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1

Elliott, Mark. "Constitutional Legislation, European Union Law and the Nature of the United Kingdom's Contemporary Constitution." European Constitutional Law Review 10, no. 3 (December 2014): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019614001291.

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United Kingdom – UK Supreme Court – European Union – The orthodox view of the British constitution: lack of hierarchy of laws – Britain's ‘unwritten’ constitution and the role of ‘constitutional statues’ in Factortame – HS2 judgment makes up for House of Lords' omission in Factortame – Relationship between parliamentary sovereignty and EU law more clearly articulated – A normative-hierarchical constitutional order
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McCauliff, Catherine M. A. "Is Free Movement of Workers a Fundamental Right or Merely the Price for Full Access to the Internal Market of the E.U.?" German Law Journal 17, S1 (July 1, 2016): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200021696.

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Factortame (Case C-213/89 [1990] ECR I-2433, starting in 1988, ff.) was the case that Eurosceptics felt doomed UK parliamentary sovereignty. Factortame said that, having committed itself to the treaty, a Member State could not then contradict the treaty with contrary domestic action. Specifically, no discrimination against nationality (now TFEU Art. 18) has been permitted since the beginning. Nevertheless, parliament amended the Merchant Shipping Act in 1988 to prevent Spanish fishermen from catching fish in UK waters by requiring, for example, that 75% of the shares in a fishing enterprise must owned by people domiciled and residing in UK. The diehards never accepted that parliament had to exercise its authority within the framework established by the treaty.
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3

Francis, Claire. "Factortame Ltd. v. Secretary of State for Transport." American Journal of International Law 84, no. 1 (January 1990): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203029.

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4

Craig, P. P. "Sovereignty of the United Kingdom Parliament after Factortame." Yearbook of European Law 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 221–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yel/11.1.221.

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5

Majid, Amir A. "Did the Factortame ruling cut United Kingdom sovereignty further?" Commonwealth Law Bulletin 18, no. 2 (April 1992): 746–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050718.1992.9986199.

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6

Noirfalisse, C. "The Community System of Fisheries Management and the Factortame Case." Yearbook of European Law 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 325–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yel/12.1.325.

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7

Toner, H. "Thinking the Unthinkable? State Liability for Judicial Acts after Factortame (III)." Yearbook of European Law 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 165–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yel/17.1.165.

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8

Loveland, Ian. "Defamation of ‘government’: taking lessons from America?" Legal Studies 14, no. 2 (July 1994): 206–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1994.tb00499.x.

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The House of Lords’ decision in Derbyshire County Council v Times Newspapers Ltd has been widely welcomed as a long overdue development in the common law’s treatment of free speech issues. Eric Barendt interprets the judgment as a judicial recognition of free speech as a ‘quasi-constitutional’ right. In a more exoteric vein, a major article in the Observer bracketed the case with Factortame, Pepper v Hart, and Woolwich Building Society v Inland Revenue in suggesting that an increasingly liberal-minded judiciary was fashioning a ‘silent revolution’ against orthodox principles of Parliamentary Sovereignty.
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9

Hobhousew, JJ, and JJ Moses. "R v SECRETARY OF STATE FOR TRANSPORT EX P. FACTORTAME AND OTHERS." European Law Reports 1, no. 4 (July 1, 1997): 475–533. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/elr.v1n4.475.

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10

Drexl, Josef. "Was Sir Francis Drake a Dutchman?-British Supremacy of Parliament after Factortame." American Journal of Comparative Law 41, no. 4 (1993): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/840758.

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11

Woolf, MR, and Walker LJJ Robert. "R v SECRETARY OF STATE FOR TRANSPORT EX P. A FACTORTAME AND OTHERS." European Law Reports 2, no. 4 (July 1, 1998): 456–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/elr.v2n4.456.

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12

Toulmin, HH Judge. "R v SECRETARY OF STATE FOR TRANSPORT EX P. FACTORTAME LTD AND OTHERS." European Law Reports 5, no. 3 (May 1, 2001): 207–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/elr.v5n1.207.

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13

Ordóñez Solís, David. "La impronta de las sentencias Francovich, Bosman, Kadi y Factortame en la jurisprudencia de la Unión Europea (1988-2013)." Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto, no. 50 (April 30, 2014): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/ced-50-2014pp201-220.

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<p><strong>Sumario: </strong>I. Introducción.—II. La sentencia <em>Francovich </em>(1991): la responsabilidad de las autoridades nacionales y la indemnización en caso de violación del Derecho comunitario europeo.—III. La sentencia <em>Bosman </em>(1995): nada que tenga dimensión económica, ni siquiera el deporte, es ajeno al Derecho de la Unión.—IV. La sentencia <em>Kadi </em>(2008): el alcance de la protección de los derechos fundamentales en la Unión Europea.—V. El asunto <em>Factortame </em>y el Derecho comunitario europeo en acción.—VI. Conclusión.—VII. Jurisprudencia citada.</p>
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14

Downes, T. A. "Trawling for a remedy: state liability under Community law." Legal Studies 17, no. 2 (July 1997): 286–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1997.tb00408.x.

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This paper explores the implications for English law of the decision of the European Court of Justice in joined cases C-46/93 Brasserie du Pêcheur v Germany and C-48/93 R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame (No 4) and subsequent decisions developing the principles enunciated therein. More specifically, it examines how the English law of torts is to accommodate the European law obligation to compensate, in appropriate circumstances, individuals suffering a loss as a result of a breach by the state of Community law. In confronting this question English law is engaged in the unfamiliar exercise of attempting to match a remedy to an already recognised right: the history of the common law, and the law of torts in particular, is of defining rights in the light of the existing remedies under which they could be asserted.
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15

Marson, James, Hasan Alissa, and Katy Ferris. "Resolving the Inconsistency Between National and EU Motor Insurance Law. Was Factortame the Solution Nobody Sought?" German Law Journal 22, no. 1 (January 2021): 122–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.98.

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AbstractIn this Article, we argue that the uncertainty of UK national motor vehicle insurance law—when viewed with respect to its European Union (EU) parent, the Motor Vehicle Insurance Directive (MVID)—was never satisfactorily addressed, primarily when using the remedy available through the non-contractual liability of the State. The EU enforcement mechanisms were equally haphazard in their effectiveness and success in affording rights to third-party victims. Given the link between the MVID and the free movement of persons and goods, on which the harmonization of insurance protection was based, we present the first Article establishing an argument that those offending aspects of UK national law should have been disapplied. The UK has concluded its agreement to withdraw its membership of the EU—and thus no longer to be bound by EU law and the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice. Yet until the transitional period ends, the UK remained aligned to EU law and those defects present in national law should have been remedied. Therefore, the remedy issued from the Factortame line of case authorities may have proven to be the most effective way to grant access to rights which were denied to third-party victims in the UK. Here we present a justification for its application.
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16

Berg, A. J. "A. E. Munir, Fisheries after Factortame, Current EC Legal Development Series, Butterworths, London 1991, VIII + 262 pp., Dfl. 282//£80. ISBN 0-406-00298-3." Netherlands International Law Review 41, no. 02 (August 1994): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165070x00003259.

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17

Zybill, C. E., E. Hechtl, D. Kovalev, and W. Eckstein. "Improvement of loss factortanδ of PZT PbTi0.75Zr0.25O3films by O+-Ion-implantation." Integrated Ferroelectrics 29, no. 3-4 (September 2000): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584580008222245.

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18

Zhang, Hui, Xi Yun He, Xia Zeng, and Ying Shi. "Effect of Cd2+ Substitution on the Magnetic Properties of NiCuZn Ferrites for Low Temperature Firing." Key Engineering Materials 602-603 (March 2014): 931–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.602-603.931.

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Cd2+-substituted NiCuZn ferrites with compositions of Ni0.24-yCdyCu0.21Zn0.55Fe1.92O3.88(y = 0.00, 0.002, 0.005, 0.007, 0.01) were prepared by a solid state reaction method. The effects of Cd2+substitution on phase, microstructure feature and magnetic properties of samples were discussed. The results showed that NiCuZn ferrites with Cd2+substitution were single spinel phases. The lattice parameter decreased first and subsequently increased due to the difference of ions radius and incomplete substitution. The density of sintered samples had similar trend as well. The saturation magnetizationMSdecreased with the increase of Cd2+ions. The highest initial permeabilityμiand lowest relative loss factortanδ/μiwere found in the composition with Cd contenty=0.007 attributed to the decrease of crystal magnetic anisotropy constantK1of the ferrites.
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19

Sharad, Author, Shailendra Mishra, Ashok Kumar Sharma, and D. S. Chauhan. "NonOrthogonal Variable Spreading FactorTime Multiplexing based Sensor Network Topology compared with Tree Routing and Enhance Tree Routing Protocol." International Journal of Computer Applications 31, no. 2 (October 31, 2011): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/3799-5240.

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20

Tucker, Sharon A. "The Leadership FactorThe Leadership Factor, by KotterJohn P.. New York: Free Press, 1988, 161 pp., $19.95, cloth." Academy of Management Review 14, no. 2 (April 1989): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4282148.

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21

Sari, Ni Putu Ratna, and Anak Agung Putri Sri. "FACTORS THAT DETERMINE BUYING INTERESTS OF FOREIGN TOURISTS IN CHOOSING ACCOMMODATIONS IN TEGALLALANG VILLAGE, GIANYAR , BALI." Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism 6, no. 1 (June 28, 2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22334/jbhost.v6i1.190.

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A number of accommodations are available in Tegallalang Village, because of its location that is close to central Ubud. Along with the increase in foreign tourist arrivals, then this study aims to analyze the factors that determine the interest of foreign tourists in the selection of accommodation in the village of Tegallalang, Gianyar Bali. This study used 50 respondents with accidental sampling technique. Data will be analyzed by factor analysis. The results showed characteristics of tourists who stay at accommodation in Tegallalang Village were dominant Australian citizenship 18%, Length of their stay is 3-7 days (72%), based on age in 26-30 years old (36%). Characteristics based on occupation dominant as employed (48%) and purpose of visit for leisure (58%). Tourists choose villa for 68% as a place to stay, this is because the villa is more privacy than others. The factors that influence the buying interest of foreign tourists in choosing accommodation are the first is the factor of room quality, the second is the location factor, the third is the price factor and the fourth is accommodation security factor. The dominant factor that determines it is the room quality factorThe next research that will be conducted in the future is guest satisfaction toward accommodation in Tegallalang Village is highly expected.
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22

Acosta Contreras, Manuel, and Ana Isabel Burguillos Peña. "ESTRÉS Y BURNOUT EN PROFESORES DE PRIMARIA Y SECUNDARIA DE HUELVA: LAS ESTRATEGIAS DE AFRONTAMIENTO COMO FACTOR DE PROTECCIÓN." International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología. 4, no. 1 (November 29, 2016): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v4.616.

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Abstract.STRESS AND BURNOUT IN TEACHERS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION OF HUELVA: COPING LIKE PROTECTION FACTORThe aim of this study was to examine the existence of work stress and burnout syndrome in a sample of teachers from E. Elementary and Secondary Education, and relationships with two possible “protective factors, coping strategies and emotional intelligence. The sample consisted of 92 teachers of Primary and Secondary from eight centers Huelva. We used a questionnaire developed for the collection of personal data relating to schools, the Scale for Assessment of Stress (EAE), the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the COPE Questionnaire. The coping strategies adopted by teachers not being as useful measures to improve these problems, so it would not act as a protective factor.Keywords: Laboral Stress, Burnout Syndrome, Coping.Resumen.El objetivo del estudio ha sido examinar la existencia de Estrés Laboral y Síndrome de Burnout en una muestra de docentes de E. Primaria y Secundaria, y establecer relaciones con dos posibles “factores de protección”, las estrategias de afrontamiento y la inteligencia emocional. La muestra estaba formada por 92 docentes de Enseñanza Primaria y Secundaria procedentes de ocho Centros de Huelva. Se empleó un Cuestionario elaborado para la recogida de los datos personales y relativos a los centros docentes, la Escala de Apreciación del Estrés (EAE), el Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) y el Cuestionario COPE. Las estrategias de afrontamiento adoptadas por los docentes no están siendo medidas útiles en cuanto a la mejora de estos problemas, por lo que no actuaría como factor de protección.Palabras clave: Estrés Laboral, Síndrome de Burnout, Estrategias de Afrontamiento al estrés.
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23

Janssen, Michael, Paul Arnold, Rick Sasso, Michael Fehlings, and Ashvin Patel. "Safety and Efficacy of i-FACTORTM Bone Graft in Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, Multi-Center, Investigational Device Exemption Study." Global Spine Journal 6, no. 1_suppl (April 2016): s—0036–1582606—s—0036–1582606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1582606.

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East, Michelle, and Kerstin Uvnas Moberg. "The Oxytocin FactorThe Oxytocin Factor—Tapping the hormone of calm, love and healing By Kerstin Uvnas Moberg Published by Pinter and Martin ISBN: 0738207489 Price: £7.99." British Journal of Midwifery 22, no. 12 (December 2, 2014): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2014.22.12.905.

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25

Arnold, Paul M., Rick C. Sasso, Michael E. Janssen, Michael G. Fehlings, Robert F. Heary, Alexander R. Vaccaro, and Branko Kopjar. "i-Factor™ Bone Graft vs Autograft in Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: 2-Year Follow-up of the Randomized Single-Blinded Food and Drug Administration Investigational Device Exemption Study." Neurosurgery 83, no. 3 (September 8, 2017): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyx432.

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Abstract BACKGROUND i-Factor™ Bone Graft (Cerapedics Inc, Westminster, Colorado) is a composite bone substitute material consisting of P-15 synthetic collagen fragment adsorbed onto anorganic bone mineral suspended in an inert biocompatible hydrogel carrier. A pivotal, noninferiority, US FDA Investigational Device Exemption study demonstrated the benefits of i-Factor™ compared to local autograft bone in single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion at 1-yr postoperative. OBJECTIVE To report 2-yr follow-up. METHODS Subjects randomly received either autograft (n = 154) or i-Factor™ (n = 165) in a cortical ring allograft and followed using radiological, clinical, and patient-reported outcomes. RESULTS At 2 yr, the fusion rate was 97.30% and 94.44% in i-Factor™ and autograft subjects, respectively (P = .2513), and neurological success rate was 94.87% (i-Factor™) and 93.79% (autograft; P = .7869). Neck Disability Index improved 28.30 (i-Factor™) and 26.95 (autograft; P = .1448); Visual Analog Scale arm pain improved 5.43 (i-Factor™) and 4.97 (autograft) (p = .2763); Visual Analog Scale neck pain improved 4.78 (i-Factor™) and 4.41 (autograft; P = .1652), Short Form-36 (SF-36v2) Physical Component Score improved 10.23 (i-Factor™) and 10.18 (autograft; P = .4507), and SF36v2 Mental Component Score improved 7.88 (i-FactorTM) and 7.53 (autograft; P = .9872). The composite endpoint of overall success (fusion, Neck Disability Index improvement &gt;15, neurological success, and absence of re-operations) was greater in i-Factor™ subjects compared to autograft subjects (69.83% and 56.35%, respectively, P = .0302). Twelve (7.45%) i-Factor™ subjects and 16 (10.53%) autograft subjects underwent re-operation (P = .3411). There were no allergic reactions associated with i-Factor™. CONCLUSION Use of i-Factor™ in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion is effective and safe, and results in similar outcomes compared to local autograft bone at 2 yr following surgery.
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Davis, Tim R. V. "The Leadership Challenge/The Leadership FactorThe Leadership Challenge By KouzesJames M. and PosnerBarry Z.. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987. 362 pages. $21.95.The Leadership Factor By KotterJohn P.. New York: The Free Press, 1987. 155 pages. $19.18." Academy of Management Perspectives 2, no. 2 (May 1988): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ame.1988.4275539.

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"R v SECRETARY OF STATE FOR TRANSPORT EX P. FACTORTAME LTD AND OTHERS." European Law Reports 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 40–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/elr.v4n1.40.

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28

Indriati, Ratna, and Yurika Kristi Murpambudi. "HUBUNGAN STATUS GIZI DENGAN PERKEMBANGAN ANAK USIA 1 – 5 TAHUN DI POSYANDU DESA SIRNOBOYO KABUPATEN WONOGIRI." KOSALA : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan 4, no. 1 (March 7, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.37831/jik.v4i1.83.

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Background Child under five years of age is the period of life that are veryimportant and need serious attention. During this process of growth anddevelopment very rapidly. One of the important factors that affect childdevelopment is a nutritional factorThe purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of nutrition statuswith the development of children aged 1-5 years in Sirnoboyo village of PosyanduWonogiri RegencyMethod Correlation research design with cross sectional approach . The subjectof research is the 35 children aged 1-5 years with his mother in Sirnoboyo villageof posyandu Wonogiri Regency with technique purposive sampling. Dataobtained by doing observation to know nutritional status and child development.The data obtained are then analyzed by chi square test with p = 0.05Results showed the child with good nutritional status of as many as 25 children(71,43%), nutritional status less as much as 9 child (25.71%) and betternutritional status as much as 1 child (2.86%) while the children with normaldevelopment of as many as 24 children (68,57%) and a total of 11 children ofquestionable developments (31,43%). The results of the analysis using the chisquaretest p = 0.006 obtained so that the value of p < 0.05, which means that Hois rejected and Ha accepted.The Conclusion of the research was there is relationship of the nutritional statuswith the development of children aged 1-5 years in Sirnoboyo village of posyanduWonogiri RegencyKeywords : Nutritional Status, Development
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Chizhov, Alexey Ya, Algimantas Kirkutis, and Jurgita Andruškienė. "Perspectives in the Application of Immunocorrector – transfer factor ™ in Immunoprophylaxis Programmes and Immunorehabilitation." Reabilitacijos mokslai: slauga, kineziterapija, ergoterapija 2, no. 15 (March 6, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.33607/rmske.v2i15.703.

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Background. Human health is largely determined by the body’s resistance to various damaging factors and, in particular, the functional state of its immune system. The use of unique, new generation immunomodulators in prevention of diseases is promising. Goal of the research was to defne the perspectives in the application of immunocorrector Transfer factorTM in immunoprophylaxis programmes and immunorehabilitation analysing and summarizing scientifc articles. Methods. Systemic literature overview was performed, including 77 scientifc articles and conference proceedings in English, published in the period from 1949 to 2016. The main inclusion criterion was clinical trial or literature review, analysing the effect of immunocorrector on human health in cases of different disorders. Results. Transfer factors are molecules that communicate antigenic immunological information intracellularly from a donor to a recipient. Mammalian Transfer factors, including those of humans are small molecules between 3,500 and 10,000 Daltons. Transfer factor’s functions of cell-mediated immunity and non-specifc immunological activity differ from the functions of antibodies. Transfer factors are divided into three fractions: the inductors that provide rapid immune response and general readiness of the immune system; suppressors, which regulate the intensity of the immune response, preventing allergic and autoimmune reactions; antigen specifc Transfer factors with a set of certain antigens, allowing quick adjusting of the immune system to recognize many bacterial and viruses. Conclusions. Transfer factors have no side effects and are considered as highly effective in treatment of infectious, parasitic, oncological, dermatological, venereal and somatic diseases, so are highly recommended for preventive purposes and decreasing of aging.]Keywords: transfer factor, immunoprophylaxis, immunorehabilitation.
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Rodríguez-Arana, Jaime. "Las medidas cautelares en la Ley de la Jurisdicción Contencioso-Administrativa." Iuris Dictio 6, no. 9 (October 1, 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.18272/iu.v6i9.627.

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La preocupación por las medidas cautelares en el orden jurisdiccional contencioso-administrativo en particular, ha cobrado un especial relieve en los últimos años debido, en gran parte, a su consideración como parte integrante del derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva del artículo 24.1 de la Constitución.Lo cierto es que en esta última década se ha producido un importante aumento de la justicia cautelar o provisional; aumento que seguramente tiene relación con la duración de los procesos jurisdiccionales.El caso es que la tutela judicial efectiva de carácter cautelar se ha convertido en un hecho cotidiano en los Tribunales contencioso-administrativos españoles, actuando como un mecanismo para asegurar provisionalmente la eficacia de la sentencia definitiva y como remedio para que ésta, llegada a su ejecución, no resulte tardía.En efecto, la potestad de los Jueces y Tribunales de adoptar medidas cautelares responde, como ha señalado el Tribunal Constitucional, “a la necesidad de asegurar, en su caso, la efectividad del pronunciamiento futuro del órgano jurisdiccional” evitando que un posible fallo a favor de la pretensión “quede desprovisto de la eficacia por la conservación o consolidación irreversible de situaciones contrarias a derecho o interés reconocido por el órgano jurisdiccional en su momento”.García de Enterría señala como auténtico hito de esta evolución el auto del Supremo de 20 de diciembre de 1990, en el que el ponente, el Prof. González Navarro, configura un auténtico derecho a la tutela cautelar, que se corresponde con un deber, por parte de la Administración y los Tribunales, de acordar la medida cautelar que resulte necesaria para asegurar el contenido de la resolución que finalmente se adopte. En este sentido, el Tribunal Supremo señalaba lo siguiente:“los estrechos límites del artículo 122 de la LJCA tienen hoy que entenderse ampliados por el expreso reconocimiento del derecho a una tutela judicial efectiva en la propia Constitución, derecho que implica, entre otras cosas, el derecho a una tutela cautelar”.Esta concepción puede verse recogida en recientes sentencias del Tribunal Supremo como la de 7 de abril de 1997 que señala que la tutela cautelar forma parte de la tutela efectiva de Jueces y Tribunales, no pudiendo eliminarse de manera absoluta la posibilidad de adoptar medidas cautelares dirigidas a asegurar la eficacia de la sentencia estimatoria que pudiera dictarse en su momento.Este mismo derecho se encuentra reconocido en el ordenamiento comunitario por el principio general al que alude la sentencia Factortame del Tribunal de Justicia de Luxemburgo de 19 de julio de 1990, que se resume así: “la necesidad del proceso para obtener la razón no ha de convertirse en un daño para el que tiene razón”.Estas aproximaciones, superadoras de la estricta regulación legal anterior contribuyen a explicar el hecho de que la nueva Ley de la Jurisdicción Contencioso-Administrativa haya dedicado bastante atención a este asunto, en concreto, el Capítulo II del Título VI de la Ley, artículos 129 a 136.Asimismo, toda la doctrina está de acuerdo en situar como un elemento clave a la hora de tratar el fundamento de las medidas cautelares en general, el problema de la lentitud en la resolución de los procesos jurisdiccionales. El artículo 24.2 de nuestra Constitución afirma claramente que “todos tienen derecho a un proceso público sin dilaciones indebidas y con todas las garantías…” por lo cual el retraso desproporcionado en la resolución de los procedimientos supone una grave conculcación del derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva reconocida en el artículo 24 de nuestra norma suprema, como ha reconocido el Tribunal Constitucional, en su Sentencia 26/1983, al afirmar que “desde el punto de vista sociológico y práctico puede seguramente afirmarse que una justicia tardíamente concedida equivale a una falta de tutela judicial efectiva".Básicamente, lo que se pretende es que la duración del procedimiento no altere el equilibrio inicial de fuerzas entre las partes. Así el Tribunal Supremo ha señalado que el principio de efectividad de la tutela judicial recogido en el artículo 24.1 de la Constitución reclama que el control jurisdiccional que ampliamente traza su artículo 106.1 haya de proyectarse también sobre la ejecutividad del acto administrativo. Y dada la duración del proceso, el control sobre la ejecutividad ha de adelantarse al enjuiciamiento del fondo del asunto. La armonización de las exigencias de ambos principios da lugar a que la regla general de la ejecutividad haya de ser controlada en cada caso concreto sobre todo porque la jurisprudencia, no lo olvidemos, es la constatación real de la solución justa a cada caso.Las medidas cautelares, como es sabido, presentan una serie de caracteres que suscitan el consenso doctrinal entre los que pueden citarse: instrumentalidad, homogeneidad de la medida cautelar con la medida ejecutiva; temporalidad y provisionalidad; variabilidad y jurisdiccionabilidad.La instrumentalidad se refiere a que las medidas cautelares son únicamente concebibles en virtud de la interposición de un recurso contencioso-administrativo, recurso que ha dado lugar al proceso y al hecho de que lo que se persigue es el mantenimiento de la situación inicial; es decir lo que el particular pretende es que las cosas vuelvan a su estado originario. Esta instrumentalidad aparece reconocida en el artículo 129 de la nueva Ley, del que se infiere que las medidas cautelares dependen siempre del proceso principal, como lo subraya el hecho de que es competente para conocer de la pretensión el mismo órgano que conozca del proceso principal y asimismo se da identidad de partes con el proceso principal. Asimismo, la medida cautelar es instrumento de la resolución final, teniendo por finalidad permitir su ejecución y estando subordinada a ella.Al respecto de la homogeneidad, Orteils ha señalado que: “las medidas que anticipen en parte o provisionalmente efectos de la sentencia responden a la función de asegurar la efectividad de la misma que supone algo más que asegurar la ejecución, dado que implica también proteger aquélla frente a riesgos que impidan que sus efectos se desarrollen en condiciones de plena utilidad para el que sea reconocido como titular del derecho”.La provisionalidad hace referencia al carácter no definitivo de las medidas cautelares, pues éstas desaparecen, perdiendo toda su eficacia, cuando faltan los presupuestos que originaron su adopción, y en todo caso cuando finaliza el proceso principal. La nota de la provisionalidad se entiende bien si se conecta con la finalidad de las medidas cautelares; si lo que se trata de proteger y tutelar mediante la adopción de tales medidas es la efectividad de una ulterior sentencia, lógico es que las mismas tengan una vigencia limitada en el tiempo, concretamente aquella en la que dicha sentencia tarde en obtenerse.Esta provisionalidad aparece muy claramente en dos casos: las medidas inaudita parte debitoris del artículo 135 y los supuestos de impugnación de inactividades administrativas o de actuaciones materiales constitutivas de vía de hecho que el artículo 136.2 permite solicitar antes de la interposición del recurso para evitar la producción de daños irreversibles que harían que la medida perdiese su finalidad de instarse una vez iniciado el proceso.Con la nota de variabilidad se quiere indicar que la permanencia o modificación de la medida cautelar esta siempre condicionada al mantenimiento de los presupuestos que justificaron su adopción.La medida cautelar podrá ser reformada, si se producen modificaciones en el estado de los hechos respecto de los cuales la medida fue adoptada, y en el supuesto en el que no fuera otorgada cuando se solicitó, se podrá volver a pedir siempre que se haya producido un cambio de las circunstancias anteriores.Esto es lo que establece el artículo 132.1 de la nueva Ley, el cual partiendo de la cláusula “rebus sic stantibus” afirma que las medidas cautelares podrán ser modificadas o revocadas durante el curso del procedimiento si cambiaran las circunstancias en virtud de las cuales se hayan adoptado.Esta “potestas variandi” se basa en una alteración del equilibrio de intereses en el que se fundamenta la adopción de la medida o en la propia desaparición sobrevenida de la necesidad de su existencia para garantizar la decisión final del proceso. Ahora bien, esta “potestas variandi” está sometida a las limitaciones establecidas en el artículo 132.2 de la Ley, ya que las medidas no podrán modificarse o revocarse en función de los distintos avances que se vayan haciendo durante el proceso respecto al análisis de la cuestión litigiosa ni tampoco en razón de la modificación de los criterios de valoración que el órgano jurisdiccional aplicó a los hechos al decidir el incidente cautelar.Estas dos excepciones pretenden evitar que la modificación de la medida pueda parecer que se trata de una pura decisión subjetiva completamente desvinculada de la aparición de nuevas circunstancias que deberán ser alegadas por las partes. En definitiva, las medidas cautelares no producen el efecto de cosa juzgada y son, por ello, modificables siempre que se produzca una variación de las circunstancias de hecho.En cuanto a la jurisdiccionalidad, puede señalarse que está implícita en las notas anteriores puesto que significa que la adopción de la suspensión compete al órgano jurisdiccional que este conociendo el proceso principal ya que, según dispone el artículo 117.3 de la Constitución, solo a los órganos jurisdiccionales les corresponde el juzgar y hacer ejecutar lo juzgado.
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