Journal articles: 'Faecalis'

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Odeyemi, Adebowale, and Paul Omorovie. "Pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from water used in health-care centers of Ekiti State University and environ." International Journal of Biological Research 4, no. 2 (September 26, 2016): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbr.v4i2.6636.

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The quality of water samples obtained from the health-care center in the Ekiti State University and three other centers around the campus; Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital (EKSUTH), Iworoko-Ekiti health Centre (IHC) and the State Hospital, Ikole-Ekiti (SHI) were investigated by analyzing the total bacterial count using pour plate method; the incidence and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis as water quality indicator was enumerated using selective isolation and disk diffusion method respectively. The mean TBC, TCC and TEC of all the water samples ranged from 9.1 x 102 to 17.4 x 103 CFU/ml, 4.1 x 102 to 5.5 x 103 CFU/ml and 0.4 x 102 to 0.4 x 103 CFU/ml respectively. A total of 70 (32.9%) Enterococcus faecalis were recovered from the water samples from Iworoko HC, which showed highest distribution in bore-hole and well water samples while least frequency of E. faecalis (15.7%) was recovered from EKSU HC. However, no incidence of E. faecalis in table water obtained from all the health-care facilities. Just 35% of 20 selected E. faecalis were caseinase producers while 80% of the isolates were biofilm producers. All the isolates were resistant to cefuroxime, cefixime, augmentin and ceftazidine while only 10% of them were resistant to ofloxacin. 58.6% of the isolates showed MAR to eight (8) antibiotics with three different resistotypes while only 1.4% of them showed MAR to four (4) antibiotics with just one resistotype (CRX-CXM-AUG-CAZ). Only E. faecalis15 among the selected isolates possessed two plasmids with molecular weight of 1.415bp and 13.535bp. However, consumption of contaminated water traceable to faecal sources and plasmid mediated of the causative microbes would be discussed.

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Sari, Ika Rhisty Cendana, Rini Devijanti Ridwan, and Diah Savitri Ernawati. "Inhibitory effects of siwak (Salvadora persica. L) extract on the growth of Enterococcus faecalis planktonics and biofilms by in vitro." Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) 49, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v49.i3.p158-162.

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Background: Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is one of the most persistent gram positive bacteria in root canal, resulting in secondary infection after endodontic treatment. E. faecalis pathogenicity is caused by overgrowth of E. faecalis planktonics and biofilms. E. faecalis planktonics produce lipoteichoid acid (LTA) as a virulence factor that can defend their permeability cell. On the other hand, E. faecalis biofilms produce protease, such as Esp (enterococcal surface protein), GelE (gelatinase), and SprE (serin protease), that have quorum-sensing mechanism as an adhesion factor to form extracellular polysaccharide substance (EPS) and increase the growth of the biofilms themselves. Siwak (Salvadora persica L.) has active components, namely benzylisothio-cyanate, trimethylamine, and salvadorine that can inhibit the growth of E. faecalis planktonics and biofilms. Purpose: This study aimed to measure inhibitory effects of siwak extract on the growth of E. faecalis planktonics and biofilms. Method: This research was an antimicrobial research on the culture of E.faecalis incubated in a TSB medium. Siwak extract was diluted into different concentrations, namely 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, and 100%. The extract then was placed into the E. faecalis’s colony and planted into Trypticase Soy Agar medium. After incubated for 24 hours at 37°C, the colony would be measured and compared with the control (+) and control (-). As an antibiofilm research, this research used biofilm microtitter assay method to form E. faecalis biofilms incubated in a well-plate medium containing TSB and 0.1 % glucose. Siwak extract then was diluted into the same range concentration as in first method, and placed into the colony of E. faecalis to form biofilms. The biofilms were measured and compared to the control (+) given siwak extract and the control (-) given 0.1% chlorhexidine. After the incubation, they were washed three times, and staining process was conducted using Chrystal violet. The optical density then was measured by ELISA Reader 595 nm. Result: Siwak extract could inhibit the growth of E. faecalis planktonics at the concentration of 35% as a minimum inhibitory concentration as well as the growth of E. faecalis biofilms at the concentration of 45% as a minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration. Conclusion: Siwak extract has an inhibitory effect, particularly at a concentration of 35% on the growth of E. faecalis planktonics and at the concentration of 45% on the growth of E. faecalis biofilms.

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Phillips, David M. "Enterococcus faecalis." New England Journal of Medicine 332, no. 1 (January 5, 1995): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199501053320105.

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Scheb-Wetzel, Matthias, Manfred Rohde, Alicia Bravo, and Oliver Goldmann. "New Insights into the Antimicrobial Effect of Mast Cells against Enterococcus faecalis." Infection and Immunity 82, no. 11 (August 11, 2014): 4496–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.02114-14.

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ABSTRACTEnterococcus faecalishas emerged as an important cause of life-threatening multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in the hospital setting. The pathogenesis of enterococcal infections has remained a relatively neglected field despite their obvious clinical relevance. The objective of this study was to characterize the interactions between mast cells (MCs), an innate immune cell population abundant in the intestinal lamina propria, andE. faecalis. This study was conducted with primary bone marrow-derived murine MCs. The results demonstrated that MCs exerted an antimicrobial effect againstE. faecalisthat was mediated both by degranulation, with the concomitant discharge of the antimicrobial effectors contained in the granules, and by the release of extracellular traps, in whichE. faecaliswas snared and killed. In particular, the cathelicidin LL-37 released by the MCs had potent antimicrobial effect againstE. faecalis. We also investigated the specific receptors involved in the recognition ofE. faecalisby MCs. We found that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critically involved in the MC recognition ofE. faecalis, since MCs deficient in the expression of MyD88, an adaptor molecule required for signaling by most TLRs, were significantly impaired in their capacity to degranulate, to reduceE. faecalisgrowth as well as to release tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) after encountering this pathogen. Furthermore, TLR2 was identified as the most prominent TLR involved in the recognition ofE. faecalisby MCs. The results of this study indicate that MCs may be important contributors to the host innate immune defenses againstE. faecalis.

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Bouanane-Darenfed, Amel, Wajdi Ben Hania, Jean-Luc Cayol, Bernard Ollivier, and Marie-Laure Fardeau. "Reclassification of Acetomicrobium faecale as Caldicoprobacter faecalis comb. nov." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65, Pt_10 (October 1, 2015): 3286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.000409.

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Taking into account its phenotypical and genetic characteristics, Acetomicrobium faecale was first recognized as a member of the genus Acetomicrobium, family Bacteroidaceae, order Bacteroidales, phylum Bacteroidetes, with Acetomicrobium flavidum the type species of the genus. However, it was found that A. faecale had 95.8 %, 97.6 % and 98.4 % similarity, respectively, with Caldicoprobacter guelmensis, Caldicoprobacter algeriensis and Caldicoprobacter oshimai and only 82 % similarity with A. flavidum. The DNA G+C content of A. faecale is 45 mol , which is of the same order as the DNA G+C content of the three strains of species of the genus Caldicoprobacter and its main fatty acid is C16 : 0, with its second most prominent fatty acid, iso-C17 : 0, also common to strains of species of the genus Caldicoprobacter. On the basis of further phylogenetic, genetic and chemotaxonomic studies, we propose that A. faecale (type strain DSM 20678T = JCM 30420T) be reclassified as Caldicoprobacter faecalis comb. nov.

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Endo, Marcos Sergio, Fernanda Graziela Corrêa Signoretti, Vivian Sayuri Kitayama, Ariane Cássia Salustiano Marinho, Frederico Canato Martinho, and Brenda Paula Figueiredo de Almeida Gomes. "Culture and molecular analysis of Enterococcus faecalis and antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates from patients with failure endodontic treatment." Brazilian Dental Science 17, no. 3 (September 15, 2014): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2014.v17i3.1016.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of different antibiotic agents against to the most prevalent microorganism found in root-filled canals by culture and molecular approaches. Material and Methods: The microbial samples were taken either from thirty root-filled canals after removal of gutta-percha. Culture methods and 16s rDNA assay were used to identify the E faecails present in the samples. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of the isolates of E faecalis were determined by MIC values using the E test System and interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The following antibiotics were used: benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, erythromycin, azithromycin, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin and moxifloxacin. Results: E faecalis were isolated (7/30) and detected (13/30) by culture and PCR assay, respectively. All tested E faecalis (n=12) were highly sensitive to amoxicillin, moxifloxacin, vancomycin, benzylpenicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Some antibiotics were resistant against E faecalis strains such as rifampicin (4/12), tetracycline (2/12), doxycycline (1/12), erythromycin (3/12) and azythromycin (8/12). Conclusion: Amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, benzylpenicillin, vancomycin and moxifloxacin were the most active antibiotics, in vitro, against E faecalis clinical strains, with all the isolates being susceptible. Azithromycin and erythromycin were least effective, with none percentage of isolates being susceptible, during laboratory testing. Moreover, E faecalis were identified more frequently by PCR assay than by culture technique.Keywords: Retreatment; Antibiotics, antimicrobial susceptibility; Enterococcus faecalis; Antibiotic resistance.

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Hayakawa, Kayoko, Dror Marchaim, Mohan Palla, Uma Mahesh Gudur, Harish Pulluru, Pradeep Bathina, Khaled Alshabani, et al. "Epidemiology of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis: a Case-Case-Control Study." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, no. 1 (October 15, 2012): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01271-12.

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ABSTRACTAlthough much is known about vancomycin-resistant (VR)Enterococcus faecium, little is known about the epidemiology of VREnterococcus faecalis. The predilection of VRE. faecalisto transfer the vancomycin resistance determinant toStaphylococcus aureusis much greater than that of VRE. faecium. The epidemiology of VRE. faecalishas important implications regarding the emergence of vancomycin-resistantS. aureus(VRSA); 8 of 13 reported VRSA cases have been from Michigan. A retrospective case-case-control study was conducted at the Detroit Medical Center, located in southeastern Michigan. Unique patients with VRE. faecalisinfection were matched to patients with strains of vancomycin-susceptible (VS)E. faecalisand to uninfected controls at a 1:1:1 ratio. Five hundred thirty-two VRE. faecaliscases were identified and were matched to 532 VSE. faecaliscases and 532 uninfected controls. The overall mean age of the study cohort (n= 1,596) was 63.0 ± 17.4 years, and 747 (46.8%) individuals were male. Independent predictors for the isolation of VRE. faecalis(but not VSE. faecalis) compared to uninfected controls were an age of ≥65 years, nonhome residence, diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, exposure to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones in the prior 3 months, and immunosuppressive status. Invasive procedures and/or surgery, chronic skin ulcers, and indwelling devices were risk factors for both VRE. faecalisand VSE. faecalisisolation. Cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone exposures were unique, independent predictors for isolation of VRE. faecalis. A majority of case patients had VRE. faecalispresent at the time of admission. Control of VRE. faecalis, and ultimately VRSA, will likely require regional efforts focusing on infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship.

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Hokama, Sanehiro, Yasuko Honma, Claudia Toma, and Yoshihide Ogawa. "Oxalate-DegradingEnterococcus faecalis." Microbiology and Immunology 44, no. 4 (April 2000): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2000.tb02489.x.

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Fernández-Hidalgo, Nuria, and Laura Escolà-Vergé. "Enterococcus faecalis Bacteremia." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 74, no. 2 (July 2019): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.526.

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Arsène, Stéphanie, and Roland Leclercq. "Role of a qnr-Like Gene in the Intrinsic Resistance of Enterococcus faecalis to Fluoroquinolones." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 9 (July 9, 2007): 3254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00274-07.

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ABSTRACT Fluoroquinolones are poorly active against enterococci. Recently, plasmid-borne resistance to fluoroquinolones due to the qnr gene was reported in members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. The gene encodes a pentapeptide repeat protein that protects DNA gyrase from inhibition by fluoroquinolones. We have identified in the genome of Enterococcus faecalis V583 a qnr-like gene, named E. faecalis qnr (qnr E. faecalis ), encoding a putative pentapeptide repeat protein that shares 25% identity with Qnr. To assess its potential role in the intrinsic resistance of E. faecalis to fluoroquinolones, qnr E. faecalis was inactivated in E. faecalis JH2-2 by insertion of the thermosensitive vector pG1KT. This strain was then complemented with qnr E. faecalis cloned in the multicopy plasmid pORI23. The effects of its overexpression were also studied. Inactivation of the qnr E. faecalis gene resulted in twofold decreases in the MICs of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. When the gene was complemented or overexpressed, MICs of fluoroquinolones increased four- to nine-fold, leading to MICs of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin equal to 32 μg/ml and 8 μg/ml, respectively. The E. faecalis Qnr (Qnr E. faecalis ) protein was produced and purified. Qnr E. faecalis protein protected Escherichia coli DNA gyrase from inhibition by ofloxacin. The qnr E. faecalis gene was then introduced into E. coli DH10B, Staphylococcus aureus RN4220, and Lactococcus lactis IL-1419 to study its heterologous expression. MICs of the various fluoroquinolones tested increased 4- to 16-fold, showing that Qnr E. faecalis conferred resistance to fluoroquinolones in various bacterial backgrounds. Overexpression of qnr E. faecalis in enterococci or mobilization of the gene to other bacterial species may be anticipated as a possible new mechanism for fluoroquinolone resistance.

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da Silva, Ronni A. G., Wei Hong Tay, Foo Kiong Ho, Frederick Reinhart Tanoto, Kelvin K. L. Chong, Pei Yi Choo, Alexander Ludwig, and Kimberly A. Kline. "Enterococcus faecalis alters endo-lysosomal trafficking to replicate and persist within mammalian cells." PLOS Pathogens 18, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): e1010434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010434.

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Enterococcus faecalis is a frequent opportunistic pathogen of wounds, whose infections are associated with biofilm formation, persistence, and recalcitrance toward treatment. We have previously shown that E. faecalis wound infection persists for at least 7 days. Here we report that viable E. faecalis are present within both immune and non-immune cells at the wound site up to 5 days after infection, raising the prospect that intracellular persistence contributes to chronic E. faecalis infection. Using in vitro keratinocyte and macrophage infection models, we show that E. faecalis becomes internalized and a subpopulation of bacteria can survive and replicate intracellularly. E. faecalis are internalized into keratinocytes primarily via macropinocytosis into single membrane-bound compartments and can persist in late endosomes up to 24 h after infection in the absence of colocalization with the lysosomal protease Cathepsin D or apparent fusion with the lysosome, suggesting that E. faecalis blocks endosomal maturation. Indeed, intracellular E. faecalis infection results in heterotypic intracellular trafficking with partial or absent labelling of E. faecalis-containing compartments with Rab5 and Rab7, small GTPases required for the endosome-lysosome trafficking. In addition, E. faecalis infection results in marked reduction of Rab5 and Rab7 protein levels which may also contribute to attenuated Rab incorporation into E. faecalis-containing compartments. Finally, we demonstrate that intracellular E. faecalis derived from infected keratinocytes are significantly more efficient in reinfecting new keratinocytes. Together, these data suggest that intracellular proliferation of E. faecalis may contribute to its persistence in the face of a robust immune response, providing a primed reservoir of bacteria for subsequent reinfection.

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Magi, Gloria, Roberta Capretti, Claudia Paoletti, Marco Pietrella, Luigi Ferrante, Francesca Biavasco, Pietro Emanuele Varaldo, and Bruna Facinelli. "Presence of a vanA-Carrying Pheromone Response Plasmid (pBRG1) in a Clinical Isolate of Enterococcus faecium." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 5 (May 2003): 1571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.5.1571-1576.2003.

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ABSTRACT Sex pheromone plasmids, frequently found in Enterococcus faecalis, have rarely been detected in Enterococcus faecium. pBRG1 is an approximately 50-kb vanA-carrying conjugative plasmid of an E. faecium clinical isolate (LS10) that is transferable to E. faecalis laboratory strains. In cell infection experiments, E. faecium LS10 exhibited remarkably high invasion efficiency and produced cytopathogenic effects in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Growth in the presence of sex pheromones produced by E. faecalis JH2-2 was found to cause self-aggregation of both E. faecium LS10 and E. faecalis JH-RFV(pBRG1) (a transconjugant obtained by transfer of pBRG1 to E. faecalis JH2-2) and to increase the cell adhesion and invasion efficiencies of both E. faecium LS10 and E. faecalis JH-RFV(pBRG1). Sex pheromone cCF10 caused clumping of E. faecalis OG1RF(pBRG1) (a transconjugant obtained by transfer of pBRG1 to E. faecalis OG1RF) at a concentration ∼100-fold higher than the one required for the control strain E. faecalis OG1RF(pCF10). PCR products of the expected sizes were obtained with primers internal to aggregation substance genes of E. faecalis pheromone response plasmids pAD1, pPD1, and pCF10 and primers internal to ash701 of E. faecium pheromone plasmid pHKK701. These findings suggest that pBRG1 of E. faecium LS10 is a sex pheromone response plasmid.

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Pandey, Sanket Hans, Pallav Mahesh Patni, Pradeep Jain, Gauri Sanwatsarkar, and Chinki Bardia. "CYSTEAMINE IMPROVES THE BACTERICIDAL EFFICACY OF INTRA-CANAL MEDICAMENTS AGAINST ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS." Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 91, no. 4 (October 30, 2018): 448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-926.

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Aim. The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of cysteamine, calcium hydroxide[Ca(OH)2], triple antibiotic paste (TAP), chlorhexidine (CHX) and their combinations against Enterococcus faecalis (E. Faecalis).Methods. The E. Faecalis eradication capacity of cysteamine, Calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2), TAP, CHX, and their combinations was tested on E. Faecalis by Kirby Brauer disc diffusion method.Results. Cysteamine in combination with TAP was able to completely eradicate E. Faecalis within 24 hours. Ca(OH)2 was unable to show its effect on E. Faecalis in the given time.Conclusion. Cysteamine increased the E. Faecalis eradicating capacity of TAP and also showed positive results when used in combination with Ca(OH)2, which if used alone was unable to show any action in 24 hours.

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Papasian, Christopher J., Nilofer Qureshi, and David C. Morrison. "Endogenous and Exogenous Glucocorticoids in Experimental Enterococcal Infection." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 13, no. 3 (March 2006): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.13.3.349-355.2006.

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ABSTRACT The potentially protective role of the host adrenal-glucocorticoid response to enterococcal infection was evaluated in an experimental model in which mice were infected intraperitoneally with two distinct Enterococcus faecalis strains (K9 and CP-1). We demonstrated that corticosterone levels in serum and peritoneal-lavage fluid were elevated within 1 hour of infection with either E. faecalis strain. We also demonstrated that adrenalectomized mice generated a more robust localized peritoneal tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) response to both E. faecalis strains than did sham-adrenalectomized mice but that neither E. faecalis strain induced a systemic TNF-α response. Further, peritoneal TNF-α production in adrenalectomized mice infected with either E. faecalis K9 or CP-1 was suppressed by prior treatment with an exogenous glucocorticoid (dexamethasone). The potential clinical significance of these results was suggested by our findings that adrenalectomy markedly increased susceptibility (a >100-fold decrease in the 50% lethal dose) to lethal infections with E. faecalis CP-1 and that prior dexamethasone treatment partially compensated for adrenalectomy. In marked contrast to these findings, however, adrenalectomy did not substantially increase susceptibility to lethal E. faecalis K9 infection. Further, preinfection with E. faecalis CP-1 1 hour before infection with E. faecalis K9 did not protect mice from lethal E. faecalis K9 infections. Collectively, these studies indicate that the host can generate a glucocorticoid response to E. faecalis infection that suppresses TNF-α production. Further, this glucocorticoid response can protect the host from potentially lethal E. faecalis infections, but different strains show heterogeneity with respect to the extent of protection afforded by the adrenal-glucocorticoid response.

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Veras, H. N. H., F. F. G. Rodrigues, M. A. Botelho, I. R. A. Menezes, H. D. M. Coutinho, and J. G. M. da Costa. "Antimicrobial Effect ofLippia sidoidesand Thymol onEnterococcus faecalisBiofilm of the Bacterium Isolated from Root Canals." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/471580.

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The speciesLippia sidoidesCham. (Verbenaceae) is utilized in popular medicine as a local antiseptic on the skin and mucosal tissues.Enterococcus faecalisis the bacterium isolated from root canals of teeth with persistent periapical lesions and has the ability to form biofilm, where it is responsible for the failure of endodontic treatments. Essential oil ofL. sidoides(EOLS) and its major component, thymol, were evaluated for reducing the CFU in biofilms ofE. faecalis in vitro. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and examined with respect to the chemical composition, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS analysis has led to the identification of thymol (84.9%) and p-cymene (5.33%). EOLS and thymol reduced CFU in biofilms ofE. faecalis in vitro(time of maturation, 72 h), with an exposure time of 30 and 60 min at concentrations of 2.5 and 10%. There was no statistical difference in effect between EOLS and thymol, demonstrating that this phenolic monoterpene was the possible compound responsible for the antimicrobial activity of EOLS. This study provides a basis for the possible utilization of EOLS as an adjuvant in the treatment of root canals that show colonization byE. faecalis.

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Marcinek, Herbert, Reinhard Wirth, Albrecht Muscholl-Silberhorn, and Matthias Gauer. "Enterococcus faecalis Gene Transfer under Natural Conditions in Municipal Sewage Water Treatment Plants." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 626–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.2.626-632.1998.

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ABSTRACT The ability of Enterococcus faecalis to transfer various genetic elements under natural conditions was tested in two municipal sewage water treatment plants. Experiments in activated sludge basins of the plants were performed in a microcosm which allowed us to work under sterile conditions; experiments in anoxic sludge digestors were performed in dialysis bags. We used the following naturally occurring genetic elements: pAD1 and pIP1017 (two so-called sex pheromone plasmids with restricted host ranges, which are transferred at high rates under laboratory conditions); pIP501 (a resistance plasmid possessing a broad host range for gram-positive bacteria, which is transferred at low rates under laboratory conditions); and Tn916 (a conjugative transposon which is transferred under laboratory conditions at low rates to gram-positive bacteria and at very low rates to gram-negative bacteria). The transfer rate between different strains of E. faecalis under natural conditions was, compared to that under laboratory conditions, at least 105-fold lower for the sex pheromone plasmids, at least 100-fold lower for pIP501, and at least 10-fold lower for Tn916. In no case was transfer from E. faecalisto another bacterial species detected. By determining the dependence of transfer rates for pIP1017 on bacterial concentration and extrapolating to actual concentrations in the sewage water treatment plant, we calculated that the maximum number of transfer events for the sex pheromone plasmids between different strains of E. faecalisin the municipal sewage water treatment plant of the city of Regensburg ranged from 105 to 108 events per 4 h, indicating that gene transfer should take place under natural conditions.

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GERAVAND, Maryam, Parviz FALLAH, Mojtaba Hedayat YAGHOOBI, Fatemeh SOLEIMANIFAR, Malihe FARID, Nazi ZINATIZADEH, and Somayeh YASLIANIFARD. "INVESTIGATION OF ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS POPULATION IN PATIENTS WITH POLYP AND COLORECTAL CANCER IN COMPARISON OF HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 56, no. 2 (June 2019): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-2803.201900000-28.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers around the world. One of the factors involved in the development of colorectal cancer is the changes in the normal flora of the intestine. OBJECTIVE: In this study, the mean copy number of Enterococcus faecalis in people with polyps and people with colorectal cancer has been evaluated in comparison with healthy controls. METHODS: In this study, 25 patients with colorectal cancer and 28 patients with intestinal polyps were selected and stool specimens were taken. In addition, 24 healthy individuals were selected as control group. Extraction of bacterial DNA from the stool sample were performed. The molecular methods of PCR for confirmation of standard strain and absolute Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR) method were used to evaluate the number of Enterococcus faecalis in the studied groups. RESULTS: The results of this study indicate that the mean copy number of Enterococcus faecalis in patients with colorectal cancer was 11.2x109 per gram of stool, and in patients with polyps was 9.4x108 per gram of stool. In healthy people, this number was 9x108 per gram of stool. There was a significant difference between the implicit copy numbers in the three groups. (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Enterococcus faecalis in faecal flora of people with colorectal cancer was significantly higher than those with polyps and healthy people. This could potentially signify the ability of this bacterium to induce colorectal cancer. More studies are needed to prove this theory.

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Wang, Shuai, Boon Chin Heng, Shuqi Qiu, Jing Deng, Gary Shun Pan Cheung, Lijian Jin, Baohong Zhao, and Chengfei Zhang. "Lipoteichoic acid of Enterococcus faecalis inhibits osteoclastogenesis via transcription factor RBP-J." Innate Immunity 25, no. 1 (November 21, 2018): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753425918812646.

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Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Enterococcus faecalis is a potent stimulator of inflammatory responses, but the effects of E. faecalis LTA on osteoclastogenesis remains far from well understood. This study showed that E. faecalis LTA significantly inhibited osteoclastogenesis of wild type murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) in the presence of a high dose of RANKL, while the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by E. faecalis LTA was significantly removed in BMMs with deficient expression of the transcription factor RBP-J. In addition, a few small osteoclasts were generated in BMMs with only E. faecalis LTA stimulation, presumably due to the production of TNF-α and IL-6. Furthermore, both p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathways were activated after 24 h of E. faecalis LTA treatment, but these signaling pathways were not activated after 6 d of treatment with RANKL in mature osteoclasts. In conclusion, E. faecalis LTA, which induces inflammatory response, could inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via RBP-J in BMMs.

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Branley, James, Barbara Yan, and Richard AV Benn. "Vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecalis." Medical Journal of Australia 165, no. 5 (September 1996): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1996.tb124971.x.

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Noh, Gwang Myeong, Ki Yup Nam, Seung Uk Lee, In Dal Park, and Sang Joon Lee. "Recurrent Enterococcus faecalis Endophthalmitis." Korean Journal of Ophthalmology 33, no. 2 (2019): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2018.0071.

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Thomas, George, V. J. Vivek, Al Thanzeer Usman, Sruthi Viswanath, Tinu Thankachan, and Hareendran Silna. "Enterococcus Faecalis: A Review." Indian Journal of Contemporary Dentistry 6, no. 1 (2018): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2320-5962.2018.00008.6.

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Hedl, M. "Enterococcus faecalis mevalonate kinase." Protein Science 13, no. 3 (February 6, 2004): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1110/ps.03367504.

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Fernández Fernández, F. J., J. de la Fuente Aguado, M. Rubianes González, S. Pérez Fernández, M. Álvarez Fernández, A. Nodar Germiñas, B. Sopeña Pérez-Argüelles, and C. Martínez Vázquez. "Bacteriemia por Enterococcus faecalis." Revista Clínica Española 204, no. 5 (May 2004): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1157/13061409.

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Álvarez Fernández, M., F. J. Fernández Fernández, J. de la Fuente Aguado, M. Rubianes González, S. Pérez Fernández, A. Nodar Germiñas, B. Sopeña Pérez-Argüelles, and C. Martínez Vázquez. "Bacteriemia por Enterococcus faecalis." Revista Clínica Española 204, no. 5 (January 2004): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2565(04)71449-6.

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Dahl, Anders, Rasmus V. Rasmussen, Henning Bundgaard, Christian Hassager, Louise E. Bruun, Trine K. Lauridsen, Claus Moser, Peter Sogaard, Magnus Arpi, and Niels E. Bruun. "Enterococcus faecalis Infective Endocarditis." Circulation 127, no. 17 (April 30, 2013): 1810–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.112.001170.

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Tierno, Philip M., Kenneth Inglima, Mohammad A. Mirza, and Jason Moen. "Vancomycin-dependent Enterococcus faecalis." Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 21, no. 24 (December 1999): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-4399(00)87904-0.

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Farrag, Nadia, Ian Eltringham, and Helen Liddy. "Vancomycin-dependent Enterococcus faecalis." Lancet 348, no. 9041 (December 1996): 1581–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(96)24049-8.

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Asmah, Nur. "Molecular aspects of Enterococcus faecalis virulence." Journal of Syiah Kuala Dentistry Society 5, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jds.v5i2.20020.

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The Enterococcus faecalis (E. Faecalis) virulence factor plays an essential role in the persistence of root canal infection. Virulence factors of Enterococcus faecalis such as lipoteichoic acid, extracellular superoxide, gelatinase, hyaluronidase, and cytolysin are known to increase the ability of Enterococcus faecalis to induce inflammatory processes, colonization formation, and increase resistance. The virulence factor of E. faecalis is mediated by LTA, which has pattern recognition receptors for cytokine release, bone resorption and triggers apoptosis of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, periodontal connective tissue, macrophages, and neutrophils, which have implications for the occurrence of periradicular lesions. Lipoteichoic acid is also involved in producing D-alanine, which stimulates signals to other bacteria to form biofilms. The E. faecalis will change the balance of oxygen radical production in the periapical lesion, fragment collagen. The fight host's defense mechanisms that cause periapical damage and worsening bone loss. Furthermore, cytolysin will respond to changes in oxygen conditions in the depleting root canals for the dominance of E. faecalis against other bacteria. The energy needs of E. faecalis that assisted by hyaluronidase, which degrades hyaluronan dentin. İt has to produce disaccharide degradation products that can be transported and metabolized intracellularly. These materials hydrolyzing the substrate to obtain essential carbon for its growth. This article aims to describe the molecular aspect of E. faecalis virulence that is involved in root canal infections.

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Toledo-Arana, Alejandro, Jaione Valle, Cristina Solano, Marı́a Jesús Arrizubieta, Carme Cucarella, Marta Lamata, Beatriz Amorena, José Leiva, José Rafael Penadés, and Iñigo Lasa. "The Enterococcal Surface Protein, Esp, Is Involved in Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm Formation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 4538–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.10.4538-4545.2001.

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ABSTRACT The enterococcal surface protein, Esp, is a high-molecular-weight surface protein of unknown function whose frequency is significantly increased among infection-derived Enterococcus faecalisisolates. In this work, a global structural similarity was found between Bap, a biofilm-associated protein of Staphylococcus aureus, and Esp. Analysis of the relationship between the presence of the Esp-encoding gene (esp) and the biofilm formation capacity in E. faecalis demonstrated that the presence of the esp gene is highly associated (P < 0.0001) with the capacity of E. faecalis to form a biofilm on a polystyrene surface, since 93.5% of the E. faecalis esp-positive isolates were capable of forming a biofilm. Moreover, none of the E. faecalis esp-deficient isolates were biofilm producers. Depending on theE. faecalis isolate, insertional mutagenesis ofesp caused either a complete loss of the biofilm formation phenotype or no apparent phenotypic defect. Complementation studies revealed that Esp expression in an E. faecalis esp-deficient strain promoted primary attachment and biofilm formation on polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride plastic from urine collection bags. Together, these results demonstrate that (i) biofilm formation capacity is widespread among clinical E. faecalis isolates, (ii) the biofilm formation capacity is restricted to the E. faecalis strains harboringesp, and (iii) Esp promotes primary attachment and biofilm formation of E. faecalis on abiotic surfaces.

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Astria, Nathania, Ari Subiyanto, and Latief Mooduto. "Daya bunuh dan daya hambat antimikrobial chlorhexidine 2% dan povidone iodine 1% sebagai medikamen saluran akar terhadap Enterococcus faecalis The ability of chlorhexidine 2% and povidone iodine 1% as root canal medicaments to kill and inhibit Enterococcus faecalis." Conservative Dentistry Journal 7, no. 1 (September 27, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/cdj.v7i1.2017.12-17.

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Background. Enterococcus faecalis is one of the pathogenic organisms associated with root canal treatment failure and apical periodontitis. Root canal medicament is needed to prevent re-infection in the root canal and increase the success of treatment. Chlorhexidine and povidone iodine is a broad spectrum root canal medicaments that can kill gram-positive bacteria. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to discover the ability to kill and inhibit of antimicrobial chlorhexidine 2% and 1% povidone iodine asvroot canal medicaments against bacteria Enterococcus faecalis. Methode. This research was done by measuring the inhibition zone and count the number of colonies. Determination of the inhibition of root canal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis by diffusion method. 10 microliter root canal medicaments dropped on paperdisk and placed on nutrient agar media with enterococcus faecalis, then inhibition zone was calculated. Determination ability to kill enterococcus faecalis is done by inserting 1 ml medicaments root canal into 5 ml BHIB media, then 0.05 ml inoculum of Enterococcus faecalis inserted into each tube, except the negative control. 0.1 ml of each tube implanted in the media nutrient agar. Media incubated for 24 hours, then Enterococcus faecalis bacterial colonies that grow in media calculated using the CFU. Results. There no colony growth of enterococcus faecalis in both root canal medicaments. There are significant differences in inhibition zone of 2% chlorhexidine and 1% povidone iodine (p<0.05). Conclusion. Both of root canal medicaments can kill enterococcus faecalis, but chlorhexidine 2% was more capable inhibit Enterococcus faecalis.

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Papasian, Christopher J., Richard Silverstein, Jian Jun Gao, David M. Bamberger, and David C. Morrison. "Anomalous Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Experimental Enterococcal Infection." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 12 (December 2002): 6628–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.12.6628-6637.2002.

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ABSTRACT The murine d-galactosamine (d-gal) model of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) hypersensitization was used as an initial tool to investigate the potential contribution of TNF-α to lethal intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection with Enterococcus faecalis. d-gal sensitized mice to lethal E. faecalis infection, whereas dexamethasone and neutralizing anti-TNF-α antibody protected d-gal-treated, E. faecalis-infected mice, implicating TNF-α in the lethal response to E. faecalis infection in d-gal-treated mice. Circulating TNF-α was undetectable for at least 8 h following i.p. E. faecalis infection, although low peritoneal levels of TNF-α were detected within 3 h, suggesting that localized TNF-α production contributed to the lethal response to E. faecalis infection in d-gal-treated mice. Although i.p. E. faecalis infection failed to induce a detectable systemic TNF-α response, circulating Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was detected within 3 h of infection. IL-6 was also detected in the peritoneum within an hour of infection, prior to the appearance of peritoneal TNF-α. In striking contrast to in vivo results, E. faecalis induced a potent and rapid TNF-α response from both mouse peritoneal macrophages and the RAW 264.7 cell line in vitro. This led us to hypothesize that TNF-α production in response to E. faecalis infection is suppressed by IL-6 in vivo. In vitro experiments demonstrated a statistically significant, but modest, inhibitory effect of IL-6 on TNF-α production by RAW cells stimulated with E. faecalis. Collectively, these data indicate that acute, lethal E. faecalis infection appears to induce an unusual cytokine response that differs in character from that previously described for most other gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

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Tankson, J. D., J. P. Thaxton, and Y. Vizzier-Thaxton. "Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome in Young Chickens Challenged with Frozen and Autoclaved Cultures of Enterococcus faecalis." Experimental Biology and Medicine 227, no. 9 (October 2002): 812–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153537020222700914.

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Enterococcus faecalis, when administered in a growth medium or sterile saline, will cause pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) in chickens. The objective of this study was to determine if frozen and/or autoclaved cultures of E. faecalis retain ability to evoke PHS. In Trial 1, chicks were inoculated with 3.6 × 107 E. faecalis (IA) in tryptic soy broth (TSB) from either a live culture or one that had been autoclaved (120°C for 20 min). Controls received TSB. Autoclaved and live cultures produced the same degree of PHS in a majority of the birds. Trial 2 used the same protocol, except a frozen (–70°C for 60 min) culture of E. faecalis was compared with the control. The results agreed with those of Trial 1, i.e., the frozen culture also produced PHS. Trial 3 was conducted to determine if E. faecalis caused PHS by producing and releasing some unknown substance into the supernatant. Incidence of PHS was based on percentage of birds exhibiting ascites fluid at 24 hr after challenge. Controls received sterile, frozen, or autoclaved TSB. As compared with controls, those birds that received challenge with E. faecalis alone, supernatant alone, and E. faecalis plus supernatant from live cultures exhibited similar incidence of ascites, whereas birds that received E. faecalis plus supernatant and supernatant alone from cultures that had been either frozen or autoclaved exhibited elevated incidence of ascites as compared with controls. Also, with frozen and autoclaved cultures, those birds that received only pelleted E. faecalis exhibited incidence of ascites that did not differ from controls. Apparently, E. faecalis produces PHS in chicks by producing and releasing an unknown toxin.

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Soraya, Cut, Hendra Dian Adhyta Dharsono, Dudi Aripin, Mieke H. Satari, Dikdik Kurnia, and Danny Hilmanto. "Effects of sarang semut (Myrmecodia Pendens Merr. & Perry) extracts on Enterococcus faecalis sensitivity." Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) 49, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v49.i4.p175-180.

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Background: Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a gram positive oral pathogen that reported at the main agent infection of endodontic treatment. Its activities are influenced by the virulence factors facilitating the interaction process between agents with host cells. Like aggregation substance, cytolysin, extracellular superoxide, gelatinase, hyaluronidase, sex pheromones, and surface adhesions molecules. Plant extracts are reported as the material antibacterial as well as E. faecalis in pathogenesis of endodontic infections. Purpose: Purpose of this study was to analyse of sarang semut extracts (Myrmecodia Pendens Merr. & Perry) towards sensitivity of E. faecalis. Method: This research used the methanol extract of sarang semut, E. faecalis ATCC 29212, and fosfomycin also chlorhexidine as the positive controls. Whereas, Bradford protein method was measured the concentration of the surface protein of E. faecalis and active component of the sarang semut extract. Result: Generally, the sarang semut extract possessed low sensitivity toward E. faecalis (≤ 13 mm), but on the concentrations of 100 µg/ml and 75 µg/ml better than inhibition of other concentrations, round 10.6-11.6 (mm). Specifically, on 100 µg/ml has indicator the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) on E. faecalis. Whereas minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) on the concentration of 3,125 µg/ml. Conclusion: Based on MBC and MIC assay, the extract of sarang semut has potential effects to adherence growth of E. faecalis, mainly on the highest concentration 100 µg/ml also MIC on 3,125 µg/ ml.

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Almadi, Khalid H., Muhammad Adeel Ahmed, Tuba Ghazal, Rizwan Jouhar, Mazen F. Alkahtany, Tariq Abduljabbar, and Fahim Vohra. "Antimicrobial Efficacy of Propolis in Comparison to Chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 3469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083469.

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Propolis is proposed to possess antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, which can be used in endodontic applications. However, evidence on its efficacy in comparison to chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is controversial. The aim of the current study was to compare the antibacterial efficacy of Propolis and chlorhexidine as an intracanal medicament against E. faecalis in extracted human permanent teeth. The focused question was, “Does Propolis show better antibacterial efficacy than Chlorhexidine (CHX) as an intracanal medicament against E. faecalis in extracted human permanent teeth?”. Databases including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, ISI-Web of Science were searched from 1990 to August 2020 using different combinations of the following keywords: “Propolis”, “Intracanal medicament”, “E. faecalis”, “Antibacterial activity” and “Chlorhexidine”. Ten studies fulfilling inclusion criteria were considered for qualitative analysis, followed by quantitative analysis of eight studies. Heterogeneity was calculated for colony forming units (CFU) of E. Faecalis using the Chi-square test and I2 statistics. Forest plots were computed reporting standard mean difference (SMD) of outcomes and 95% confidence intervals. The overall mean difference for CFU of E. faecalis showed a statistically significant difference between the antibacterial efficacy of Propolis and CHX (SMD = 3.20 [1.70, 4.69] Z = 4.20; p < 0.001). CHX showed superior antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis compared to Propolis.

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Normanita, Rina. "Validity Of Congo Red Agar And Modified Congo Red Agar To Detect Biofilm Of Enterococcus Faecalis." Saintika Medika 16, no. 1 (June 27, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/sm.vol16.smumm1.11064.

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Purpose: Enterococcus faecalis causes nosocomial infections such as bacteremia, urinary tract infections, intra-abdominal infections, and endocarditis. These infection is associated with biofilm and intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics. This study aims to determine the validity of the CRA and MCRA for detecting biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis Method: This is a laboratory observational study with 30 sample of Enterococcus faecalis. We performed biofilm examination for Enterococcus faecalis by using Congo red Agar, Modified Congo red Agar and Microtitter Plate Assay as gold standard. Result: Both MCRA and CRA were compared MPA as a gold standard was obtained p value is 0.309 (p> 0.05), with a Kappa agreement coefficient is 0.067, which indicates there is no significant agreement to detect biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis. MCRA and CRA have almost no compatibility with MPA for biofilm forming of Enterococcus faecalis. Conclusion: Both MCRA and CRA has a very high sensitivity (100%), but the specificity is very low 6.67% for detecting the biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis. MCRA and CRA can not determine negativity well and it have a high false positive rate, so to increase specificity of biofilm forming, we must combine these method with the others. Keywords: Biofilm, Enterococcus faecalis, CRA, MCRA, MPA.

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Yoki Hirakawa, Sadaomi Sugimoto, Norimasa Tsuji, Takeshi Inamoto, and Hiroshi Maeda. "Analysis of gene expression profiles of Enterococcus faecalis induced by type I collagen." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 13, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.13.1.0742.

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Enterococcus faecalis is an etiological agent of endodontic infections. The present study was performed to investigate the gene profiles of E. faecalis induced by type I collagen stimulation. E. faecalis ATCC 19433 was cultivated with [collagen (+)] or without type I collagen [collagen (−)], and transcriptome analysis was performed using high-throughput sequencing technology. A total of 3.6 gb of information was obtained by sequence analysis and 77 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two culture conditions were identified. Among the 77 DEGs, 35 genes were upregulated in collagen (+) E. faecalis, whereas 42 genes were downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was performed and 11 GO terms, including metalloendopeptidase activity (GO:0004222) and two related GO terms (GO:0031012, GO:0044421), were significantly enriched in the set of upregulated genes. We focused on an upregulated DEG belonging to the matrixin metalloprotease gene family, and matrix metalloprotease (MMP) activities of the bacterial cell were examined. The generic MMP, MMP-8, and MMP-9 activities of collagen (+) E. faecalis were significantly higher than those of collagen (−) E. faecalis. These results suggested that contact with type I collagen may alter the gene expression profile of E. faecalis, and upregulation of metalloprotease genes may result in enhanced MMP activities in E. faecalis.

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Simjee, S., D. G. White, D. D. Wagner, J. Meng, S. Qaiyumi, S. Zhao, and P. F. McDermott. "Identification of vat(E) in Enterococcus faecalis Isolates from Retail Poultry and Its Transferability to Enterococcus faecium." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 12 (December 2002): 3823–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.12.3823-3828.2002.

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ABSTRACT Sixteen isolates of Enterococcus faecalis were recovered from retail poultry samples (seven chickens and nine turkeys) purchased from grocery stores in the greater Washington, D.C., area. PCR for known streptogramin resistance genes identified vat(E) in five E. faecalis isolates (three isolates from chickens and two isolates from turkeys). The vat(E) gene was transmissible on a ca. 70-kb plasmid, along with resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, and streptomycin, by conjugation to E. faecalis and Enterococcus faecium recipient strains. DNA sequencing showed little variation between E. faecalis vat(E) genes from the chicken samples; however, one E. faecalis vat(E) gene from a turkey sample possessed 5 nucleotide changes that resulted in four amino acid substitutions. None of these substitutions in the vat(E) allele have previously been described. This is the first report of vat(E) in E. faecalis and its transferability to E. faecium, which indicates that E. faecalis can act as a reservoir for the dissemination of vat(E)-mediated streptogramin resistance to E. faecium.

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Kämpfer, P., K. Denger, A. M. Cook, S. T. Lee, U. Jäckel, E. B. M. Denner, and H. J. Busse. "Castellaniella gen. nov., to accommodate the phylogenetic lineage of Alcaligenes defragrans, and proposal of Castellaniella defragrans gen. nov., comb. nov. and Castellaniella denitrificans sp. nov." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63989-0.

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Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicates that two distinct sublineages exist within the genus Alcaligenes: the Alcaligenes faecalis lineage, comprising Alcaligenes aquatilis and A. faecalis (with the three subspecies A. faecalis subsp. faecalis, A. faecalis subsp. parafaecalis and A. faecalis subsp. phenolicus), and the Alcaligenes defragrans lineage, comprising A. defragrans. This phylogenetic discrimination is supported by phenotypic and chemotaxonomic differences. It is proposed that the A. defragrans lineage constitutes a distinct genus, for which the name Castellaniella gen. nov. is proposed. The type strain for Castellaniella defragrans gen. nov., comb. nov. is 54PinT (=CCUG 39790T=CIP 105602T=DSM 12141T). Finally, on the basis of data from the literature and new DNA–DNA hybridization and phenotypic data, the novel species Castellaniella denitrificans sp. nov. (type strain NKNTAUT=DSM 11046T=CCUG 39541T) is proposed for two strains previously identified as strains of A. defragrans.

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Luther, Megan K., Louis B. Rice, and Kerry L. LaPlante. "Ampicillin in Combination with Ceftaroline, Cefepime, or Ceftriaxone Demonstrates Equivalent Activities in a High-Inoculum Enterococcus faecalis Infection Model." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, no. 5 (February 29, 2016): 3178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.03126-15.

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ABSTRACTAmpicillin-ceftriaxone combination therapy has become a predominant treatment for seriousEnterococcus faecalisinfections, such as endocarditis. Unfortunately, ceftriaxone use is associated with future vancomycin-resistant enterococcus colonization. We evaluatedE. faecalisin anin vitropharmacodynamic model against simulated human concentration-time profiles of ampicillin plus ceftaroline, cefepime, ceftriaxone, or gentamicin. Ampicillin-cefepime and ampicillin-ceftaroline demonstrated activities similar to those of ampicillin-ceftriaxone againstE. faecalis.

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Guo, Zhenzhen, Chenxin Zhang, Jiajun Dong, Yabin Wang, Hui Hu, and Liying Chen. "Persistence Infection of TGEV Promotes Enterococcus faecalis Infection on IPEC-J2 Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010450.

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Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a coronavirus causing diarrhea with high incidence in swine herds. Its persistent infection might lead to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of swine intestinal epithelial cells, followed by subsequent infections of other pathogens. Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a member of the enteric microorganisms and an opportunistic pathogen. There is no report of secondary E. faecalis infection to TGEV, even though they both target to the intestinal tracts. To investigate the interactions between TGEV and E. faecalis, we set up an in vitro infection model by the swine IPEC-J2 cells. Dynamic changes of cell traits, including EMT and cell motility, were evaluated through qPCR, Western blot, electronic microscopy, scratch test, Transwell migration test and invasion test, respectively. The adhesion and invasion tests of E. faecalis were taken to verify the impact of the preceding TGEV infection. The cell morphology and molecular marker evaluation results showed that the TGEV persistent infection induced EMT on IPEC-J2 cells; increased cellular motility and invasion potential were also observed. Spontaneously, the expression levels of fibronectin (FN) and the membrane protein integrin-α5, which are dominant bacterial receptors on IPEC-J2 cells, were upgraded. It indicated that the bacteria E. faecalis adhered to IPEC-J2 cells through the FN receptor, and then invaded the cells by binding with the integrin-α5, suggesting that both molecules were critical for the adhesion and invasion of E. faecalis to IPEC-J2 cells. Additionally, it appeared that E. faecalis alone might trigger certain EMT phenomena, implying a vicious circle might occur. Generally, bacterial and viral co-infections are frustrating yet common in both human and veterinary medicines, and our observations on enteric TGEV and E. faecalis interactions, especially the diversity of bacterial invasion strategies, might provide new insights into the mechanisms of E. faecalis pathogenicity.

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Boonanantanasarn, Kanitsak, Ann Lindley Gill, YoonSing Yap, Vijayvel Jayaprakash, Maureen A. Sullivan, and Steven R. Gill. "Enterococcus faecalis Enhances Cell Proliferation through Hydrogen Peroxide-Mediated Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activation." Infection and Immunity 80, no. 10 (July 30, 2012): 3545–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00479-12.

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ABSTRACTEnterococcus faecalisis a member of the intestinal and oral microbiota that may affect the etiology of colorectal and oral cancers. The mechanisms by whichE. faecalismay contribute to the initiation and progression of these cancers remain uncertain. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is postulated to play a crucial role in oral carcinogenesis. A link betweenE. faecalisand EGFR signaling in oral cancer has not been elucidated. The present study aimed to evaluate the association betweenE. faecalisand oral cancer and to determine the underlying mechanisms that linkE. faecalisto EGFR signaling. We report the high frequency ofE. faecalisinfection in oral tumors and the clinical association with EGFR activation. Using human oral cancer cells, we support the clinical findings and demonstrate thatE. faecaliscan induce EGFR activation and cell proliferation.E. faecalisactivates EGFR through production of H2O2, a signaling molecule that activates several signaling pathways. Inhibitors of H2O2(catalase) and EGFR (gefitinib) significantly blockedE. faecalis-induced EGFR activation and cell proliferation. Therefore,E. faecalisinfection of oral tumor tissues suggests a possible association betweenE. faecalisinfection and oral carcinogenesis. Interaction ofE. faecaliswith host cells and production of H2O2increase EGFR activation, thereby contributing to cell proliferation.

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CHANNAIAH, LAKSHMIKANTHA H., BHADRIRAJU SUBRAMANYAM, and LUDEK ZUREK. "Survival of Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF:pCF10 in Poultry and Cattle Feed: Vector Competence of the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)†." Journal of Food Protection 73, no. 3 (March 1, 2010): 568–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.3.568.

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Laboratory experiments were designed to determine the survival of Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF:pCF10 in poultry and cattle feed and its acquisition and transmission by adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), to sterile feed. Adult T. castaneum beetles were introduced into poultry and cattle feed inoculated with E. faecalis OG1RF:pCF10 and incubated at 28°C with 65% relative humidity for 7 days in a growth chamber. E. faecalis survived in both poultry and cattle feed during the 7-day test period. There was a logarithmic decrease in E. faecalis concentration in poultry and cattle feed and in and on the insects. E. faecalis persisted on the surface and within T. castaneum adults for 7 days when adults were released on E. faecalis–inoculated poultry feed and for only 5 days on E. faecalis–inoculated cattle feed. The concentration of E. faecalis decreased more slowly on poultry feed than on cattle feed, and this may explain why adult T. castaneum insects were more successful in acquiring and transferring E. faecalis from inoculated poultry feed to sterile poultry feed during the 7-day test period. However, T. castaneum adults reared on inoculated cattle feed were unable to contaminate sterile cattle feed on day 7. To our knowledge, this is the first report documenting T. castaneum to successfully acquire antibiotic-resistant enterococci from animal feed and transfer them to sterile feed. Management of T. castaneum through effective integrated pest management program is therefore important to prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant and virulent enterococci in animal feed and feed manufacturing environments.

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Maekawa, Lilian Eiko, Rodnei Dennis Rossoni, Júnia Oliveira Barbosa, Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge, Juliana Campos Junqueira, and Marcia Carneiro Valera. "Different Extracts of Zingiber officinale Decrease Enterococcus faecalis Infection in Galleria mellonella." Brazilian Dental Journal 26, no. 2 (April 2015): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201300199.

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Dried, fresh and glycolic extracts of Zingiber officinale were obtained to evaluate the action against G. mellonella survival assay against Enterococcus faecalis infection. Eighty larvae were divided into: 1) E. faecalis suspension (control); 2) E. faecalis + fresh extract of Z. officinale (FEO); 3) E. faecalis + dried extract of Z. officinale (DEO); 4) E. faecalis + glycolic extract of Z. officinale (GEO); 5) Phosphate buffered saline (PBS). For control group, a 5 μL inoculum of standardized suspension (107 cells/mL) of E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) was injected into the last left proleg of each larva. For the treatment groups, after E. faecalis inoculation, the extracts were also injected, but into the last right proleg. The larvae were stored at 37 °C and the number of dead larvae was recorded daily for 168 h (7 days) to analyze the survival curve. The larvae were considered dead when they did not show any movement after touching. E. faecalis infection led to the death of 85% of the larvae after 168 h. Notwithstanding, in treatment groups with association of extracts, there was an increase in the survival rates of 50% (GEO), 61% (FEO) and 66% (DEO) of the larvae. In all treatment groups, the larvae exhibited a survival increase with statistically significant difference in relation to control group (p=0.0029). There were no statistically significant differences among treatment groups with different extracts (p=0.3859). It may be concluded that the tested extracts showed antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis infection by increasing the survival of Galleria mellonella larvae.

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Fujimoto, Shuhei, and Yasuyoshi Ike. "pAM401-Based Shuttle Vectors That Enable Overexpression of Promoterless Genes and One-Step Purification of Tag Fusion Proteins Directly from Enterococcus faecalis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 1262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.3.1262-1267.2001.

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ABSTRACT Two novel Enterococcus faecalis-Escherichia colishuttle vectors that utilize the promoter and ribosome binding site ofbacA on the E. faecalis plasmid pPD1 were constructed. The vectors were named pMGS100 and pMGS101. pMGS100 was designed to overexpress cloned genes in E. coli andE. faecalis and encodes the bacA promoter followed by a cloning site and stop codon. pMGS101 was designed for the overexpression and purification of a cloned protein fused to a Strep-tag consisting of 9 amino acids at the carboxyl terminus. The Strep-tag provides the cloned protein with an affinity to immobilized streptavidin that facilitates protein purification. We cloned a promoterless β-galactosidase gene from E. coli and cloned the traA gene of the E. faecalis plasmid pAD1 into the vectors to test gene expression and protein purification, respectively. β-Galactosidase was expressed in E. coliand E. faecalis at levels of 103 and 10 Miller units, respectively. By cloning the pAD1 traA into pMGS101, the protein could be purified directly from a crude lysate of E. faecalis or E. coli with an immobilized streptavidin matrix by one-step affinity chromatography. The ability of TraA to bind DNA was demonstrated by the DNA-associated protein tag affinity chromatography method using lysates prepared from both E. coli and E. faecalis that overexpress TraA. The results demonstrated the usefulness of the vectors for the overexpression and cis/trans analysis of regulatory genes, purification and copurification of proteins from E. faecalis, DNA binding analysis, determination of translation initiation site, and other applications that require proteins purified from E. faecalis.

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Zubaidah, Nanik, Agus Subiwahjudi, Dinda Dewi Artini, and Karina Erda Saninggar. "Effectiveness of light-emitting diode exposure on photodynamic therapy against Enterococcus faecalis: in vitro study." Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) 53, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v53.i2.p71-75.

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Background: A successful root canal treatment eliminates pathogenic bacteria from infected root canals. The most common bacteria in root canal infections is Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), due to its resistance to medicament and root canal irrigation. A photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method of root canal disinfection that uses a combination of photosensitisers and light activation to eliminate bacteria in the root canal. The duration of the PDT irradiation results in the production of singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS) to eliminate the E. faecalis bacteria. Purpose: To analyse the differences in the duration exposure of photodynamic therapy against the E. faecalis bacteria. Methods: The E. faecalis bacteria culture was divided into seven eppendorf tubes. Group I was a control group, and group II, III, IV, V, VI and VII were treated using PDT consisting of Toluidine Blue O (TBO) photosensitiser and light source irradiation for ten, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 seconds, respectively. After incubation, the number of bacteria was calculated by the Quebec Colony Counter and analysed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and the Mann–Whitney test (p <0.05). Results: There was a significant difference between the number of E. faecalis bacteria colonies in each treatment group (p <0.05). Group VI and VII, which had a longer exposure to PDT, showed a smaller amount of E. faecalis bacteria. Conclusion: The longer exposure of PDT results in a smaller amount of E. faecalis bacteria. The light irradiation of 50 seconds is the most effective to eliminate E. faecalis bacteria.

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Aung, Meiji Soe, Noriko Urushibara, Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya, Nobuhide Ohashi, Mina Hirose, Kenji Kudo, Naoyuki Tsukamoto, Masahiko Ito, and Nobumichi Kobayashi. "Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Factors, and Genotypes of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Clinical Isolates in Northern Japan: Identification of optrA in ST480 E. faecalis." Antibiotics 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010108.

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Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium are the major pathogens causing community- and healthcare-associated infections, with an ability to acquire resistance to multiple antimicrobials. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of virulence factors, drug resistance and its genetic determinants, and clonal lineages of E. faecalis and E. faecium clinical isolates in northern Japan. A total of 480 (426 E. faecalis and 54 E. faecium) isolates collected over a four-month period were analyzed. Three virulence factors promoting bacterial colonization (asa1, efaA, and ace) were more prevalent among E. faecalis (46–59%) than E. faecium, while a similar prevalence of enterococcal surface protein gene (esp) was found in these species. Between E. faecalis and E. faecium, an evident difference was noted for resistance to erythromycin, gentamicin, and levofloxacin and its responsible resistance determinants. Oxazolidinone resistance gene optrA and phenicol exporter gene fexA were identified in an isolate of E. faecalis belonging to ST480 and revealed to be located on a cluster similar to those of isolates reported in other Asian countries. The E. faecalis isolates analyzed were differentiated into 12 STs, among which ST179 and ST16 of clonal complex (CC) 16 were the major lineage. Nearly all the E. faecium isolates were assigned into CC17, which consisted of 10 different sequence types (STs), including a dominant ST17 containing multidrug resistant isolates and ST78 with isolates harboring the hyaluronidase gene (hyl). The present study revealed the genetic profiles of E. faecalis and E. faecium clinical isolates, with the first identification of optrA in ST480 E. faecalis in Japan.

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Horyuk, Yu V., M. D. Kukhtyn, Yu B. Perkiy, V. V. Horyuk, and V. I. Semenyuk. "ВИДОВИЙ СКЛАД БАКТЕРІЙ РОДУ ЕNTEROCOCCUS МОЛОКА СИРОГО ТА СИРУ КИСЛОМОЛОЧНОГО «ДОМАШНЬОГО» ВИРОБНИЦТВА, ЇХ ЧУТЛИВІСТЬ ДО АНТИБАКТЕРІАЛЬНИХ ПРЕПАРАТІВ." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology 18, no. 3(70) (September 6, 2016): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7011.

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The investigation of the unpasteurized milk and lactic cheese as for the species of the Enterococcus bacteria genus has been made as well as the determination of their sensitivity to anti–infective drugs. It has been established that mainly three types of enterococci have escaped of the unpasteurized milk and lactic cheese: E. faecalis, E. faecium and E. durans. Thus the main part of enterococci of the unpasteurized milk and lactic cheese has composed a kind of E. faecalis 53.4 ± 4.22 and 73.4 ± 6.71% respectively. The quantity of E. faecium escaped of the unpasteurized milk has been 34.7 ± 2.15%, that is 2.86 times more in accordance with their content in the lactic cheese, and the genus E. durans ranged from 5.3 ± 0.47 to 9.3 ± 0.74%. The sensitivity to anti–infective drugs in E. faecalis escaped of the lactic cheese has been significantly lower compared to E. faecalis strains escaped of the unpasteurized milk. Yes, such anti–infective drugs that have been almost 100% active to E. faecalis escaped of milk as vancomycin, furamag, amoxicillin have shown lower efficiency to E. faecalis of the lactic cheese, the sensitivity ranged from 97,2 to 82,6%. The sensitivity of E. faecalis of the lactic cheese to other anti–infective drugs that have been taken into the experiment has been 1,3 – 37,0 times (p ≤ 0,05) lower compared to E. faecalis of the unpasteurized milk.

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BARAN, A., H. NADAROGLU, H. ÖNEM, and MC ADIGÜZEL. "Proteolytic activities and safety use of Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from Turkish White Pickled Cheese and milk samples." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 72, no. 4 (January 28, 2022): 3391. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.29382.

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In this study, Enterococcus faecalis proteolytic strains which have the potential to degradation of bovine milk proteins were isolated from Turkish White Pickled Cheeses and milk samples. E. faecalis strains were found to have strong caseinolytic activity. The extracellular protease enzymes produced by E. faecalis strains from 60 different samples were analyzed in the pattern of bands on a stained SDS-PAGE gel. The highest proteolytic activity of E. faecalis isolates were determined at pH 7.0 and 40 ℃ for 24 h. In addition, antimicrobial resistance and the presence of selected virulence genes of isolates were investigated for microbiological safety. These findings further emphasize that the E. faecalis isolates can be effective in the degradation of bovine milk proteins.

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SORAYA, Cut, Zulfan M. ALIBASYAH, and Basri A. GANI. "Biomass index and viscosity values of Moringa oleifera that influenced by Enterococcus faecalis." Journal of Syiah Kuala Dentistry Society 6, no. 1 (July 26, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jds.v6i1.21885.

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ABSTRACT Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) has been reported as the primary infectious agent in rootcanals. Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) is said to have the ability to prevent the development of E. faecalis.The purpose of this study was to measure the biomass index and viscosity of the ethanol extract ofMoringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves, which were affected by E. faecalis. This study used Moringa oleiferaand E. faecalis. The biomass index of Moringa oleifera extracts using the Biomass Assay method and theviscosity with the Ostwald Viscometer. The biomass index of M. oleifera affected by E. faecalis at aconcentration of 12.5% for 48 hours was better than other concentrations. CHX has a perfect biomassindex at 24 hours, while at 48 hours, the biomass index increases to close to 10%. Meanwhile, M. oleiferahas a high viscosity at a concentration of 12.5% (0.81 Cp). The results of the viscosity examination werein line with the biomass index with a positive correlation (0.92) and p0.05 between the M. oleiferaconcentrations between the two treatments. M. oleifera has very good biomass and viscosity index at aconcentration of 12.5%. Both are determinants of the development of E. faecalis under the influence of M.oleifera.KEYWORDS bomassa indek, viskositas, E. faecalis

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Gołaś-Prądzyńska, Marlena, Magdalena Łuszczyńska, and Jolanta Grażyna Rola. "Dairy Products: A Potential Source of Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Strains." Foods 11, no. 24 (December 19, 2022): 4116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11244116.

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This study attempts to present the antimicrobial resistance, virulence and resistance genes of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from raw goat’s and sheep’s milk and cheese. Strains were identified by PCR. The dominant species was E. faecalis (77.8%) and was most often isolated from raw goat’s milk. The percentage of antimicrobial-resistant E. faecalis isolates was higher than that of E. faecium isolates, the former most frequently resistant to lincomycin (98%), tetracycline (63%) and streptomycin (16%). Fourteen (22.3%) E. faecalis and 2 (11.1%) E. faecium isolates were identified as multidrug-resistant (MDR). All MDR E. faecalis strains also had virulence genes, whereas one of the two E. faecium strains had them. The most prevalent virulence genes in E. faecalis isolates were asa1 (69.8%) and gelE (57.1%). The most prevalent resistance genes found in both bacterial species were tet(M) (43.2%) and vgaA (22.2%). Enterococci from dairy products are confirmed to be a potential source of the spread of antimicrobial resistance, MDR strains, and virulence and resistance genes. This study highlights several aspects of the virulence and pathogenicity of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolated from dairy products—aspects which are indications for their ongoing monitoring.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Faecalis'

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