioids to reduce the rate of feed intake. Secondly reduced endogenous opioids may be causing the reduction in the rate of feed consumption alone or as a result of other interactions. It was concluded that intake in parasitised animals could be increased to that of control animals by employing procedures and compounds thought to act on the hypothalamus.
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Abrahams, Johanna Magdalena. "The prevalence and factors influencing postnatal depression in a rural community." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17823.
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Thesis (MCur)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Mental health is still the step-child of Health Services, although many studies show the serious negative impact it has on the mother, baby and the family. Knowledge about Postnatal Depression (PND) and associated risk factors which influence the development of PND is vital for early detection and intervention. Worldwide PND affects on average 10-15% of women after giving birth regardless of socio-economic status, race or education. Studies also reveal that the prevalence of PND is as high as 40-60% amongst women after giving birth. The goal of the study was to investigate the prevalence and factors influencing PND in a rural setting, in the Witzenberg Sub-district. The objectives included determining the prevalence of PND and identifying the contributing risk factors associated with PND. A descriptive explorative research design with a quantitative approach was applied. The target population was (N=1605) mothers, 18 years and older who gave birth in this Sub-district in one year, a convenience sampling method was used to select the study sample of (n=159/10%) participants who met the criteria and who gave voluntary permission to take part in the study. Validity and reliability was supported through the use of validated questionnaires EPDS and BDI including a questionnaire based on demographical, psychosocial and obstetrical data. In addition experts in statistics, nursing and psychiatry were consulted including language experts who validated the correctness of the Afrikaans and Xhosa translated questionnaires. A pilot study was conducted to test the feasibility of the study and all data was collected personally by the researcher with the support of two trained field workers. Ethics approval was obtained from Stellenbosch University and permission from the Department of Health, Provincial Government of the Western Cape, including informed written consent from each participant. The data was analysed with the assistance of a statistician and are presented with histograms and frequency tables. The relationship between continuous response variables and nominal input variables was analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Various statistical tests were applied to determine statistical associations between variables such as the chi-square tests using a 95% confidence interval. Non-parametric tests such as the Mann-Whitney U–test or Kruskal-Wallis test were used for randomised design. Levene’s test was used for Homogeneity of Variance and the Bonferonni test of probability. The study revealed that 50.3% of the mothers, who participated in the study, had PND. Various risk factors were determined in this study that influences the development of PND. Results include statistical associations between PND and the following: - unplanned babies and unwelcome babies (p=<0,01) - life events (p=0.01) - partner relationship (p=<0.01) - family and social support (p=<0.1) Furthermore, the majority of the participants (53.8%) with PND (n=80) had a history of a psychiatric illness which was shown with significance (p=<0.01), the majority of the participants (63.5%) were unmarried and 23.8% were teenagers who suffered from PND. Recommendations include promoting healthy lifestyles, empowerment of women, prevention of teenage pregnancies, early and holistic assessment for symptoms of PND and approriate referral. In conclusion the prevention and promotive measures, early detection of PND and appropriate referrals and treatment are critical in managing maternal, child and family well being.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geestesgesondheid blyk die stiefkind van gesondheidsdienste te wees, ten spyte daarvan dat navorsing die negatiewe impak wat dit op moeder, baba en die gesin het bevestig. Kennis van postnatale depressie (PDN) en verwante risiko faktore wat die ontwikkeling van PND beïnvloed is van uiterste belang vir die vroeë opsporing en ingryping daarvan. PND affekteer gemiddeld 10%-15% van vroue wêreldwyd wat dit ervaar nadat hulle geboorte geskenk het, ongeag sosio-ekonomiese status, ras of opleiding. Navorsing dui daarop dat die voorkoms van PND so hoog is soos 40%-60% onder vrouens nadat hulle geboorte geskenk het. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die prevalensie van PND en die faktore wat PND beïnvloed in ’n landelike nedersetting in die Witzenberg Subdistrik te ondersoek. Die doelwitte sluit die bepaling van die prevalensie van PND in en die identifisering van die risiko faktore wat daartoe aanleiding gegee het. ’n Beskrywende verkennende navorsingsontwerp met ’n kwantitatiewe benadering is toegepas. Die teikengroep was (N=1605) moeders, 18 jaar en ouer wat geboorte geskenk het in hierdie subdistrik binne een jaar. ’n Gerieflikheidssteekproef metode is gebruik om die deelnemers (n=159/10%) te selekteer wat aan die kriteria voldoen het en vrywillig toestemming gegee het om aan die studie deel te neem. Geldigheid en betroubaarheid is gerugsteun deur die gebruik van geldige vraelyste, naamlik EPDS en BDI wat ’n vraelys insluit wat gebaseer is op demografiese, psigososiale en verloskundige data. Hierbenewens is deskundiges in statistiek, verpleegkunde en psigiatrie geraadpleeg, asook taalkundiges wat die taalkorrektheid van Afrikaans en Xhosa vertaalde vraelyste nagegaan het. ’n Loodsondersoek is uitgevoer om die haalbaarheid van die navorsing te toets en alle data is persoonlik deur die navorser met die hulp van ’n opgeleide veldwerker ingesamel. Etiese goedkeuring is verkry van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch en toestemming van die Departement Gesondheid, die Provinsiale Regering van die Wes-Kaap, asook skriftelike toestemming van elke deelnemer. Die data is ontleed met die bystand van ’n statistikus en is deur frekwensie tabelle aangebied. Die verhouding tussen volgehoue/aaneenlopende respons veranderlikes en nominale inset/invoer veranderlikes is ontleed deur gebruik te maak van die analise van variansie (ANOVA). Verskeie statistiese toetse is toegepas om die statistiese assosiasies tussen veranderlikes vas te stel soos die chi-kwadraat toetse deur ’n 95% betroubaarheidsinterval te gebruik. Nie-parametriese toetse soos die Mann-Whitney U-toets of Kriskal-Wallis toets is gebruik vir ewekansige ontwerp. Levene se toets is gebruik vir homogeniteit van variansie en die Bonferonni toets vir waarskynlikheid. Die toets het bewys dat 50.3% van die moeders wat aan die studie deelgeneem het, het PND. Verskeie risiko faktore is in hierdie studie vasgestel wat die ontwikkeling van PND beïnvloed. Resultate sluit statistiese assosiasie tussen PND en die volgende in: - onbeplande babas en onwelkome babas (p=<0,01) - lewensgebeure (p=0.01) - lewensmaat verhoudings (p=<0.01) - familie en maatskaplike ondersteuning (p=<0.1) Vervolgens het die meeste van die deelnemers (53.8%) met PND (n=80) ’n geskiedenis van ’n psigiatriese siekte met ’n beduidenis (p=<0.01), die meeste van die deelnemers (63.5%) is ongetroud en 23.8% is tieners wat aan PND ly. Aanbevelings sluit die bevordering van gesonde leefstyle, die bemagtiging van vrouens, voorkoming van tienerswangerskappe, vroeë en holistiese assessering van simptome van PND in en die aangewese verwysing. Daar kan tot die slotsom gekom word dat voorkoming- en bevorderingsmaatstawwe, vroeë opsporing van PND en aangewese verwysings en behandeling, krities is in die hantering van moeder-, kind- en gesinswelstand.
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Garfield, Sara Frances. "Factors affecting patients' decisions when beginning courses of treatment for depression." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399323.
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Wilson, Frances Carol. "Self-Concept Uncertainty and Self-Esteem Liability: Vulnerability Factors for Depression?" W&M ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626139.
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Davidovich, Shiri D. "Examining cognitive risk and protective factors involved in liability to depression." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041289/.
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Major depressive disorder is characterized by emotion dysregulation and an imbalance between negative and positive affect. Cognitive impairments may underlie the difficulties with emotion regulation shown in depression. However, additional studies are needed to explore cognitive risk and protective factors for depression, especially with regard to cognitive processes involved in information processing that are assessed using performance based measures. This thesis explored three areas of cognitive processes that have been highlighted as potential risk and protective factors: executive functions, specificity of autobiographical memory and reward processing. These were examined with a focus on individuals at familial risk for depression. First, the protective role of executive functioning was explored for adolescent offspring of depressed parents. This examination found that in the presence of a current depressive episode in the parent, adolescents with better executive functions had fewer depressive symptoms. Second, specificity in retrieval of autobiographical memory was examined as a predictor of mental health resilience and social functioning in the same high risk sample. This revealed that impairment in retrieving specific memories was associated with lower mood resilience and poorer social functioning over time. Third, associations between reward learning behavior in a social context and indices of familial risk, anhedonia, depressive symptoms and social functioning were examined in a sample of young adult offspring of parents with and without a history of depression. The findings suggested that familial risk, anhedonia and social functioning were associated with specific patterns of reward learning behavior. Finally, due to a lack of measures evaluating reward processing in adolescents, particularly in a social context, I developed and validated a novel measure to assess sensitivity to social rewards in adolescents. Altogether, the findings presented in the thesis advance understanding of cognitive risk and protective factors in depression, especially in the context of individuals at familial risk for depression.
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Werner, Patrice Holden. "The Symptoms of Childhood Depression as Factors in Children's Reading Difficulties." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1985. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331850/.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate symptoms of childhood depression as factors in elementary school age children's reading difficulties. Subjects for study included children who evidenced symptoms of depression from among those referred to the Pupil Appraisal Center (PAC) at North Texas State University for reading difficulties between October, 1983, and April, 1985. The Weinberg Affective Scale (WAS), a screening device for childhood depression, was used to identify the subjects for this study. Using document analysis as the research approach, the researcher examined, recorded, and categorized referral and evaluation statements made by parents, teachers, counselors, and reading specialists the subjects1 PAC files that described symptoms of childhood depression. Also analyzed were diagnostic test data from the evaluation reports of PAC counselors and reading specialists.
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Song, Yuqing. "Two-year prospective study of the natural course and risk factors of depressive symptoms in Chinese college students." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43572042.
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Spaulding, Brandi Reliance. "Effect of Violent and Nonviolent Risk Factors on Depression in Postpartum Mothers." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3124.
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The purpose of this quantitative, nonexperimental study was to analyze and explore the predictors for postpartum depression (PPD) and the strength of these predictors using a secondary data set from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study from Princeton, Pennsylvania State, and Columbia Universities. By incorporating the biopsychosocial model and feminist theory as the theoretical frameworks for this research, PPD was conceptualized as a serious, multidimensional psychological condition. Using logistic regression, many predictors were identified as etiological for PPD, including subjective attitudes about ideal and introjected characteristics ascribed to women as primary caretakers. These beliefs prevent the extension and acceptance of social support from others, as well as the internalization of negative self-images. Furthermore, it was conceptualized that hormonal influences and lifestyle are risk factors that significantly affect the expression of PPD. According to study results, financial stressors and emotional stressors from a dissatisfaction of parenting were the strongest predictors of PPD among mothers. This study provides an important contribution to the existing literature and enhanced social change initiatives by making public the effect of social supports, biology, and their intersection on emic PPD experiences and expectations using participant's life experiences. Furthermore, this study provides information to the behavioral health and obstetric community that will ensure greater access to postpartum care.
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Hadjiyannakis, Katholiki Kathy. "Specific depressive symptoms as risk factors for the onset of major depressive disorder in adolescence /." view abstract or download file of text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3080587.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2003.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-146). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Wong, Chun-yue, and 黃鎮宇. "Insomnia, depression and headache in Hong Kong Chinese females." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4501159X.
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Houghton, Sharon. "Depressive symptomatology in childhood : an exploration of contributory factors." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326321.
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