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Journal articles on the topic 'Faecal contamination'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Amoroso, Caroline R., Alexa G. Frink, and Charles L. Nunn. "Water choice as a counterstrategy to faecally transmitted disease: an experimental study in captive lemurs." Behaviour 154, no. 13-15 (2017): 1239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003466.

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Abstract Many parasites and pathogens are transmitted via water, including through faecal contamination of water sources. Yet water is essential for survival, and some species gain nutritional and other benefits from coprophagy. We investigated how primates balance the risks of faecal pathogen transmission with potential benefits of faeces ingestion in their selection of water sources by conducting behavioural experiments with five species of lemurs (Family Lemuridae) in captivity. Subjects were given a choice between clean water and water ‘contaminated’ with disinfected faecal material, which

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2

Baudišová, D. "Microbial pollution of water from agriculture." Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 10 (2009): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/131/2009-pse.

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Microbial contamination of small streams in agricultural areas was monitored for two years. Microbiological indicators of faecal pollution (faecal coliforms, <I>Escherichia coli</I> and intestinal enterococci were detected by standard methods based on the cultivation of bacteria on selective media). The obtained results showed that running contamination of streams from agricultural areas was not extremely high, but it showed marked seasonal fluctuations (the average values and maximal values revealed great differences). Microbial contamination also increased several times in relati

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3

Leeming, Rhys, Jonathan S. Stark, and James J. Smith. "Novel use of faecal sterols to assess human faecal contamination in Antarctica: a likelihood assessment matrix for environmental monitoring." Antarctic Science 27, no. 1 (2014): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102014000273.

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AbstractWastewater containing human sewage is often discharged with little or no treatment into the Antarctic marine environment. Faecal sterols (primarily coprostanol) in sediments have been used for assessment of human sewage contamination in this environment, butin situproduction and indigenous faunal inputs can confound such determinations. Using gas chromatography with mass spectral detection profiles of both C27and C29sterols, potential sources of faecal sterols were examined in nearshore marine sediments, encompassing sites proximal and distal to the wastewater outfall at Davis Station.

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4

Awuah, Frank. "Application of microorganisms to determine the impact of infiltration layer and season on pit latrine groundwater contamination." Sustinere: Journal of Environment and Sustainability 8, no. 3 (2024): 357–67. https://doi.org/10.22515/sustinere.jes.v8i3.425.

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This study was necessitated as a result of the frequent cases of diarrhoea observed among the students of the researcher. The researcher employed faecal indicator bacteria to assess the impact of the infiltration layer and seasonal variations on groundwater contamination from pit latrines in the municipalities where the students reside. The main experimental materials consisted of water samples collected from 15 randomly selected wells in the Tano Districts of Ghana. Total coliforms, faecal coliforms, and enterococci were used as faecal indicators. The Most Probable Number (MPN) method was emp

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5

Leeming, R., N. Bate, R. Hewlett, and P. D. Nichols. "Discriminating faecal pollution: a case study of stormwater entering Port Phillip Bay, Australia." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 10 (1998): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0369.

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This investigation was designed to provide preliminary information to the Environment Protection Authority concerning the input of faecal matter to stormwater drains in the Rippleside area of Geelong, Victoria. Results derived from the combined use of sterol biomarkers (e.g. coprostanol and 24-ethylcoprostanol) and four sub-groups of bacterial indicators (e.g. thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli, faecal streptococci and enterococci) indicated that during wet weather, all sites sampled were affected by significant human faecal contamination. Ratios of coprostanol to bacterial indicators were simi

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6

Godfree, A. F., D. Kay, and M. D. Wyer. "Faecal streptococci as indicators of faecal contamination in water." Journal of Applied Microbiology 83, S1 (1997): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.83.s1.12.x.

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7

Wicki, Melanie, Adrian Auckenthaler, Richard Felleisen, Marcel Tanner, and Andreas Baumgartner. "Novel Bacteroides host strains for detection of human- and animal-specific bacteriophages in water." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 1 (2011): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.165.

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Bacteriophages active against specific Bacteroides host strains were shown to be suitable for detection of human faecal pollution. However, the practical application of this finding is limited because some specific host strains were restricted to certain geographic regions. In this study, novel Bacteroides host strains were isolated that discriminate human and animal faecal pollution in Switzerland. Two strains specific for bacteriophages present in human faecal contamination and three strains specific for bacteriophages indicating animal faecal contamination were evaluated. Bacteriophages inf

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Mudau, Mulalo, Renay Ngobeni-Nyambi, and Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba. "The Identification of Predominant Faecal Contamination Sources in Water Using Host-Specific Genetic Markers in Water-Stressed Rural Communities of Vhembe District Municipality, South Africa." Water 16, no. 23 (2024): 3477. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233477.

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It is critical to attribute faecal contamination to its original source in order to assess public health risks and implement effective interventions to mitigate future contamination. This study aimed to identify the primary sources of faecal contamination in water using microbial source tracking markers in water-stressed rural communities. A total of 1128 water samples were collected sequentially from the main source (river/borehole) to the households. Six host-specific genetic markers were used to detect faecal contamination in the water samples (BacHum and HF183, BacCow, Pig-2-Bac, Cytb and

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van Lieverloo, J. Hein M., E. J. Mirjam Blokker, and Gertjan Medema. "Quantitative microbial risk assessment of distributed drinking water using faecal indicator incidence and concentrations." Journal of Water and Health 5, S1 (2007): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.134.

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Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessments (QMRA) have focused on drinking water system components upstream of distribution to customers, for nominal and event conditions. Yet some 15—33% of waterborne outbreaks are reported to be caused by contamination events in distribution systems. In the majority of these cases and probably in all non-outbreak contamination events, no pathogen concentration data was available. Faecal contamination events are usually detected or confirmed by the presence of E.coli or other faecal indicators, although the absence of this indicator is no guarantee of the absenc

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10

Höglund, C., T. A. Stenström, H. Jönsson, and A. Sundin. "Evaluation of faecal contamination and microbial die-off in urine separating sewage systems." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 6 (1998): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0232.

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An important feature for recirculated products from a sewage system is that the risk for transmission of disease is low. In a urine source separating system faeces may contaminate the collected urine through the toilet. The concentrations of faecal indicator organisms were measured in 14 urine collection tanks. The survival of these and some pathogenic microorganisms in source separated human urine was studied. Total coliforms, E. coli and clostridia were found in low concentrations while faecal streptococci occurred in concentrations up to 105/ml urine solution. The results from phenotyping o

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11

Geary, P. M., C. A. Evans, M. T. Maswabi, et al. "Monitoring and tracking contaminant sources in catchments and estuaries." Water Practice and Technology 10, no. 3 (2015): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2015.070.

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In managing water quality in catchments and estuaries, faecal contamination is typically assessed using microbial indicators, such as faecal coliform bacteria. Bacteriological indicators however cannot be used to distinguish whether the faecal contamination has been derived from human or animal sources. The ability to track contamination and distinguish between sources is particularly important where water is used for potable supply, recreational purposes and where commercial aquaculture for human consumption is undertaken. Various chemicals associated with human metabolism and activities whic

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12

Wicki, Melanie, Adrian Auckenthaler, Richard Felleisen, et al. "Assessment of source tracking methods for application in spring water." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 2 (2014): 473–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.255.

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For discriminating between human and animal faecal contamination in water, microbial source tracking (MST) approaches using different indicators have been employed. In the current study, a range of 10 such MST indicators described in the scientific literature were comparatively assessed. Bacteriophages infecting host strains of Bacteroides (GA-17, GB-124 and ARABA 84) as well as sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria proved useful for indicating human faecal contamination while Rhodococcus coprophilus was associated with animal-derived faecal contamination. These potential source indicators were p

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13

Sokolova, Ekaterina, Johan Åström, Thomas J. R. Pettersson, Olof Bergstedt, and Malte Hermansson. "Estimation of pathogen concentrations in a drinking water source using hydrodynamic modelling and microbial source tracking." Journal of Water and Health 10, no. 3 (2012): 358–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.183.

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The faecal contamination of drinking water sources can lead to waterborne disease outbreaks. To estimate a potential risk for waterborne infections caused by faecal contamination of drinking water sources, knowledge of the pathogen concentrations in raw water is required. We suggest a novel approach to estimate pathogen concentrations in a drinking water source by using microbial source tracking data and fate and transport modelling. First, the pathogen (norovirus, Cryptosporidium, Escherichia coli O157/H7) concentrations in faecal contamination sources around the drinking water source Lake Rå

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14

Betancourt, W. Q., and R. S. Fujioka. "Bacteroides spp. as reliable marker of sewage contamination in Hawaii's environmental waters using molecular techniques." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 3 (2006): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.455.

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Standard PCR (SPCR) and quantitative PCR (QPCR) assays using primers for general and for human-specific Bacteroides 16S rRNA markers were selected as the molecular tests to assess sewage contamination in recreational waters of Hawaii and these same water samples were assayed for culturable concentrations of selected faecal microbial indicators. The results of this study showed that the general primer for Bacteroides was not useful because ambient and polluted water samples were positive for this marker. However, use of human-specific primers reliably detected sewage contamination. The human-sp

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15

Romaniello, Roberto, Giorgio Peri, and Alessandro Leone. "Fluorescence hyper-spectral imaging to detecting faecal contamination on fresh tomatoes." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 47, no. 1 (2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2016.491.

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Faecal contamination of fresh fruits represents a severe danger for human health. Thus some techniques based on microbiological testing were developed to individuate faecal contaminants but those tests do not results efficient because their non-applicability on overall vegetable unity. In this work a methodology based on hyper-spectral fluorescence imaging was developed and tested to detecting faecal contamination on fresh tomatoes. Two image-processing methods were performed to maximise the contrast between the faecal contaminant and tomatoes skin: principal component analysis and band image

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16

MARION, G., L. A. SMITH, D. L. SWAIN, R. S. DAVIDSON, and M. R. HUTCHINGS. "Agent-based modelling of foraging behaviour: the impact of spatial heterogeneity on disease risks from faeces in grazing systems." Journal of Agricultural Science 146, no. 5 (2008): 507–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859608008022.

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SUMMARYMany of the most pervasive disease challenges to livestock are transmitted via oral contact with faeces (or by faecal–aerosol) and the current paper focuses on how disease risk may depend on: spatial heterogeneity, animal searching behaviour, different grazing systems and faecal deposition patterns including those representative of livestock and a range of wildlife. A spatially explicit agent-based model was developed to describe the impact of empirically observed foraging and avoidance behaviours on the risk of disease presented by investigative and grazing contact with both livestock

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17

Geary, P. M., and C. M. Davies. "Bacterial source tracking and shellfish contamination in a coastal catchment." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (2003): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0676.

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Introduced pathogens from faecal material can make their way into the aquatic environment from a number of catchment sources. These sources typically include sewage outfalls, seepage from septic tanks, and urban and agricultural runoff. Shellfish as filter feeders are particularly susceptible to contamination in faecally contaminated waters and a range of microbiological indicators have been developed to assess the levels of contamination and likely risks to public health (Hackney and Pierson, 1994). This paper outlines the application of bacterial source tracking (BST) in a shellfish growing

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18

Alexander, L. M., and A. Heaven. "Contamination of urine and faecal specimens." BMJ 306, no. 6883 (1993): 998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.306.6883.998.

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19

Edge, T. A., S. Hill, G. Stinson, P. Seto, and J. Marsalek. "Experience with the antibiotic resistance analysis and DNA fingerprinting in tracking faecal pollution at two lake beaches." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 11 (2007): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.757.

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Posting or closing of swimming beaches because of faecal contamination is a widespread problem reported in many locations. In a risk-based approach to this problem, the risk to swimmers' health is assessed by field monitoring of indicator bacteria and the associated risks are managed by source controls and other remedial measures. In risk assessment, great advances have been made in recent years with the introduction of microbial source tracking (MST) techniques. Two such techniques, antibiotic resistance analysis and DNA fingerprinting, were applied in a study of causes of faecal contaminatio

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20

Gray, Jessica, Nicole Masters, Aaron Wiegand, and Mohammad Katouli. "Field assessment of horse-associated genetic markers HoF597 and mtCytb for detecting the source of contamination in surface waters." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 66, no. 11 (2020): 623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2019-0499.

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We investigated the specificity and sensitivity of two horse-associated markers, HoF597 and Horse mtCytb, and 12 mitochondrial and bacterial markers of six animal species (human, cow, pig, bird, dog, chicken) in the faecal samples of 50 individual horses. Both horse markers were detected in 48 (96%) faecal samples. Cross-reactivity with dog (BacCan545) and pig (P23-2) occurred in 88% and 72% of horse faecal samples, respectively. Several other bacterial and mitochondrial markers of non-target hosts were also detected; however, their specificities were >80%. Analyses of samples from surface

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21

Job, O.S., Bala, J.D., Abdulraham, A.A., et al. "Microbial Source Tracking: An Emerging Technology for Microbial Water Quality Assessment: A Review." UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) 8, no. 1 (2023): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2381.014.

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Microbial Source Tracking is a scientific approach that primarily aims to identify the sources of faecal contamination in water bodies. Microbial Source Tracking (MST) is a set of techniques employed to identify the origins of faecal contamination in water. The capacity to track faecal bacteria to their source is a crucial aspect of both public health and water quality management. The utilisation of information obtained from the method of MST would provide water quality managers with an enhanced comprehension of the origins of contamination, thus facilitating the implementation of remedial mea

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22

Ball, Andrew S., Esmaeil Shahsavari, Leadin S. Khudur, Arturo Aburto-Medina, and David J. Smith. "Factors Affecting Shellfish Quality in Terms of Faecal Contamination at Blakeney Point, East Anglia, UK." Water 13, no. 22 (2021): 3192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13223192.

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Relatively high E. coli and Faecal Streptococci (FS) numbers have been reported in the waters surrounding Blakeney Point, East Anglia, UK, an area containing significant shellfishery industries including mussels and cockles, despite the implementation of development works aimed at reducing residual contamination problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of using bacterial analyses and sterol profiling to assess the current levels and source of faecal pollution at Blakeney Point. No evidence of significant human faecal contamination of water in and around Blakeney Point coul

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Wright, R. C. "The survival patterns of selected faecal bacteria in tropical fresh waters." Epidemiology and Infection 103, no. 3 (1989): 603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800031009.

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SUMMARYThe survival of various faecal bacteria used as indicators of the faecal contamination of water supplies has been investigated in a tropical environment (Sierra Leone). Isolates representing the thermotolerant coliform (TtC) and faecal streptococcus (FS) groups,Clostridium perfringensandSalmonellaspp. were studied over a 48 h period of immersion in water from three different sources. Survival patterns varied according to source type, but some general observations were made: a portion of the TtC group was apparently capable of substantial regrowth; FS organisms died off at a faster rate

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Kaltenthaler, E. C., A. M. Elsworth, M. S. Schweiger, D. D. Mara, and D. A. Brauxholtz. "Faecal contamination on children's hands and environmental surfaces in primary schools in Leeds." Epidemiology and Infection 115, no. 3 (1995): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800058696.

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SummaryGastro-intestinal diseases continue to be a major health problem in primary schools in the UK. This study, which took place in 20 primary schools in the Leeds area, investigated the presence of faecal indicator bacteria on children's hands and environmental surfaces. Faecal streptococci were used as an indicator of faecal contamination.A handwashing knowledge score was developed for each child. Those children with good hygiene knowledge had less faecal contamination on their hands (relative risk: 1·4. 95% CI = 1·09–1·81,P =0·005). Those schools with higher hand counts were more likely t

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Lee, Chang Soo, Jason W. Marion, and Jiyoung Lee. "A novel genetic marker for the rapid detection of Bacteroides fragilis in recreational water as a human-specific faecal indicator." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 2 (2011): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.120.

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Bacteroides spp. has gained substantial interest among the suggested potential candidates for alternative faecal indicators for untreated recreational waters by the US EPA. Interest in Bacteroides as a faecal indicator is based upon the relative abundance of selected members of the Bacteroides genus in the human colon and human faeces. In this study, we developed a real-time PCR detection system based on gyrase B subunit genes (gyrB) specific to Bacteroides fragilis. The gryB-based method was compared with previously described 16S rRNA-based real-time qPCR methods and evaluated for specificity

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Kherrati, Imane, Mimouni Naim El, Ali Alemad, et al. "Bacterial Examination of Wells of the Maâmora Tablecloth: A community based survey in Kenitra, Morocco." International Multispeciality Journal of Health 4, no. 3 (2018): 50–59. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1213564.

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<strong><em>Abstract—</em></strong><em>Pollution of water resources is a global problem. Unfortunately, groundwater is more sensitive to contamination by industrial waste, agriculture, household waste and wastewater that lead to physicochemical (pesticides, heavy metals, nitrates) and biological (viruses, bacteria, parasites) pollution. Bacterial contaminations of water are responsible for the emergence of many serious epidemic diseases (Cholera, Typhoid, Tuberculosis etc). The purpose of this study is to find out the impact of farms intensification and untreated sewage discharges on the

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Udoka, Nkenna Chigbo. "Risk of Faecal Contamination of Water Used by Food Vendors in Owerri Munipality, Imo State Nigeria." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 1, no. 4 (2023): 590–98. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(4).54.

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Assessment of faecal contamination of water is a key factor in assessing the quality and safety of food. It also reveals the level of hygiene adopted by food handlers in the course of preparation and serving of such foods. This study assessed the risk of microbial contamination of water used by food vendors in Owerri munipality, Imo State Nigeria between January-December 2019 with an emphasis on total coliforms and the faecal coliforms/ faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) – Escherichia coli (E. coli) and thermotolerant coliforms (TTC). One hundred and thirty water samples collected across th

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Sobsey, M. D., R. Perdue, M. Overton, and J. Fisher. "Factors influencing faecal contamination in coastal marinas." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 3 (2003): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0195.

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Recreational pleasure and fishing boats are potential sources of human faecal contamination because the sanitary wastes from boat occupants may be discharged into the surrounding water. The impacts of such faecal contamination from boats is potentially high in marinas where boats are often kept and occupied for varying periods of time. The nature and extent of such faecal contamination from boats in marinas of different design and use is still inadequately understood. In this study the levels of faecal coliform (FC) bacteria were measured in the waters of a confined and an open water marina ov

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Chiejina, S. N., and B. B. Fakae. "The ecology of infective larvae of bovine gastrointestinal trichostrongylids in dry season contaminated pastures in the Nigerian derived savanna." Journal of Helminthology 63, no. 2 (1989): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00008877.

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ABSTRACTFive experimental grass paddocks were sequentially contaminated with fresh bovine faeces containing known numbers of eggs of predominantly Haemonchus and Cooperia spp. during the 1984/85 dry season (November to March). Faecal, herbage and soil samples were examined at regular intervals between November and June in order to determine the rate of development and mortality of infective larvae (L3) in faeces, the pattern of herbage infestation with L3 and the role of faeces and soil as reservoirs of L3 during the dry season and early rains. L3 first appeared in faeces approximately 4 days

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DANIELS, M. J., M. R. HUTCHINGS, and A. GREIG. "The risk of disease transmission to livestock posed by contamination of farm stored feed by wildlife excreta." Epidemiology and Infection 130, no. 3 (2003): 561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268803008483.

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Livestock feed is susceptible to contamination from wildlife excreta during on farm storage. Pathogens associated with diseases such as paratuberculosis, salmonella and cryptosporidiosis are present in wild rodent and bird excreta. Feed stores on four farms in the east of Scotland were monitored monthly over the winter of 1998/9 to quantify the levels of wildlife faecal contamination. A mean of 79·9 rodent (95% confidence interval: 37·5–165·9) and 24·9 (14·3–41·7) bird faeces were deposited per m2 of stored feed per month. It was estimated that individual cattle and sheep could encounter 1626

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PIANETTI, A., L. SABATINI, F. BRUSCOLINI, F. CHIAVERINI, and G. CECCHETTI. "Faecal contamination indicators, salmonella, vibrio and aeromonas in water used for the irrigation of agricultural products." Epidemiology and Infection 132, no. 2 (2004): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880300181x.

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The faecal contamination indicators (total coliforms, faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci) and the genera Salmonella, Vibrio, Aeromonas were investigated in water samples used for irrigation. During 4 months, 52 samples were taken. The methods used were: multiple tube fermentation method for faecal contamination indicators and membrane filtration techniques for salmonella, aeromonas and vibrio. Two samples were positive for Salmonella spp., fourteen for Aeromonas spp. and no samples for Vibrio spp. No correlation was found between aeromonas and the indicators of faecal contaminatio

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Meier, H., C. Koob, W. Ludwig, et al. "Detection of enterococci with rRNA targeted DNA probes and their use for hygienic drinking water control." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (1997): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0774.

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Enterococci are useful indicators of faecal contamination with their high abundance in faeces and long survival in the environment and the possibility of indicating the source of contamination by species identification has lead to discussion of whether enterococci would be more reliable faecal indicators than E. coli. In an attempt to facilitate rapid and accurate identification of enterococci, 16S rRNA targeted oligonucleotide probes were designed by computer-aided analysis of more than 4,000 rRNA sequences. Probes were labelled non-isotopically with digoxigenin and fluorescent dyes. Conditio

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Smith, G. R., L. M. Wallace, and D. E. Noakes. "Experimental observations on the pathogenesis of necrobacillosis." Epidemiology and Infection 104, no. 1 (1990): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800054546.

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SUMMARYEarlier studies showed that the minimum infective dose (>106 organisms) of a virulent strain of Fusobacterium necrophorum could be greatly reduced by suspending the fusobacteria in sub-lethal doses of cultures of other bacteria such as Escherichia coli before inoculating mice subcutaneously.In the present study the infective dose of the same strain of F. necrophorum was reduced by a factor of >103 by suspending the fusobacteria in sub-lethal doses of 5% homogenate of gaur or wallaby faeces. Sterile faecal filtrate had no such effect. The sites of low grade infection produced by th

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Mudau, Mulalo, Renay Ngobeni-Nyambi, and Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba. "The Fascinating Cross-Paths of Pathogenic Bacteria, Human and Animal Faecal Sources in Water-Stressed Communities of Vhembe District, South Africa." Pathogens 12, no. 9 (2023): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12091085.

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Access to clean and safe drinking water still remains a major challenge in the developing world, causing public health risks in terms of waterborne infections, especially in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to track and detect enteric pathogens (Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium str. LT2, Shigella flexneri, and Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni) in rural water sources. It also sought to establish a correlation between these pathogens and the sources of faecal pollution. Multiplex qPCR and specific primers and probes were used for detection and tracking

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Vaz da Costa-Vargas, S. M., D. D. Mara, and C. E. Vargas-Lopez. "Residual Faecal Contamination on Effluent-Irrigated Lettuces." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 9 (1991): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0238.

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The health risk posed by effluent irrigation in a semi-arid area of Portugal was assessed. The residual contamination found on lettuces spray-irrigated with the effluent from a conventional trickling filter plant was compared to that of locally marketed lettuces and to the ICMSF (1974) standards. The 2-year study indicated initially high levels of faecal indicator bacteria on lettuces, but after irrigation ceased, the restricting climatic conditions sufficed to decontaminate them to local market quality within 5 days when no salmonellae could be detected. Although high, E.coli I levels were wi

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Hauser, M., W. Basso, and P. Deplazes. "Dog and fox faecal contamination of farmland." Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 157, no. 8 (2015): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17236/sat00030.

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Gibb, Karen, Xavier Schobben, and Keith Christian. "Frogs host faecal bacteria typically associated with humans." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 63, no. 7 (2017): 633–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2017-0119.

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Tree frogs commonly access drinking water tanks; this may have human health implications. Although amphibians might not be expected to host mammalian faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), it is possible that they may have human FIB on their skin after exposure to human waste. We collected faeces and skin wash from green tree frogs (Litoria caerulea) from a natural environment, a suburban site, and a suburban site near a creek occasionally contaminated with sewage effluent. We used molecular techniques to test for FIB that are routinely used to indicate human faecal contamination. Enterococci coloni

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Shah, Vikaskumar G., R. Hugh Dunstan, Phillip M. Geary, Peter Coombes, Timothy K. Roberts, and Ellak Von Nagy-Felsobuki. "Evaluating potential applications of faecal sterols in distinguishing sources of faecal contamination from mixed faecal samples." Water Research 41, no. 16 (2007): 3691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.04.006.

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GURLER, Ali Tumay, Cenk Soner BOLUKBAS, Aytac AKCAY, Gokmen Zafer PEKMEZCI, MUSTAFA AÇICI, and Şinasi Umur. "Role of cat and dog faeces in the contamination of sand playgrounds in public parks by Toxocara spp." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 76, no. 08 (2020): 6436–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6436.

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Toxocariasis is one of the most important parasitic zoonoses affecting human health. The main source of toxocariasis in humans is dog and cat faeces, which are primarily responsible for the contamination of urban areas with Toxocara spp. eggs. In this study, the relationship between dog or/and cat faeces and contamination of sand playgrounds in public parks with Toxocara spp. eggs was investigated. A total of 596 sand and 276 faecal samples (148 dog and 128 cat faeces samples) were collected from 52 public parks in Samsun. Toxocara spp. eggs were identified in 7% of sand samples, 33% of cat fa

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Chigbo, Udoka Nkenna. "Risk of Faecal Contamination of Water Used by Food Vendors in Owerri Munipality, Imo State Nigeria." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 1, no. 4 (2023): 590–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(4).54.

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Assessment of faecal contamination of water is a key factor in assessing the quality and safety of food. It also reveals the level of hygiene adopted by food handlers in the course of preparation and serving of such foods. This study assessed the risk of microbial contamination of water used by food vendors in Owerri munipality, Imo State Nigeria between January-December 2019 with an emphasis on total coliforms and the faecal coliforms/ faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) – Escherichia coli (E. coli) and thermotolerant coliforms (TTC). One hundred and thirty water samples collected across three ve

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Parmar, Vikas, and Madhubala Purohit. "Faecal Contamination in Ground Water Resources of Urban Areas of Ujjain." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 8, no. 03 (2020): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v8i03.b01.

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Ground water is one of the most important natural resource next to air being essential for life. Quality of ground water depends upon natural process, such as wet/dry condition, salts, many geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Among all contamination ground water is more susceptible to microbial contamination. According to WHO report about 80% of all diseases in human being are caused due to drinking water contaminated by bacteria of faecal origin. Various water born diseases are prevalent in Ujjain like typhoid, dysentery, jaundice, amebeosis, colitis etc. Purpose of the study was to assess

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Le Guyader, F., L. Miossec, L. Haugarreau, E. Dubois, H. Kopecka, and M. Pommepuy. "RT-PCR evaluation of viral contamination in five shellfish beds over a 21-month period." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 12 (1998): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0496.

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Five shellfish beds were sampled for 21 months and evaluated for microbial contamination. Viral extraction was performed on dissected tissues and the clinically most important enteric viruses (hepatitis A virus, small round structured virus, rotavirus and enterovirus) were searched for by RT-PCR and hybridization. Among the 104 samples analysed, 66% were contaminated by at least one virus and 34% were negative for any virus. The two sites regularly contaminated by faecal coliforms had the highest percentage of viral contamination and HAV was detected only in these sites. However, sampling site

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Hou, Xiaoshu, Lei Chen, Guoyuan Wei, Yongwei Gong, and Zhenyao Shen. "Factors affecting microbial and physico-chemical pollutants in stormwater in a typical Chinese urban catchment." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 20, no. 12 (2018): 1697–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8em00303c.

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The discharge characteristics of faecal coliform are very different from those of physico-chemical pollutants. The antecedent dry period factors count a great deal for faecal coliform contamination in urban stormwater.

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Rakesh, Pant, Kukreti Samiksha, Kaur Harmanpreet, Rawat Mansi, Kumar Vijay, and Gupta Amit. "Qualitative and quantitative enumeration of Coliform bacteria in song river water in rural area of Dehradun." Journal of medical pharmaceutical and allied sciences 11, no. 2 (2022): 4534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.55522/jmpas.v11i2.2042.

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As India’s population is growing so is its water demand and corresponding water contamination. Water is a very essential element in formation of life and is an essential requirement for living organisms to thrive. Therefore, it is very important that the drinking water available must be free of any contamination and proper measures be taken in that direction. Faecal contamination poses crucial threat to people having an impaired immune system and can be life threatening. Microbiological contamination causes serious health issues in human being. In case microbiological contamination found in wa

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Malema, Mokaba Shirley, Jean-Marc Mwenge Kahinda, Akebe Luther King Abia, Roman Tandlich, Bongumusa M. Zuma, and Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa. "The efficiency of a low-cost hydrogen sulphide (H2S) kit as an early warning test for assessing microbial rainwater quality and its correlation with standard indicators microorganisms." Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica 18, no. 2 (2019): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nbec-2019-0016.

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Abstract Testing microbial quality of the harvested rainwater remains a challenge in many countries. The H2S test kit is a low-cost microbiological field-based test which can be used in areas where water testing facilities are limited. This study compares its efficiency with the standard indicators microorganisms in the detection of faecal contamination of rainwater in South Africa. A total of 88 rainwater samples were collected from various tanks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa over three months in 2016. The collected samples were analysed for faecal bacterial contamination using the H2S te

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Roll, B. M., and R. S. Fujioka. "Sources of faecal indicator bacteria in a brackish, tropical stream and their impact on recreational water quality." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (1997): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0730.

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This study assessed the contribution of water from a stream on the microbial quality of a swimming beach. The faecal indicator bacterial concentrations/100mL in Kaelepulu Stream greatly exceeded the three USEPA recreational water quality standards (200 faecal coliform, 126 E. coli, 33 enterococci). The primary sources for these indicator bacteria were determined to be environmental/non-point sources (tributary streams, storm drains, duck faeces, soil, rain). Sewage discharge is another, although sporadic source. Monitoring waters for C. perfringens was the most reliable indicator of sewage con

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Stratton, Helen, Warish Ahmed, and Mohammad Katouli. "A consensus: microbial source tracking (MST) in water." Microbiology Australia 30, no. 1 (2009): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma09030.

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Traditionally, water quality regulation and protection of public health has relied on culture-based methods that quantify faecal indicators such as the coliforms. Since Escherichia coli represents over 97% of the thermotolerant coliforms, it has been used extensively as a key indicator of faecal contamination in water testing industry. However the presence of E. coli or other coliforms (and more recently enterococci) does not provide any information regarding the source of contamination and therefore is not always an effective indicator of actual risk to humans. While human/animal faecal conta

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Copeland, Curtis C., Benjamin B. Beers, Meghan R. Thompson, et al. "Faecal contamination of drinking water in a Brazilian shanty town: importance of household storage and new human faecal marker testing." Journal of Water and Health 7, no. 2 (2009): 324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.081.

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Worldwide, contaminated drinking water poses a major health threat, particularly to child development. Diarrhoea represents a large part of the water-related disease burden and enteric infections have been linked to nutritional and growth shortfalls as well as long-term physical and cognitive impairment in children. Previous studies detailed the frequency of infection and the consequences for child health in a shanty town in north-east Brazil. To determine the frequency of contaminated water, we measured faecal contamination in primary drinking water samples from 231 randomly selected househol

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Bacterial contamination of AL-Habania and AL-Tharthar reservoirs." Baghdad Science Journal 9, no. 4 (2012): 600–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.9.4.600-607.

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Bacterial contamination of AL-Habania and AL-Tharthar reservoirs were studied during the period from February 2001 to January 2002, samples were collected from four stations in AL-Habania reservoir (AL-Warrar, AL-Theban regulator, middle of the reservoir and the fourth was towards AL-Razzaza reservoir) and from two stations at AL-Tharthar reservoir (Ein AL-Hilwa and the middle of the reservoir). Coliform bacteria, faecal Coliforms, Streptococci, faecal Streptococci and total count of bacteria were used as parameters of bacterial contamination in waters of both reservoirs through calculating th

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Shartooh, Sufyan M., Ali H. Hammadi, Anwar A. Farag, Abdulmunaf L. Mustafa, and Ibraheem H. Ibraheem. "Bacterial contamination of AL-Habania and AL-Tharthar reservoirs." Baghdad Science Journal 9, no. 4 (2012): 600–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2012.9.4.600-607.

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Bacterial contamination of AL-Habania and AL-Tharthar reservoirs were studied during the period from February 2001 to January 2002, samples were collected from four stations in AL-Habania reservoir (AL-Warrar, AL-Theban regulator, middle of the reservoir and the fourth was towards AL-Razzaza reservoir) and from two stations at AL-Tharthar reservoir (Ein AL-Hilwa and the middle of the reservoir). Coliform bacteria, faecal Coliforms, Streptococci, faecal Streptococci and total count of bacteria were used as parameters of bacterial contamination in waters of both reservoirs through calculating th

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