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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Factory cost'
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陶鷹翔 and Yingxiang Tao. "An assessment of alternative wastewater treatment approaches in Guangzhou." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31239365.
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Algabroun, Hatem. "On the development of a maintenance approach for factory of the future implementing Industry 4.0." Licentiate thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-68026.
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The objective of this thesis is to develop a maintenance approach that fulfills the requirements of Industry 4.0. It explores the role and importance of maintenance activities in today’s industry. Then, it develops the features and tasks required to be performed by maintenance to fulfill the demands of Industry 4.0. Finally, it develops a reference model to be used in designing maintenance system for Industry 4.0. To perform these studies, real data were collected and applied as well as a typical scenario was implemented. The results achieved in the papers of this thesis are 1) a mathematical representation and application of a model that identifies, analyses and prioritizes economic weakness in working areas related to production, 2) a model that analyses, identifies and prioritizes failures that impact the competitive advantages and profitability of companies, 3) characterization of a suitable maintenance technique for Industry 4.0 and 4) a reference model i.e. a framework, that could be utilized to develop a maintenance approach for Industry 4.0. The conclusion of this thesis confirms that maintenance has a significant impact on companies’ competitive advantages, other working areas and profitability. To achieve a suitable maintenance technique for Industry 4.0, this technique must be able to monitor, diagnose, prognosis, schedule, assist in execution and present the relevant information. In order to perform these tasks several features must be acquired, the most important features are to be: digitized, automated, intelligent, able to communicate with other systems for data gathering and monitoring, openness, detect deviation in the condition at an early stage, cost- effective, flexible for adding new CM techniques, provide accurate decisions and scalable. The developed framework could be used as a base to design a maintenance system for Industry 4.0. This study contributes to our understanding of the maintenance importance in today’s industry and how to develop a maintenance approach for Industry 4.0.
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Dogan, Bugce. "Assessment Of The Best Available Wastewater Management Techniques For A Textile Mill: Cost And Benefit Analysis." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609961/index.pdf.
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The Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive from the European Union strives to achieve a high level of environmental protection by preventing or reducing the pollution emanating from industrial installations directly at the source. The Directive implies that the emission limit values should be set in accordance with each industry&rsquos Best Available Techniques (BAT). In the present study, water recovery and wastewater treatability alternatives developed beforehand were evaluated towards the evaluation of BATs for the management of wastewaters from a denim textile mill. For this purpose, an assessment that translates the key environmental aspects into a quantitative measure of environmental performance and also financial analysis were performed for each of the alternatives. The alternatives considered for water recovery from dyeing wastewaters were nanofiltration (NF) with coagulation and/or microfiltration (MF) pretreatment, ozonation or peroxone and Fenton oxidation. On the other hand, for the end-of-pipe treatment of the mill&rsquo
s mixed wastewater
ozonation, Fenton oxidation, membrane bioreactor (MBR) and activated sludge process followed by membrane filtration technologies were evaluated. The results have indicated that membrane filtration process providing 70 % water recovery with the least environmental impacts is the BAT for water recovery. On the other side, MBR technology has appeared as the BAT for the end-of-pipe treatment of the mill&rsquo
s mixed wastewater. A technical and financial comparison of these two BAT alternatives revealed that water recovery via membrane filtration from dyeing wastewaters is selected as the BAT for the water and wastewater management in the mill.
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Foster, John R. "Cost factors in software maintenance." Thesis, Durham University, 1993. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1561/.
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Dunn, Laurence Michael. "An investigation of the factors affecting the lifecycle costs of COTS-based systems." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2011. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-investigation-of-the-factors-affecting-the-lifecycle-costs-of-cotsbased-systems(8868c04c-cd73-4559-b5fd-fb4e60e31e6d).html.
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This research used a case study based approach to test Abts’ CBS Functional Density Rule of Thumb (Abts, 2002; 2004) and to identify the factors influencing the costs of COTS-based systems by means of statistical analysis of a large component dataset from IBM, Grounded Theory analysis of a series of interviews with software architects and project managers and an extended literature review. Whilst the use of Glaser’s (1978) Grounded Theory approach provided support for Abts’ theory the statistical analysis provided no support for the theory that maximising the amount of system functionality provided by COTS components reduced system development costs. This has led to the identification of a weakness in the Grounded Theory method in that it is unable to move beyond the preconceptions of the interviewees if the interview data collection method is used in isolation of other data collection methods. However, overall this research has provided a deeper understanding of the issues affecting COTS-based design. By combining the outcomes of the Grounded Theory analysis and literature review a series of forces influencing the costs of building COTS-based systems have been identified, together with a set of principles, which when used in combination can enable software practitioners to make informed decisions about the impact on costs of using components.
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Long, Frank M. "Navy's less-than truckload cost factors." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA316629.
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Österman, Cecilia. "Cost-benefit of Ergonomics in Shipping." Thesis, Industrial ergonomics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-20033.
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Specialists in ergonomics believe that what is good ergonomics is also goodeconomics for many industrial settings. This relationship between ergonomicsand economics is supported by research on several industrial settings. Thisstudy turns to investigate this relationship within the maritime domain.Shipping naturally faces the same work environment problems as commonlyseen on work places ashore. Additionally, there is however a social and culturaldimension to the work environment in what might be the most globalisedindustry of all.This study is performed as a pilot study to a larger project within theeconomics of maritime ergonomics. The aim of this thesis is to review themajor issues in the research of maritime ergonomics and how cost-benefit ofergonomics is calculated in other domains. Furthermore, the thesis also aims atinvestigate which ergonomic factors that are considered the most important bythe shipping industry itself and if the economics of ergonomics is calculated inthe Swedish shipping industry.The review of scientific literature on maritime ergonomics is divided into threeareas of interest: organisation and management, occupational health and safetyand psychosocial work environment. No studies were found on cost-benefitcalculations within shipping. There are however several methods for evaluationand calculation from other domains. The result of the nine qualitativeinterviews shows a predominant occupation in the area of organisation.Important factors mentioned in the interviews that are believed to affect safety,productivity and well-being include leadership and social skills,communication between and within the shorebased organisation and the vessel,as well as knowledge on several levels. A survey among ten Swedish shippingowners shows that beyond the costs of sick-leave, the shipowners do not on aregular basis calculate the costs and benefits of ergonomics.Further research includes a stakeholder analysis; defining the operativemeasurements of productivity, quality and effectiveness for a maritime setting;an accident analysis and the compilation of Best Practise within shipping.
Specialister inom arbetsmiljöområdet är övertygade om att en bra arbetsmiljöockså är bra för ett företags ekonomi. Detta förhållande mellan arbetsmiljö ochekonomi har påvisats i flera studier inom olika branscher. Den här studienundersöker sambandet mellan en god arbetsmiljö och god ekonomi inomsjöfarten. Inom sjöfarten återfinns naturligtvis samma arbetsmiljöproblem somhos andra branscher men i det som kanske är den mest globaliserade branschenav alla finns det också en framträdande social och kulturell dimension iarbetsmiljön.Den här uppsatsen är utförd som en pilotstudie till ett större forskningsprojektinom sjöfart och arbetsmiljöekonomi. Målet med uppsatsen är att undersökainom vilka områden det forskas på inom sjöfartens arbetsmiljö samt attundersöka hur kostnadsnytta av arbetsmiljö beräknas. Dessutom ämnaruppsatsen undersöka vilka arbetsmiljöfaktorer som de olika sjöfartsaktörernasjälva anser vara de viktigaste och om branschen själv räknar på arbetsmiljönidag.Granskningen av den vetenskapliga litteraturen om sjöfartens arbetsmiljö äruppdelad i tre områden: organisation och ledarskap, hälsa och säkerhet, samtden psykosociala arbetsmiljön. Inga studier återfanns som berördearbetsmiljöekonomi inom sjöfarten. Det finns däremot ett flertal metoder ochmodeller för ekonomisk utvärdering och beräkning av arbetsmiljöåtgärder frånandra branscher. Resultatet av nio kvalitativa intervjuer visar fokus påorganisatoriska arbetsmiljöfaktorer. Viktiga faktorer som informanterna anserhar inverkan på säkerhet, arbetsmiljö och produktivitet inkluderar ledarskap;kommunikation ombord och mellan fartyg och landorganisation; och kunskappå olika nivåer. En undersökning hos tio svenska rederier visar att utöverkostnader för sjukfrånvaro räknar företagen inte regelbundet på kostnader ochvinster för arbetsmiljön.Förslag till framtida forskning inkluderar en intressentanalys, att definiera ochbeskriva de operativa rationalitetsmåtten produktivitet, kvalitet och effektivitetför sjöfarten, olycksfallsanalys och sammanställandet av exempel av ”BestPractise” inom sjöfarten.
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Hallert, Eva. "Disease activity, function and costs in early rheumatoid arthritis." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Reumatologi, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8242.
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a major cause of progressive joint damage and disability, and is associated with decline in quality of life, reduced ability to work and increased health care utilisation. The economic consequences of the disease are substantial for the individuals and their families and for the society as a whole. This thesis describes a 5-year follow up of 320 patients with early RA, enrolled between January 1996 and April 1998 in the Swedish multi-centre inception cohort TIRA (early interventions in rheumatoid arthritis). Health status, function and costs were investigated. Predictors of high costs were calculated, and an algorithm was constructed to predict future need for TNFinhibitor treatment in patients not responding to traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Clinical and laboratory data, measures of functional capacity and self-reported assessments were collected regularly. In addition, patients completed biannual/annual questionnaires concerning all health care utilisation and days lost from work due to the disease. Within 3 months, improvements were seen regarding all variables assessing disease activity and functional ability, but 15% of the patients had sustained high or moderate disease activity throughout the study period. The scores of ‘health assessment questionnaire’ (HAQ) were similar for men and women at baseline, but had a less favourable course in women, who also had DMARDs more frequently prescribed. Ambulatory care accounted for 76% of the direct costs during the first year. Women had more ambulatory care visits and higher usage of complementary medicine compared to men. Men ≥65 years had low costs compared to younger men and compared to women of all ages. In multiple logistic regression tests, HAQ, high levels of IgM-class rheumatoid factor (RF), and poor hand function increased the odds of incurring high direct costs. Poor hand function and pain increased the odds of incurring high indirect costs. Indirect costs exceeded direct costs all three years. The average direct costs were €3,704 (US$ 3,297) year 1 and €2,652 (US$ 2,360) year 3. All costs decreased over the years, except those for medication and surgery. The indirect costs were €8,871 (US$ 7,895) year 1 and remained essentially unchanged, similarly for both sexes. More than 50% were on sick leave or early retirement at inclusion. Sick leave decreased but was offset by increase in early retirement. 14 patients (5%) were prescribed TNF-inhibitors at the 3- year follow up, thus increasing drug costs substantially. However, they incurred higher costs even before prescription of anti-TNF therapy. At the 5-year follow-up (2001-2003), 31 patients (12%) were prescribed TNFinhibitors. Baseline values of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, anti-CCP antibodies and morning stiffness were significantly higher in this group. These patients were also to a larger extent RF-positive and carriers of the ‘shared epitope’ (SE). Anti-TNF treated patients were significantly younger and more often women. For men, a predictive model was constructed using baseline data including SE+ and IgA-RF >100 U/L and anti-CCP >240 U/L yielding a specificity of 98% and a sensitivity of 71%. For women, disease activity score (DAS28) at the 3-month follow-up proved to be a better predictor, and the final model comprised SE+ and 3-month DAS28>5.2, giving a specificity of 95% and a sensitivity of 59%.
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Ayfarah, Souad Mohamed. "An exploration of indirect human costs associated with information systems adoption." Thesis, Brunel University, 2004. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4856.
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One of the dilemmas that information systems (IS) decision-makers encounter is the identification of the often hidden costs associated with IS adoption, particularly since most of them are reported to be external to the traditional IS budget. The review of the IS literature has identified that much effort to date has focused on the identification and measurement of direct costs, and that much less attention has been paid to indirect costs. One of the main problems reported in the literature associated with looking at indirect costs is that they are intangible and difficult to quantify, and there is evidence suggesting that these indirect costs are rarely completely budgeted for, and thus deserve a much closer consideration by decision-makers. This research investigates this view, arguing that one element of indirect costs, that is, indirect human costs (lRCs), is underestimated and little understood. The author argues that it is not possible to estimate or evaluate IHCs without first identifying all their components, yet there is an absence of models that show how such costs are allocated for IS adoption. This underpins the necessity of the present research. Proposed here is a framework of nine sequential phases for accommodating indirect human costs. In addition to this, 1) three conjectures, 2) cost taxonomy and 3) an interrelationship-mapping cost driver model of IRCs, are proposed based on the literature analysis and underpinning the conceptual phases of the framework. To test the conjectures and validate the models proposed, a case research strategy using case settings were carried out in the private sector. Empirical findings validates the models proposed and reveal that indirect human costs are perceived as costs associated with IS adoption, nevertheless not included in the evaluation process or investment proposals. However, during the empirical research, new cost factors and drivers emerged, which resulted in modifications being made to the previously proposed conceptual models. In doing so, it provides investment decision-makers with novel frames of reference and an extensive list of IRCs that can be used during both the IS budget proposals and the evaluation process of the IS investment.
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THATH, Rido. "Factors Affecting Cost Efficiency of Cambodian Rice Farming Households." 名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20952.
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Berg, Florian. "Extra-Financial Risk Factors and the Cost of Debt." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLED030/document.
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Cette thèse a pour ambition d’analyser si la performance environnementale, sociale et de gouvernance (ESG) est intégrée par les marchés de la dette d'entreprise et souveraine. Le premier chapitre se concentre sur les informations ESG publiés à contenu négatif et leur impact négatif sur le coût de la dette. Plus exactement, dans les secteurs industriels et utilitaires les événements négatifs sociaux et de gouvernance font augmenter le coût de la dette. Également, un bon niveau général de performance ESG agit comme un mécanisme d'assurance contre ces événements négatifs. Dans un deuxième chapitre seront présentés les résultats d’une simulation de portefeuille intégrant la performance ESG d'entreprise. Un gérant de portefeuille peut améliorer le niveau agrégé de la performance ESG du portefeuille de 1,5 écart-type sans faire baisser la performance financière. Ainsi, le gérant peut combiner cette intégration avec des stratégies d'allocation d'actif financiers ou des stratégies de rendement absolu. Dans un troisième chapitre les résultats sur la réduction du coût de la dette dû à une bonne performance environnementale et sociale de souverains émergents seront analysés. Enfin dans le quatrième chapitre je décris comment la performance de gouvernance des souverains influence la différence entre le yield émis en devise étrangère et celui émis en devise locale. Dans les pays développés cette différence augmente avec le risque politique, i.e. le yield étranger augmente plus rapidement que le yield domestique. Dans les pays émergents, c'est l’effet inverse qui est observé. Cette différence entre les deux yields varie plus fortement avec un taux croissant de la dette domestique détenue par des investisseurs étrangersThis thesis analyzes if and to what extent debt markets value the environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance of firms and sovereigns. The first chapter shows that negative ESG news has a negative impact on the cost of debt of firms. The news relates to environmental and social events within the industrial/utilities sector. In this sector, a sound corporate social performance acts as an insurance against the adverse impact of negative environmental events on bond prices. The second chapter reveals that ESG scores integrated into portfolios do not change the financial performance ex post. A portfolio manager can increase the average ESG rating of her portfolio by 1.5 standard deviations without incurring cost. This leaves substantial room and opportunity for ESG ratings to be combined with asset allocation or absolute return strategies. The third chapter shows how ESG performance is linked to a lower cost of debt of emerging sovereigns. Research indicates that an emerging country’s average cost of capital decreases with its positive environmental and social performance. The fourth chapter discusses how governance performance may influence the spread of debt denominated in local and foreign currency. In developed countries, the spread between a foreign currency yield and a hedged local currency yield increases with our political risk indicator, i.e. the foreign yield increases faster than the domestic one. For emerging countries, the reverse trend is true. Interestingly, the foreign currency and local currency yield spreads move significantly stronger in absolute terms with increasing foreign investment participation in both emerging countries and developed countries’ debt markets
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Le, Duy. "Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Cost-driving factors and the impact of cost sharing on outpatient resource utilization." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1461947257.
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Rydgård, Göran, and Nils Palmberg. "Assessing the Total cost of ownership of ERP systems : Case study analysis on the factors behind customer costs in recent minor implementations." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Ekonomiska informationssystem, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57529.
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This master’s thesis presents a model for calculating the total cost of ownership (TCO) of relatively small ERP implementations, including two years of running the system. The main factors affecting the cost items in the model are also analyzed, based in part on four case projects that the consultancy company Acando has carried out recently and in part on literature. The case projects were investigated through interviews with key actors in the projects from Acando and the customer, and through invoicing and project documentation in Acando’s databases. It is important to note that it is the cost side of the projects that is in focus in this thesis. Realized value at the customer is thus not included in the TCO model or further analysis. The model is built based on previous models for assessing the TCO of ERP implementations, but adapted in several ways to the context of the four case projects in the study. The costs of the case projects are mapped individually into the TCO model, and the total costs for the customers of the projects are calculated and presented. This results in a TCO for each of the four projects of between 4 and 9 MSEK. The model makes a clear distinction between internal and external time and resources that are invested in a project. This underlines how an implementation project is a cooperative effort between vendor and customer. Important factors found that affect the TCO of implementation projects include all the seven categories of success factors that Nah and Delgado find in their extensive literature review on the subject. The most significant of these categories of factors are shown to be top management support and project management. This is largely because these influence the impact of many of the other factors. All factors are interrelated though, and it is at times difficult to identify which is the main factor in a certain course of events. Looking more into detail concerning the cost affecting factors the most important factors identified in the case studies were the following: Amount of resources allocated to the project by top management Priority of the project in the organization Skill and experience of the customer project manager Control and follow-up procedures Communication between stakeholders regarding expectations and project scope The amount and complexity of integrations, customizations, data migration and testing Type of contract regarding pricing and risk sharing Change management effortDetta examensarbete presenterar en modell för totalkostnader (TCO eller Total Cost of Ownership) av relativt små ERP-implementationer, inklusive två års drift av systemet. De viktigaste faktorer som påverkar kostnadsposterna i modellen analyseras också, baserat delvis på fyra implementationsprojekt som konsultföretaget Acando nyligen har utfört och delvis på litteratur. Projekten undersöktes genom intervjuer med nyckelpersoner i projekten från både Acando och kund, och genom fakturering och projektdokumentation från Acandos databaser. Det är viktigt att vara medveten om att det är kostnadssidan av projekten som står i fokus i denna rapport. Realiserat värde hos kunden är alltså inte inkluderat i TCO-modellen eller vidare analys. Modellen är baserad delvis på tidigare modeller för att utvärdera TCO av ERP-implementationer, men anpassad för kontexten hos de fyra projekten i studien. Kostnaderna i de studerade projekten mappas in i TCO-modellen, och de totala kostnaderna för projektens kunder presenteras. Resultaten visar på en total kostnad för projekten för mellan 4 och 9 miljoner kronor. Modellen gör en tydlig distinktion mellan intern och extern tid och resurser som investeras i ett projekt. Detta understryker hur ett implementationsprojekt är ett samarbete mellan säljare och kund. Viktiga faktorer som befunnits påverka totalkostnaderna av implementationsprojekt inkluderar alla sju kategorier av framgångsfaktorer som Nah och Delgado hittar i sin omfattande litteraturstudie i ämnet. De viktigaste av dessa kategorier visas vara stöd från ledningen och projektledning. Detta beror till stor del på att dessa påverkar vikten av många andra faktorer. Alla faktorer är relaterade dock, och det ligger många svårigheter i att försöka utreda vilka som är de huvudsakliga faktorerna i ett visst skeende. Ser vi mer i detalj på vilka individuella kostnadspåverkande faktorer som identifierats i studierna är de som följer: Mängd resurser som ledningen allokerar till ett projekt Projektets prioritet i organisationen Kunskap och erfarenhet hos kundens projektledare Styrning och uppföljningsprocesser Kommunikation mellan intressenter angående förväntningar och projektets omfattning Mängden och komplexitet hos integrationer, anpassningar, datamigrering och testning Kontraktets utformning vad gäller prissättning och riskdelning Förändringsledning
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Abad, Cuñado Vanessa. "La codigestió en una planta de Digestió Anaeròbica de fracció orgànica de residus municipals en el marc de l’Economia Circular: producció de biogàs i factors econòmics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670149.
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Les plantes de Tractament de Residus Municipals tracten habitualment només residus municipals, excloent tots aquells residus orgànics procedents d’altres vies sigui residu orgànic comercial, residu orgànic industrial, residu agrícola... En aquest estudi ens proposem obtenir i caracteritzar diferents tipus de residus orgànics comercials i industrials que siguin susceptibles de ser tractats a una planta de tractament de fracció orgànica de residu municipal amb l’objectiu de poder incrementar la producció de biogàs i treure més rendibilitat a la planta existent. En concret, l’estudi es centra en la Planta de Digestió Anaeròbica i de Compostatge del Centre Comarcal de Tractament de Residus del Vallès Oriental. Aquesta planta processa la fracció orgànica dels residus municipals generats en la seva àrea, concretament de les comarques del Vallès Oriental, Maresme i Moianès.
ii
L'estudi inclou la caracterització d’aquells residus orgànics del comerç i de la indústria propers al Centre de Tractament perquè siguin complementaris mitjançant la codigestió amb el substrat principal, un detallat anàlisi de costos de tractament que, conjuntament amb el potencial de biogàs dels nous residus i el balanç de massa de la planta, permeten calcular el preu de cada residu que es tractarà a la planta. S'han caracteritzat fins a 13 residus comercials i industrials pel seu potencial de biogàs i es calcula el seu cost de tractament. Els preus del tractament oscil·len entre 81 i 51 € t-1.
Finalment, gràcies a aquest detall tan exhaustiu d’aquests residus estudiats, s’ha pogut obtenir una sèrie d’equacions parametritzades amb tota una sèrie de coeficients característics de cada residu per donar amb més exactitud el seu preu sempre partint de la gran experiència i coneixement de la fracció orgànica del residu municipal que ha servit com a base per poder fer aquest nivell de detall. Aquesta equació serviria per a qualsevol residu que volguéssim entrar com a cosubstrat.Las plantas de Tratamiento de Residuos Municipales tratan habitualmente sólo residuos municipales, excluyendo todos aquellos residuos orgánicos procedentes por otras vías sea residuo orgánico comercial, residuo orgánico industrial, residuo agrícola ... En este estudio nos proponemos obtener y caracterizar diferentes tipos de residuos orgánicos comerciales e industriales que pudieran ser susceptibles de poder ser tratados en una planta de tratamiento de fracción orgánica de residuo municipal con el objetivo de poder incrementar la producción de biogás y sacar más rentabilidad en la planta existente. En concreto, el estudio se centra en la Planta de Digestión Anaeróbica y de Compostaje del Centro Comarcal de Tratamiento de Residuos del Vallés Oriental. Esta planta procesa la fracción orgánica de los residuos municipales generados en su área, concretamente de las comarcas del Vallés Oriental, Maresme y Moianés. El estudio incluye la caracterización de residuos orgánicos del tipo comercial e industrial próximos al Centro de Tratamiento para que sean complementarios mediante la codigestión con el sustrato principal, un detallado análisis de costes de tratamiento que, conjuntamente con el potencial de biogás y el balance de masa de la planta, permiten calcular el precio de cada residuo que se tratará en la planta. Se han caracterizado hasta 13 residuos comerciales e industriales para analizar su potencial de biogás y calcular su coste de tratamiento. Los precios del tratamiento oscilan entre 81 y 51 € t-1 Finalmente, gracias a este detalle tan exhaustivo de estos residuos estudiados, se ha podido obtener una serie de ecuaciones parametrizadas con toda una serie de coeficientes característicos de cada residuo para dar con más exactitud su precio siempre partiendo de la gran experiencia y conocimiento de la fracción orgánica del residuo municipal que ha servido como base para poder hacer este nivel de detalle. Esta ecuación serviría para cualquier residuo que quisiéramos entrar como cosubstrato.
The municipal waste treatment plants usually treat only municipal waste, excluding all those organic waste coming from other routes, like commercial organic waste, industrial organic waste, agricultural waste ... In this study we propose to obtain and characterize different types of commercial and industrial organic waste that could be susceptible to be treated in a treatment plant of municipal waste organic fraction with the aim of increasing the production of biogas and extracting more profitability in the existing plant. Specifically, the study focuses on the Anaerobic Digestion and Composting Plant of the Vallès Oriental Waste Treatment Center. This plant processes the organic fraction of the municipal waste generated in its area, specifically in the regions of Vallès Oriental, Maresme and Moianés. The study includes the characterization of organic waste of the commercial and Industrials type next to the Treatment Center so that they are complementary through co-digestion with the main substrate, a detailed analysis of treatment costs that, together with the potential of biogas and the mass balance of the plant, allow to calculate the price of each waste that will be treated in the plant. Up to 13 commercial and industrial wastes have been characterized for their biogas potential and their treatment cost is calculated. Treatment prices range between 81 and 51 € t-1 Finally, thanks to this exhaustive detail of these studied wastes, it has been possible to obtain a series of parameterized equations with a whole series of characteristic coefficients of each waste to more accurately give their price, always based on the great experience and knowledge of the organic fraction of the municipal waste that has served as the basis for this level of detail. This equation would serve for any waste that we would like to enter as a co-substrat.
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Chen, Li-Kanz. "Cost of Issuing Debt: An Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Net Interest Cost of State Bonds." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278599/.
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The major purpose of this dissertation is to explore the determinants of interest cost for state bonds. Various kinds of variables pertaining to issue characteristics, market characteristics, economic conditions, and political variables were statistically tested to assess their impact on the interest cost of state bonds. This research examines the variables found to be significant for local bonds, as well as some factors unique to state bonds, e.g., the types state agencies issuing debt and the effect of different state income tax policies.
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Salmani, Mona. "Cost Modelling of Resources in the Personnel Life Cycle : A case study of the Swedish Air Force." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Informatik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18671.
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Over the past few years, the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) in similarity with forces inmany other countries has been undergoing a major process of change. One of the majorreforms is the government‘s decision to replace the compulsory military service with aprofessional army. In order to manage this, SAF requires tools to evaluate the long-termconsequences of different decisions regarding its manpower, such as different recruitment,training and educations policies, mission rehearsal, mission planning, and etc.These tools should, for instance, include information about different type of resourcessuch as weapon systems and materials required for conducting training and missions, asthey directly affect planning of courses, training sessions, etc. These resources have a totallife cycle cost that besides the acquisition cost includes maintenance costs, cost forspare parts and cost of human resources which are required for training and deploymentof the resource.This thesis has been performed in collaboration with FOI (Swedish Defence ResearchAgency) in order to support development of a decision support simulation tool for assistingin the personnel planning process of the SAF. The main objective is to determinethe connection between LCC (Life cycle cost) of personnel and LCC of system Hence,the study facilitates flow of information between the Human Resource Department atSAF and the Defence Material Administration (FMV) in order to base their decisionmaking process on more accurate and complete information about resource costs relatedto different activities that are important to both organizations.In this paper, the inductive approach is the chosen approach as appropriate theories arestudied and used for making hypothesis in order to create a new model. Consequentlythe interpretive approach is deployed as it is associated with this reasoning style. Furthermore,the research purpose is exploratory as it is essential to identify the resourcescost factors and the relations between them.The research strategy is case study and the utilized technique for collecting primary datais interview. The secondary data is gathered by studying hard or digital copy of books,articles, journals, handbooks and dictionaries.Hence, through a set of interviews, information about different activities regarding theeducation and operation phases of the fighter pilots at the Swedish Air Force has beencollected. As a result a corresponding model consisting of resources employed in thoseiiactivities and their relation has been developed. The model is based on the Unified EnterpriseCompetence Modelling Language (UECML).The contributions of this thesis are (1) Identification of the cost factors of personnelrelatedactivities including courses, training sessions and missions, 2) Classification ofcost factor elements in a number of classes, and 3) Illustrating the connections betweenthe classes using UECML.
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Pannell, Bobby J. "A quantitative analysis of factors affecting weapon system cost growth." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA280342.
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Teo, Lingkai Terence. "Understanding crowd funding : cost of capital and factors for success." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83806.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M. in Engineering and Management)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 63-64).
Since the advent of Web 2.0, crowd funding has played an increasingly important role as a means of financing for startup companies. Crowd funding is a particular means of financing where money is obtained from the public in exchange for equity or rewards. Currently, only accredited investors, including investment firms, pension funds and individuals with personal net worth of at least $1 million or earning at least $200,000 a year (US Securities and Exchange Commission, 2012) can invest in private companies and get equity in return. With the passing of the JOBS Act by President Barack Obama in April 2012, making investments in exchange for equity in private companies will soon be available to small investors. This thesis examines the phenomenon of crowd funding through estimating the cost of capital for the crowd funded projects and the factors influencing their success. Data is obtained from a popular fund raising website, Kickstarter and analysis is carried out using regression. The results show that the probability of a successful fund raising campaign is rather low, at 43%. Setting a low funding target, entering a market that has fewer competing products and building up popular support through captivating design or meeting latent user needs is associated with a higher probability of fund raising success. In addition, though the median cost of capital is negative, the cost of capital exhibits a wide range and it may be more expensive to fund projects through crowd funding compared to debt financing, which has a much smaller spread of its cost of capital. As such, the results show that a lower the cost of capital is associated with a lower cost of goods sold, faster delivery of rewards and a high proportion of free capital, which may be obtained by encouraging donations or asking for a higher price premium for its products relative to retail price.
by Lingkai Terence Teo.
S.M.in Engineering and Management
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Chan, Ka-wai Christina, and 陳嘉慧. "The cost-effectiveness of early screening and treatment for intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48422460.
Full textAbstract:
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether grading for AMD during a diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening program would be cost-effective in Hong Kong.
METHODS
A cost-effectiveness analysis based on a Markov model with six mutually exclusive health states was undertaken. It included grading for AMD and treatment with vitamin therapy for those with intermediate AMD. The outcome of the model was cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. A public provider perspective was used. The measures of effectiveness were mostly taken from a local DR screening project except the transition probabilities and the utility values which were taken from overseas data. Costs were mainly taken from the Hospital Authority and salary scale 2009. The main assumptions and estimates were tested in sensitivity analyses. In this model, only subjects with non-sight threatening diabetic retinopathy were included and the possibility of disease regression and treatment benefit for those with advanced AMD were not considered. Both costs and benefits were discounted at 3%.
RESULTS
The cost per QALY gained through grading for AMD at the time of DR screening and treatment with vitamins of appropriate cases was HK$47,397 after discounting. This would be considered highly cost-effective based on the World Health Organization’s threshold of willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a QALY, e.g. less than the annual per capita GDP HK$300,000. One way sensitivity analyses revealed that the cost per QALY was most sensitive to utility value, discount rate, progression rate from intermediate to advanced AMD, and compliance rate for the treatment. The cost-effectiveness acceptability curve showed that at a WTP for a QALY of $100,000 or more, this AMD screening programme has over 90% of probability of being cost-effective compared with no screening.
CONCLUSION
Our cost-effectiveness analysis demonstrated that grading for AMD at the time of DR screening among diabetic patients would probably be cost-effective in a Hong Kong public hospital setting.published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health
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Campbell, Robert Jr. "THE BURDEN OF DISEASE AMONG PATIENTS OF THE CAROLINA LUPUS STUDY: HUMANISTIC, CLINICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS." Connect to text online, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=case1145243298.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2006.[School of Medicine] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.
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Curay, Rodriguez Nicole Xiomara, and Reyna Kimi Tominaga. "Factores económicos y comerciales que inciden en la importación de motocicletas chinas (8711200000) respecto al TLC de Perú con la República Popular de China durante los años 2008 al 2017." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626050.
Full textAbstract:
La presente investigación se realizó con el fin de entender y exponer la relación entre los factores económicos y comerciales, y la importación de motocicletas (8711200000) a partir del tratado de libre comercio de Perú con China, con vigencia a partir del 2010. Para ello, se analizó los factores considerados más influyentes que impactan en la cantidad importada de dicha partida durante los años 2008 al 2017, siendo estos el Ad Valorem, el valor FOB y el costo del flete internacional. Para realizar este estudio se utilizó el método de investigación mixto, tomando en cuenta la información estadística de entidades como SUNAT y entrevistas a expertos, esto con la finalidad de obtener una visión más holística del contexto en el que se desarrolló la tesis. Se determinó una relación entre el TLC y el aumento de las importaciones de motos provenientes de China. Las variables independientes tienen alto grado de correlación e influencia en la cantidad de motos importadas.The present investigation was carried out in order to understand and expose the relationship between economic and commercial factors, and motorcycles imports (8711200000) from the free trade agreement of Peru with China, in force since 2010. For this, the factors considered most influential were analyzed, which impact on the quantity imported during 2008 to 2017, which are Ad Valorem, the FOB value and the international freight cost. To carry out this study, the mixed research method was used, taking into account the statistical information of entities such as SUNAT and interviews with experts, in order to obtain a more holistic view of the context in which the thesis was developed. A relationship between the FTA and increased imports of motorcycles from China was determined. The independent variables have a high degree of correlation and influence on the amount of imported motorcycles.
Tesis
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Rasamit, Thanattaporn 1978. "The aggregate analysis of logistics cost and total factor productivity." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28576.
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Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-46).
The study surveys the relationship of logistics cost and total factor productivity (TFP). The paper discusses the theoretical aspect of TFP growth estimation and the concept of logistics cost as percentage of GDP as the factor indicating efficiency in logistics operations. Calculation of TFP from 1960-2001 is obtained by using growth accounting method. Linear regression analysis between logistics cost and TFP shows significant correlations with negative coefficient between TFP and inventory level of the same year. It also shows correlation with negative coefficient of one-year lagged TFP and following independent variables, logistics cost, inventory level, inventory carrying rate, and inventory carrying cost. Correlation implies the link between logistics efficiency and economy's productivity. Line fit plot for each significant correlation show the common time period of 1973-1986 for the series, which suggests that periods of recession and trucking deregulation might cause abrupt qualitative changes in logistics operations.
by Thanattaporn Rasamit.
M.Eng.in Logistics
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Moore, Candace E. "Factors that affect uncompensated care costs." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527399.
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Zhao, Shan 1972. "A quantitative QFD method taking into account cost and risk factors /." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81580.
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This thesis develops a quantitative quality function deployment (QFD) method and integrates it with the methodologies of value engineering and risk analysis. Numerical parameters and scales allow measurement of product development and onward adjustment as the process unfolds. In QFD, customer requirements are usually defined in terms of design characteristics. In the method developed here, customer requirements are related to product functions. The use of value engineering then allows costs to be quantified. The analysis of design uncertainties allows the determination of risk factors. By introducing the new concepts of customer satisfaction value and an integrated evaluation index, an appropriate balance between customer and enterprise satisfaction can be attained in the final product. The new QFD method provides a quantitative approach based on cost and risk for evaluating how well customer requirements are taken into account in the development of a product.
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Baloi, Daniel. "A framework for managing global risk factors affecting construction cost performance." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2002. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6808.
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Poor cost performance of construction projects has been a major concern for both contractors and clients. The effective management of risk is thus critical to the success of any construction project and the importance of risk management has grown as projects have become more complex and competition has increased. Contractors have traditionally used financial mark-ups to cover the risk associated with construction projects but as competition increases and margins have become tighter they can no longer rely on this strategy and must improve their ability to manage risk. Furthermore, the construction industry has witnessed significant changes particularly in procurement methods with clients allocating greater risks to contractors. Evidence shows that there is a gap between existing risk management techniques and tools, mainly built on normative statistical decision theory, and their practical application by construction contractors. The main reason behind the lack of use is that risk decision making within construction organisations is heavily based upon experience, intuition and judgement and not on mathematical models. This thesis presents a model for managing global risk factors affecting construction cost performance of construction projects. The model has been developed using behavioural decision approach, fuzzy logic technology, and Artificial Intelligence technology. The methodology adopted to conduct the research involved a thorough literature survey on risk management, informal and formal discussions with construction practitioners to assess the extent of the problem, a questionnaire survey to evaluate the importance of global risk factors and, finally, repertory grid interviews aimed at eliciting relevant knowledge. There are several approaches to categorising risks permeating construction projects. This research groups risks into three main categories, namely organisation-specific, global and Acts of God. It focuses on global risk factors because they are ill-defined, less understood by contractors and difficult to model, assess and manage although they have huge impact on cost performance. Generally, contractors, especially in developing countries, have insufficient experience and knowledge to manage them effectively. The research identified the following groups of global risk factors as having significant impact on cost performance: estimator related, project related, fraudulent practices related, competition related, construction related, economy related and political related factors. The model was tested for validity through a panel of validators (experts) and crosssectional cases studies, and the general conclusion was that it could provide valuable assistance in the management of global risk factors since it is effective, efficient, flexible and user-friendly. The findings stress the need to depart from traditional approaches and to explore new directions in order to equip contractors with effective risk management tools.
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Mistry, Kirtan Shirishkumar. "Factors influencing effective cost management within South Africa’s retail banking sector." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24703.
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Today, organisations are faced with drastic economic challenges which include, the global financial crisis, credit crunch, globalisation and increased competitive forces. As market share shrinks, organisations strive to find new customers, and increase its bottom line, by adequately managing costs. The objective of cost management practices is to ensure that organisations have a true understanding of costs, so that it can continuously make the right decisions with regards to product mix, price and market. This research uses a qualitative methodology to uncover how the South African banks currently use costing principles. This is achieved through semi-structured long interviews with individuals, who are directly responsible for this function within their respective organisation. Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Wang, Ran. "Market power, cost efficiency and pricing strategies of domestic airline industry." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53930.
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This dissertation first develops a theoretical framework to enable the estimation of cost efficiency and conduct parameter without total cost data. By validating this framework using U.S. airline data, this dissertation shows the feasibility of the theoretical framework. Based on the estimates of marginal cost efficiency and conduct parameter, this dissertation also finds some support for the Quiet Life Hypothesis. In Chapter III, this dissertation analyzes the determinants for price dispersion, especially conduct parameter and cost efficiency. Generally speaking, we find negative relationship between conduct parameter and price dispersion and negative relationship between marginal cost efficiency and price dispersion. In Chapter IV, this thesis examines the dynamics that lead to high price dispersion. To be more specific, this thesis concentrates on advanced days purchased and load factor.
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Singh, Alex. "A risk-transaction cost trade-off model for index tracking." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-143807.
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This master thesis considers and evaluates a few different risk models for stock portfolios, including an ordinary sample covariance matrix, factor models and an approach inspired from random matrix theory. The risk models are evaluated by simulating minimum variance portfolios and employing a cross-validation. The Bloomberg+ transaction cost model is investigated and used to optimize portfolios of stocks, with respect to a trade off between the active risk of the portfolio and transaction costs. Further a few different simulations are performed while using the optimizer to rebalance long-only portfolios. The optimization problem is solved using an active-set algorithm. A couple of approaches are shown that may be used to visually try to decide a value for the risk aversion parameter λ in the objective function of the optimization problem. The thesis concludes that there is a practical difference between the different risk models that are evaluated. The ordinary sample covariance matrix is shown to not perform as well as the other models. It also shows that more frequent rebalancing is preferable to less frequent. Further the thesis goes on to show a peculiar behavior of the optimization problem, which is that the optimizer does not rebalance all the way to 0 in simulations, even if enough time is provided, unless it is explicitly required by the constraints.
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Cefalì, Maria Elena. "Distribución geográfica, predicción espacial y diversidad de los hábitats litorales en la costa catalana." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671851.
Full textAbstract:
According to the Habitats Directive (92/43/ECC) a habitat is defined as “the terrestrial or
aquatic area, whether entirely natural or semi-natural, differentiated by its geographical,
biotic and abiotic characteristics, in which the species live in any state of their life cycle”.
Moreover, according to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC), each
member state has to characterize the diversity of its natural marine spaces by means of
the habitats cartography, represented by their biotic characteristics and using appropriate
classifications systems. In Catalonia, to fulfill these needs, an exhaustive cartography of the
littoral habitats was carried out, characterizing and identifying them according to Corine
Biotopes, EUNIS (European Nature Information System) classification and LPRE (Lista
Patrón de los Hábitats Españoles) whether they grow over rocks, sand, gravel, pebbles or
mud.
The littoral zone can be divided into three levels: supralittoral (rarely submerged and usually
affected by splash), mediolittoral (emerged and usually swept by the waves) and infralittoral
(usually submerged). Organisms are distributed vertically following the humidity gradient
and generating a gradual and continuous succession of different communities/habitats from
the supralittoral level to the upper infralittoral level. Data derived from the characterization,
identification and accurate cartography of coastal marine habitats on rocky shores along the
Catalan coast, has allowed the development of this Doctoral Thesis that is divided into three
main chapters, two of which have already been published in Scientific JournalsSegons la Directiva Hàbitats (92/43/ECC) un hàbitat es defineix com “una àrea aquàtica o terrestre, tant natural com seminatural, diferenciada per les seves característiques geogràfiques, biòtiques i abiòtiques, on les espècies hi viuen en qualsevol etapa del seu cicle de vida”. A més, d’acord amb la Directiva Marc d’Estratègia Marina (2008/56/EC), cada estat membre té l’obligació de caracteritzar la diversitat dels seus espais naturals marins mitjançant una cartografia dels hàbitats, representats per les seves característiques biòtiques i utilitzant sistemes de classificació apropiats. A Catalunya, per complir amb aquests requeriments, es va realitzar una cartografia exhaustiva dels hàbitats litorals, caracteritzant-los i identificant-los segons els sistemes de classificació CORINE Biotopes, EUNIS (European Nature Information System) i LPRE (Lista Patrón de los Hábitats Españoles), tant si es presentaven sobre roca, sorra, graves, còdols o fangs. La zona litoral pot ser dividida en tres estatges: supralitoral (rarament submergit i afectat regularment pels esquitxos), mediolitoral (emergit i constantment remullat per les onades), i infralitoral (habitualment submergit). Els organismes es distribueixen verticalment seguint el gradient d’humitat, tot generant una successió contínua de diferents comunitats/hàbitats des de l’estatge supralitoral fins a la part superior de l’estatge infralitoral. Les dades provinents de la caracterització, identificació i cartografia acurada dels hàbitats marins costaners rocosos al llarg de la costa catalana, han permès la realització d’aquesta tesi doctoral, la qual es divideix en tres capítols principals, dos dels quals ja han estat publicats en revistes científiques
Programa de Doctorat en Medi Ambient
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Frankel, Micah Paul. "The determinants of LIFO layer liquidations: Tax minimization and agency cost factors." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185513.
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Prior LIFO studies have assumed that a LIFO-use firm will avoid liquidating old low-cost inventory layers due to the resulting tax penalty. However, a LIFO-use firm can actually receive a tax subsidy by liquidating inventory layers in a low marginal tax year, thus avoiding the need to liquidate in future higher tax years. This leads to the prediction that low marginal tax rate LIFO firms account for the majority of LIFO liquidations. Using several measures of a firm's marginal tax rate, and controlling for other potential determinants of LIFO liquidations, this prediction receives strong empirical support. The other potential determinants controlled for which are significantly associated with liquidations include: the probability of violating debt covenants, firm specific sales, industry specific production, investment and financing factors (PIFs) and economy wide factors.
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Müller, Sven Christian. "Contributions of task- and response-level factors to the asymmetrical switch cost." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435997.
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Normore, Stephen S. (Stephen Selwyn). "Cost reduction of polar class vessels : structural optimization that includes production factors." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81618.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M. in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 82-83).
The design of ship structures was normally optimized to reduce construction material and maintain adequate strength while adhering to a given classification society's rules. In the case of Polar Class vessels, where weight minimization was important, higher fabrication labor costs occurred due to the closely spaced frames and thicker material needed. There was a cost trade-off between minimizing material under the traditional design method and designing a ship that was easier to construct at the shipyard, i.e. designing for downstream processes. Using the newly defined Unified Requirements for Polar Ships by the International Association of Classification Societies Inc., a numerical tool was developed to minimize construction cost of the icebreaker's hull form. This tool allowed the user to tailor the labor and material metrics to represent a specific shipyard. The tool then specified an optimum structural solution in terms of minimum weight and production cost.
by Stephen S. Normore.
S.M.
S.M.in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering
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Filho, Reynaldo Tajra FranÃa. "Determinative factors of the relation prescribe cost of the College Santo Agostinho." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2007. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1899.
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Universidade Federal do CearÃEsta dissertaÃÃo investiga o grau de eficiÃncia dos investimentos realizados pela Faculdade Santo Agostinho â FSA, empresa do ramo de educaÃÃo superior em Teresina - PiauÃ, tendo como foco a anÃlise dos determinantes da relaÃÃo Receita/Custo. O objetivo principal à analisar o impacto dos investimentos com gastos em propaganda, tecnologia, treinamento e programa de incentivo salarial sobre a relaÃÃo Receita/Custo. Especificamente, os objetivos sÃo quantificar, atravÃs de um modelo economÃtrico, a contribuiÃÃo dos gastos com propaganda, tecnologia, treinamento e incentivo salarial sobre a relaÃÃo Receita/Custo e avaliar qualitativamente os resultados. Para alcanÃar esses objetivos se fez uso do modelo economÃtrico autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (ARCH) utilizando uma amostra de dados primÃrios mensais de 2001 a 2006, coletados do balanÃo social da empresa. Os resultados obtidos apontam que as variÃveis gasto com treinamento, tecnologia e o plano de incentivo salarial da FSA impactam positivamente a relaÃÃo Receita/Custo com o maior impacto dando-se atravÃs dos gastos com tecnologia. Por outro lado, o gasto com propaganda se mostrou nÃo significante para explicar esta relaÃÃo. Nesse sentido, essa instituiÃÃo precisa rever sua polÃtica de propaganda com o intuito de melhorar sua eficiÃncia econÃmica.
This dissertation investigates the degree of efficiency of the investments accomplished by Faculdade Santo Agostinho -FSA, a company in the branch of superior education in Teresina - PiauÃ, tending as focus the analysis of the determinants of the relationship Revenue/Cost. The main objective is to analyze the impact of the investments with expenses in propaganda, technology, training and program of salary incentive about the relationship Revenue/Cost. Specifically, the objectives are to quantify, through an econometric model, the contribution of the expenses with propaganda, technology, training and salary incentive about the relationship Revenue/Cost and to evaluate qualitatively the results. In order to reach those objectives it was applied the econometric model autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticde (ARCH) getting a sample of monthly primary data from 2001 to 2006, collected from the social balance of the company. The acquired results show that the variables: expenses with training, technology and the plan of salary incentive of FSA impact positively on the relationship Revenue/Cost, with the largest impact occurring through the expenses with technology. On the other side, the expense with propaganda was not significant to explain this relationship. This way, the institution needs to review its propaganda politics with the objective to improve its economical efficiency.
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Karlsson, Julia, and Valzone Citaku. "Critical cost and risk factors in a reshoring decision - A Swedish Perspective." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Industriell organisation och produktion, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-37273.
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Background: A growing reshoring trend has recently been discovered, when companies bring back their manufacturing to the domestic country. Reshoring has received more public attention recently and the interest in reshoring strategies is growing. The knowledge about the reshoring decision is however limited and there is not a great deal of research addressing this. The knowledge about how companies have performed their cost analysis is limited as well as the risk assessments behind the reshoring decision. Hence, there is a knowledge gap regarding what cost and risk factors that are critical to consider in a reshoring decision. Purpose: The purpose of this master's thesis is to identify critical cost and risk factors to consider in a reshoring decision within Swedish companies. Method: The research design includes a literature review to identify what cost and risk factors that already have been stated. A literature review was essential in order to demonstrate current knowledge in the field. The search included four databases involving several search terms. Since the purpose is to gain a deeper understanding about the phenomenon and to investigate in depth within a real-life context a multiple case study was viewed as a proper method to use. The multiple case study included four companies and was performed using semi structured interviews and investigations of cost analyses and risk assessments. Findings: This thesis shows that there is a great deal of factors that are critical in a reshoring decision. However, Coordination, Inventory, Management, Quality and Transportation were the most common cost factors to consider when deciding for reshoring. The most frequent risk factors mentioned by the case companies were Control, Engineering and Innovation and Undesirable reaction. Implications: Different factors are critical depending on what type of company considering the reshoring decision. This is due to deviations in such as products, company strategy, customers and manufacturing techniques. Since each company and each product is unique it is overall important to identify which costs to include in the cost analysis in a reshoring decision for one specific company. The result of the thesis indicates that critical cost factors that are more difficult to measure and compare, so called soft factors, have a great effect on the reshoring decision. Further, companies seem to consider risks with remaining in the offshored country to a higher extent than the risks of reshoring. These risks that appear if not reshoring seem to be of an importance to consider since they generate costs. The findings of the thesis are believed to be evidential to the fact that there is a lack of research since critical factors found in the multiple case study are more than the existing literature indicates.
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Barbosa, Peter Mantovanelli. "Three-Phase Power Factor Correction Circuits for Low-Cost Distributed Power Systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28651.
Full textAbstract:
Front-end converters with power factor correction (PFC) capability are widely used in distributed power systems (DPSs). Most of the front-end converters are implemented using a two-stage approach, which consists of a PFC stage followed by a DC/DC converter. The purpose of the front-end converter is to regulate the DC output voltage, supply all the load converters connected to the distributed bus, guarantee current sharing, and charge a bank of batteries to provide backup energy when the power grid breaks down.
One of the main concerns of the power supply industry is to obtain a front-end converter with a low-cost PFC stage, while still complying with required harmonic standards, especially for high-power three-phase applications. Having this statement in mind, the main objective of this dissertation is to study front-end converters for DPS applications with PFC to meet harmonic standards, while still maintaining low cost and performance indices.
To realize the many aforementioned objectives, this dissertation is divided into two main parts: (1) two-stage front-end converters suitable for telecom applications, and (2) single-stage low-cost AC/DC converters suitable for mainframe computers and server applications. The use of discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) boost rectifiers is extensively explored to achieve simplicity, while reducing the cost for DPS applications. Interleaving of DCM boost rectifiers is also explored as an alternative approach to further reduce the system cost by reducing the filtering requirements. All the solutions discussed are implemented for 3kW applications, while 6kW is obtained by interleaving two converters.Ph. D.
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Stacey, Richard C. "Navy Dental Corps contract or uniform study of factors influencing business case analyses." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Mar%5FStacey.pdf.
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Wahid, Julaihi B. "Physical changes and their relationship to the socio-cultural factors in urban housing." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308032.
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Wolf, Jeffrey Guy. "Cost and schedule growth during weapon system acquisition an investigation of the impact of selected economic and political factors /." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA242971.
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Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 1990.Thesis Advisor(s): Moses, O. Douglas. Second Reader: Liao, Shu S. "December 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 1, 2010. DTIC Descriptor(s): Acquisition, Weapon Systems, Costs, Methodology, Political Science, Economics, Growth(General), Identification, Scheduling, Climate, Statistical Analysis. DTIC Identifier(s): Weapon Systems, Acquisition, Development Schedule Growth, Costs, Political Science, Economics, Scheduled Growth, Aerospace Industry, Department Of Defense, Theses. Author(s) subject terms: Development Cost Growth, Development Schedule Growth, Total Program Cost Growth. Includes bibliographical references (p. 70). Also available in print.
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LAI, YI-CHENG, and 賴郁程. "Cost-benefit Analysis of Investment in the Regenerated Coagulant Factory." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/vdee5c.
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碩士輔英科技大學
環境工程與科學系碩士班
106
In this study, the chemical sludge from the electroplating wastewater treatment plant is utilized to produce the regenerated coagulant, and the regenerated coagulant is also applied to the wastewater treatment. Through the study case of actual factory to provide relevant information and the use of the function of the trial balance, this research objectives include the establishment of financial evaluation method for the development of resource recycling technology, the evaluation of cost-benefit analysis of investment with various scenarios analysis and parameters sensitivity analysis. The research contents are divided into three parts. The first part: the analysis of the basic structure of the investment regenerating coagulant plant. The second part: the parameters sensitivity analysis include the commercial price of the regenerated coagulant, the cost change of waste treatment and disposal, the cost of ferrous chloride raw material and various discount rates. The parameters are used to evaluate the impact of financial performance on the investment project. The third part: the relationship between key parameters and model output results is established, and the relationship is based on three scenarios of “optimism”, “normal” and “pessimism”. Finally, the financial estimation and guidelines are evaluated in study case. The results are as follow: The first part: according to the cost analysis of investment in regenerated coagulant, the highest cost ratio is raw material (62.1%). The others are operating cost (24.3%), construction cost (11.1%), administrative cost (2.2%) and waste treatment and disposal cost (0.3%), respectively. The second part: the commercial price of the regenerated coagulant increases from NTD 2,000 to NTD 4,000 per ton, and the net present value will be changed from negative to positive. Then, the internal rate of return increases from -8.2% to 41.2%. The investment cost can be recovered in 2.41 years. When the sludge waste treatment cost is increased from NTD 6,000 to NTD 12,000 per ton, the net present value and internal rate of return are increased by 2.42 times and 2 times, respectively. And the benefit is 4.17 times of the cost. When the cost of ferrous chloride raw material decrease from NTD 4,000 to NTD 0 per ton, the internal rate of return increases from 23.21% to 69.18%. And the benefit is 4.66 times of the cost. When the discount rate decreases from 4.76% to 3%, the net present value can be increased by 1.24 times, the internal rate of return remains at 41.20%, the payback period of investment cost is shortened from 2.41 to 2.34 years, and the benefit is increased from 2.93 to 3.15 times. When the discount rate increased from 4.76% to 5.24%, the net present value is decreased from NTD 59,062,795 to NTD 55,807,111, the internal rate of return remains at 41.20%, and the payback period of investment cost is extended from 2.41 to 2.43 years. The benefit decreased by 2.93 to 2.87 times. The third part: according to the analysis results of "basic scenario", the net present value is NTD 59,062,795, the internal rate of return is 41.20%, the investment cost can be recovered in 2.41 years, and the benefit is 2.93 times of the cost. The results indicate that the project is worth investing and developing in the future. According to the analysis results of "optimistic scenario", the net present value is NTD 379,065,346, the internal rate of return is 194.25%, the investment cost can be recovered in 0.54 years, and the benefit is 13.6 times of the cost. Besides, according to the analysis results of "pessimistic scenario ", the investment plan will be lengthened the recovery period and reduced the investment incentives.
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KUO, SHANG-LIN, and 郭尚霖. "Enhancing Resource Use Efficiency and Cost Effectiveness in Plant Factory." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87687715465285696444.
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碩士國立宜蘭大學
生物機電工程學系碩士班
104
The closed-type plant factory (PF) is the highest-level horticulture facility. By providing artificial environment for plants, it can reach the stable quantities as a goal in the whole year. However the cost and energy of PF initial construction are high, they lead to higher costs when it compares to Open field agriculture. Therefore, reducing the cost and enhance the efficiency become the most important goals for the PF. The study has three ways to investigate. First, use different daily light integral in lettuce seedling. Second, adjust light intensity and CO2 concentration according to the lettuce condition. Third, the best proportion of concentration of nutrition and water replacing in hydroponics. We hope these three ways can enhance the resource usage efficiency of light, CO2 and nutrient solution. First part is using different daily light integral in lettuce seedling. We hope that when we supply more photons, it can increase the lettuce weight and can enhance the growth in usage light efficiency. As a result, using different photons can increase lettuce weight and light efficiency in lettuce seedling. However, different treatments have the same growth rate in 4 weeks. It is mean that its effect cannot remain at the later period. Also, the light period has 24 hours in seedling; it can decrease light usage efficiency when planting the later period. Second part is depending on lettuce photosynthetic rate to give different light intensity and CO2 concentration. When the photosynthetic rate is increasing, we will supply more resource to accelerate the production. When the photosynthetic rate is decreasing, we will reduce light and CO2 resource. By this way, we can reduce the cost and enhance the efficiency. In the result, the varied treatment is depending on lettuce photosynthetic rate have the heaviest fresh weight of treatments (light-prior or CO2-prior). The cost per 100g lettuce in varied treatment was lower than the other treatments. It can reduce cost 10% - 24%. In the light use efficiency, the varied treatment has the same value with CO2-prior. It proved the proposed strategy which is based on plant demand. And it could improve the yield and decrease the operating cost effectively. Third part is nutrient solution usage effectively. This part contains two approaches. One is using different electrical conductivity on lettuce and discusses the influence of it. The other is using different replacement quantity of nutrient solution in hydroponics. In the continuous planting, we find the relationship between calculating the ion by putting it and the lettuce fresh weight to find the best nutrient solution usage effectively. As a result, the different electrical conductivity has no significant differences in Yamasaki nutrient solution. It is appropriate for lettuce that electrical conductivity is 1.0 mS cm-1 in Yamasaki nutrient solution. When nutrient solution was planted lettuce at three times, lettuce fresh weight and ion absorption were decreasing. When we continuous plant them, the electricity illumination and nutrient solution cost will increase. Replacing all nutrient solution will be the best usage efficiency. However, considering environment effect, we don’t suggest to replace all nutrient solution. It is an appropriate treatment for only replacing 50% nutrient solution.
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Hsu, Chin-Hua, and 許晉樺. "Exploring the Cost Down Program in Green Factory Certification: A Case Study of Hot Melt Adhesive Factory." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/b94uu2.
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碩士長榮大學
高階管理碩士在職專班(EMBA)
103
With the rising awareness of sustainable development all over the world, many enterprises integrate profit targets and goals with sustainable development. "Cleaner Production" (CP) covering the scope of processes, products and services, may be through the "change of raw materials", "change process", "improvement of equipment" and "strengthen maintenance" and other methods to achieve the goal of process improvement and management. Although there are a number of scholars to offer recommendations on the theory and practice of clean production, but few studies on the eco-innovation based on reducing costs. The aim of this study is to understand whether it could be balanced between Cleaner Production and cost effectiveness. This paper uses a case study of a hot melt adhesive factory with “raw material substitution”, “process equipment calibration”, “packaging material improvement”, “green building design” and “recycling five directions”, to analyze how the company through integrated environmental management technology improved the environmentally friendly production methods and achieved the cost-effectiveness. This study has suggested that with the innovative green concept and design it is possible to protect the environment and to reduce production costs. The results show that the case has received significant effect in the cost-down program with the Green Factory Certification, and the cost reducing ratio is 19.14%. Thus, it is not only production costs can be reduced but the environmental protection benefits also can be obtained with the concept of green innovation in whole business management process.
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Hsieh, Su-Yean, and 謝素嬿. "Study on the Cost of Doxycycline from an Animal Pharmaceutical Factory." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8wj9ew.
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碩士嘉南藥理大學
藥學系
106
Abstract This study used the experimental method and established a complex regression model to explore the IQC, IPQC, and FQC data of animal drug factories, and conducted on-site interviews to understand the waste problem in the production of APIs.In reducing costs, preventing costs of failure is almost synonymous with corporate profits. Therefore, actively and effectively preventing the occurrence of business failures in the manufacturing process will be another effective way to increase corporate profits. Therefore, the implementation of prevention of failure costs in reducing costs is a part of the manufacturing process that has to be specifically controlled. We conduct information on IQC, IPQC, and FQC for an animal pharmaceutical factory and carry out on-site interviews to find waste for the production of raw materials.We had found that the storage problems of the raw materials of doxycycline, the resulting degradation of the potency was very obvious, degrading more than 10% within eight months. This study tried to propose a solution to save the solution to the waste of raw material costs at the manufacture,such as: 1. The operator must have a correct operating standard (S.O.P.). 2. Mass production begins. For the first product, the first inspection (S.A.I) must be carried out. 3. Strictly require the inspection of products in the manufacturing process in accordance with the provisions of the Inspection Standards (S.I.P.). 4. The production record must be consistent with the specified inspection frequency. The product quality record is actually recorded and filed for future reference. 5. Implement the SPC (Statistical Process Control) method to analyze the process problems and changes in the control process to ensure that quality is effectively controlled. 6. The quality assurance department should clearly express the facts of the dispute and promptly let the manufacturing department clarify the doubt and reduce unnecessary disputes. If the factory can correctly implementing the plan to reduce waste costs, we expect to be able to follow up on the study of raw material procurement strategies.
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Huang, Hui-Min, and 黃惠敏. "A Cost Analysis of A Furniture Factory with Activity-Based costing System." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50238762567600324061.
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Yang, FU-YU, and 楊馥瑜. "Study on Improvement of Cost of Amoxicillin Preparation in An Animal Pharmaceutical Factory." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4g48et.
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碩士嘉南藥理大學
藥學系
106
Domestic animal medicine and health care industry faces many problems, including market, business and technical aspects. The dilemma faced by a small and medium sized pharmaceutical company located in the south is more worthy of us to carry out relevant research to discuss its three strategic issues. After conducting the IQC, IPQC, and FQC data of the pharmaceutical factory, and conducting on-site interviews to find waste for the production of APIs, major storage problems of amoxicillin raw materials were discovered. Therefore, the resulting degradation of the power price is very obvious, in eight cases. Degradation was more than 10% in the month. This study recommended that staff of the laboratory staff be trained to improve the quality of staff, air-conditioning in the pharmaceutical factory warehouse should be installed to ensure that the raw materials are not deteriorated under a reasonable temperature range, and the raw materials must be placed in accordance with the different properties of the raw materials. Suitable warehouses to reduce the risk of raw material deterioration. If the pharmaceutical factory is amended in the above manner, it is believed that it will significantly reduce costs and contribute to the operating effectiveness of the pharmaceutical factory.
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Chiang, Hsiu-Feng, and 江秀鳳. "A Study of Cost Allocation in Flour - A Case Study of a Flour Mill Factory." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52786921526853366417.
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碩士元智大學
管理研究所
98
In Taiwan, the total production capacity of the domestic flour factories has achieved 2.5 million tons, while the domestic flour need is only about 1 million tons, which makes the market disequilibrium of the flour supply in excess of the demand. Situated in such a fierce competition environment, every flour proprietor enhances the fundamental strategies of “cost management” and effective “cost reduction” to respond to the dangerous competition and solidify the entrepreneurial competitiveness. Therefore, how to allot the joint cost reasonably with a fair principle currently becomes one of the important subjects in cost accounting. In view of this, the article takes “one of flour factory” as s case study, analyzes the allotment foundation of the joint cost, and presents the cost allotment method. The researcher makes a trial calculation in the article, compares the difference between “the cost allotment method of the wheat materials” used by the case study and “the joint cost allotment method of the physical measuring method – weight foundation” used more commonly by the industry, and aims at the suggestion in practice presented in the cost allotment model of the wheat materials by the flour industry and case study. Finally, we explore the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods based on “calculating simplicity”, “data accessibility”, “market value reactivity”, and “cost consistency”. It is found that the method used by the case study covers the principle of “the sales value method of the separation point” and “the physical weight fundamental method” and can give consideration to the two foundations of “market measurement” and “physical measurement”, thereby reflecting more of the real cost and market value.
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Peng, Meng-Chiu, and 彭孟秋. "A Study of Virtual Factory and Transaction Cost EconomicsA Case Study on Semiconductor Backend Assembly." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82140232176203560865.
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碩士中原大學
資訊管理研究所
100
The concepts of a virtual factory and information intensity have been proposed over recent years as a way to face the fierce competition in the semiconductor industry. This research has developed a case study in a semiconductor subcontractor. Through this study, we have case analysis by visiting the company and interview with their employee and their customers in order to find out the relationships between Virtual Factory conduct in this company and their transaction cost with their counterparts. The company’s development of their virtual factory was evaluated through three dimensions including the Transaction、the Technology and the Organization. The Transaction Cost Economics was applied in order to evaluate the effect. This research has propose some suggest strategy about virtual factory building as following： Information Technology Service Quality is important for these. Company must communicate with their customers. The IT infrastructure is critical in the process, For example the integrated ERP and data warehouse system in the company.
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LUO, JHIH-YANG, and 羅智陽. "A Low-cost Implementation For Transporting Using the Automated Guided Vehicle Among Workstations in a Factory." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/yzvvc7.
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碩士崑山科技大學
數位生活科技研究所
106
Recent years, with the advancement of science and technology, many factories have gradually replaced humans with automated or intelligent methods, and even formed a production line system. However, the supply of parts is still carried by personnel, making the production line. Alternatively, the workstation may have production interruptions, and the most effective processing method can be completed with an AGV unmanned van, but the overall system construction cost is high. This thesis proposes a solution by using Arduino, a low cost and high functions platform, combining with various sensing elements, a radio frequency identification, and a wireless network to achieve a low-cost AGV unmanned van.
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Shiu, Jin-De, and 許錦德. "The study of cost-effectiveness on copper recoveryin wastewater and sludge in a copper foil factory." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85384854105896835012.
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碩士國立中興大學
環境工程學系所
100
This study aims to explore economic benefits of copper-containing wastewater and sludge recovery in copper plants. Electrodeposited (ED) copper foil whose productivity of Taiwan ranked the top one in the world, is the key raw material of printed circuit board (PCB), and PCB is the second largest electronic components industry in Taiwan. Recovery of copper-containing wastewater and sludge is one of the important issues of industrial development, no matter if the perspectives are economic benefits, water resource or environmental protection. A recovery system usually adapted in Taiwan ED copper plaints today was never mentioned before in literatures, and it consists of two parts: First, combining reverse osmosis (RO), vacuum evaporation, ion-exchange processes to recovery the copper-containing wastewater. Second, selling copper sludge to resource recovery companies. These companies could recover the copper from sludge by pyrometallurgy refining. Consequently, the recovery of copper-containing wastewater and copper sludge are not only technology issues, but also refer to the economic benefits of copper plants, therefore only considering the whole economic picture can understand the practical situation. In this study, costs/benefits of copper plants and resource recovery companies respectively in treatment process of copper-containing wastewater and copper sludge were calculated. This cost-benefit analysis suggested a new design of wastewater treatment process. The effects of wastewater reduction on copper sludge concentration, sludge selling price and whole economic benefits were also estimated respectively. Besides, the possibilities of total/further wastewater recycling and the corresponding sludge treatment methods were also discussed. This study carried out two suggestions for copper plant. First, copper plants should establish pyrometallurgy refining process in plants, which brings more benefit rather than selling copper sludge to recovery companies. Second, ion-exchange methods should replace RO process to concentrate copper-containing wastewater before further condensation by vacuum evaporation, where chelating ion-exchange resin with high concentration ability can reduce the major cost of wastewater treatment, the electricity fee of vacuum evaporation.
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Kang, Chi-Fa, and 康啟發. "Investigate the impact factors of internal and external defeat and defeat cost from 0rganizational point of view － T optics factory as sample." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92385115203222041650.
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碩士雲林科技大學
會計系研究所
96
When evaluate the performance of an enterprise in the global competition market, both of the market and the academic circle think the quality as a critical element. Therefore how to evaluate and report the quality cost of an enterprise become a very important topic. (Halis and Oztas 2002) In an ordinary enterprise, some resources will be consumed in defect or reproduced products. It means the quality failure cost plays an important role to the operation expense which can not be ignored. When the enterprise holds the key point that decides the quality cost, not only can the failure cost be reduced but also the quality level will be improved. This research is based on a case study with a domestic optical factory. There are 120 copies of questionnaires were send out and 108 copies were retrieved. By the way of factor analysis we can explore the critical factors that deeply affect the interior and exterior failure cost. The conclusion of this study shows: 1. The product design dimension has no obvious affection to the interior and exterior failure cost. 2. The supply contractor dimension has obvious affection to the interior and exterior failure cost. 3. The organization system of enterprise, process of production and customers are also the three dimensions that have obvious affection to the interior and exterior failure cost. So we suggestion the case enterprise should not think over the product design affection as top priority when deploy failure cost reduction. At the same time enhance the quality control and establish evaluation system to the resource supplier. Besides, the employees should have better training in quality, deeper acknowledge to his job, pay more attention to the customer’s complaint and develop more customized products in order to lower down the interior and exterior failure cost effectively and improve quality standard of the case enterprise at the same time.
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Wang, Yu-Chen, and 汪禺塵. "Cost-Benefit Analysis on Small Wind Turbines Applied to Installation for The Factory buildings Roof with Deflector." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75u8t3.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
土木與防災研究所
99
In the situation of lacking power resources, how we should make use of renewable energy efficiently has become one of the important issues nowadays. For the time being, solar energy and wind energy are two kinds of renewable energy which are more broadly used. Concerning the solar energy development so far, solar energy has been used by many people and its generation device has been commonly installed on rooftops. This research aims to discuss the electricity generation condition when miniature wind energy generation devices and buildings are combined. Buildings are objects in certain limited heights. When airflow passes through a building, a part of the airflow becomes an upward current along the windward side of the building. The fluid then creates different separated flows, making a vortex zone above the building. The vortex turns the wind filed into turbulent flows. Thus, Stable wind field and wind speed are the main elements for wind turbines to have electricity efficiency. As the turbulent flow on rooftop makes the electricity efficiency of wind turbines decrease, this research presents the airflow on rooftop with CFD simulation after a deflector is installed on the roof. After the deflector steadies the unstable airflow, we calculate the quantity of generated electricity with the wind energy formula in order to imitate different electricity generation conditions in which small wind turbines with fan blades in various lengths are installed on deflectors in different angles. This research shows that deflectors installed on buildings can indeed stabilize the wind field on rooftop according to the result of CFD simulation. In the context of this simulation study, when degrees deflectors to the angle of 18 degrees installed in wind turbines the power generation efficiency of better. By the cost-benefit analysis and the sensitivity analysis, when 12 deflectors are adjusted to the angle of 18 degrees, along with fan blades in the radius of 2.5 meters, the NPV is NT $2,950,777 and the FV by the expired date is NT$5,056,227. The repayment of principal will be resumed ten years after whole purchase.