Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Faculté de droit canon'
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Biscay, Myriam. "Pouvoir et enseignement du droit en France et dans l'Italie du nord du XVIIe siècle à la fin du Ier Empire." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO30059.
Full textFrom the genesis of the universities in the late twelfth century, autonomy implies a certain relationship to power as they only exist if they are recognized and guaranteed by external autorithies. The Faculties of Laws, universities components, are particularly related to political power because of the close relationship liking the political and law. In France, from the seventeenth century, the royal power truly interferes in the field of law schools. This process of political interference power over law schools extends to the height of the Napoleonic reform establishing the Imperial University. It is a phase transformation of law schools, combined with the transformation of the state itself, between the faculties of medieval law, holders of a degree of autonomy, to the state-owned institutions, whose purpose is defined by the political power. The faculties of law in northern Italy, at least in Piemont and Lombardy Austrian, experience the same evolution through reforms of the eighteenth century led respectively by Victor Amadeus II and Maria Theresa of Austria. The political influence, highlighting the objectives assigned to the faculties of law, resulting in a control structure but also by interference in the same educational content. Thus, the type of lawyer wanted by the political power emerges through various reforms
Tabet, Joy Fouad. "La faculté d'empêcher du Chef de l'Etat en droit comparé." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT3015.
Full textMuzodi, Kenda Henry. "Quel français pour les étudiants de la faculté de droit de l'Université du Cap?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23020.
Full textThiébaut, Nicolas. "Étude sur la faculté du chef de l'État de s'adresser au Parlement en droit constitutionnel français." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS512.
Full text« Accident of history » according to the Warsmann report, executed at the time of the 2008 constitutional reform, the ban of the Head of State to appear before the Parliament, as the broader matter of the communication between the two bodies, deserve to be reconsidered. The ability of the Head of State to address the Parliament fits into a mechanical of powers which study contributes to enlighten notably through the parliamentary framework where the Fifth Republic carries out an arrangement whose original feature must be emphasized. For the parliamentary communication of the Executive appears all at once as a tool, for this one, to conduct the Parliament’s work, and, for the latter, as a tool to control the executive action, this issue already is at heart of the revolutionaries’ concerns relating to the organisation of the separation of powers. The synchronization operated by the parliamentary system among political responsability and communication comes to renew the query and distinguish the one relative to the Head of State communication. The irresponsability of the latter will entail a prohibition to appear before the Parliament and an obligation to address them through written messages, under the control of the accountable ministers. The Fifth Republic causes a break in the parliementary design of the Head of State’s ability to address the Parliament which accompanies the redefinition of the presidential office. This break manifests itself both on the issuer and on the receiver’s levels. At the issuer’s level, a disjunction appears between power and responsability, first, through the abolition of the countersignature requirement for the exercise of the right to send messages despite the maintenance of the presidential irresponsability, then, secondly, through the acknowledgment of a certain right to enter and speak in the parliamentary hemicycle. At the receiver’s level, the parliamentary communication of the Head of State is affected by the repercussions of the evolution of the representation’s notion that seems to lead the President to make of people his favored interlocutor
Tucker, Marie-Claude. "Maîtres et étudiants écossais à la faculté de droit de l'université de Bourges aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997CLF20011.
Full textForty-five scottish students attended the faculty of law of the university of bourges, roughly between 1538 and 1625; three scots taught law there. The parts of the thesis are as follows: 1) a definition and a summary of the research methods, 2) an attempt to answer the following questions: why did the scots choose to study law, and what was the state of law teaching in scotland at the time? 3) a presentation of the historical context: the links between scotland and france on one side, the links between scotland and berry on the other, and the stuarts who remained in aubigny, 4) the caracteristics of the university of bourges and of its faculty of law: the teaching and the evolution of the institution over the period, 5) a complete prosopographical study of the scots, their antecedents, their experiences in bourges (letters, notes, books) and their carreers after bourges; the incidences. The study makes it clear that the presence of scottish students and masters at bourges is not an original feature, but corresponds rather to a double tradtion, temporal and cultural. The historical context was not preponderant, only favourable. The sole prestige of the faculty of law accounts for the mouvement. It is significant that those who became famous people in the juridical world in scotland studied law in bourges
Vuillemin, Jean-Pierre. "Le recours au canon 517 § 2 en France : analyse du droit particulier diocésain." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA111004.
Full textSaudrais, Guillaume. "Maris et pères devant les tribunaux civils québécois, 1900-1920." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2615.
Full textMatenkadi, Finifini Antoine. "Le statut juridique du catéchiste en territoires de mission: Structure et signification du Canon 785 du Code de droit canonique de 1983." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20748.
Full textCruzeiro, Maria Eduarda. "Action symbolique et formation scolaire : L'Université de Coimbra et sa Faculté de Droit dans la seconde moitié du 19e siècle." Paris, EHESS, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990EHES0066.
Full textPeltzer, Jörg Henning. "Canon law, careers and conquest : episcopal elections in Normandy and Greater Anjou, c. 1140-c. 1230 /." Cambridge : Cambridge University press, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41343259w.
Full textBatueme, Ba Kikhela Joseph. "Le salut des âmes, loi suprême de l'Église ? : étude à partir du canon 1752 du Code de 1983 /." Strasbourg (2 rue Arthur-Weeber, 67100) : Strasbourg : J. Batueme Ba Kikhela ; MaCouLu, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39102341p.
Full textContient un choix de textes et documents. Bibliogr. p. 455-489.
Stavropoulos, Evangelos. "Le dialogue institutionnel entre Imperium et Sacerdotium sous l’empereur manuel Ier Comnène (1143-1180) : droit civil, droit canonique, idéologie impériale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS193.
Full textManuel’s I Comnenus reign is characterized from the respect to the principle of pietas. This notion has a moral and juridical content which determines the capacity of Basileus to act according to the State’s interests, respecting – in the same time – the Divine law. The legislative corpus of Manuel I is a manifestation of a tendency to a modern interpretation on fundamental principles of classic Roman law. This objective target of this program was to reconstruct the sacerdotal image of Basileus which has been secularized during the political crises of XI century. The rapprochement between the State and the Church was a fruit of political realism: i. The Church was recognized as an ideological tank for the Emperor, ii. as a factor of political legitimacy and iii. as a factor for the construction of the social cohesion. The attachment of Manuel I to the Civil Law and the necessity of his application was synonymous to his conception according to which the juridical civilization was the manifestation of the Byzantine State’s superiority, which fundamentally describe the divine order and the God’s will. This means that the submission of Basileia to the Civil Law was describing her submission to the God’s commandments. The incorporation and the submission of the Canon Law to the Civil Law describes the necessity for the overpassing the political dualism between Imperium and Sacerdotium in the horizon of a juridical order with supremacist characteristics. The integration of the Church in the Comneno’s political program was valuing decisively her spiritual responsibilities vis – a – vis an Emperor who understood his governance as a spiritual act. In the same way, the distinction between canons and laws and the systematization of the Canon Law studies saws the practical necessity of the existence of a unique code of Civil Law, which could express the modern needs of the State and in the same time could contribute to the spiritual needs of society
Trapet, Marie-Aleth. "Le ministere de discernement de l'eveque, face aux recherches nouvelles de vie consacree : interpretation et reception du canon 605 du code de droit canonique." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA111013.
Full textA clause of the new code of canon law promulgated in 1983 entrusts to the bishop the mission of discerning new gifts of consecrated life, and recalls that the apostolic see alone may approve new forms of consecrated life. Important question are at stake here at a time when new communities are multiplying in france, and coming into being legally. The interpretation of canon 605 according to the rules laid down by the code of canon law shows that, while broadening the notion of consecrated life, the supreme legislator of the catholic church has created an implement of centralization. A survey carried out among all the bishops of france and all the "new communities" leads to the finding that aside from the phenomenon of mixity, these communities which are said to be new are haunted by old patterns, particularly that of religious life. Canon 605 of the code of canon law will be "of use"only if the apostolic see, confronted with the new needs of the church, admits the consecration of married men and women, and allows the establishment of communities made up faithful belonging to all states of life
Kisselev, Kirill. "L’héritage canonique du Professeur Sergej Viktorovič Troickij." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EPHE4089.
Full textThis paper features the ideas, works and life of the famous Orthodox theologian S.V. Troitsky, who lived a long life of 94 years (1878-1972). S.V. Troitsky was a great scientist, with extensive knowledge in different areas. He was considered an expert in canon law, a specialist in archeology, history, and was a brilliant theologian. Author of several books and hundreds of articles, S.V. Troitsky was respected in academic circles and in the Orthodox world. His works were published in Russia, Serbia, and in Paris, France. As part of the research presented in this doctoral thesis in the field of history, texts and documents, we present a translation and overview of S.V. Troitsky’s works, the analysis of his ideas and personal archives, which we were able to find and process in Russia (St.Trinity-Sergius Lavra), Serbia (Belgrade and Sremski Karlovci) and France (St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute in Paris) from 2009 to 2015
Mecorrapaj, Cani Xhyher. "Le canon de Scanderbeg au coeur du coutumier albanais." Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100016.
Full textThe research on the canon law is an important aspect of the study of the history of Albanian people, particularly of their culture. Its evolution over the centuries has also been expressed in unwritten norms, inherited generation after generation, which reflect the socio-economic situation of different regions during the past periods and which in Albania were given the name of Greek-Byzantine origin”kanun” (canon).We know the Canon of Scanderbeg, the Canon of Dukagini, the Canon of Malsia e Madhe and of the Laberia. As early as the beginning of the XIXth century in the context of the research on the research on the Albanian history, language and culture, the first studies undertaken by foreign albanologists on the ethnocultural traditions became apparent.Among them, there were travelers and diplomats, as; Lik, Pukvil, A. Bue, Hekard, who fokuced genuine on the customary law. By the middle of the 19tth century an important step was made in this direction by the Austrian consul J.G Han who made known to the scientific world, the customary law and its institutions, the ancient character of which, as he pointed and was closely linked which the origin of the Albanian people.Han made an introduction of the law of the Mountains of the Canon of Scanderbeg which operated in Mat and Diber. In this wide territory lay in the past the principality of the Kastriots, whose memory, besides the documents is also preserved in numerous legends and toponyms, which Albanian people devoted to Scanderbeg. In this territory there exists a very detailed variant of the Canon, which Albanian people call the Canon of Scanderbeg. This canon contains similar fundamental principles of canonical law, but in the traces of its development, we also come across alien influences, especially those of the Sheriat
Cejudo, Napoles Mayra. "Le développement de la compétence de compréhension de lecture de textes juridiques : les stratègies des étudiants de la faculté de droit de l'université de La Havane." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN21020/document.
Full textNo summary in english
Actualmente asistimos a una evolución de los objetivos en la formación universitaria hacia el desarrollo de competencias profesionales, para responder a la compleja realidad del mundo del trabajo. Esto implica una transformación de los procesos de aprendizaje y de enseñanza de las lenguas extranjeras. En la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de La Habana, los textos de especialidad ocupan un lugar esencial en la formación profesional por lo que, entre las competencias que serán útiles a los estudiantes para sus futuras situaciones profesionales se encuentra la competencia que garantiza una correcta comprensión de dichos textos. Es en este contexto, que nos interesamos por el logro del desarrollo de dicha competencia de comprensión lectura de los textos de especialidad por parte de los estudiantes como competencia profesional. Para lograrlo deberán desarrollar las estrategias que facilitan la comprensión de lectura de los códigos, de las leyes, de las sentencias, etc. Con este objetivo proponemos la integración gradual de esta formación en estrategias, en los contenidos de los programas de la Disciplina de Idioma Extranjero Francés, lo cual constituye una novedad en el campo de la didáctica de las lenguas extranjeras. Otra dimensión innovadora de esta evolución es la consideración del estudiante como centro del proceso de aprendizaje teniendo en cuenta sus características propias de manera que se sienta responsable de dicho aprendizaje hasta llegar a convertirse en un lector autónomo. Por último, teniendo en cuenta la presencia de las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación en el mundo del trabajo, consideramos la incorporación de las mismas en las clases como un medio de apoyo en este nuevo enfoque
Pasini, Stefano M. "Il metodo nel diritto : il rapporto tra teologia, filosofia e diritto nella riflessione canonistica contemporanea /." Roma : Pontificia Università Lateranense, 2002. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/373157479.pdf.
Full textMalingi, Tongolo Frédéric. "Garanties religieuses en droit canonique de la sécurité de l'être humain. Essai d'interprétation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS152.
Full textOur study attempts to elucidate the approach of religious guarantees in canon law regarding humansecurity, by investing in epistemology of canon law since its 1983 codification. According to ourhermeneutical analysis, the religious guarantees of the security of the human being in canon law havespecific bases, scopes and canonical regimes. Those are, among others, soteriological, human, andlegal. Soteriological security means accounting, by positive canon law, for the teleology of the humanbeing according to Christic revelation and associated theology. Human security here is dependent onphilosophical-theological anthropology and on Christian (Roman Catholic, in particular) ethics ofobedience. The canonical regimes of legal security are positioned between the freedom and the legalstatus of the individual. Given the institutional dimension of the Roman Catholic Church, these regimesare present in particular in the critical approach of administrative procedure and the criminal justicesystem. Given those prisms, which are not exhaustive but overlap, one may then examine the legal andaxiological means of religious guarantees in the canon law of the immanent and transcendent security ofhumans. Following a heuristic approach in both the history of law and contemporary canon law, the thesisexplores paradigmatic categories and procedures for the hermeneutics that this religious right implies ormight imply. In principle, the efficiency of the normative channels of this right should contribute toguaranteeing the security of human beings, but under what conditions of adaptation ad normam iuris velin procedendo vel in decidendi ? And with what effective and concerted centrality of the dignity of thehuman person as imago Dei ?
Stadelmaier, Michael. "Die Collectio Sangermanensis XXI titulorum : eine systematische Kanonessammlung der frühen Karolingerzeit ; Studien und Edition /." Frankfurt am Main : Lang, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/390980307.pdf.
Full textGeorgiadis, Savvas. "L’évolution d’un droit ecclésiastique européen vers un droit ecclésiastique de l’union : la contribution de l’église orthodoxe." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA111005.
Full textThe religious phenomenon plays an important role in Europe. The ecclesiastical law regulates the relationship between the State and the Churches/Religions. The article 9 of the ECHR and its jurisprudential development create conditions for the existence of a de facto European ecclesiastical law. In addition, the Declaration 11 annexed to the Amsterdam Treaty, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the Lisbon Treaty are the foundations of an Ecclesiastical law of the Union from the perspective of a more advanced convergence. The contribution of the Orthodox Church to the European construction is considered indispensable through representations of the locally established Orthodox Churches, within the European Union and its ecclesiastical tradition
Το θρησκευτικό φαινόμενο παίζει ένα σημαντικό ρόλο στην Ευρώπη. Το εκκλησιαστικό δίκαιο ρυθμίζει τις σχέσεις Εκκλησιών και Θρησκειών με το κράτος. Το άρθρο 9 ΕΣΔΑ και η νομολογιακή του ανάπτυξη δημιουργούν τις δομές ύπαρξης ενός ευρωπαϊκού εκκλησιαστικού δικαίου de facto. Από την άλλη, η Δήλωση 11 της Συνθήκης του Άμστερνταμ, ο Χάρτης Θεμελιωδών δικαιωμάτων και η Συνθήκη της Λισσαβόνας διαμορφώνουν τα θεμέλια ενός Εκκλησιαστικού δικαίου της Ένωσης, υπό τη προοπτική μίας πιο προχωρημένης σύγκλησης. Η συνεισφορά της Ορθόδοξης Εκκλησίας στην οικοδομή της Ευρώπης θεωρείται απαραίτητη μέσω των αντιπροσωπειών των κατά τόπους Ορθόδοξων Εκκλησιών στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση αλλά και μέσω της εκκλησιαστική της παράδοση
Mengolo, Emmanuel. "L'œuvre catholique d'enseignement au Cameroun (1890-2014) : une progression dans l'exigence de qualité. Approche en droit canonique et en droit camerounais." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS152/document.
Full textSince the year 1950 until the dawn of this 21rst century in Cameroon, discussions on Catholic Education generally focused on showing the Catholic Church at the crossroads. In other words, the attention had mainly been on a Church facing the challenge of choosing either to continue integrating the Catholic School within her evangelizing mission, or to hand over her schools to the State, due to the various commitments they entail, as well as the misunderstandings which their management brings about within educational communities. Yet, in the light of the Bishops' pastoral letter on Catholic Education in Cameroon (1989), followed by the John Paul II's Post-synodal apostolic Exhortation, Ecclesia in Africa (1995), and also, considering the various opportunities which the Framework-agreement between the Holy See and the Republic of Cameroon, in 2014 could generate, it is obvious that the Church has henceforth made the choice of pursuing her evangelizing mission through the catholic School. This study analyzes the challenges of the Church with regard to her renewed commitment in the field of education. In fact, the continuation of catholic education in Cameroon engages the Catholic Church to guarantee the specific caracter of her schools, by virtue of canon law, on the one hand, and to see to it that those schools comply with the standards laid down by the Cameroonian legislation, on the other hand. On the basis of this State legislation, measures are laid down toward private schools in order to sanction institutions falling below the standards required. Among those measures, there is the closure of private schools by public authorities. Certainly, these measures compel ecclesiastical authorities to guarantee the viability of catholic schools in view of providing the youths with quality education. yet, is the implementation of such measures not liable to challenge the canonical legitimacy of the Church as far as establishing and directing schools are concerned (can. 800 § 1, CIC 1983)? The history of Catholic Education in Cameroon, as well as the new challenges of the world today, invites the Church to re-think the catholic School. Considered as being at the core of the Church's evangelizing mission, the catholic School should strive to form by renewing itself. Concretly, Catholic schools are to be, more than ever before, "places of evangelization, well-rounded education, inculturation and initiation to dialogue of life among Young people of different religious and social backgrounds" (John Paul II, Ecclesia in Africa, n. 102). This, therefore, requires a re-definition of the areas of competence of ecclesiastical authorities in Catholic School matters, as well as proven professionalism in administrative, pedagogical, financial and pastoral affairs. Moreover, the same renewal should involve an effort in value the lay staff contribution through a co-responsible synergy within living educational communities. Finally, a quest for quality in education requires a reliable partnership between the Catholic Church and the Cameroonian State in the field of Education, and this, thanks to the bilateral advantages which the dispositions of the above mentioned Framework-agreement could bring about in the future
Barrau, Julie. "Ille sermo vivus et efficax. Usages de la Bible dans les correspondances de l’espace Plantagenêt (1150-1200)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040001.
Full textThe Bible is everywhere in medieval texts, but the ways it was precisely involved in the writing of those texts are still very much to be investigated. This dissertation sheds light on its uses in letter-collections composed within the “Angevin empire” in the second half of the 12th century. A few “causes celebres” led clerics, the “masters of the Word”, to fight one another; the conflict between Thomas Becket and Henry II is the most famous of those. Referring to Scripture was a choice, and not a reflex; those who made that choice used their biblical references, and the exegesis that illuminated their meaning, to foster their social position and relationhips and to fight their political battles, sometimes in rather sophisticated ways. The texts that would soon become the utmost authorities for canon law, Gratian’s Decretum and popes’ decretals, had not yet acquired such status, making possible for Becket and his companion to use the Bible, in an unusual and striking way, as their main legal auctoritas
Trapet, Marie-Aleth. "Le Ministère de discernement de l'évêque face aux recherches nouvelles de vie consacrée interprétation et réception du canon 605 du code de droit canonique /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37601628n.
Full textTzaros, Apostolos. "La procédure devant les tribunaux ecclésiastiques de l'Église de Grèce : une analyse nomocanonique de la loi étatique 5383/1932." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAK003/document.
Full textThe present work bears the title, «The Procedure before the Ecclesiastical (Church) Courts of the Church of Greece: A nomocanonical analysis of the state law 5383/1932» which aspires to constitute the first monograph devoted to Law 5383/1932, a law that concerns the Greek Ecclesiastical courts, or better yet, the law regarding ecclesiastical disciplinary law according to the case law of the Council of State. This law concerns 82 metropolises (cathedrals) and the archdiocese of Athens. The disciplinary procedure is a judicial procedure that entails a hearing during which all of the principles of a fair trial must be applied. These courts owe a duty to offer the guarantees of a fair trial. The criterion is to know whether they are vindicating a difference with the rules of law having jurisdiction over this difference in the context of an existing procedure. Law 5383/1932 is a legal text and, in order to analyze it, we have used the legal and Canon law methods otherwise known as legal rule analysis and interpretation
Rahon-Dos, Santos Marie-Bénédicte. "Les professeurs de droit du Collège de France (1612-1919)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCB044.
Full textThe main goal of the Collège de France, created in 1530, is to teach new subjects that are not presented in the traditional academic landscape. Law, presented by the Paris Faculty of Law, used to be part of those set aside courses. It was not until 1612 that a chair of law was instituted at the Collège de France where it was then presented until 1919. The first chair of law, called chair of canon law, became part of this institution's offer despite being classified as formal education. Against all odds, that decision was aligned with the College's main goal and was taken for various reasons, both political and scientific. During the modern era, two chairs of canon law are present. The first chair, operated from 1612 to 1792, is simply suppressed during the Revolution ; the second one, operated from 1689 to 1773, is transformed into a chair of law of nature and people. This transformation sets up an unprecedented educational system in France. Indeed, although this subject is already taught in other countries, particularly across the Rhine, it is not the case in France yet. Excluded from the classical university field, the Collège de France sees in the creation of this chair, not only the enhancement of a non-existent teaching at the Faculty, but also the establishment of a certain control over a controversial subject. This chair goes through a very hectic century before being transformed in 1887. Finally, a chair of history of comparative legislation was created in 1831 and lasted until 1919. This was the last chair of law and the most innovative material. These four chairs owe their creation, their existence and their end only to their professors. It is the latter that really count, before the chair or the material itself. It is an intuitu personae system, where the character of the teacher himself is fundamental. Consequently, this study focuses on the teachers themselves, from a personal, institutional and scientific point of view. Thus, teachers are studied through their relations with the Collège de France, public authorities or other institutions of higher education such as the Paris Faculty of Law, but also in their relationship with their counterparts and with the legal doctrine
Cobzaru, Daniel. "L'organisation de l'Église au IVe siècle et ses fondements canoniques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAK007.
Full textThis work provides a canonical and historical approach to the organization of the Church in the 4th century, having as main purpose the reconstruction of the face of the Church according to some key aspects, as well as the understanding of how the canons of this period have shaped its face. This return to a stable organization of the Church reveals inventiveness, which the Church has shown, in many circumstances, to meet the challenges of this era. The councils of the 4th century, as well as the canon law concerning the election and the ordination of the bishop, are considered in the direction of significant detail. The study pays particular attention to the Apostolic Canon 34, which is today the most commented and cited canon in the Orthodox community, not only to legitimize the organization of autonomous and autocephalous Orthodox Churches, but also to justify the jurisdictional rights of autocephalous churches in their diaspora
Meynaud-Zeroual, Ariane. "L’office des parties dans le procès administratif." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020067.
Full textThe procedure before administrative courts is characterised by a double evolution, which justifies a study to be devoted to the office of the parties in an administrative hearing. As the law of administrative litigation increasingly transforms itself into the law of administrative hearings, one can observe that this process is no longer considered as a trial made to an act, but as a trial between parties. The perspective switch, to which the point of view of the parties to the trial invites, is made possible thanks to an instrument of finalist analysis of the law : the office. This concept makes it possible to question the adequacy between the powers and the charges of the parties - that is, the office stricto sensu - with the goals assigned to them by the legal order - namely, the office lato sensu. Understood as the physical or legal persons who participate in the legal relationship because of a dispute arising from own and contrary claims to a right, the parties to the lawsuit pursue two complementary goals : the interested determination of the dispute and the fair participation in the instance. This study allows to draw two conclusions. On the one hand, the office stricto sensu can be improved in order to better converge toward the office lato sensu. On the other hand, it shows that an opposition between the civil lawsuit and the administrative lawsuit is no longer possible. This study about the parties office in administrative lawsuit reveals the importance of research and teaching in procedural law
Ducret, Patricia. "Les professeurs de l'université de Paris au XIXème siècle et le droit romain." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LAROD031.
Full textOur research concerning the professors of Roman Law at the University of Paris in the XIXth century attempts to demonstrate the emergence of a historical school of thought. It’s prosoprography that brings to light the Professors’ geographical and social environment through marriage contracts,declarations of inheritance and inventories after death. After examining at the Romanists’ private life,we studied both their career paths from their PhD studies up to their professorships and the means of access to this Professorship.We also intended to highlight their career choices : research, teaching,administrative responsibilities, practice of law, judiciary or politics. Finally, we aimed to determine the extent to which a Romanist historical school of thought existed in spite of the exegetical straightjacket. To reach that goal, we separated them from the Civilists and looked at their own specificities as they differed in both the conception and the methods of teaching as shown by their scientific output. Our sources led us to draw on their works to determine which fields of Roman Law they would have favoured. The Romanists succeeded in ensuring the triumph of an evolutionary approach, despite being under an exegetical constraint, which gradually built up to what we can definitively call a “Romanist historical school of thought
Marmursztejn, Elsa. "Un "troisième pouvoir" ? : pouvoir intellectuel et construction des normes à l'Université de Paris à la fin du XIIIe siècle d'après les sources quodlibétiques (Thomas d'Aquin, Gérard d'Abbeville, Henri de Gand, Godefroid de Fontaines)." Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EHES0029.
Full textRichard, Guillaume. "Enseigner le droit public à Paris sous la Troisième République." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100156/document.
Full textPublic law has been instrumental in organizing Law Schools in France since the late 19th century. However, the notion remains problematic: based on the example of the Law School of Paris, the purpose of this study is thus to examine its specific impact on legal teaching. The Parisian School of Law, by far the biggest and closest to political institutions, played a leading role in the reforms which led to a generalization of public law in Law Schools during the Third Republic. Its framework provides a good example of how legal scholars have specialized after the separation, in 1896, of the agrégation recruitment competition into different sections, one of them being for public law and one for private law. Far from being simple, these evolutions remain unstable. Public law scholars both wish to distinguish themselves from the dominating civilists, and to maintain the unity of legal science. Public law itself is not a homogeneous field of knowledge. A collection of disciplines (administrative law, international public law, constitutional law, financial legislation) rather than a coherent science, it is characterized by two trends: the first sees public law as a formalized and autonomous body of knowledge, able to comprehend facts through its distinctive logic; on the contrary, the second trend sees it simply as a part of political and economic sciences. Before the supremacy of the first trend imposed itself – rather late – in the first half of the 20th century, public law was considered a social knowledge, used to explain contemporary political events
Roucole, Fabien. "Prélats et hommes de guerre : Dans l'espace français au XVe siècle : Culture et pratiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3090.
Full textIn the Middle Ages, Clerics bearing arms, often bishops, regularly appear. Both priests and secular lords, these men fight for various reasons: to serve the king, for the cause of the Church, or even for their own interests. This is a study of these prelates and of the cultural, legal and social norms that condition their behaviour: noble and military culture, various services owed to the the king, limits brought by canon law. The chosen period begins with the Great Schism (1378) and ends at the dawn of the Lutherian Reform (1517). In France, this time is marked by the omnipresence of war, especially in the first half of the century; prelates often have to take part in these conflicts. On the other hand, the Hundred Years War induce the development of new military institutions, which tend to discharge bishops and abbots from the old feudal obligations. Prelates who engage in warfare are only rarely punished, even the most scandalous ones.At the councils, critics are expressed against them, but they lead to no conclusion. In fact, many reasons may justify the conduct of fighting bishops
Buyssechaert, Anne. "Vie chrétienne et handicap : prescriptions canoniques et orientations pastorales." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAK022/document.
Full textAlong with international law and the law of many countries, canon law does not ignore people with disabilities. It guarantees a certain extent their rights and duties regarding access to the Word of God and participation in the life of the Church. This is reflected in particular in legal rules for access to the sacraments of initiation and healing. Pastoral practice applies the law and feeds it. It is based on the Bible, especially on the attitude of Christ. It also draws on theological reflection on disability, which develops in recent decades, and collaborates with movements and associations which bring together people with disabilities and their close relations. Bishops from different countries sometimes give pastoral guidelines to foster always more the participation of people with disabilities in the Church, and the full realization of their baptismal vocation. The identity of the Church is at stake. Beyond the purely legal aspect of non-discrimination, the Church is really the body of Christ only when every faithful with disability really holds a role commensurate with its capabilities
Le, Mauff Julien. "Une généalogie de la raison d'État : les racines médiévales de la pensée politique moderne." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040082.
Full textThis survey attempts to draw a new understanding of reason of State, as a key concept in modern politics and in 17th century State-centered thought. It is therefore studied backwards, in order to better describe its origins, and to understand what conditions enabled its formulation. The genealogic method is chosen as a way to conciliate the French school of the Annales and the anglo-american tradition of history of ideas, and to handle political ideas as historical artefacts. Every text and author is therefore apprehended as a part of a chain of influences and relationships, while intellectual singularities are preserved. Among the main concepts that participate in defining reason of State, necessity, public utility and legal exception evolve deeply from the 12th century, as a result of the rediscovery of ancient authors by John of Salisbury and still more by Thomas Aquinas, of recent developments in canon and roman law, and of new fiscal policies during the 13th and 14th centuries. The improvements of royal ideology, the new necessity specifically applied to political action in William of Ockham’s thought, and the rise of the concept of a sovereign State under the primary influence of Marsilius of Padua, also participate in this preparation, now centered on Italian city-states. The account ends with a view on three different definitions of reason of State, that correspond first to Machiavelli and Guicciardini, then to Botero, and finally to the legal thought of Ammirato and Canonhiero. This outcome paves the way to the triumph of Statism, and to the new developments of political theory during the Enlightenment
Barla, Androniki. "L'obligation canonique du célibat des ministres, vers 380 en Occident et en Orient : comparaison entre les traditions orientales et occidentales." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAK016/document.
Full textThis thesis is a canonical study which treats the question of the canonical obligation of the celibacy of priests in 380 in West and at East. It is a comparison between the eastern and western Tradition. The Research is using as important basis the extract of 1 Cor. 7, 1-9 from Apostle Paul’s Letter. This extract was misunderstood by the popes and influenced a lot their Decrees. It has been done an analysis of all the oriental canons of 4th century of the First Ecumenical Council, of the local Councils and also of the canonical Letters of the Holy Fathers. This material is a part of the eastern canon law. The Councils are devised in two parts, before and after 380.In accordance to this there is a canonical approach to the decisions of the western councils, through the local Councils of the 4th century. Those canons present the first imposition of the canonical obligation of celibacy in a local level. The study continues by analysing the contest of the Decrees of three popes: Damasus, Siricius and Innocent I, who imposed the celibacy after 380 in an official way and in a universal level by using the authority (auctoritas) and the power (potestas) of the See of Rome
Ducros, François-Régis. "Puissance publique et édifices du culte de la période moderne à 1905." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA111021.
Full textThe relations between public power and places of worship – and notably themultiplicity of their using – can be understood by the study of canonical norms reception’sand the transformation of their meaning in secular law.According to the teaching of the canon law, the place of worship is a place liturgicallydedicated to worship, holder of a particular theological and juridical nature. Borrowingfrom the antic roman law language, the canonical doctrine call him res sacræ.In the 16th. century, the apparition of worship issued of the protestant reform and themodern interpretation of texts from the Corpus iuris civilis lead the secular doctrine and thepublic power to rethink legally the canonical status of the sanctuaries. From a sacred place,the place of worship become progressively a place assigned to the worship and finally just abuilding legally affected to the worship.Beyond the simple lexical sliding, we are present, from the french ancient law until theseparation of Churches and State, at a juridical grasp’s change of the place of worship.This place, entrusted to the public power’s care, is at last putted at the worship disposal bypower
Kalousios, Ioannis D. "Alexis le Stoudite, patriarche de Constantinople (1025-1043)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAK007.
Full textPatriarch Alexis (1025-1043), one of the most remarkable ecclesiastical personalities of the 11th century in Byzantium, played a decisive role in both political and ecclesiastical affairs. A complex situation emerged after the death of the mighty emperor Basil II in 1025 and it is in this context that the Acts of Alexis, translated and commented, address various canonical questions (heresies and matrimonial issues, with the penalties imposed but also taxes ecclesiastics and monastic affairs). By addressing these different areas or even more different attitudes of opposition to the imperial power, the patriarch Alexis is at the heart of the relationship between the Church and the emperor. Relationships with other Churches are also a concern of Alexis. His work, contributing to the preservation of the correct faith, was followed by the following patriarchs
Gonçalves, Bruno. "L’appartenance à une Église de droit propre dans l’Église catholique. D’un principe juridique établi à une réalité malmenée." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA111005.
Full textWithin the Catholic Church, the criteria for belonging to a sui iuris Church have evolved throughout the history of Canon Law, particularly after the fairly recent promulgation of the Latin Code in 1983 and of the Code of the Canons of the Eastern Churches in 1990. Positive Law is proof of the care the legislator now takes to give priority to the objectivity of the criteria, whilst not preventing other elements to be taken into account, such as the desire of people who wish to change the rite, for example in the case of their marriage. Holy See law and Praxis are a witness to this difficult search for a balance between an objective determinism concerning adherence to the ritual and a subjective freedom to choose one’s rite or to modify it. However, society and Church structures have changed in recent years, changes which are characterized by the multiplication of ecclesiastical structures with a personal character in the Latin world, giving the Faithful the right to have their own personal wishes; and a growing number of Eastern Church members in Diaspora. This has led us to reconsider whether it is now at all pertinent to favour territorial criteria as opposed to personal ones in Eastern Church structures. Unless we wish to condemn them to a marginal position or even to disappear altogether, we must now reflect carefully on the institutional link between the Sui Iuris Churches and their Faithful. The weight of History, of the link with the other Eastern Orthodox Churches, and of the tradition of Canon Law must be simultaneously integrated and transcended if Eastern Catholic Churches are not to be trapped within a death-inducing logic
Abdalla, Marianne. "Recherche sur la souveraineté du Vatican." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0448.
Full textThe uniqueness of the Vatican State is undeniable for the Holy See sovereignty in international law. A comprehensive constitutional law study of the power functions, the legal system, and the territory administration allows to analyze the Pope authority of the land. The pontifical sovereignty notion is particular to the Catholic Church. It is based on a religious authority and a temporal power. The two organizations operate simultaneously and are inseparable, nonetheless they could be distinguished. A thoroughly examination of the temporal power system in the Vatican State points the differences from other States. Expressly, the religious authority is superior to temporal power. The history of the institutionalization of the Church identifies all the numerous definitions. The Vatican City State and its elements: power, people and territory form an integral part of the pontifical sovereignty exercise. Will it need a pragmatic or theological constitutionalism? The thesis argues the expansion and the limit of the Vatican sovereignty
Aboubacar, Youssouf-Mdahoma. "La responsabilité pénale de l'enfant du droit romain jusqu'au code de la justice pénale des mineurs." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0511.
Full text« Then the evidence you leave it to the jury. And where will they seek the proof of discernment ? In the soul of the acknowledged culprit: it is closed to them. What's more arbitrary, what's less reasonable. I ask that this article be removed ». Thus, Dominique Joseph Garat, deputy of the Constituent Assembly, exclaimed in front of the national representation to affirm his opposition concerning the idea of a miner's irresponsibility based on discernment. This insurrection will not be the only one, on the contrary. Indeed, the issue of child delinquency has continued to return to public debate, and even very recently with Ordinance No. 2019-950 of 11 September 2019 on the legislative part of the Code of Juvenile Criminal Justice. The legislator, the jurisprudence and the doctrine have always endeavored since the beginning of the contemporary era to construct a legal regime peculiar to the child, basing himself particularly on the notions of “age” and “discernment”. However, the company's concern with its civil and criminal liability is not recent: the legal status of the child has been the subject, throughout history, of specific adjustments and different from that of the major. From Roman law to the 1945 ordinance, passing in particular by canon law and the Ancien Régime, the evolution of the responsibility of the one whose reason is not yet fully developed appears certainly interesting but especially indispensable in the understanding of the spirit of the rules that are applicable today.In this sense, this thesis will deal fully and chronologically with this evolution
Gabriel, Denis. "Robert de Sorbon et son oeuvre (1201-1274)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10048.
Full textThis work aims to gather knowledge concerning Robert de Sorbon. Thus the curriculum of character can admit new ways by finding frequent presence on the order of Premontre around the village of Sorbon. The only guaranteed date is the year of his death in 1274, while the habit of fixing his birth in 1201 did not appear until the seventeenth century. Much of his life is rather obscure until 1249. Robert de Sorbon is defenitly not of peasant origin whatever said Joinville. Studying acts of the cartulary helps to understand the methods used and also to know the people supporting the foundation of the Sorbonne. At the beginning, the domus is not described as a charitable institution but as a formation House for Secular and it links up the expectations of the canons of chapters from the northern kingdom of France, then competed for the success of the mendicant orders after the university polemic. The pentiential writings of Robert are knomn for centuries but a recent surge of interest has multiplied editions of texts and especially sermons : an initial inventory of his works was necessary. We study thereafter some texts of the personal collection of sermons and a manuscript known to contain a new version of its best-known treaty, De Conscientia to understand the techniques used by Robert de Sorbon, language, ideas, exempla used and the links between different works. So, are highlighted the different facets of the same personality during the growth of the parisian University
Berthe, Pierre-Marie. "Les dissensions ecclésiales, un défi pour l'Église catholique : histoire et actualité." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAK001.
Full textEver since the inception of Christianity, the Church’s unity based on faith, worship and hierarchical communion with Peter’s successor has been faced with doctrinal or disciplinary dissents which entail institutional severances at times. Today, Catholics have difficulty speaking with one voice about essential questions, while at the same time the ecumenical dialogue is late inrestoring perfect unity between Christians. Those two sets of problems are tackled here in the light of history. Leading the reader on a long chronological path from Antiquity to modern times, this study examines the doctrinal, canonical and pastoral solutions applied along the centuries in order to deal with the crises arising inside the Church ; then it answers three questions in connection with present circumstances : What should be done to avoid new severances within the Church? How to react in front of conflictual situations? What way should be followed to reconcile Christians? While it takes courage and boldness to promote unity, the latter cannot be contemplated outside the truth revealed by Christ and tradition
Turkin, Sergey. "L’Évêque en Occident et en Orient selon les Fausses Décrétales et le Nomocanon en XIV Titres dans l’édition du Patriarche de Constantinople Photius (858-867, 877-886) : approche comparée et nouvelles perspectives." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAK011.
Full textThis thesis is the answer to Russian scholarly Vladimir Benechevitch’s statement that the schism of Churches in the field of Canon law could be dated by the ninth century, the time of appearance of the False Decretals and the Nomocanon in Fourteen Titles in the edition of Photius. Therefore, the bishop’s office presented by these collections is compared. Every chapter offers the comparison of the texts according to the vision of bishop’s office by every source. This comparison shows the unity of the collections and denies the schism. In addition, many aspects permit to connect the collections of Pseudoisidor with Greek and other collections of Christians of the East
Barbier, Martine Danielle. "La volonté du salarié dans le rapport de travail." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO22003/document.
Full textThe thesis offers to measure the role and place which law reserves for the employee’s will in labour relations. It also tries, at the same time, to identify, through the observation of certain evolutions, that the employee’s will is being more clearly taken into account. This approach necessarily goes beyond the observation generally made of the degree of the employee’s subordination and of the necessary and collective protection from which he benefits. The will, as defined by the author, supposes, as a matter of fact, a recognized field of application protected by the law through prerogatives and individual rights held by the employee which give him/her a certain degree of freedom, the ability to choose and the power to act within the labour relations. In order to cover the diversified and specific forms of voluntary action by the employee, our approach is led with regard to firstly the contractual dimension and secondly the degree by which the employer’s power affects the job relationship. The diagnostic made, which mixes closely favour and suspicion, valorization and protection of the employee’s will, shows nevertheless that this will is more systematically and radically taken into account. The orientation, engendered by positive law, is likely to announce not the end of the salaried status but on the contrary some sort of renaissance
Emane, Meyo Martin. "La norme facultative." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE0003/document.
Full textThe « voluntary norm » is not recognized in law. Yet, it refers to a peculiar phenomenon that juristshave increasingly to deal with. It is associated with noncompulsory norms, outside the traditional legal tools.These norms share a tributary implementation of a prior agreement from their recipients, which means theycan freely dispose of them and use them fully or partly, at their convenience.Being voluntary, the norms involve the recognition of a normativity distinct from the bindingnessand imperativity. They draw their standards-relative feature from the fact that they establish bothillocutionary speech acts and patterns to operate.As a result of their originality, their incorporation into law is likely to cause some changes in thetheory of norms. Indeed, the recognition of the voluntary norm leads to question the position of the voluntaryfeature within the categories of standards-relative contents. Besides the classical standards-relative contentsbuilt upon what is compulsory, that is the prescriptiveness, prohibitiveness and permissiveness, the“voluntaryness” refers to another standards-relative content which corresponds to the voluntary normsfocused on what is normatively desirable. These standards include the capacity of choice, in other words, astandards-relative opportunity opened to the recipient and asking to be seized. And once they obtain anadhesion, they get into a “standards-relative bond”
Halawi, Wissam. "Le druzisme au IXe/XVe siècle : entre hagiographie sayyidienne et réalités sociales." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H012.
Full textTraditional historiography considers that Druzism – understood as the religious doctrine of tawḥīd specific to the Druzes – had its heyday in the 9th/15th century through teaching and spiritual guidance from al-Sayyid (d. 884/1479). The present study aims to analyse this construction of a mythical figure of a great saint as well as that of a narrative scarcely rooted in the local social realities. Such a revision was made possible by double-renewal: a critical reading of the sources and the enrichment of the corpus with unpublished Druze manuscripts. Confronting Sayyidian hagiographies to local chronicles allows us to distinguish between the Vitae of the saint and the historical character of al-Sayyid, and thus to study his vision, action, and authority in the Syrian regions of the Ġarb and Šūf. The Druze law treaties also give valuable information on the new organisation implemented by his followers after his death as well as the functioning of Druze communities at the local level. Finally, the articulation of the religious power of initiates with the political power of the Ḥusaynid emirs from the Banū Buḥtur, reveals the forms of legitimation which then appear
Malonga, Diawara-Doré Charlemagne Didace. "Canonicité de la Conférence des évêques." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA111006.
Full textAs it is suggested within the title, the present thesis focuses on the canonicity of the Conference of bishops. It aims to reflect the degree ofauthority of this new specifically Latin Institution. The bishops Conference has become a permanent body, while the Synod of bishops whichwas born in 1965, under Pope Paul VI did not receive this feature. Is the Conference of bishops an expression of episcopal collegiality? TheSecond Vatican Council (1962-1965) was admitted as a component of this collegiality. Vatican II was consecrated and institutionalized(Constitution Lumen Gentium and Decree Christus Dominus), but failed to raise any issue relating to its authority and jurisdiction. The 1969Synod of bishops, whose theme was announced, more precisely lived collegiality, also addressed the question of episcopal conferences. Atthe Synod Assembly, the debate has mainly concerned the means to implement in order to achieve a real and effective cooperation betweenRome and the bishops' conferences, and to ensure greater autonomy to these conferences, without impeding the freedom of the Pope, orundermining the authority of the diocesan bishop. There ensued a greater commitment to the principles which govern, on the one hand, therelationship between the Episcopal Conferences and the Apostolic See, and on the other hand, the links between the different episcopalConferences.But that debate has still not been completely invalidated, especially as it refers to the teaching authority of the Conference of bishops. Thejuridical qualification, in 1983, through the efforts of the latin codification seems to have been insufficient.The Synod of Bishops, in 1985, demonstrates this persistent discomfort. It has formally requested a reassessment of the institution of theConference of bishops: « Since the Episcopal Conferences are particularly useful, even necessary in the current pastoral work of theChurch, we want to study their theological " status " so that in particular the issue of their doctrinal authority would be more clearly anddeeply explained, taking into account what is written in the conciliar Decree Christus Dominus, item N° 38 and in the Code of Canon Law,can. 447 and 753 ». This situation derived to two institutional efforts: an advisory one (The Instrumentum laboris of 1987 of theCongregation for bishops), then another one, a decision (the Motu proprio Apostolos suos 1998). In this last theological standard and juridicalrequalification, Pope John Paul II reaffirms, more decisively, the specificity of the Conference of bishops. This extensive file may seem to beredundant and haunting. Researchers can notice that the problem of authority of the Conference of bishops remains difficult to determine. Infact, are the main parameters of the ecclesial structure not deeply questioned ?
Toure, Amany Jean-Rostand. "Église-Famille de Dieu et protection sociale des prêtres en Côte d’Ivoire : contribution à l’ecclésiologie africaine et perspectives pastorales." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAK020/document.
Full textThis thesis demonstrates that the ecclesiology of the Church-God’s family can be built in relation to the issue of the social welfare for the priests, and linked to that, the issue of the social welfare for the sacred ministers can be thought about with regard to the theology of the Church as Family of God. The finding of weaknesses in the ecclesial practices of the social welfare for the priests which exists in Côte d’Ivoire and their difference with the Church magisterium texts makes me consider a principle: the organization of a social welfare for priests aims at making them free from worries in the future, which can harm (endanger) their ministry and their availability in the present time. In addition, when they are restored in the pastoral and theological context of the new evangelization, and if they are in connection, the ecclesiological issue of the Church-Family and that of the social welfare for the priests evoke the major stake of the Christians’ social commitment. If the reception of a theology of commitment contributes to an emergence of an authentic Christian commitment, the entrepreneurial ecclesiology suggests the pastoral entrepreneurship as another way to undertake in Church-Family to make a success of the bet of the social welfare for the priests in accordance with the wish of the Council Fathers taken back in the Code of Canon law of 1983
Ballard, Alexia. "Entre la théorie ecclésiastique et la pratique laïque : le mariage chez les fidèles au XVe siècle." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22024.
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