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MD, Dr Mohammed Naseem Y. "Depression in Hypothyroidism and Risk Factors." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 05, no. 03 (March 29, 2017): 19478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i3.182.
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Tripathy, Pravati. "Postnatal Depression – The Prevalence and Determining Factors." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 357–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/apr2014/126.
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Serra, G., M. P. Casini, V. Maggiore, R. J. Baldessarini, and S. Vicari. "Factors Associated with Depression Severity in Adolescence." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2219.
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IntroductionSevere depression is greatly impairing during adolescence and involves a high risk for suicidal behaviors.Objectives and aimsIdentify clinical and demographic factors associated with severity of depression in adolescents diagnosed with a major mood disorder so as to improve clinical treatment and prevent suicidal behaviors.MethodsWe analyzed factors associated with depression severity in 145 severely ill adolescents diagnosed with a major affective disorder using the K-SADS (Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia) at the Mood Disorder Outpatient Program of Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (Rome). Depressive and manic symptoms were rated with the CDRS-R (Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised) and K-SADS-MRS (Mania Rating Scale), respectively. Bivariate comparisons were followed by multivariable linear regression modeling.ResultsDepression severity was greater among females than males (mean CDRS scores: 53.0 vs. 42.8; P < 0.0001) and with major depressive versus bipolar disorder diagnosis (50.4 vs. 45.4; P = 0.001). Manic symptoms, including irritability, mood lability, crowded thoughts, delusions, and insomnia, were more likely with more severe depression; their number and severity correlated with CDRS-R total score (respectively, β = 1.53 and 5.44;both P < 0.0001). Factors independently and significantly associated with CDRS-R depression score in multivariate modeling were:– presence of suicidal ideation;– absence of ADHD;– female sex;– greater number of manic symptoms.ConclusionsSevere depression was associated with manic symptoms and with suicidal ideation among adolescents diagnosed with either bipolar or major depressive disorders. This relationship should be considered in treatment planning and suicide prevention, including consideration of mood-stabilizing and antimanic agents in the treatment of severe adolescent depression.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Heun, Reinhard, and Sandra Hein. "Risk factors of major depression in the elderly." European Psychiatry 20, no. 3 (May 2005): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.09.036.
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AbstractBackgroundSeveral risk factors of depression have been identified in retrospective as well as some prospective studies in the elderly. Confirmation in independent samples is needed. The present follow-up study prospectively investigated risk factors of depression in an elderly German sample.MethodsOne thousand four hundred and thirty-one subjects from a family study were re-investigated after 4.7 ± 2.5 years. Bivariate and multivariate forward logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors of the development of new depression in the elderly.ResultsRisk factors of a new depressive episode in 1408 elderly without current depression were age, female gender, a previous depression, subjective memory impairment, previous anxiety and somatoform disorders. The presence of dementia or mild cognitive impairment were significant risk factors in bivariate, but not multivariate analysis controlling for possible confounding. Risk factors of a first geriatric depressive episode were age, gender and subjective memory impairment; age remained the only significant risk factor in multivariate analysis.ConclusionsThis investigation confirms previous studies from other countries concerning the relevance of risk factors for depression in the elderly. The knowledge of risk factors might help identify subjects at increased risk of depression for early intervention approaches. Elderly with a history of previous depression carry the highest risk.
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Yang, Yuanhao, Huiying Zhao, Andrew C. Heath, Pamela A. F. Madden, Nicholas G. Martin, and Dale R. Nyholt. "Shared Genetic Factors Underlie Migraine and Depression." Twin Research and Human Genetics 19, no. 4 (June 15, 2016): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2016.46.
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Migraine frequently co-occurs with depression. Using a large sample of Australian twin pairs, we aimed to characterize the extent to which shared genetic factors underlie these two disorders. Migraine was classified using three diagnostic measures, including self-reported migraine, the ID migraine™ screening tool, or migraine without aura (MO) and migraine with aura (MA) based on International Headache Society (IHS) diagnostic criteria. Major depressive disorder (MDD) and minor depressive disorder (MiDD) were classified using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria. Univariate and bivariate twin models, with and without sex-limitation, were constructed to estimate the univariate and bivariate variance components and genetic correlation for migraine and depression. The univariate heritability of broad migraine (self-reported, ID migraine, or IHS MO/MA) and broad depression (MiDD or MDD) was estimated at 56% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 53–60%) and 42% (95% CI: 37–46%), respectively. A significant additive genetic correlation (rG = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.29–0.43) and bivariate heritability (h2 = 5.5%, 95% CI: 3.6–7.8%) was observed between broad migraine and depression using the bivariate Cholesky model. Notably, both the bivariate h2 (13.3%, 95% CI: 7.0–24.5%) and rG (0.51, 95% CI: 0.37–0.69) estimates significantly increased when analyzing the more narrow clinically accepted diagnoses of IHS MO/MA and MDD. Our results indicate that for both broad and narrow definitions, the observed comorbidity between migraine and depression can be explained almost entirely by shared underlying genetically determined disease mechanisms.
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Jain, Ravikant, Rahul Rishi, Balkishan Sharma, and Vivek Kiyawat. "Role of depression and its associating factors in indoor orthopaedic patients." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 6 (June 16, 2015): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i6.12478.
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Background and Objectives: Depression has acknowledged and well documented, is common among orthopaedic inpatients may be associated with functional outcomes. Authors aimed to investigate the role, prevalence and associating factors of depression disorder in orthopaedic inpatients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study is designed among patients that admitted at SAIMS, Indore. Four hundred twenty six orthopedic patients were recruited for study. The demographic and clinical measurements were recorded. Levels of depression were assessed by using Zung’s depression scale. Results: Depressive disorder was identified in 87.6% indoor patients significantly (p<0.001) influenced female more than male. The mean depression score in female (67.37±11.75) was significantly higher than male (62.29±12.20). The prevalence of extreme/major depression in female (46.6%) was higher as compared to male (25.7%). Type of trauma was found significantly (p<0.05) associated with depressive disorder. 38.1% male with traumatic condition and 20.0% with non-traumatic condition had moderate depression in comparison to 31.4% and 13.6% female. Depressive disorder was found significantly associated with sex (p<0.001), socio-economic status (p<0.001), length of ortho-illness (p<0.001), length of stay in hospital (p<0.001), exercise/yoga (p<0.05) and type of injury (p<0.05). Conclusions: Higher incidence of depressive disorder recorded in female. Prevention and treatment require more clinical and research attention to reduce the public health burden of depression. The study suggested that higher depressive disorder does occur in indoor orthopaedic patients that associated with various functional outcomes. This study supports the view of depressive disorder was disabling factor in better functional recovery and frequent in female after orthopedic trauma. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i6.12478 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(6) 2015 70-76
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Lorant, Vincent, Christophe Croux, Scott Weich, Denise Deliège, Johan Mackenbach, and Marc Ansseau. "Depression and socio-economic risk factors: 7-year longitudinal population study." British Journal of Psychiatry 190, no. 4 (April 2007): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.105.020040.
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BackgroundLow socio-economic status is associated with a higher prevalence of depression, but it is not yet known whether change in socio-economic status leads to a change in rates of depression.AimsTo assess whether longitudinal change in socio-economic factors affects change of depression level.MethodIn a prospective cohort study using the annual Belgian Household Panel Survey (1992–1999), depression was assessed using the Global Depression Scale. Socio-economic factors were assessed with regard to material standard of living, education, employment status and social relationships.ResultsA lowering in material standard of living between annual waves was associated with increases in depressive symptoms and caseness of major depression. Life circumstances also influenced depression. Ceasing to cohabit with a partner increased depressive symptoms and caseness, and improvement in circumstances reduced them; the negative effects were stronger than the positive ones.ConclusionsThe study showed a clear relationship between worsening socio-economic circumstances and depression.
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Mocan, Andreia S., Silvia S. Iancu, Livia Duma, Camelia Mureseanu, and Adriana S. Baban. "Depression in Romanian patients with type 2 diabetes: prevalence and risk factors." Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 89, no. 3 (July 31, 2016): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-641.
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Background and aims. Co-existing major depression was found to have a negative impact on the diabetes outcome and the quality of life. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms in Romanian diabetes patients and to identify the risk factors associated with depression.Methods. A total of 144 type 2 diabetes patients were included in the study. Five models of presumed predictors were used to assess the risk factors for depressive symptoms, using hierarchical regression analysis. Together with demographics, disease, lifestyle predictors, previous depressive symptoms and diabetes distress were taken into account.Results. In our sample the prevalence of depression was 12.6%. Main risk factors for depressive symptoms were previous depressive symptoms which were associated with depression in both Model 4 (β=0.297, p=0.013) and Model 5 (β=0.239, p=0.017) and diabetes distress in Model 5 (β=0.540, p≤0.001). Employment (β =-0.276, p=0.029) and increased number of diabetes complications (β=0.236, p=0.017) became significant when diabetes distress was added to the analysis.Conclusions. The overall prevalence of depressive symptoms was found to be in range with the prevalence identified in the literature. Previous depression and diabetes distress were both independently associated with depression, confirming the bidirectional relationship between depression and diabetes distress. Due to the consequences for daily living, screening for diabetes distress and depression should be done in primary care units both by physicians and trained nurses.
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Gadde, Kishore M., and K. Ranga R. Krishnan. "Endocrine Factors in Depression." Psychiatric Annals 24, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-19941001-09.
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Hollon, Steven D. "Biological Factors in Depression." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 30, no. 3 (March 1985): 202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/023631.
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Monroe, S. M. "Social factors in depression." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 1, no. 2 (March 1988): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-198803000-00006.
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Bemporad, Jules R. "Psychological Factors in Depression." Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 27, no. 4 (December 1999): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jaap.1.1999.27.4.603.
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Teper, Emma, and John T. O'Brien. "Vascular factors and depression." International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 23, no. 10 (October 2008): 993–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2020.
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Abdul Raheem, R., Hui J. Chih, and Colin W. Binns. "Factors Associated With Maternal Depression in the Maldives: A Prospective Cohort Study." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 30, no. 3 (February 18, 2018): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539518756380.
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The aim of the study was to document perinatal depression in mothers in the Maldives and associated factors. A cohort of 458 mothers was recruited at the 2 major hospitals in Malé, the Maldives, and followed from 36 weeks of pregnancy to 3 months after birth. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to measure maternal depression. Maternal sociodemographic factors and infant’s health were also recorded. The prevalence of depressive symptoms (EPDS score ≥13) at 36 weeks of pregnancy and at 1 and 3 months postpartum were 24%, 27%, and 12%, respectively. Having experienced stressful life events is an established risk factor for maternal depression across these time points. Having depressive symptoms during the postpartum period is significantly associated with presence of antenatal depressive symptoms. Future studies may look into effectiveness of strategies that cope with stressors in the management of maternal depression.
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Marinescu, Ileana, Ramona Adriana Schenker, Puiu Olivian Stovicek, Dragos Marinescu, Constantin Florin Ciobanu, Serban Iancu Papacocea, Mihnea Costin Manea, et al. "Biochemical Factors Involved in the Unfavorable Evolution of Prostate Cancer." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 9 (October 15, 2019): 3343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.9.7546.
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Frequent association of depressive disorder with clinical manifestations in prostate cancer patients raises problems with therapeutic response and adherence to treatment. Androgen deprivation therapies exacerbate depression and cause somatic adverse reactions, mainly represented by obesity, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, gynecomastia. Depressive disorders correlate with activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), which induces high cortisol levels. The structural similarity between cortisol and testosterone suggests possible associations with their side effects. Decreased testosterone levels amplify the risk of developing or exacerbating depressive disorders. It is important the early identification of sexual identity and body perception disorders, as well as the interdisciplinary assessment of cognitive status and depression. The direct relationship between elevated PSA and testosterone levels and high depression scores suggests the unfavorable evolution of non-metastatic prostate cancer. It is necessary to evaluate depression from the diagnosis of prostate cancer as well as its dynamic monitoring. Therapeutic resistance raises the issue of early oncologic therapeutic switch and the combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological antidepressant therapies.
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Makarova, M. A., Yu G. Tikhonova, T. I. Avdeeva, I. V. Ignatko, and M. A. Kinkulkina. "Postpartum depression — risk factors, clinical and treatment aspects." Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics 13, no. 4 (August 14, 2021): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2021-4-75-80.
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Objective: to analyze the psychopathological structure, risk factors and tretment of depressive disorders in women in the postpartum period.Patients and methods. A prospective cohort study included 150 women in the postpartum period (0-3 days after birth), aged 18 to 41 years, with follow-up every two weeks for six months. The evaluation included clinical interviews, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, and the 17-item Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale.Results and discussion. 11.3% of women developed depression within six weeks after childbirth. Among them, 94.2% presented with mild depression, and 5.8% - moderate. Risk factors associated with postpartum depression included: periods of low mood and anxiety before and during the current pregnancy, traumatic situations during pregnancy, unwanted pregnancy, pathology of pregnancy and childbirth, cesarean section, perinatal status, lack of breastfeeding. All women with postpartum depression were treated with rational-emotive and cognitive-behavioral therapy. A short course of pharmacotherapy was prescribed to 17.6% of them to correct insomnia and anxiety symptoms. Psychotherapy was highly efficient in the treatment of postpartum affective disorders.Conclusion. The postpartum depression prevalence was 11.3%. The severity of postpartum depression was predominantly mild, and the symptoms regressed during treatment within five months in all women.
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Mazaeva, N. A., and N. E. Kravchenko. "Risk Factors for the Increase in Frequency and Earlier Manifestation of Depression in Adolescent Population of Today." Psikhiatriya 18, no. 3 (September 20, 2020): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/2618-6667-2020-18-3-6-13.
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Objective: depression among adolescents is a serious public problem. The majority of genetic and clinical studies showed that early — onset depressions etiologically may be distinct from adult — onset depressions. Itis possible to assume some differences in aged-dependent risk profile between depressions at adolescence and adulthood.Aim: to study adolescent depressions for identification a number of novel risk factors for increase in frequency and early manifestation of the disorder.Patients and methods: outpatient adolescents registered in one of the Moscow psychoneurological dispensary at 1999–2019 years (total 1704 boys and girls). From the entire cohort we selected all participants appealed for medical aid in connection with depression (F3 of ICD-10) during last decade.Results: the significant increase in the incidence and early manifestation of adolescent depressions during last decade were revealed especially in girls with shift of male/female ratio from 3,1/1 in 2009 year to 1,8/1 in 2019 year. Some specific features of nowadays adolescent depressions are noted: beginning at an earlier age, increasing part of severe depressive episodes, growth of the autoaggressive behavior and suicidal potential. Novel links between adolescent depressions and risk factors are described. Some endocrinological changes resulting from premature pubertal timing and disordered circadian rhythms, social deprivation owing to socio-economic reforms with a lack of social support, low social expectations, absence of positive perspectives leading to low self-esteem and unwarranted self-criticism are turned out to be the most important factors heightening vulnerability to adolescent depressions.Conclusion: identification of pathogenetic mechanisms of adolescent depressions creates an opportunity for early target psychosocial intervention and might help to reduce risk for depression among youth.
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Dhobe, Sonal Balwantrao, and Samrudhhi Subhashrao Gujar. "Prevalence of Associated Factors of Depressive Symptoms among School Going Children." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 15 (April 12, 2021): 1060–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/226.
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BACKGROUND A broad spectrum of emotional lows, from simple sadness to a pathological suicidal condition is defined as a depression. This is a common mental illness that has been noticed in daily life. Usually, a person who is depressed or feeling unhappy may return to normal emotional health within a specified time. There are times where this condition stretches for such a time that it is greatly overshadowed by the value of the precipitating factor. The patient in a prolonged depression state withdraws from his / her private, social, and professional activities. In some scenarios the diagnosis of depression should be identified. According to epidemiological studies, 15 percent to 20 percent of the children and adolescents experience at least one depressive episode in life and this is a common recurrent and impairing condition that predicts future suicide attempts, academic failure, interpersonal problems, unemployment, substance abuse, and delinquency before adulthood. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of associated factors of depressive symptoms among school going children and to evaluate the association of the prevalence score with selected demographic variables. METHODS This was a cross sectional study with quantitative research approach. The study was conducted in a selected school of Wardha district. Nonprobability convenience sampling technique was used to collect data from school going children. A structured questionnaire including socio demographic details & patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) scale was used to identify the prevalence of depressive symptoms among school going children. After collecting data, the sample characteristics were described by frequency and percentage. A chi-square test was used to find out the relationship between the association between prevalence of associated factors of depressive symptoms and selected demographic variables. RESULTS In this study 8.89 % of school going children had no depression; minimal depression was seen in 68.89 %; mild depression in 17.88 %, moderate depression in 4.44 %, and moderately severe depression in 0 % of school going children were seen. CONCLUSIONS There was a significant association between the prevalence of associated factors of depressive symptoms among school going children with gender only. KEY WORDS Prevalence, Associated Factors, Depressive Symptoms, School Going Children
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Ugarte, A., P. López, C. Serrulla, M. T. Zabalza, J. G. Torregaray, and A. González-Pinto. "Post-partum depression risk factors in pregnant women." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): s279—s280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.750.
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IntroductionPostpartum depression has a prevalence of 15% and has consequences for mother and baby (delayed physical, social and cognitive development). It's essential to prevent the illness with an early identification of Risk Factors (RF).MethodsFive hundred and seventy-two women in 3rd trimester of pregnancy were evaluated and selected those with ≥ 1 RF (n = 290). We re-evaluated in the postpartum with Edinburgh Depression Scale and selected those with subsyndromal depressive symptoms (≥ 7.5) (n = 57). Clinical, demographic and functional data were collected.ResultsA total of 50.7% had RF. A percentage of 48.6 had family history of mental illness (MI), 34.1%had personal history of (MI) and 34.1% had some pregnancy associated illness. Twenty percent had needed some assisted reproductive technique, 14.1% had little family support and 15.2% had little couple support, 3.8% showed anxiety-depressive disorders during pregnancy, 19.7% had depressive symptoms after delivery. The mean age was 33.67. No significant differences between patients with and without RF (T-1858, P 0.064). Among women with RF, 59.6% were married, 35.1% single and 3.0% had other situation. 89.5% live with their own family, 8.8% with their family of origin, 1.8% alone. 50.8% had university studies.ConclusionsAssessing RF during pregnancy can help these women, since we see that the 19.7% will have serious risk of developing postpartum depression. The RF to take more into account are not those related to social-academic development, neither the presence of anxiety-depressive symptoms during pregnancy, but the family or personal history of (MI) and the presence of a pregnancy associated illness. Early detection and treatment may prevent the development of this disease improving the quality of life of mother and babies’ development.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Elena, M., and Z. Irina. "Prenosological Symptoms of Depression at Adolescent as Prediction of the Big Depression in the Elder." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70923-x.
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Introduction:Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that the risk of occurrence of depressions increases in the period between adolescent and adult ages. The current research described the most frequent subdepressive's symptoms.The aim was to analyze the importance of subclinical depressive symptoms as risk factors of the future depression.Methods:There were 37 adolescent investigated of 13-18 years old, 9 of them were 18 years old. Symptoms of depression were measured by Beck's test. Also the frequency of separate depressive's symptoms with the Hamilton's test was considered: mood lowering, normal activity decrease, psychomotor torpidity, guilt feelings, attention deficit, fatigue, learning problems, reduction of socializing communications, sleep and appetite disorders, suicide thoughts.Results:The research demonstrated that 16 participants had subdepressive disorders with 9 points of Beck's test. 11 adolescent (13-17 year old) and 9 (18 year old) corresponded 19 points on Beck's test. The later were mostly predisposed to depression.Conclusions:The conducted study pointed out that sudepressive symptoms which didn't meet the criteria of a big depression could be considered as a predictable factors of depressive disorders in the old year age.
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Fentz, Hanne N⊘rr, Marianne Simonsen, and Tea Trillingsgaard. "General, Interpersonal, and Gender Role Specific Risk Factors of Postpartum Depressive Symptoms in Fathers." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 38, no. 7 (September 2019): 545–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2019.38.7.545.
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Introduction: Paternal postnatal depression has significant negative consequences for the family and child. Still, only little attention has been paid to potential unique risk factors of depression in fathers and the theoretical grounding of such research is sparse. Method: This study examined prenatal risk factors derived from three theoretical models: the cognitive vulnerability-stress model, the interpersonal model, and the gender role risk model of paternal postnatal depression. The sample consisted of 211 expectant fathers, of whom 5.7% scored above the clinical cut-off on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and 235 mothers were included as a reference group. Participants filled in questionnaires during pregnancy and four months postpartum. Results: The study results suggest that prenatal depressive score is the strongest risk factor for both paternal and maternal postnatal depressive symptoms. In addition, childhood separation from parents, unemployment, financial strain, and doubts about having the child were unique risk factors for paternal depressive symptoms, while lower marital satisfaction was a unique risk factor for maternal depression. Discussion: These findings highlight that beyond the strong role of prenatal depressive symptoms for both genders, specific risk factors for father depression exist. This may be informative to health care professionals in increasing the reach and prevention of depression in new fathers.
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LUDMAN, E., W. KATON, T. BUSH, C. RUTTER, E. LIN, G. SIMON, M. VON KORFF, and E. WALKER. "Behavioural factors associated with symptom outcomes in a primary care-based depression prevention intervention trial." Psychological Medicine 33, no. 6 (July 31, 2003): 1061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170300816x.
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Background. A randomized trial of a primary care-based intervention to prevent depression relapse resulted in improved adherence to long-term antidepressant medication and depression outcomes. We evaluated the effects of this intervention on behavioural processes and identified process predictors of improved depressive symptoms.Method. Patients at high risk for depression recurrence or relapse following successful acute phase treatment (N=386) were randomly assigned to receive a low intensity 12-month intervention or continued usual care. The intervention combined education about depression, shared decision-making regarding use of maintenance pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioural strategies to promote self-management. Baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12-month interviews assessed patients' self-care practices, self-efficacy for managing depression and depressive symptoms.Results. Intervention patients had significantly greater self-efficacy for managing depression (P<0·01) and were more likely to keep track of depressive symptoms (P<0·0001), monitor early warning signs (P<0·0001), and plan for coping with high risk situations (P<0·0001) at all time points compared to usual care control patients. Self-efficacy for managing depression (P<0·0001), keeping track of depressive symptoms (P=0·05), monitoring for early warning signs (P=0·01), engaging in pleasant activities (P<0·0001) and engaging in social activities (P<0·0001) positively predicted improvements in depression symptom scores.Conclusions. A brief intervention designed to target cognitive-behavioural factors and promote adherence to pharmacotherapy in order to prevent depression relapse was highly successful in changing several behaviours related to controlling depression. Improvements in self-efficacy and several self-management behaviours that were targets of the intervention were significantly related to improvements in depression outcome.
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Perrain, Rebecca, Lila Mekaoui, David Calvet, Jean-Louis Mas, and Philip Gorwood. "A meta-analysis of poststroke depression risk factors comparing depressive-related factors versus others." International Psychogeriatrics 32, no. 11 (February 4, 2020): 1331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610219002187.
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ABSTRACTObjectives:Poststroke depression (PSD) is a public health issue, affecting one-third of stroke survivors, and is associated with multiple negative consequences. Reviews tried to identify PSD risk factors with discrepant results, highlighting the lack of comparability of the analyzed studies. We carried out a meta-analysis in order to identify clinical risk factors that can predict PSD.Design:PubMed and Web of Science were searched for papers. Only papers with a strictly defined Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders depression assessment, at least 2 weeks after stroke, were selected. Two authors independently evaluated potentially eligible studies that were identified by our search and independently extracted data using standardized spreadsheets. Analyses were performed using MetaWin®, the role of each variable being given as a risk ratio (RR).Results:Eighteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Identified risk factors for PSD with RR significantly above 1 were previous history of depression (RR 2.19, confidence interval (CI) 1.52–3.15), disability (RR 2.00, CI 1.58–2.52), previous history of stroke (RR 1.68, CI 1.06–2.66), aphasia (RR 1.47, CI 1.13–1.91), and female gender (RR 1.35, CI 1.14–1.61). Fixed effects model leads to identification of two more risk factors: early depressive symptoms with an RR of 2.32 (CI 1.43–3.79) and tobacco consumption (RR 1.40, CI 1.09–1.81). Time bias was found for alcohol consumption. Sample size was significantly involved to explain the role of “alcohol consumption” and “cognitive impairment.”Conclusion:Five items were significantly predictive of PSD. It might be of clinical interest that depressive-related risk factors (such as past depressive episodes) were having the largest impact.
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Barbieri, V., F. Cardinale, A. Luoni, G. L. Russo, S. Francione, L. Tassi, I. Sartori, L. Castana, S. Scarone, and O. Gambini. "Risk factors for postoperative depression in 150 subjects treated for drug-resistant focal epilepsy." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 20, no. 1 (March 2011): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796011000175.
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Objective.The primary goal was to identify risk factors for post-surgical depression in subjects operated on for drug-resistant epilepsy. Secondary goals were to confirm the high rate of depression in subjects suffering from epilepsy (prior to surgery) and to look for first post-surgical depressive episode.Methods.Case series study of 150 subjects surgically treated for partial epilepsy (side of surgery: 72 right, 78 left; site of surgery: 97 Unilobar Temporal, 17 Unilobar Frontal, 14 Posterior, 22 Multilobar). All subjects routinely had three psychiatric evaluations: before surgery (baseline) and at 6 and 12 months after surgery. Psychiatric diagnoses were made according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. Bivariate (Fisher exact test and Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test) and multivariate (logistic regression model fitting) analyses were performed.Results.Thirty-three (22%) subjects had post-surgical depressive episodes, 31 of them in the first 6 months. Fourteen out of 33 experienced depression for the first time. Post-surgical depressive episodes are not associated with gender, outcome on seizures, side/site of surgical resection, histological diagnosis, psychiatric diagnoses other than depression. Depressive episodes before surgery and older age at surgery time are risk factors for post-surgical depression (p = 0.0001 and 0.01, respectively, at logistic regression analysis). No protective factors were identified.Conclusions.Our data show that lifetime depressive episodes and older age at surgery time are risk factors for post-surgery depression. Moreover, a prospective study could be useful in order to assess whether depression is really a consequence of surgery.
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Saha, Rahul, Satyakam Mohapatra, Sujit Kar, Bheemsain Tekkalaki, and K. Anand. "Causative factors and phenomenology of depression in EPILEPSY—A review." International Journal of Epilepsy 04, no. 01 (June 2017): 070–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijep.2017.01.001.
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AbstractIt is a known fact that depression is the one of the leading causes of years lived with disability and the fourth leading cause of disability-adjusted life-years worldwide. Depression is often under-recognized among patients of epilepsy due to lack of awareness of depressive symptoms. Due to improper management of depression in epileptic patients, it can interfere with treatment outcomes and hence can impair the quality of life. Undermanaged depression in epilepsy is generally associated with work absenteeism and direct medical costs. Electronic JR_liographic databases like PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using the format “(depression, epilepsy and symptoms)”. Cross-linked searches were made taking the lead from key articles. Recent articles and those exploring the etiological factors & symptomatic presentation of depression were focused upon. The main purpose of this review was to study the causative association between epilepsy and depression and to discuss the varied symptomatic presentation.
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DICKENS, C. M., C. PERCIVAL, L. McGOWAN, J. DOUGLAS, B. TOMENSON, L. COTTER, A. HEAGERTY, and F. H. CREED. "The risk factors for depression in first myocardial infarction patients." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 6 (August 2004): 1083–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704001965.
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Background. Depression affects outcome following myocardial infarction but the risk factors for such depression have been little studied. This study considered whether the causes of depression occurring before and after myocardial infarction were similar to those of depression in the general population.Method. Consecutive patients admitted to hospital following their first myocardial infarction were interviewed with the Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry to detect psychiatric disorders and the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule to assess recent stress. Participants completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at entry to the study and 1 year later and the risk factors associated with a high score at both times were assessed.Results. Of 314 (88% of eligible) patients who were recruited, 199 (63%) were male and 63 (20%) had depressive disorders. Logistic regression identified the following as independently associated with depressive disorder that had been present for at least 1 month before the myocardial infarction: younger age, female sex, past psychiatric history, social isolation, having marked non-health difficulties and lack of a close confidant. At follow-up 269/298 (90%) responded; of 189 participants not depressed at first assessment, 39 (21%) became depressed by the 1 year follow-up. Logistic regression identified frequent angina as the only significant predictor of raised HADS scores at 12 months.Conclusions. Depression developing during the year following myocardial infarction does not have the same risk factors as that which precedes myocardial infarction. Further clarification of the mechanisms linking depression to poor outcome may require separation consideration of pre- and post-myocardial infarction depression, and its risk factors.
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Ramasubbu, Rajamannar, and Sidney H. Kennedy. "Factors Complicating the Diagnosis of Depression in Cerebrovascular Disease, Part I — Phenomenological and Nosological Issues*." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 39, no. 10 (December 1994): 596–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379403901003.
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Depression is frequently associated with cerebrovascular disease. Early detection and intervention in depression may enhance rehabilitation potential. Difficulties encountered by clinicians in identifying depression in patients with cerebrovascular disease are numerous. This two part review focuses on issues related to the diagnosis of depression with emphasis on recognition of depressive symptoms and their relevance to the diagnosis of depressive syndromes in the presence of vascular lesions and associated neurological deficits. Furthermore, the value of diagnostic instruments and biological markers in identifying depression following stroke has been critically evaluated. In this first part of this two part paper, phenomenological and nosological aspects are considered with an emphasis on symptom profile, significance of vegetative symptoms and other related emotional responses such as catastrophic reaction, emotionalism and apathy in the diagnosis of depression following stroke. The applicability of diagnostic subcategories to define depressive syndromes associated with cerebrovascular disease and its clinical relevance is also discussed. The authors stress that knowledge on phenomenology of depression and other emotional responses related to cerebrovascular disease will facilitate better understanding of its clinical presentation and may improve diagnostic acumen.
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Khaustova, Olena. "Resistant depression: criteria for determination, risk factors and therapeutic strategies." Psychosomatic Medicine and General Practice 2, no. 3 (July 14, 2017): 020338. http://dx.doi.org/10.26766/pmgp.v2i3.38.
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Background Therapy of resistant depression raises a number of diagnostic and therapeutic problems, requires the solution of a number of methodological issues. A scientific discussion continues around the definition of depression resistance, assessment of the degree of reduction of depressive symptoms, the level of social and role functioning of patients; the improvement of models for determining the degree of resistance to various types of depression therapy continues; new methods of therapy and new algorithms of combined therapy are being developed. The ultimate goal of all these efforts should be practical recommendations for determining therapeutic options for the treatment of patients with resistant depression, which will help doctors make informed decisions on intervention strategies. Aim To analyze the therapeutic possibilities of treating depressive disorders that are resistant to therapy. Methods Publications from the Pubmed, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Google Scholar databases were analyzed. Tags: depression, treatment, resistance, psevdoresistence, therapeutic response, resistance to treatment, strategies for treatment of resistant depression. Results The terminology related to resistant depression was defined: lack of a therapeutic response, adequate dose, adequate duration of treatment, antidepressant intolerance, pseudo-resistance, relative resistance to treatment, absolute resistance to treatment, treatment of resistant depression, remission, recovery. Models for determining the resistance of depression have been described: the Thase & Rush model; European stepped model; A step model of the Massachusetts hospital; Step model of Maudsley; Form of the history of treatment with antidepressants. Risk factors for treatment of resistant depression were identified, and the main therapeutic strategies were described: optimization, switching, augmentation, combination and non-drug therapy. Particular attention is paid to the use of atypical antipsychotics, in particular arapiprazole, as the augmentation strategy. A complex approach is described, which includes various combinations of the above strategies. Conclusion Each case of treatment-resistant depression has its own unique characteristics and requires careful evaluation to determine the correct diagnosis and the quality of the therapeutic response. Equally important for building an adequate treatment plan is evaluating risk factors for the treatment of resistant depression. There is a wide variety of options for the treatment of resistant depression, so each therapeutic strategy should be used to help patients with treatment-resistant depression. The combination of antidepressant therapy and atypical antipsychotics with antidepressant properties in combination with psychotherapeutic intervention and adherence to adequate doses and duration of treatment may be a choice strategy for patients with treatment-resistant depression.
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Roy, A. "Five Risk Factors for Depression." British Journal of Psychiatry 150, no. 4 (April 1987): 536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.4.536.
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Significantly more of 300 patients with non-endogenous depression compared with 300 matched controls were unemployed and had a poor marriage before the onset of depression, had a first-degree relative who had been treated for depression, had experienced separation for one year or more from a parent before 17 years of age and had three or more children under 14 years of age at home. However, significantly more of 44 patients with endogenous depression, than their 46 controls, also had a poor marriage before the onset of depression and 43% of them had a first-degree relative who had been treated for depression. Thus a family history of depression and a poor marriage before the onset of depression are associated with both non-endogenous and endogenous depression but unemployment, separation for one year or more from a parent before 17 years of age, and having three or more young children at home may be risk factors for non-endogenous depression.
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K. V., Urmila, Usha K., Mohammed M. T. P., and Kavitha Pavithran. "Prevalence and risk factors associated with depression among higher secondary school students residing in a boarding school of North Kerala, India." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 4, no. 3 (April 25, 2017): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20171072.
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Background: Depression is very common among higher secondary school students. This study is to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms in higher secondary school students in a boarding school of North Kerala; to identify associated risk factors; to compare the prevalence depression between those attending and not attending additional tuition class for competitive exams.Methods: This cross sectional observational study was conducted among 130 students residing in a boarding school of North Kerala during the period 2014-2015. CES-DC scale was used to measure the prevalence of depression. All of them were reassessed after 1year of entering the school with the same scale.Results: The prevalence of clinically significant depression was seen in 57.7% and the prevalence was more in those attending the tuition class (p=0.0068). Depression was more in girls and still higher in girls who attended the tuition classes (p=0.035). There was significant correlation between the prevalence of depression and stream of subjects selected (p =0.001), previous academic achievement (p= 0.01). The scores of depressions didn’t show any statistically significant difference after one year of stay in boarding school.Conclusions: Severity of depression correlates with academic stress especially in boarding schools. Stress of competitive exams definitely more in higher secondary students and is one of the important cause for depression in them. Adolescents are not acquiring enough coping skills to overcome depression. Enhancing the coping strategies and the rescheduling of the educational system are the most important factors for prevention of these symptoms.
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Jasinska-Myga, Barbara, John D. Putzke, Christian Wider, Zbigniew K. Wszolek, and Ryan J. Uitti. "Depression in Parkinson's Disease." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 37, no. 1 (January 2010): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100009665.
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Objective:To examine predictive factors associated with onset of depression among individuals diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD).Background:Depression may precede or follow symptomatic parkinsonism in PD. It is frequently treatable but often overlooked.Methods:The clinical series comprised 685 individuals who were diagnosed with PD and followed by one neurologist (RJU) from 1994 to 2007. The primary outcome was time to depression following the onset of PD. Diagnosis of depression was based on clinical assessment of depressive symptoms from patients (and spouse/family/caregiver) and antidepressant usage. A number of demographic, historical and clinical predictive factors were examined, including gender, age at symptomatic onset, disease duration, onset characteristics, clinical ratings, antiparkinsonian medications, cognitive status, depression history, and familial history of PD and other neurodegenerative disorders.Results:Seventy-two percent of patients developed depression within ten years of symptomatic PD onset, and the mean time to depression was 7.9 years (median: 5.7 years). Factors associated with depression included longer PD duration, greater impairment in activities of daily living, and positive family history of motor neuron disease (MND).Conclusions:A high rate of individuals with PD develop depressive symptoms during the course of the disease. Based on first clinic visit characteristics, most factors examined were not helpful in identifying individuals with an increased risk of depression. However, disease duration, functional limitations and family history of MND should lead clinicians to an increased vigilance for identifying depression.
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Bonelli, Raphael, Rachel E. Dew, Harold G. Koenig, David H. Rosmarin, and Sasan Vasegh. "Religious and Spiritual Factors in Depression: Review and Integration of the Research." Depression Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/962860.
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Depressive symptoms and religious/spiritual (R/S) practices are widespread around the world, but their intersection has received relatively little attention from mainstream mental health professionals. This paper reviews and synthesizes quantitative research examining relationships between R/S involvement and depressive symptoms or disorders during the last 50 years (1962 to 2011). At least 444 studies have now quantitatively examined these relationships. Of those, over 60% report less depression and faster remission from depression in those more R/S or a reduction in depression severity in response to an R/S intervention. In contrast, only 6% report greater depression. Of the 178 most methodologically rigorous studies, 119 (67%) find inverse relationships between R/S and depression. Religious beliefs and practices may help people to cope better with stressful life circumstances, give meaning and hope, and surround depressed persons with a supportive community. In some populations or individuals, however, religious beliefs may increase guilt and lead to discouragement as people fail to live up to the high standards of their religious tradition. Understanding the role that R/S factors play in preventing depression, facilitating its resolution, or leading to greater depression will help clinicians determine whether this is a resource or a liability for individual patients.
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Feduniw, Stepan, Olga Płaza, Dominika Paździor, Katarzyna Kosińska-Kaczyńska, Iwona Szymusik, and Mirosław Wielgoś. "Depressive symptoms during pregnancy and their risk factors – a cross-sectional study." European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 18, no. 1 (2020): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/ejcem.2020.1.2.
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Introduction. It was established that intragestational depression is a common disease, with the estimated average prevalence of 10–25% in all expectant mothers worldwide. Aim of the study. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of depressive symptoms in pregnant women in Poland and to identify which factors may be related to a higher risk of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Material and methods. A prospective cross-sectional study was performed. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the validated Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). 346 women were enrolled in the study. Results. 130 women (37.6%) scored 13 or more points and were considered as presenting with depressive symptoms. Independent risk factors of depressive symptoms during pregnancy including mood disorders diagnosed before the current pregnancy (aOR=2.68, 95%CI 1.37-5.22), mental disorders confirmed in family members (aOR=2.72, 95%CI 1.24-5.98), unhappiness in their current relationship (aOR=4.0, 95%CI 1.77-9.01), lack of support from family members (aOR=2.73, 95%CI 1.51-4.96) increased the risk of DS and good financial status decreased the risk of DS occurrence (aOR=0.45, 95%CI: 0.25-0.80). Conclusions. Pregnant women commonly report depressive symptoms. The evaluation of relations with the family members, socio-economic status, former depressive symptoms and possible prenatal depression are essential for proper screening of depression in pregnant women.
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Lee, Jisun, and Jayoung Cho. "The Effect of Ecological Factors on Adolescent‟s Changes in Depression." International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 5, no. 6 (2015): 525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijssh.2015.v5.512.
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Reis, Renata Karina, Elizabete Santos Melo, Carolina de Castro Castrighini, Marli Terezinha Gimeniz Galvão, Silmara Elaine Toffano-Malaguti, and Elucir Gir. "Prevalence and factors associated with depressive symptoms in individuals living with HIV/AIDS." Salud mental 40, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2017.008.
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Introduction. Symptoms of depression are highly prevalent among people living with HIV/AIDS in Brazil and in other countries. This situation points to the need for proper diagnosis and timely treatment by the health team. Objective. To identify the prevalence of depressive symptoms and its association with sociodemographic, clinical and behavioral disorders among PLWHA. Method. This cross-sectional study analyzed 331 people living with HIV/AIDS in the city of São Paulo, Southeast Brazil. The Beck Depression Inventory was used to assess depressive symptoms. To identify predictors of depression, a multiple regression model was used, with a 95% confidence interval. Results. Of the participants, 167 (50.5%) were men, with an average age of 40. Depressive symptoms were prevalent in 42.3% and the factors associated with depression were being employed, age, and immunological status. Being employed was 1.8 times more likely (95% CI [1.0, 2.8]) to develop depressive symptoms than those who were not employed. The odds ratio of individuals under the age of 40 indicates they were 1.8 times more likely (95% CI [1.1, 2.8]) to have depressive symptoms than those over 40 years old. In regard to clinical aspects, individuals with 200 CD4 cells per mm3 are 2.1 times (95% CI [1.1, 3.9]) more likely to develop depression. Discussion and conclusion. We conclude that the prevalence of depressive symptoms among people living with HIV/AIDS was 42.3% and it was associated with being employed, age and CD4 + cell count.
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Shapero, Benjamin G., Brandon E. Gibb, Abigail Archibald, Timothy E. Wilens, Maurizio Fava, and Dina R. Hirshfeld-Becker. "Risk Factors for Depression in Adolescents With ADHD: The Impact of Cognitive Biases and Stress." Journal of Attention Disorders 25, no. 3 (September 10, 2018): 340–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054718797447.
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Objective: Youth diagnosed with ADHD are at heightened risk of depression. However, many do not develop depression. Individuals with specific cognitive biases are more likely to develop depression yet it remains untested whether these vulnerability-stress models apply to depression risk in youth with ADHD. Method: We examined whether interpretation and attention biases moderated the relation between stressful life events and depressive symptoms in a sample of adolescents ( Mage = 14.42) with ADHD ( n = 59) and without ADHD ( n = 36). Results: Youth with ADHD experienced more stressful life events compared with those without ADHD. Interpretation biases moderated the association between stress and depressive symptoms in youth with and without ADHD. Attention biases moderated the association between stress and depressive symptoms in the non-ADHD youth only. Conclusion: These results enhance our understanding of vulnerability for depression in adolescence with ADHD and inform targeted prevention and treatment models during this critical developmental juncture.
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Flores-Ramos, Mónica, Martín Armando Burrola-Suárez, Rodrigo Guiza-Zayas, J. Miguel Enciso-Araujo, Dannia Islas-Preciado, and Erika Estrada Camarena. "Evaluation of hormonal and metabolic factors related to depression in reproductive age women." Salud mental 43, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2020.006.
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Introduction. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent disease affecting women more than men worldwide. Various factors are involved in the genesis of depression, including hormones such as testosterone and certain metabolic factors Objective. To evaluate hormone levels and metabolic variables in women with major depression and healthy controls. Method. A cross-sectional, comparative analytical study was conducted in 40 participants, 23 patients with an MDD diagnosis and 17 controls, all of women in reproductive age between the ages of 18 and 45. Sociodemographic variables, hormonal profile, and metabolic variables were assessed and the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale was used to evaluate depressive symptoms. Results. No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in the hormonal and metabolic variables explored. Nevertheless, it was observed that the lower the testosterone levels and the higher the serum glucose levels, the more intense depressive symptoms were. Discussion and conclusion. Testosterone is associated with a lower depressive symptoms score on the Hamilton Depression scale, suggesting a potential antidepressant effect, whereas high glucose levels are associated with a higher score on this scale. We believe that the measurement of hormonal and metabolic variables in women can contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of depression.
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Ishtiaq, Muhammad. "DEPRESSION." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 08 (August 9, 2018): 1229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4351.
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Sabbarwal, Bhavna, Manjunath P. Puranik, and K. R. Sowmya. "Prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors among dental students: A cross sectional study." Journal of Global Oral Health 2 (September 25, 2019): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jgoh_30_2019.
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Background: Depression is a common mental health problem which affects all strata of life. As a result of the increase in competitiveness, there is a need to pay attention toward the presence and level of depression among students. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the depressive symptoms and its associated factors among clinical dental students in Bengaluru city. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted among third and final years dental students (n = 200) randomly selected from four dental colleges in Bengaluru city. Materials and Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess depressive symptoms using Beck’s Depression Inventory. Statistical Analysis Used: Association of depression with non-academic and academic factors was assessed using the Chi-square test. Student’s t-test was used to compare mean depression scores among study years. P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The prevalence of depression was found to be 49%. Significantly higher proportion of females (57.0%) had depression compared to males (43.0%) (P = 0.04). Mean depression score was higher among final year dental students (16.10 ± 9.76) compared to third year (13.77 ± 6.85) (P = 0.05). Level of severity of depression was significantly associated with the year of study (P < 0.001). Among non-academic and academic factors; the problem with friends, medical illness, and lack of interest in the course, fear of failure, respectively, was significantly associated with depression. Conclusion: Depression was evident considerably among dental students. The prevalence of depression was higher among females and final year students.
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Hodges, Kay, and W. Edward Craighead. "Relationship of Children's Depression Inventory factors to diagnosed depression." Psychological Assessment 2, no. 4 (1990): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.2.4.489.
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Rößner-Ruff, V., J. Krieger, and I. T. Graef-Calliess. "Male depression – actual a male specific disorder or potentially a new subtype of depression?" European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.252.
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IntroductionAlthough depression is one of the most prevalent disorders around the world we know only little about the effect of factors like gender-related norms or personality-related aspects in the expression of depressive symptoms. Current findings of studies are heterogeneous and lead to the conclusion that depression is more prevalent in women as well as that they have a higher risk for depression. Women express more typical depressive symptoms while men offer more atypical symptoms like aggressiveness, irritability, alcohol misuse which is constituted as male depression (MD).ObjectiveMale and female patients with a diagnosis of depressive episode or recurrent depressive disorder (ICD-10) who are treated in in-patient or day clinic setting of two psychiatric institutions in Lower Saxony and one psychiatric university hospital in Austria. Study period: November 2016 to November 2017. No limitations to further diagnosis, age or other factors.MethodsTo analyze the expression of (a) typical depressive symptoms as well as causes of and factors of influence in diverse types of depression different questionnaires and quantitative methods will be used.AimsInvestigate gender-specific differences in the expression of symptoms in male and female patients with a depressive disorder. Focus: whether symptoms of MD are more prevalent for depressive men than women. Furthermore, causes and factors of (a)typical depressive symptoms should be analyzed.ResultsFirst results will be presented.ConclusionThe results of the study should lead to the conclusion whether there exist any gender-specific differences in the expression of depressive symptoms and what they might be caused by.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Laird, Kelsey T., Helen Lavretsky, Pattharee Paholpak, Roza M. Vlasova, Michael Roman, Natalie St. Cyr, and Prabha Siddarth. "Clinical correlates of resilience factors in geriatric depression." International Psychogeriatrics 31, no. 2 (January 16, 2018): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217002873.
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ABSTRACTBackground:Traditional perspectives conceptualize resilience as a trait and depression as resulting from resilience deficiency. However, research indicates that resilience varies substantially even among adults who are clinically depressed, as well as across the lifespan of an individual. Few studies have investigated resilience in depression, and even fewer have examined resilience in depressed older adults.Methods:Three hundred thirty-seven adults ≥60 years with major depressive disorder completed the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and measures of mental health, quality of life (QOL), and medical comorbidity. Exploratory factor analysis was used to explore the factor structure of the CD-RISC. Correlations and general linear models were used to examine associations between resilience and other variables.Results:The rotated component matrix indicated a four-factor model. Sorting of items by highest factor loading revealed constructs associated with (1) grit, (2) active coping self-efficacy, (3) accommodative coping self-efficacy, and (4) spirituality. Resilience was significantly correlated with increased age, lower cognitive functioning, greater cerebrovascular risk, and greater medical comorbidity. Resilience was negatively associated with mental health symptoms (depression, apathy, and anxiety) and positively associated with QOL. The final optimal model identified less depression, less apathy, greater medical comorbidity, higher QOL, and minority (non-White) race as factors that significantly explained variability in resilience.Conclusions:Resilience was significantly associated with a range of mental health constructs in a sample of older adults with depression. Future clinical trials and dismantling studies may help determine whether interventions targeting grit, active coping, accommodative coping, and spirituality can increase resilience and help prevent and treat depression in older adults.
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Huh, Hyu Jung, Kyung Hee Kim, Hee-Kyung Lee, Bo Ram Jeong, Ji Hyun Hwang, and Jeong-Ho Chae. "Perceived Stress, Positive Resources and Their Interactions as Possible Related Factors for Depressive Symptoms." Psychiatry Investigation 18, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0208.
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Objective The present study aimed to explore how the patterns of interaction between stress and positive resources differ according to the severity of depression and which resources play the most important role among the various positive resources.Methods The study included 1,806 people who had visited a health screening center for a mental health check-up to evaluate the levels of perceived stress, positive resources, and depressive symptoms. The participants were divided into a depressive group (n=1,642, mean age 50.60, female 68%) and a non-depressive group (n=164, mean age 48.42, female 66.6%). We conducted hierarchical regression analyses and simple slope analyses to examine the interaction between perceived stress and positive resources.Results The interaction between perceived stress and optimism was significantly associated with depression in non-depressive groups. In depressive groups, the interactions between five types of positive resources (optimism, purpose in life, self-control, social support and care) and perceived stress were all significantly related to depression.Conclusion Interventions that promote optimism can be helpful for preventing inevitable stress from leading to depression. A deficiency in positive resources may be a factor in aggravating depression in stressful situations for people reporting moderate to severe depressive symptoms.
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Monteiro, S., C. Fernandes da Silva, A. Pereira, and A. Vaz Serra. "Risk factors for depression in young adulthood: pessimism, dysfunctional attitudes and neuroticism." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72360-4.
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IntroductionMajor depression was the fourth most important determinant of the burden of human disease in 1990 and is expected to rank second in the world by 2020.ObjectivesAs the causes of depression are complex, the identification of modifiable risk and protective factors, and understanding the processes through which they operate is crucial.AimsThe main aim of the present study is to identify potential risk factors to the development of depression.MethodsA total of 304 college students completed an on line questionnaire which assessed: depressive symptomathology (IACLIDE; Vaz Serra, 1994), pessimism (LOTR; Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994), dysfunctional attitudes (DAS; Weissman & Beck, 1978) and neuroticism (EPQ; Eysenck & Eysenck, 1969).ResultsThe main results indicated that pessimism, dysfunctional attitudes, and neuroticism correlated significantly and positively with depressive symptomathology.ConclusionsThe results suggested that pessimism, dysfunctional attitudes, and neuroticism can be considered risk factors for depression and important variables to be included in the depression prevention program under development. Overall, the results of this study indicate that understanding the relationships between these variables may be important to the prevention of depression.
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Cancino, Alfredo, Marcelo Leiva-Bianchi, Carlos Serrano, Soledad Ballesteros-Teuber, Cristian Cáceres, and Verónica Vitriol. "Factors Associated with Psychiatric Comorbidity in Depression Patients in Primary Health Care in Chile." Depression Research and Treatment 2018 (October 1, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1701978.
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Objective. To identify the clinical and psychosocial factors associated with psychiatric comorbidity in patients consulting for depression in Primary Health Care (PHC) in Chile. Methods. 394 patients with a diagnosis of major depression being treated in a Chilean PHC were evaluated using a sociodemographic and clinical interview, the mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI), a childhood trauma events (CTEs) screening, the intimate partner violence (IPV) scale, the Life Experiences Survey (LES), and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Results. Positive correlations were established between higher number of psychiatric comorbidities and severity of depressive symptoms (r = 0.358), frequency of CTEs (r = 0.228), frequency of IPV events (r = 0.218), frequency of recent stressful life events (r = 0.188), number of previous depressive episodes (r = 0.340), and duration of these (r = 0.120). Inverse correlations were determined with age at the time of the first consultation (r = -0.168), age of onset of depression (r = -0.320), and number of medical comorbidities (r = -0.140). Of all associated factors, early age of the first depressive episode, CTEs antecedents, and recent stressful life events explain 13.6% of total variability in psychiatric comorbidities. Conclusions. A higher prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity among subjects seeking help for depression in Chilean PHCs is associated with early onset of depression, clinical severity, chronicity, and interpersonal adversity experienced since childhood.
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Schulz, Pierre, and François Curtin. "Confounding factors and seasonal depression." International Journal of Circumpolar Health 62, no. 3 (September 2003): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v62i3.17569.
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Kim, Hae Won, and Yeon Yi Jung. "Influencing Factors on Antenatal Depression." Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing 16, no. 2 (2010): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2010.16.2.95.
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Hyun-Jung, Jang. "Predicting factors of postpartum depression." International Journal on Consulting Psychology for Patients 2, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21742/ijcpp.2018.2.2.03.
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Levchuk, L., A. Boyko, N. Vyalova, G. Simutkin, N. Bokhan, and S. Ivanova. "Neurohormonal factors of atypical depression." European Neuropsychopharmacology 26 (October 2016): S371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(16)31314-1.
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Willinck, Lizette A., and Susan M. Cotton. "Risk factors for postnatal depression." Australian Midwifery 17, no. 2 (June 2004): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1448-8272(04)80004-x.
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