Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fagner'

ROGERIO, Pedro. A viagem como um princípio na formação do habitus dos músicos que na década de 1970 ficaram conhecidos como pessoal do Ceará. 2011. 169f. Tese (Doutorado em Educação) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza-CE, 2011.
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The thesis presents the travel as a principle in the formation of the habitus of musicians. The research has focused on the trajectory of three musicians from different routes, from the same generation of intellectuals and artists who became known as Pessoal do Ceara, namely: Manassés Lourenço de Sousa, Raimundo Fagner Cândido Lopes and Franco Rodger Rogério. The research was conducted through semi-structured interviews, complete with testimonials from individuals who have enriched the work by adding explanatory power to the study.The trajectories were analyzed from the social origins of the subjects until the consolidation of their socio-professional setting in the social field. It was found that the agents originated from different social backgrounds, had their paths defined differently, however had the common point the travel as the operator of central changes in their conditions of musicians. Pierre Bourdieu’s praxiology and the concepts of habitus, capital and field were the tools used to illuminate the process of change of the subjects habitus and capital. We can say that travel was a main change strategy, based on a logic of transformation of physical movement (geographical) in a social shift within the music field.
A viagem como um princípio na formação do habitus de músicos é o que apresenta esta tese. A pesquisa se debruçou sobre a trajetória de três músicos de itinerários diversos, mas oriundos da mesma geração de intelectuais e artistas cearenses que ficou conhecida como Pessoal do Ceará, a saber: Manassés Lourenço de Sousa, Raimundo Fagner Cândido Lopes e Rodger Franco de Rogério. A investigação foi realizada através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, complementada com depoimentos de sujeitos-informantes que enriqueceram o trabalho, agregando poder explicativo ao estudo realizado. Foram analisadas essas trajetórias desde a origem social até a definição socioprofissional consolidada no campo social. Identificou-se que os agentes partiram de origens sociais diferentes e se definiram no trajeto também de forma diversa, contudo apresentaram como ponto comum o fato de a viagem operar mudanças centrais na condição de músicos. A praxiologia de Pierre Bourdieu, através dos conceitos de habitus, capitais e campo, trouxe as ferramentas necessárias para iluminar o deslocamento geográfico como um caminho de mudança do habitus e dos capitais de músicos e que, por sua vez, redefiniram a posição dos agentes no campo musical. Nesse sentido, pode-se asseverar a viagem como estratégia de mudança baseada em uma lógica de transformação do deslocamento físico (geográfico) em um deslocamento social no interior do campo musical.

Den här uppsatsen är en ekokritisk analys av fyra noveller ur Anders Fagers Samlade svenska kulter: skräckberättelser. De undersökta novellerna är ”Furierna från Borås”, ”När döden kom till Bodskär”, ”Leka med Liam” och ”Tre veckor av lycka”. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur förhållandet mellan natur och kultur, människa och natur samt människa och icke-människa skildras. Metoden som använts är närläsning. Analysen visar att naturen och de icke-mänskliga varelserna skildras som ett hot mot människorna. Naturskildringen ansluter till tropen vildmark, där naturen är skrämmande och ogästvänlig. Kvinnorna knyts närmare naturen och de framställs som ett hot mot männen. Detta kan dock ses som ett sätt att ge naturen och kvinnorna rollen av aktivt subjekt snarare än passiva objekt.

Lors de la mise en place d’un projet de restauration, il est impératif de définir un écosystème de référence qui aidera à orienter les actions à poser. La restauration écologique des tourbières minérotrophes (fens) en est à ses débuts au Canada. À court terme, le but est d’introduire des communautés végétales qui ont le potentiel d’accélérer le retour de l’accumulation de la tourbe. Or, les connaissances actuelles des communautés végétales et des processus écosystémiques propres aux fens sont limitées. Cette recherche doctorale a pour objectif de définir un écosystème de référence pour des fens modérément riches à riches du sud-est du Canada et de cibler des communautés végétales préférentielles à l’atteinte des buts de restauration écologique des tourbières. Afin de consolider l’écosystème de référence, trois sources d’informations (temporelle, spatiale et empirique) ont été utilisées. L’analyse paléoécologique nous informe sur la dynamique de développement hydroséral, somme toute stable, d’un écosystème tourbeux sur une période de 8000 ans. Le comblement d’un plan d’eau est à l’origine de la tourbière où se sont succédées des communautés végétales de grandes cypéracées, puis des communautés dominées par les mousses brunes et les cypéracées basses. Les processus autogènes semblent avoir été prédominants dans l’évolution de la tourbière telle qu’elle est aujourd’hui. La caractérisation de treize fens naturels a résulté à l’identification de deux communautés végétales. La première est une communauté de grandes-cypéracées (magnocariçaie) associée à une production de biomasse et à un niveau d’eau élevés. La seconde est une communauté plus diversifiée de Sphagnum(warnstorfii)-Thuja. À l’exception du S. warnstorfii, cette communauté se compose davantage d’espèces généralistes des tourbières boréales qui croissent dans des habitats plus secs ou ombragés tels que les buttes ou les sous-bois. L’étude met aussi en lumière l’importance du Thuja occidentalis dans les fens régionaux. Sa présence, en densité modérée, devrait être favorisée à long terme. Trois fens naturelles ont été sélectionnées pour une étude approfondie des caractéristiques fonctionnelles de production primaire nette (PPN) et de taux de décomposition. La moyenne de PPN incluant toutes les strates de végétation est de 450 g m⁻² an⁻¹. Cette étude confirme l’importance des estimations de PPN du compartiment souterrain (45% de la biomasse totale), des bryophytes (21%) et des arbres (16%). Le S. warsntorfii est la mousse la plus productive (140 g m⁻² an⁻¹) et celle qui se décompose le plus lentement (valeur annuelle de décomposition exponentielle k de 0,07). La présence du S. warnstorfii contribue à l’augmentation du potentiel d’accumulation de tourbe. Les communautés du biotope des buttes ont également un meilleur potentiel d’accumulation de tourbe que celles des platières. Finalement, dans la partie expérimentale de la thèse, il a été conclu qu’il n’est pas nécessaire d’augmenter la diversité spécifique et structurelle pour accroître les chances de retour de l’accumulation de tourbe. La performance des variables mesurées est plutôt dépendante de l’identité des espèces composant les assemblages. La présence du Myrica gale, du Carex aquatilis ou du S. warnstorfii dans une communauté augmente significativement la production de biomasse sur le terrain. La présence d’une bryophyte augmente le recrutement de nouvelles espèces tandis que le M. gale ou le C. aquatilis le diminue. La complémentarité entre les espèces a été l’effet dominant sur la production de biomasse dans l’expérience terrain, tandis que l’effet de sélection a été observé en serre. On conclut qu’il existe des relations synergiques dans la décomposition de plusieurs litières mises en association. Une production de biomasse plus élevée devra ainsi être ciblée si le taux global de décomposition est prévu d’augmenter. Suite à la synthèse de ces trois chapitres, il est recommandé d’inclure des bryophytes dans les communautés à restaurer, en particulier le S. warnstorfii afin d’accélérer le retour des fonctions dans les tourbières restaurées et le recrutement de nouvelles espèces. Une communauté de grandes cypéracées est considérée lorsque l’introduction de bryophytes est hasardeuse.
When setting up a restoration project, it is imperative to define a reference ecosystem. This will determine the actions to be taken. In Canada, the ecological restoration of the minerotrophics peatlands (fens) is at its infancy stage. In the short term, the restoration goal is to introduce plant communities that have the potential to accelerate the return of peat accumulation. However, current knowledge of plant communities and ecosystem processes specific to fen are limited. The aim of this doctoral research is to define a reference ecosystem for moderately rich to rich fens in southeastern Canada and to target preferential plant communities to achieve the ecological restoration goals of peatlands. In order to consolidate the reference ecosystem, three sources of information were used: temporal, spatial, and empirical. Paleoecological analysis shows us the dynamics of the hydroseral development, notably how stable plant communities has been over a period of 8000 years. Terrestrialization was at the origin of the peatland development. Not long after body of water filled, tall cyperaceae community were followed by communities dominated by the brown mosses and the small cyperaceae. Autogenous processes seem to have been predominant in the evolution of the peatland. The characterization of thirteen natural fens has resulted in the grouping of two plant communities. The first is a tall cyperaceae (magnocaricion) community associated with high biomass production and high water level, the second is a more diverse community of Sphagnum (warnstorfii)–Thuja. With the exception of S. warnstorfii, this community is composed primarily of generalist species of boreal peatlands that grow in drier or shaded habitats, such as underwood or hummocks. The study also highlights the importance of Thuja occidentalis in regional fens. Over time and in moderate density, its presence should be promoted. Three natural fens were selected for an in-depth study of the functional characteristics of net primary production (NPP) and decomposition rates. The average production, including all vegetation layers, is 450 g m⁻² yr⁻¹. This study confirms the importance of the NPP estimations with regard to belowground (representing 45% of total biomass), bryophytes (21%) and trees (16%), among others. S. warsntorfii is the most productive bryophyte (140 g m⁻² yr⁻¹) and decomposes the slowest (annual exponential decomposition value k of 0.07). The presence of S. warnstorfii contributes to the increased potential for peat accumulation. The communities of the hummock biotope also have a better peat accumulation potential than those of lawns. Finally, in the experimental part of the thesis, it was concluded that there is no need to increase specific or structural diversity to increase the chances of return of peat accumulation. The performance of the measured variables is rather dependent on the identity of the species composing the assemblages. In the field, the presence of Myrica gale, Carex aquatilis or Sphagnum warnstorfii, individually or in combination, increases biomass production. The combination of these three species leads to transgressive overyielding for the production of aerial biomass. The presence of a bryophyte increases the recruitment of new species while M. gale or C. aquatilis will decrease it. The complementarity between species was the dominant effect on biomass production in the field experiment, while the selection effect was observed in greenhouses. Moreover, we concluded that there are synergistic relationships in the decomposition of litters when grouped. Higher biomass production should therefore be targeted if the overall rate of decomposition is predicted to increase. Following the synthesis of the three chapters, it is recommended to include bryophytes in the communities to be restored, in particular S. warnstorfii, in order to accelerate the return of functions in the restored peatlands, and the recruitment and establishment of new species. A community of tall cyperaceae could be considered when the introduction of bryophytes is hazardous and where water levels are forecasted to be high. In short, the preferential plant communities targeted in the reference will accelerate the return of the peat accumulation function and the revival of plant diversity.

Doutoramento em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The importance and valorization of the species that occur naturally in Portugal motivated the present study to evaluate the properties, variability and the technological potential of the wood of Quercus faginea Lam., commonly referred as Portuguese or Lusitanian oak. Growth rings, heartwood development, anatomical characteristics of wood and bark and wood density were studied at different ages and sites. The wood showed growth ring porosity, high fibre and rays proportion and high wood density. The heartwood proportion was relatively high and increased from the base to the top following the trunk profile. Sapwood thickness was approximately constant. The fibre and multiseriate rays showed an increasing tendency towards the bark as well as the mean earlywood vessels area. The ring width and wood density decreased from pith to bark. The variation sources included age, trees and environmental conditions. Site was responsible for the main variations followed by tree and cambial age. The correlations between the studied variables showed that growth and wood quality might be estimated namely with ring width. The wood characterization and relative stem homogeneity allow exploitation of this species and reinforce its role in forest diversity.

Tableau d'honneur de la FÉSP
Les tourbières jouent un rôle important dans le cycle du carbone à l’échelle de la planète, principalement par la captation de dioxyde de carbone (CO₂) et l’accumulation de carbone dans la tourbe et par de considérables émissions de méthane (CH₄). Les activités d’extraction de tourbe horticole causent la dégradation des tourbières qui fournissent des services écologiques, dont la régulation du climat. Une méthode de restauration significative, robuste et efficace a été développée pour les tourbières acides dominées par les sphaignes. Il arrive toutefois que les conditions physico-chimiques de la tourbe résiduelle après extraction soient caractéristiques des tourbières minérotrophes (fens). Lorsqu’appliquée dans un contexte de restauration de fens, la méthode de restauration par transfert de la strate muscinale s’est avérée peu efficace pour le retour des espèces vasculaires et muscinales typiques des fens. Dans certains contextes, la technique de remouillage sans autre action de restauration pourrait s’avérer efficace pour restaurer les fens post-extraction. Le but de cette étude est d’évaluer l’efficacité du remouillage à rétablir la végétation caractéristique des fens, ainsi que leur fonction de séquestration du carbone, et cela une et dix saisons de croissance après remouillage. Le site à l’étude se trouve dans le sud-est du Manitoba, au Canada. Les données ont été récoltées durant les étés 2016 et 2017. Le remouillage peut rapidement mener à des échanges de CO₂ typiques des tourbières naturelles. Le remouillage a résulté en des écosystèmes dominés par des espèces vasculaires typiques des milieux humides et des tourbières minérotrophes et ombrotrophes. Dix saisons de croissance après remouillage, un tapis discontinu de mousses typiques des tourbières minérotrophes s’est rétabli. Le remouillage peut être utilisé de manière efficace pour la restauration de fens après extraction. La gestion des niveaux d’eau s’avère primordiale pour favoriser une structure de végétation semblable à celle retrouvée dans les fens naturels. De trop hauts niveaux d’eau sont à éviter pour empêcher de générer de très hautes émissions de CH₄ et maximiser la fonction de séquestration du carbone. Ce mémoire se divise en trois chapitres : une introduction générale au sujet, suivie d'un corps de mémoire sous forme d'article scientifique puis d’une courte conclusion

MENDES, Maria das Dores Nogueira. A construção identitária regional pelas topografias discursivas das canções do pessoal do Ceará. 2007. 158 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguistica) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2007.
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In this research, we propose to investigate a discursive regional position with all kinds of investments attached to it. Therefore, we took as a basis Maingueneau (1997, 2001, 2004, 2005), a French line discourse annalist, and Costa (2001), who applies the most general concepts of positioning and investment to the literary. The concepts of discursive position, topography and investments are primary in this work: in order to accomplish our task, we fulfilled three stages: 1. To explain how other elements which make up the set design (enunciator, co-enunciator and chronography) as well as the notions of scenographic, ethic and linguistic investments contribute to the construction of cearenses/Northeastern topographies 2. Analysis of the corpus in which the identification of the discoursive topography is carried out 3. Identify of a cearense/Northeastern identity at the positioning, by means of a characterization of a possible topographic investiment. In order to accomplish the study of regional marking, we took as a basis Pimentel (1994) and Costa (2001) who seeks evidences of cearense regionality within discursive position “Pessoal do Ceará”, considering, at the oral level, the physical space, the thematization of local values, the shared ethic investments and the regionality defined by the song composers in his own direction within the Brazilian popular music. At the musical level, we investigate the kinds of music, the instruments and the singing style as well. We also explore the topographies of the songs, which in our opinion, represent elements which are fundamental to the construction of the regional cearense identification in musical terms at that period, which can be characterized through a sort of photography of that period, and of the cearenses landscapes as well
Nesta pesquisa, propomos investigar como as topografias discursivas cearenses com todos os investimentos discursivos a elas atrelados edificam uma identidade regional nas canções do posicionamento “Pessoal do Ceará”. Para isso, tomamos por base Maingueneau (1997, 2001, 2004, 2005) analista do discurso de linha francesa, e Costa (2001), que aplica ao discurso literomusical os conceitos mais gerais de posicionamento e investimento, propostos por aquele. São conceitos centrais neste trabalho: posicionamento, topografia e investimentos. Para efetuarmos nossa tarefa, cumprimos três etapas: 1. Esclarecer como outros elementos que compõem a cenografia (enunciador, co-enunciador e cronografia) e as noções de investimento cenográfico, ético e lingüístico colaboram para a construção de topografias cearenses/ nordestinas; 2. Analisar o corpus, em busca de identificar as topografias discursivas; 3. Identificar uma identidade regional cearense/ nordestina no posicionamento, por meio da caracterização de um possível investimento topográfico. Para o estudo da marcação regional, adotamos as propostas de Pimentel (1994) e Costa (2001), que buscam evidências da regionalidade cearense no posicionamento “Pessoal do Ceará”, considerando, no plano verbal, o espaço físico comum, a tematização de valores locais, os investimentos éticos compartilhados e a regionalidade definida pelos próprios cancionistas em sua orientação na esfera da música popular brasileira. No nível musical, sondamos os gêneros musicais, os instrumentos e o modo de cantar. Exploramos também, principalmente, as topografias das canções, que na nossa compreeensão se constituem elementos fundamentalmente construtores da marcação identitária regional cearense na música daquele período, a qual se distingue por meio de uma espécie de fotografia da época, das paisagens cearenses/ nordestinas

Doutoramento em Engenharia Florestal - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The objective of this work is the study of the diversification of cork oak stands, managed to produce cork oak wood flooring. The wood of Quercus suber L. has high density values (0,86 gcm-3 to 0,98 gcm-3) with a small ring variation (both axial and radial) as well as between trees. The wood of Q. faginea L., was studied for comparison proposes, has an average density value of 0.85 g cm-3. Cork oak presented an average growth of 3,9 mm/year which, together with its high density, makes it an interesting species when it comes to carbon storage. Modeling and simulation techniques were used regarding the industrial transformation of the cork oak stems. The maximization of the production yields was achieved with small logs and components with short dimensions (parquet and components for multilayer composites). Relevant properties for flooring applications (hardness, wear and dimensional stability) were assessed. Results indicate that the cork oak wood is suitable for flooring applications with high traffic uses. Conclusions show the technological feasibility of cork oak wood to flooring applications, and therefore a strong alternative to other oak and tropical species.

L'evolution de l'internet permet d'envisager aujourd'hui, la diffusion fiable d'information dans de tres grands groupes (de 100000 a 1000000 membres par exemple) disperses dans le reseau. Actuellement il n'y a pas de service efficace permettant une telle diffusion. Nous proposons de construire un tel service utilisant la diffusion non fiable de ip. Notre service s'appuie sur une structure de controle hierarchisee repartie dans le groupe de diffusion qui est bien adaptee a des groupes comportant un grand nombre de sites disperses sur l'internet. Celle-ci assure la fiabilisation en retransmettant les messages demandes par les recepteurs et assure l'information de la source en agregeant les donnees. Le protocole fage (fiabilisation a grande echelle) assure localement (au plus proche des recepteurs) les retransmissions et la gestion des membres du groupe ce qui reduit les delais de retransmission. Il permet aussi d'agreger les informations de controle de flux pour fournir un rapport condense a la source, evitant ainsi les problemes d'implosions des acquittements. Arguant du fait que le mecanisme d'acquittement inherent a la gestion de la fiabilite et des retransmissions est un cas particulier d'une collecte d'information ayant les recepteurs pour informateurs, nous nous appuyons sur la structure de controle pour proposer une collecte d'information a grande echelle (cage). Ce service a pour objectif de collecter des informations de semantiques applicatives detenues par les recepteurs, pour en faire un rapport utilisable (donc condense) au destinataire de la collecte (le demandeur). Nous definissons plusieurs types de collecte dependant principalement des criteres de debut d'agregation et les types operations d'agregation envisagees. Pour terminer nous presentons quelques resultats d'evaluation obtenus en particulier en simulant le comportement du protocole fage a l'aide de samson, un simulateur a evenements discrets.

For many years there has been a great interest among the scientific community in the study of the hydroxyl radical, HO. This interest stems from the fundamental role played by this molecule in the photochemistry of the atmosphere, mainly as a cleansing agent of environmental pollutants. Knowing the concentration of the radical would enable scientists to corroborate current atmospheric models and to predict future trends in the atmosphere. Even though there is a great interest in the determination of atmospheric concentrations of this molecule, the task has been very difficult. This is mainly due to the lack of a method sensitive enough to detect concentrations around 106 molecules per cubic centimeter. The most accurate method presently available is the method of laser induced fluorescence using the fluorescence assay with gas expansion technique (LIF-FAGE). This method involves low pressure excitation of HO from its ground state to its lowest electronic excited state and observing the consequent fluorescence around 309 nm. The procedure is done at a pressure of 5 Torr to maximize the fluorescence lifetime of the radical and to minimize the interference of photolytic species. Background determination is achieved by chemical modulation using isobutane in a second channel of the same cell which removes the HO signal. In this study an assessment of the level of ozone interference in LIFF AGE has been done by calculating the relative population distribution of HO among its rotational levels and from this, determining its temperature. When the laser passes through the excitation detection cell it photolyses the ozone present producing in this way the highly reactive 0 1(D). When this molecule reacts with water or with isobutane it produces HO, and this is the source of interference in the actual measurements. In the determination of the relative population distributions of the different HO species, it was found that the naturally occurring HO has a thermal distribution with a temperature of about 300 K. The HO molecules produced from the reaction of 0 1(D) with isobutane also showed a thermal distribution with a temperature of about 230 K. On the other hand, the HO produced from the reaction of 0 1(D) with water did not show a thermal distribution. Two distinct temperatures were observed for this case: one around 200 K for values of K = 1 to 4, and the second one around 3000 K for values of K = 5 to 6. These values agree with previous experimental results for LIF methods by other authors except for the fact that the deviation from the first temperature determined by other authors starts at K = 6 or 7.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera bildspråket i fyra skräcknoveller av John Ajvide Lindqvist och Anders Fager. De utvalda novellerna av Lindqvist är "By på höjden" (2006) och "Majken" (2006), samt "En punkt på Västerbron" (2011) och "Pigornas trappa" (2011) av Fager. Valet av material och författare har sin grund i att de båda är verksamma inom samma genre men skiljer sig avsevärt från varandra stilistiskt.   Syftet med vår undersökning är att granska till vilka metaforiska domäner och bildled författarna förflyttar begrepp för att skapa det ”otäcka.” Som grund för vår analys använder vi oss av George Lakoffs och Mark Johnsons teori om konceptuella metaforer samt Lennart Hellspongs modell för metaforanalys. I teoriavsnittet presenteras, förutom konceptuella metaforer, allmänna teorier om olika typer av bildspråk som liknelser och metonymier. Metodavsnittet beskriver Hellspongs modell och hur vi ämnar använda den samt en kort redogörelse för kvalitativ undersökning. Metodavsnittet innehåller även författarpresentationer och sammanfattningar av de utvalda verken.   Vår analys visar att båda författarna rör sig i vardagliga domäner och begrepp för att skapa det otäcka istället för det fantastiska eller sensationella. I diskussionen resonerar vi kring analysen och vilken inverkan metaforerna har på uppbyggandet av skräcken ur kulturellt och kontextuellt perspektiv. Vi uppmanar även till vidare forskning av denna, i Sverige, nya och växande genre.

Le radical hydroxyle, OH, le radical hydroperoxyle HO2 (HOx) et les radicaux peroxy RO2, jouent un rôle clé dans la chimie troposphérique et sont étroitement liés aux cycles chimiques qui contrôlent la concentration des gaz à effet de serre. Une quantification précise de ces trois radicaux importants sont nécessaires pour une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes chimiques de formation et consommation de ces radicaux dans l'atmosphère. Différents types d'instruments ont été développés et déployés pour quantifier les radicaux HOx sur le terrain tels que le FAGE (Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion). Cette technique représente la mesure directe de OH et la mesure indirecte des HO2 en ajoutant NO. Cependant, certains radicaux RO2 peuvent représenter des interférences potentielles pour les mesures de HO2. Pour UL-FAGE, l'efficacité de conversion de plusieurs RO2 en HO2 a été étudiée et il a été démontré que la variation de NO permet de détecter sélectivement HO2 et les RO2 à double liaison. Avec des FAGE similaires, des campagnes sur le terrain ont été menées dans des environnements biogéniques depuis dix ans . Ils ont mis en évidence des interférences non identifiées dans ces mesures. Dans notre laboratoire, nous avons utilisé notre instrument FAGE dans des conditions contrôlées pour rechercher l'origine de l'interférence et nous avons montré que ROOOH, produit de réactions radical-radical dans l'atmosphère, pouvait être responsable. Enfin, l'UL-FAGE dans les deux configurations (quantification et réactivité) a été déployé sur le terrain (LANDEX) en milieu forestier. Une partie de la campagne a été menée pour une comparaison entre les instruments UL-FAGE et LSCE-CRM
The hydroxyl radical, OH, the hydroperoxyl radical HO2 (known collectively as HOx) and peroxy radicals RO2, play a key role in the tropospheric chemistry and are intricately related to the chemical cycles that control the concentration of greenhouse gases. Accurate quantification of these three important radicals and investigations on the chemical mechanisms that control their formation and removal in the atmosphere are needed to develop a better understanding of the atmospheric chemistry mechanisms. Different types of instruments have been developed and deployed to quantify HOx radicals in the field such as the FAGE (Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion). This technique represents direct measurement of OH and indirect measurement of HO2 radicals by adding NO. However, some RO2 radicals can be potential interferences for HO2 measurements. For UL-FAGE, the conversion efficiency of various RO2 species to HO2 has been investigated and it has been shown that variation of NO allows to selectively detect HO2 and double bound RO2. With similar FAGE instruments, field campaigns have been carried out in remote biogenic environments in the last decade. They have highlighted unidentified interferences in these measurements. In our laboratory, we used our FAGE instrument in controlled conditions to investigate the origin of the interference and we have shown that ROOOH, product of radical-radical reactions in the atmosphere may be responsible. Finally, the UL-FAGE in both configurations (quantification and reactivity) was deployed to a field measurement (LANDEX) in forest environment. Part of the campaign was conducted to an intercomparison between UL-FAGE and LSCE-CRM instruments

Measurements of OH and HO2 using the Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion (FAGE) technique were made during a series of nighttime and daytime flights over the UK in summer 2010 and winter 2011. OH was not detected above the instrument’s limit of detection during any of the nighttime flights or during the winter daytime flights, placing upper limits on [OH] of 1.8 × 106 molecule cm−3 and 6.4 × 105 molecule cm−3 for the summer and winter flights, respectively. HO2 reached a maximum concentration of 3.17 × 108 molecule cm−3 (13.6 pptv) during a nighttime flight on 20th July 2010. Analysis of the rates of reaction of O3 and NO3 with the alkenes measured indicates that the summer nighttime troposphere can be as important for the processing of VOCs as the winter daytime troposphere. Analysis of the instantaneous rate of production of HO2 from the reactions of O3 and NO3 with alkenes has shown that, on average, reactions of NO3 dominated nighttime production of HO2 during summer, and reactions of O3 dominated nighttime HO2 production during winter. Measurements of IO were made by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) during a cruise between Singapore and Manila in November 2011. The mean IO mixing ratio was 0.8 pptv. No correlation was found between IO and sea surface temperature, salinity, air temperature, wind speed or concentrations of chlorophyll-a. Measurements of I2 and the sum of HOI + ICl during the cruise contributed to a steady-state analysis of the IO measurements. Production of IO was dominated by photolysis of I2, with a smaller but significant contribution from photolysis of HOI. Reasonable agreement was found between measurements of IO made by LIF, MAX-DOAS, and satellite-based DOAS. A laser-induced phosphorescence instrument for detection of glyoxal is in development. The results of initial testing are reported here. The instrument, which will be deployed for field measurements in Cape Verde in 2014, has high sensitivity and a low 1 minute limit of detection (2.5 × 107 molecule cm−3 or 6.8 pptv), enabling detection of low ambient mixing ratios of glyoxal.

Des observations morphologiques detaillees des feuilles et des jeunes rameaux ont ete effectuees sur un echantillon de 222 specimens representant la quasi-totalite des populations du chene zeen dans son aire geographique marocaine. Dix-sept caracteres, divises en 90 modalites ont pu etre recenses et etudies. L'analyse factorielle des correspondances a mis en evidence trois formestypes reliees entre elles par toute une serie d'individus correspondant a des intermediaires. Le concept du continuum a ete ainsi propose pour expliquer les variations progressives observees "in natura" dans les populations. Parmi les caracteres etudies, ceux relatifs au tomentum presentent la valeur taxinomique la meilleure et permettent de rattacher les trois formes types a des unites deja decrites et d'etablir ainsi une cle de determination. Parallelement les groupements vegetaux organises par le chene zeen ont ete analyses sur la base d'un echantillon de 228 releves phytoecologiques representant l'ensemble de l'aire de cette essence au maroc. Le recoupement des resultats des deux approches autorise a integrer l'ensemble des formes du chene zeen au sein d'une seule espece q. Faginea lamk. (s. L. ). Les trois principales formes types sont quant a elles ramenees au rang de sous especes et leur repartition geographique est precisee. Ces taxons sont : subsp; eu-faginea maire, subsp. Canariensis (willd. ) zine el abidine et subsp. Tlemecenensis (a. D. C. ) maire et weiller

The hydroxyl radical, OH, and the hydroperoxy radical, HO2 (known collectively as HOx), play a key role in tropospheric chemistry and are intricately related to chemical cycles that control the concentration of greenhouse gases and have important implications for air quality. Through accurate measurements of these two important radicals, and thorough investigation of the chemical mechanisms that control their formation and removal, we can develop a better understanding of atmosphere. Simulation chambers offer the unique ability to study these processes under atmospherically relevant conditions, using a wide variety of instrumentation to probe many different species. The Highly Instrumented Reactor for Atmospheric Chemistry (HIRAC) is a stainless steel chamber based at the University of Leeds and was previously designed to operate over a range of temperatures and pressures. HIRAC was implemented to validate important oxidation mechanisms of volatile organic compounds, furthering mechanism databases, such as the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM). This thesis concentrates on the continued development of a dedicated HOx radical detection instrument, based on laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy at low pressure (fluorescence assay by gas expansion (FAGE)), for use in an atmospheric simulation chamber. In the field, FAGE instruments are designed to operate on board aircraft, which subject the instrument to a range of external operating pressures. Thorough characterisation and calibration of the FAGE instrument was performed using traditional methods, accounting for several factors known to affect instrument sensitivity. This calibration procedure was successfully validated using two newly developed calibration methods for OH and HO2, which take advantage of the HIRAC chamber and its ability to operate over a range of temperatures and pressures. After thorough calibration, the instrument was implemented in the investigation of direct OH radical production from the reaction of HO2 with acetylperoxy radicals in the HIRAC chamber. Reactions of RO2 radicals with HO2 have previously been thought to be a radical sink in atmospherically pristine environments (i.e., low NOx). However, more recently, higher than anticipated concentrations of OH have been observed in areas where biogenic loadings are high. Recycling of OH from reactions of RO2 with HO2 could provide part of the current mechanism shortfall. Acetyl peroxy radicals are of particular importance as they are formed directly from the oxidation of MVK, a major product of isoprene oxidation. Reported here is the first study sensitive to products from all three branching pathways of the reaction.

El objeto de este estudio es explorar la dialéctica entre la universalidad y la adecuación presente en las obras de los arquitectos López Íñigo, Giráldez y Subías (LIGS). Comprobar cómo la abstracción que caracteriza sus obras incorpora la realidad del entorno, del programa funcional, o de los aspectos constructivos. Es en esta abstracción donde los arquitectos encuentran los mecanismos para adecuarse a las particularidades de cada obra, con la certeza de que no se produce un menoscabo en su consistencia formal. La sistematicidad con la que LIGS resuelven sus proyectos no se resiente a comienzos de los 60, cuando las corrientes críticas con el Estilo Internacional ponen en cuestión precisamente la universalidad que caracteriza la modernidad. Es entonces cuando las obras de LIGS alcanzan un mayor grado de universalidad, gracias a la experiencia adquirida en sus primeras obras.

Hablar de la universalidad de sus obras es hablar de su internacionalismo. A pesar de que la gran mayoría de sus obras se encuentran en Barcelona, el Estilo Internacional en el que se adscriben hace oportuna una visita a sus referentes internacionales. Al comienzo de su trayectoria visitan la Interbau berlinesa, donde encuentran criterios y materiales modernos con los que afrontar su trabajo. Esta Tesis quedaría incompleta sin una revisión de estas obras, material de partida del trabajo de LIGS, que les permite llegar más lejos precisamente por ser un material universal.

El ámbito de trabajo escogido abarca la primera década de la actividad profesional de LIGS (1956-1966), aunque se extiende unos pocos años más allá para incluir una obra de gran interés para la Tesis que nos ocupa, la Universidad Autónoma con la que concluye este estudio. Sus diez primeros años de trabajo son de una gran productividad, y nos muestran todas las escalas del proyecto, desde el diseño de mobiliario hasta la construcción de la ciudad.

La Tesis se estructura en torno a seis de sus obras más representativas, agrupadas en dos etapas coincidentes con el cambio de década. En la primera, CRITERIOS Y MATERIALES (1956-1959) se repasa su formación, referentes y el contexto local, nacional e internacional en el que comienzan su trabajo. Un análisis de sus primeras obras en Barcelona, la Facultad de Derecho y los polígonos de Montbau y Sudoeste del Besós, nos permite ver cómo con poco más de treinta años resuelven edificios o proyectos urbanos con planteamientos modernos y por tanto universales.

La segunda etapa, COMPROBACIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN (1960-1966) tiene como objetivo demostrar que el grado de madurez proyectual adquirido en sus primeras obras, les permite ahora abordar, con una sistematicidad mayor, proyectos de escalas tan diferentes como el diseño interior de la Biblioteca del Colegio de Arquitectos, La Facultad de Económicas o el campus universitario de la Autónoma. Se hace referencia a las corrientes que les influyen, el Brutalismo y las Megaestructuras, repasando su origen y difusión y analizando en qué medida afectan a sus obras.

La base documental que ha posibilitado esta Tesis son los planos y memorias originales, así como las fotografías de la época, todo ello depositado por LIGS en el Archivo Histórico y Fotográfico del Colegio de Arquitectos de Barcelona. Las conversaciones mantenidas con Giráldez y Subías aportan al trabajo los datos oportunos para completar la información que las propias obras nos ofrecen.
The object of this study is to explore the dialectic between the universality and the adequacy in the works of López Íñigo, Giráldez and Subías (LIGS). To prove how the abstraction characteristic of their works, contains the attention for the environment, the functional program or the constructive aspects. In that abstraction the architects find the mechanisms to adequate their projects to the specific, with the certainty that the result not imply a reduction of the formal consistency. The systematicity of LIGS projects does not have strong influence at the beginning of the 60´s, when the critic movements with the International Style tend to criticize exactly the idea of universality that characterize the Modernity. By then, the works by LIGS reach a greater level of universality thanks to the experience gained in their earlier works.

Talking about the universality of their works is talking about their internationalism. Despite the fact that the biggest number of their works is located in Barcelona, the constant reference to the International Style suggests an overview of its international references. At the beginning of their career they visit the Interbau in Berlin, where they find modern criteria and materials to start their work. This thesis would not be complete without the examination of these works, the material from where LIGS started. These allowed them to reach a greater degree of development, exactly because of their universality.

The range of work analyzed in the thesis comprises the first decade of their career (1956-1966), although it goes slightly further in time to include the Universidad Autónoma, of great interest for this research work, which is the final part of this study. The thesis is structured around six main projects, each related to a distinct area of conception, from the interior design to the urban planning.

These projects are to be classified in two main sections coinciding the turn of the decade. In the first section, CRITERIA AND MATERIALS, the focus is on their education, references and local context. The analysis of their first works in Barcelona, the Facultad de Derecho and the Polígonos de Montbau and Sudoeste del Besós, allows us to see how they are able to come up with buildings or urban planning with universal approach.

The second section, VERIFICATION AND CONCLUSION, is about showing how the earlier experiences gave them experience to step into a higher degree of universality with very different projects like the interior design of the Biblioteca del Colegio de Arquitectos, the Facultad de Económicas or the Campus of the Universidad Autónoma. In this section there is about the movements influencing it, Brutalism and Megastructure, revising its origin and circulation and analyzing how did they influence their works.

All original projects and original memories, such as pictures of those days, have been stored by LIGS in the Archivo Histórico y Fotográfico del Colegio de Arquitectos de Barcelona. This material made possible the research of this thesis. During the interviews with Giráldez and Subías it was possible to complete the overview and the information provided by their own works.
RESÜMEE

Gegenstand dieser Studie ist die Erforschung der Dialektik zwischen Abstraktion und Realität, wie sie in der Werken der Architekten López Íñigo, Giráldez und Subías gegenwärtig ist und nachzuweisen, dass die für ihre Werke charakteristische Abstraktion auch die Achtung für die Umgebung, das funktionelle Programm oder die konstruktiven Aspekte beinhaltet. In dieser Abstraktion, finden die Architekten die Mechanismen um sich an die Eigenheiten eines jeden Werkes anzupassen, mit der Gewissheit, einen Mangel in der formalen Beschaffenheit zu erzeugen. Die Systematik, mit der LIGS ihre Projekte erschlieβen, bleibt unverändert, als zu Beginn der 60er, kritische Strömungen, die für die Moderne charakteristische Abstraktion in Frage stellen. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt erreichen die Werke von LIGS, dank der in ihren ersten Werken erworbenen Erfahrung, einen höheren Abstraktionsgrad.

Von der Abstraktion in ihren Werken zu sprechen, bedeuted, von ihrer Internationalität zu sprechen. Obwohl sich die grosse Mehrheit ihrer Werke in Barcelona befindet, erfordert der Internationale Stil, dem sie angehören, einen Besuch bei seinen Referenzobjekten. Zu Beginn ihrer Laufbahn besuchen LIGS die Berliner Interbau, wo sie moderne Kriterien und Materialien vorfinden, mit denen sie ihre Arbeit in Angriff nehmen. Diese Dissertation bliebe unvollständig, ohne eine Revision dieser Werke, die das Ausgangsmaterial der Arbeit von LIGS bilden, welches ihnen, genau deshalb, weil es ein universelles und abstraktes Material ist, ermöglicht hat weiter zu kommen.

Der gewählte Arbeitsbereich umfasst das erste Jahrzehnt der beruflichen Tätigkeit von LIGS (1956- 1966) und einige Jahre darüber hinaus, um ein Werk von grosser Bedeutung einzuschliessen, die Universidad Autónoma. Ihre ersten 10 Jahre sind von grosser Produktivität geprägt und zeigen uns alle Maßstäbe ihrer Projekte, vom Möbeldesign bis zum Bau der Stadt.

Die Dissertation ist anhand sechs ihrer repräsentativsten Werke in zwei Abschnitte strukturiert, wobei der Wechsel der Abschnitte mit dem Wechsel der Jahrzehnte zusammen fällt. Im ersten Abschnitt, KRITERIEN UND MATERIALIEN (1956-1959) werden Ausbildung, Bezüge sowie lokaler, nationaler und internationaler Kontext in dem sie ihre Arbeit beginnen, näher betrachtet. Eine Analyse ihrer ersten Werke in Barcelona, die Facultad de Derecho und die Viertel Montbau und Sudoeste del Besós geben uns einen Einblick, wie sie, mit wenig mehr als 30 Jahren, mit modernen und folglich universellen Planungen Gebäude oder komplette Stadtviertel erschliessen.

Der zweite Abschnitt, NACHWEIS UND SCHLUSS-FOLGERUNG (1960-1966), soll zeigen, dass der in ihren ersten Werken erworbene, entwurfliche Reifegrad ihnen nun ermöglicht, Projekte in so unterschiedlichen Maßstäben, wie das Innendesign für die Bibliothek der Architektenkammer, die Facultad de Económicas oder den Kampus der Universidad Autónoma, mit zunehmender Abstraktion in Angriff zu nehmen. Es wird auf Strömungen, wie den Brutalismus und die Megastrukturen, die sie beeinflussen Bezug genommen, sowie deren Ursprung und Verbreitung und es wird analysiert, in welchem Ausmaß diese, die Werke von LIGS beeinflusst haben.

Die dokumentierte Grundlage, die diese Dissertation möglich gemacht hat, sind die Originalpläne und Baubeschreibungen, ebenso wie die Fotografien dieser Epoche, die LIGS im Archivo Histórico y Fotográfico der Architektenkammer in Barcelona gelagert haben. Die Konversationen mit Giráldez und Subías fügen der Arbeit Daten zur Vervollständigung der Information, welche die Werke selbst uns bieten zu.

Mestrado em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Ramo Engenharia dos Produtos Florestais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The objective of this work is to find products for wall covering and flooring that can contribute to a greater valorization of the raw materials used - wood of Eucalyptus maculata, Eucalyptus botryoides and Quercus faginea, and black expanded cork agglomerate and regranulate – by developing greener and more value-added products for indoor use. Prototypes for flooring and wall covering were assembled. The prototypes for flooring had three layers: the previously mentioned woods and black cork agglomerate (top layer), pine wood (middle layer) and Rubbercork (bottom layer). The prototypes for wall coverings were based on the expanded cork regranulate and glue, adding barks or shavings of E. maculata, E. botryoides or Q. faginea. Physical and mechanical tests were made to measure hardness and swelling for the floor prototypes, concluding that the prototype with E. maculata has a higher hardness (41 N.mm-2) and lower swelling, and therefore an improved performance. For wall covering products physical and mechanical testes were made to determine hardness, strength and thermal conductivity. The prototypes made with bark chips had the highest density 316 kg.m-3), hardness (2,9 MPa), traction (0,19 MPa) and the highest thermal conductivity (0,044 W/m.K), and showed higher mechanical strength, in comparison to prototypes made with wood chips
Projecto WoodTech (Interreg, SUDOE)

Les radicaux HOx (=OH+HO2) jouent un rôle central dans la dégradation des hydrocarbures dans la troposphère. La réaction d’OH avec les hydrocarbures mène en présence de NOx à la formation de polluants secondaires comme l’ozone. Du fait de sa réactivité élevée, la concentration en OH (<1 ppt) ainsi que son temps de vie (<1 s) sont faibles. Pour valider les modèles de chimie atmosphérique, le développement d’appareils capable de mesurer ces très faibles concentrations est nécessaire. Un appareil basé sur la technique FAGE (Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion) a été développé à l’Université de Lille pour la mesure simultanée des radicaux HOx. La limite de détection atteinte est de 4 × 10[puissance 5] cm-3 pour OH and et 5 × 10[puissance 6] cm-3 pour HO2 pour un temps de mesure de 1 min. L’appareil a été utilisé dans 4 campagnes de mesure dans différents environnements : en chambre de simulation, en milieu rural, en milieu urbain et à l’intérieur d’une classe. Le FAGE de Lille a été validé grâce à 2 intercomparaisons en chambre de simulation et en air ambiant. En parallèle, le FAGE a été adapté pour la mesure de la réactivité d’OH. La réactivité d’OH est l’inverse du temps de vie. L’air ambiant est échantillonné au travers d’une cellule de photolyse dans laquelle OH est produit. La décroissance d’OH mesurée est due à la réaction de OH avec les réactifs présents dans l’air ambiant. L’appareil de mesure de la réactivité d’OH a participé à une campagne de mesure où il a été intercomparé. De plus, la réaction entre NO2* et H2O comme nouvelle source potentielle d’OH a été étudiée
HOx(=OH+HO2) radicals play a central role in the degradation of hydrocarbons in the troposphere. Reaction of OH with hydrocarbons leads in the presence of NOx to the formation of secondary pollutants such as O3. Due to its high reactivity, the concentration of OH radicals (<1ppt) and its lifetime are very low (<1s). In order to validate atmospheric chemistry models, the development of highly sensitive instruments for the measurement of OH and HO2 is needed. An instrument based on the FAGE technique (Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion) was developed at the University of Lille for the simultaneous measurement of HOx radicals. The limit of detection for OH and HO2 is of 4 × 10[power 5] cm-3 and 5 × 10[power 6] cm-3 respectively for 1 min integration time, appropriate for ambient measurements. The instrument was deployed in 4 field campaigns in different environments: simulation chamber, rural, suburban and indoor. The Lille FAGE was validated during 2 intercomparative measurements in an atmospheric chamber and in ambient air. In parallel, the FAGE set-up was adapted for the measurement of the OH reactivity. OH reactivity is the measure of the total loss of OH radicals that includes the reaction of all chemical species with OH. Ambient air is sampled through a photolysis cell where OH is artificially produced and it decays from the reaction with reactants present in ambient air is recorded by LIF in the FAGE. The OH reactivity system was deployed during an intercomparative measurement and used for the study of the reaction between NO2* and H2O as a source of OH

Theoretical analysis of the possibility of manufacturing a metal sealing ring on the CNC machine tool. Selecting the most appropriate technology and manufacturing process analysis, involving selection of materials, tools and machining conditions.

Une etude comparative des reponses physiologiques de jeunes plants et d'arbres adultes de chenes sempervirents (chene liege: quercus suber l. Et chene kermes: q coccifera) et d'un chene caducifolie (chene zeen: q faginea w) a ete menee sur le terrain dans le nord est tunisien dans trois sites, bellife, rasrajel et mtir. L'experimentation s'est etendue sur une periode seche suivie d'une periode pluvieuse. Le potentiel hydrique du milieu de journee est lie etroitement a l'humidite du sol. La conductance stomatique gs est maximale au printemps et minimale en hiver et en ete. La depression de midi de gs est tres marquee en ete. Le chene liege adulte a ras rajel s'est montre plus adapte a la secheresse que les jeunes plants et moins adapte que le chene kermes adulte. Le chene zeen (mtir) a montre une forte depression de midi et une strategie globale d'evitement de la secheresse. En pepiniere a tunis, des plants ages de 6 et 18 mois, eleves en pots, ont ete soumis a une contrainte hydrique par arret d'arrosage pendant deux cycles de dessechement consecutifs d'une duree de deux mois, separes par une rehydratation. Nous avons mesure les potentiels hydriques de base et minimum, la perte en eau en pourcentage de la capacite au champ, la conductance stomatique (gs) et l'assimilation photosynthetique nette (a). La biomasse des tiges, des racines, les rapports des biomasses tige/racine, la surface foliaire et les teneurs en glucides et proline ont ete egalement determines. Le rapport biomasse tige/racine a diminue davantage au cours de la contrainte hydrique chez q. Faginea que chez q. Coccifera. La contrainte hydrique a davantage reduit la biomasse que l'allongement des racines. La diminution de la conductance stomatique, liee a la chute du potentiel hydrique foliaire de base, a ete plus precoce et plus complete chez q faginea. Les stomates de q coccifera sont restes encore partiellement ouverts pour des potentiels de l'ordre de -3mpa. Les reponses de q suber ont ete intermediaires. La conductance stomatique des jeunes plants est restee inferieure a celle des plants ages, a cause de leur systeme racinaire moins developpe. A et gs, etroitement correlees, ont presente toutes deux une depression de milieu de journee. L'effet inhibiteur des temperatures elevees sur le metabolisme photosynthetique a ete montre sur le terrain et en conditions controlees au laboratoire. A et gs diminuent egalement avec l'augmentation du deficit en vapeur d'eau de l'atmosphere. L'analyse biochimique a montre que les plants jeunes (6 mois) de chenes sont plus tolerants a la secheresse que les plants ages (18 mois) en accumulant davantage de glucides solubles et de proline. Q faginea confirme son statut de water savers, q coccifera se comporte comme le plus tolerant a la secheresse et a un degre moindre, q suber. Les differences mises en evidence entre les jeunes plants de 6 et 18 mois et les arbres adultes montrent l'importance du suivi sur le terrain de l'ecophysiologie de ces jeunes plants en conditions naturelles, pendant les premieres annees de developpement, pour mieux comprendre les causes de l'absence de regeneration des suberaies en tunisie

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 272 p. : ill. Advisor: Burdette Green, School of Music. Includes bibliographical references (p. 251-272).

Les radicaux OH et HO2 sont des espèces réactives majeures dans de nombreux environnements et les processus chimiques dans lesquels ils sont impliqués sont multiples et complexes. Dans l’atmosphère, OH est le principal oxydant le jour et HO2 lui est fortement lié. OH a également été mesuré récemment en air intérieur, ce qui met en évidence la présence d'une réactivité rapide, potentielle source de polluants secondaires, dans les bâtiments. En combustion, OH et HO2 sont également au cœur de la réactivité. Afin de mieux comprendre les processus chimiques impliquant ces radicaux et par conséquent la formation des polluants dans ces domaines d’application, le dispositif mobile FAGE (Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion) a été utilisé lors de cette thèse. Cette technique permet de caractériser OH et HO2 en combinant des mesures de concentration et de temps de vie (réactivité de OH) avec une haute sensibilité et sélectivité ainsi qu’une grande résolution temporelle. Elle est basée sur la détection des radicaux OH et HO2 (après conversion en OH par ajout de NO) par Fluorescence Induite par Laser (LIF) haute cadence après expansion gazeuse et adaptée pour des mesures de réactivité de OH par couplage avec une cellule de photolyse (pump-probe FAGE). Une campagne de mesure, réalisée sur le campus de Lille 1 a permis d’étudier la variation de la réactivité en milieu urbain. Deux campagnes de mesure ont été réalisées en air intérieur pour la mesure de la réactivité de OH et la quantification de OH et HO2. Le dispositif FAGE a également été utilisé pour la première fois pour l'étude de la chimie de la combustion dans un réacteur parfaitement agité (Jet-Stirred Reactor : JSR)
OH and HO2 radicals are major reactive species in many environments and the chemical processes in which they are involved are numerous and complex. In the atmosphere, OH is the main oxidant during the day and HO2 is strongly linked to it. OH has also been measured recently in indoor air; highlighting the presence of a rapid reactivity and therefore a potential source of secondary pollutants in buildings. In combustion, OH and HO2 are also important for the reactivity. To better understand chemical processes involving these radicals and consequently the formation of pollutants in these fields of application, the mobile device FAGE (Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion) has been used in this thesis. This technique allows characterizing OH and HO2 by combining concentration and lifetime (OH reactivity) measurements with a high sensitivity, selectivity and temporal resolution. It is based on the detection of OH and HO2 radicals by Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) at a high repetition after gas expansion. It is adapted for OH reactivity measurements by the coupling of a photolysis cell (pump-probe FAGE). A field campaign, performed on the Lille 1 campus, allowed the study of the variation of the reactivity in an urban environment. Two field campaigns were performed in indoor air to both measure OH reactivity and quantify OH and HO2. The FAGE device was also used for the first time in the field of combustion chemistry, by coupling it to a Jet-Stirred Reactor (JSR)

La dimensión crítica del teatro puede verse, de acuerdo con el concepto de lo crítico de Foucault, en su enfrentamiento a los nuevos retos sociales desde una postura de insumisión. Dicho teatro trata de emanciparse de las expectativas externas y hallar autocríticamente normas propias. Puede describírsele a partir de los aspectos de crisis, crítica y diferenciación (de interpretaciones), inherentes al concepto de lo crítico, y opera con la ampliación de espacios de posibilidades. Ante el panorama teórico e histórico de lo crítico en las estéticas teatrales postdramática (Hans-Thies Lehmann) y postespectacular (André Eiermann), el presente trabajo estudia la función escénica del texto. Dicha función se funde dentro del estudio fenomenológico en el concepto de uso de texto, que contiene a partes iguales la generación y la aparición de texto verbal en la realización escénica, y se reconstruye a partir de la experiencia propia de la realización. Al mismo tiempo, el estudio pretende extraer conclusiones de cómo un uso de texto específico despliega una capacidad crítica. Como recurso adicional se empleará la dimensión de distancia/inmersión, cuyo extremo de distancia está conceptualmente relacionado con un postulado básico de la estética postespectacular: la recuperación de una distancia poéticamente eficaz entre escenario y público; en cambio, su extremo de inmersión se sitúa cercano a un postulado central de la estética postdramática: la fusión y desintegración de límites y la comunicación inmediata entre escenario y público. Así pues, cabe preguntarse en qué medida los fenómenos inmersivos y distanciadores estimulan u obstaculizan lo crítico de una realización escénica o si resultan indiferentes o ambiguos en relación a lo crítico. El trabajo estudia sobre la base de tres paradigmas teatrales seleccionados cómo aparece el texto verbal experimentable en la realización escénica y qué relaciones se generan entre dichos fenómenos y la dimensión crítica de la realización escénica. Las cualidades semánticas de los textos no juegan sino un papel indirecto para el concepto de uso de texto usado aquí. Si bien pueden guardar relación con la aparición del texto, como tal dejan de ser objeto del planteamiento. La definición de uso de texto se limita al texto verbal, entendido como texto formado lingüísticamente en sentido estricto. En cambio, no incluye los signos de lenguaje corporal o el «texto» en el sentido de un concepto semiótico ampliado, en calidad de «textura», de una realización escénica (como en el concepto de «realización escénica como texto»). Como material de estudio de los planteamientos mencionados sirven los siguientes tres paradigmas: Kill your Darlings! Streets of Berladelphia (2012 René Pollesch), Numax-Fagor-Plus (2013 Roger Bernat) y els suplicants//conviure a bcn (2015 Christina Schmutz y Frithwin Wagner-Lippok). Dado que la aparición de texto se sitúa en primer plano, la orientación fenomenológica del estudio parece adecuada para poder extraer conclusiones acerca de cómo se experimenta el texto en una realización escénica de teatro. El método fenomenológico trata de prescindir de todo apriorismo y conocimiento previo («reducción fenomenológica»), tal y como se expresa o se supone en contenidos de texto. Bajo uso de texto se entienden los fenómenos de texto verbal experimentables sensorialmente, tal y como aparecen en el momento de la realización escénica y el recuerdo posterior. Las experiencias procedentes de la perspectiva subjetiva se abstraen en el análisis fenomenológico hacia un contexto comunicable que permite unas respuestas supraindividuales al planteamiento.
The aesthetical and critical dimension of theatre performance consists in getting involved in a challenge with the surrounding world by not only reproducing its features but developing a critical attitude towards it. Under this assumption, the present study examines the function and use of text in theatrical performances, trying to explore possibilities and implications of the use of text with respect to its critical dimension and against the historical background of criticism in postdramatic (Hans-Thies Lehmann) and postspectacular (André Eiermann) aethetics. The study aims to recognize what kinds of usage or appearance of verbal text may display a critical potential. As an additional investigation device, the dimension distance-immersion will be applied as a sort of investigation tool providing a heuristically promising sensor in analyzing paradigmatic performances, the distance pole of which has a conceptual affinity with one core postulate of postspectacular aesthetics while its immersive pole shows some inclination towards a core feature of postdramatic aesthetics. The question then is if and how immersive and distancing fenomena might promote or inhibit critical aspects of the performance, or if they prove to be indifferent or ambivalent in this respect. The project evaluates three selected performance examples with regard to how verbal text in the performance is used, or comes to the fore, and by which contexts these appearances may be connected to the critical aspect of the performance. Internal text qualities such as its semantic substance, even though bound to the appearance of text, anyway, play but an indirect role in the present concept, being not as such an objective of the research question. The concept of text use is in fact limited to verbal text, that is, to text structures in a narrow linguistic sense. Text concepts in the sense of non-verbal signals, as in body language, or of texture, as in the context of performance as text, are not taken into consideration. René Pollesch’s Kill your Darlings. Streets of Berladelphia, premiered 2012 in Berlin, Roger Bernat’s Numax Fagor Plus, Barcelona 2013, and Christina Schmutz’ and Frithwin Wagner-Lippok’s els suplicants//conviure a bcn, Barcelona 2015, will serve as paradigms. As in this investigation, instead of semantic qualities, the appearance of text in the performance is at stake, a phenomenological approach is taken, which seems particularly suitable for the investigation of the „thing itself“, that is, the experience – not the content – of text in performances, which is naturally connected with its appearance. Trying to refrain from any preceding meaning and knowledge („phenomenological reduction“) that might appear or be inferred from the text’s content, the phenomenological method addresses itself to the text’s immediate experience, that is, to its sensual and physical appearance. Phenomena hereby are all emergences of verbal text, manifesting in one’s own experience in the presence of a performance or reminiscence. Arising from the subjective perspective, this experience is phenomenologically analyzed by help of other contexts and correspondences structurally entangled with it.

The research is focused on modern collective housing projects whose forms of implantation stand out in the relationship with the urban context that precedes them. In the specific case of Barcelona, the task confronts the Cerdà block layout with the design strategy developed by the team of architects Guillermo Giráldez, Pedro López Íñigo and Javier Subías between 1959 and 1970. The focus point takes place on the Polígono del Sud-Oeste del Besós (1959). It compiles and edits varied graphic documentation on the peripheries and architecture of the residential complexes designed by the Giráldez-López-Subías team, with the aim of establishing relationships and conjectures. Project and city, Ensanche and periphery, buildings and plots, housing and collective space, are subjects that show the significance of an urban landscape built in a relatively short period of time, often yielded to economic constraints and the late process of urban infrastructure. It appeals, by one hand, to the revision of the documents of the projects held in the Historical Archive of the Col-legi d’Arquitectes de Catalunya (COAC) together with the exhaustive and valuable material of the archive of the Institut Municipal de l’Habitatge i Rehabilitació de Barcelona (IMHAB). By other hand, it presents a selection of photographs and maps recovered from various local archives, which, when contrasted with current graphic documents, organize an original story. The selection of photographs corroborates the narrative of the consolidation process and the current situation of the projects under study. At the same time they represent the collective memory that has built the image of the city: the collective imaginary. As such, “the perception of the city, which is not continuous but rather partial, fragmentary” (Lynch, 1984: 10), tends to eliminate in a subjective but conscious way what is irrelevant to it. The collective imaginary around the periphery and the massive housing projects has neglected important details that diverted attention from the quality of the architectural background and the formation of the urban landscape. In this way, an imaginary is not definitive if a new look is projected to reconstruct these past scenarios in order to put them in their current state and to observe the circumstances that have defined their fate. Amidst the symbolic force of traditional Barcelona represented by the Cerdà Plan, the Polígono del Sud-Oeste del Besós is designed as a housing system in accordance with the new needs of the modern city and at the same time is adapted to a prevailing layout. In derivation, it is analysed the residential work of the same team carried out as housing complexes: Conjunto Avenida Diagonal (1963), Conjunto en la calle Guipúzcoa (1964) and Conjunto en Avenida Gran Vía (1966). This shows that despite the fact that the projects undertaken respond to different social and economic situations, they reveal the notion of modern urban space and the intense development of collective space. They also coincide in having been located in what at that time was called the periphery, the place where the Cerdà layout had no action or was undefined due to the absence of buildings. The study of the projects as contrasted with the Cerdà block makes it possible to compare the urban fabric and the architectural project; the first, around the dialogue of infrastructure, green space, services and housing; the second, as the concrete reality that gives way to the collective experience. The study approaches the periphery from an historical perspective in order to highlight the process of urban consolidation. The Levante of Barcelona, for example, was a sector of late consolidation where the geometry of the Cerdà layout was transformed into a present but diffuse layer. At the time of populating the Levante, several reflections had already been made about the rigidity and lack of capacity of the Cerdà block to absorb the housing crisis. In 1953 the Regional Plan and the creation of the Partial Plans take place. Although the Plano Cerdà (1859) constituted the refoundation of Barcelona (Armesto, 1982: 94), the multiple Partial Plans developed since 1956 were actions in order to “refound” - in the manner of pieces - the depopulated peripheral territories. The initial authors of the Plan Parcial del Poblado Sud-Oeste del Besós were Pedro López, Javier Subías, José Puig Torné and Enrique Giralt Ortet, from the Patronato Municipal de la Vivienda. They formulated a housing system with the collective space as a protagonist, in order to organize through it the dwelling and the common buildings. This Plan set important guidelines for implementation, subdivision, heights and uses and guided several teams of architects to develop architectural designs. Pedro López, Javier Subías and Guillermo Giráldez were one of the teams that stood out in that task and which was also the first to design and build at the Polígono. In spite of being known only by a portion of the Polígono, it has been verified that they also designed the commercial pavilions, a civic center and other complementary services. It is true that the episode of massive housing, together with the lack of attention to social problems, triggered a series of regrettable events. However, it is possible to rescue effective facts that shaped the urban landscape and with it, to overcome the negative stigma on the periphery still present since its first appearance. To our days it is verified that, among the immense group of polygons of housing, the Polígono del Sud-Oeste del Besós has greatly contributed to the collective space and to the configuration of a vivid urban landscape. In the subsequent work of the team, designed as residential complexes, the strategy is repeated. Supported by the public professional practice that Pedro López carried out at the Planning Department of the Town Hall, the team managed to draw up the proposals for the respective Partial Plans and Building Regulations and then adjust them in their private office that had been operating since 1956. The architectural-urban approach favoured habitability and collective space over the mere construction of houses. It is evident how the team faces the task of reconciling urban and architectural scale, composing a system of visual, formal and constructive relations, even knowing that, except for the project for Avenida Diagonal, economic constraints were an important conditioning factor for its construction. Although the dwelling has contained a program of minimum dimensions, it had to ensure spatial well-being. In this aspect, the correct resolution of the floor architectural plan, articulating spaces and separating others, steers towards the design of the built-in furniture and the facade elements, all of them in harmony of composition and in modular rigor
La investigación se ocupa de proyectos modernos de vivienda colectiva cuyas formas de implantación sobresalen en la relación con el contexto urbano que le precede. En el caso específico de Barcelona, el ejercicio confronta el trazado de manzanas Cerdà con la estrategia proyectual desarrollada por el equipo de arquitectos Guillermo Giráldez, Pedro López Íñigo y Javier Subías entre 1959 y 1970. Como punto de partida, el trabajo toma al Polígono del Sud-Oeste del Besós (1959). Hace una compilación y edición de variada documentación gráfica en torno a las periferias y la arquitectura de los conjuntos residenciales realizados por el equipo Giráldez-López-Subías, con el fin de construir relaciones y conjeturas. Proyecto y ciudad, Ensanche y periferia, edificios y parcelas, vivienda y espacio colectivo, son tópicos que muestran la significación de un paisaje urbano construido en un periodo relativamente corto, doblegado muchas veces ante la estrechez económica y al tan tardío proceso de construcción de infraestructura urbana. Recurre a la revisión de los documentos de los proyectos salvaguardados en el Archivo Histórico del Col?legi d?Arquitectes de Catalunya (COAC) junto al exhaustivo y valioso material del archivo del l?Institut Municipal de l?Habitatge i Rehabilitació de Barcelona (IMHAB). A más, presenta una selección de fotografías y mapas rescatados de varios archivos locales, que al contraponerse con los documentos gráficos actuales, organizan un relato inédito. La selección de fotografías corrobora al relato del proceso de consolidación y a la situación actual de los proyectos en estudio. En medio de la fuerza simbólica de la Barcelona tradicional representada por el Plan Cerdà, el Polígono del Sud-Oeste del Besós se resuelve como un sistema de habitación de acuerdo a las nuevas necesidades de la ciudad moderna y al mismo tiempo se adapta a un trazado imperante. En derivación se analiza la obra residencial del mismo equipo resuelta como conjuntos habitacionales: Conjunto en la Rambla Guipúzcoa (1964-1965) Conjunto en Avenida Diagonal (1965-1967, 1973), y Conjunto en Avenida Gran Vía (1967-1969). Con ello se evidencia que a pesar de que los proyectos abordados responden a distintas situaciones sociales y económicas, revelan la noción de espacio urbano moderno y el desarrollo intenso del espacio colectivo. Coinciden además en haber sido emplazados en lo que en aquella época se denominaba periferia, aquel lugar donde la traza Cerdà no tenía acción o se mostraba indefinida por causa de la ausencia de edificación. De esta forma, el estudio aborda a la periferia desde una perspectiva histórica para poner en relieve el proceso de consolidación urbana. El estudio del Polígono del Sud-Oeste del Besós en contraposición con la manzana Cerdà posibilita entonces, la comparación entre tejido urbano y proyecto arquitectónico; el primero, en torno al diálogo de infraestructura, espacio verde, servicios y vivienda; el segundo, como la realidad concreta que da paso a la experiencia colectiva. Se verifica que en la obra posterior al Polígono, resuelta como conjuntos residenciales, la estrategia empleada se repite. Apoyados en el ejercicio profesional público que Pedro López desempeñaba en el Departamento de Urbanismo del Ayuntamiento, el equipo Giráldez-López-Subías logra esbozar las propuestas para los Planes Parciales y Ordenaciones respectivas para luego afinarlas en el despacho privado que desde 1956 mantenían operativo. El planteamiento arquitectónico-urbano apostaba por la habitabilidad y el espacio colectivo por sobre la mera construcción de viviendas. En este aspecto, la correcta resolución de la planta articulando espacios y separando otros deriva hacia el diseño de los mobiliarios empotrados y los elementos de fachada, todos ellos en armonía de composición y en rigor modular.

Mestrado em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
Although the Portuguese oak wood (Quercus faginea L.) has been used in shipbuilding in the past, nowadays it has hardly any use and the knowledge about it is scarce, which requires the characterization and study of its potential for noble use. In this study physical and mechanical properties of Portuguese oak were determined, and the resistance to attack by subterranean termites evaluated, using standard methodologies. Ten trees were used from two regions in Trás-os-Montes. The results showed that this wood is heavy (870 kg/m3), has a heartwood with a very high hardness (101 N/mm2), with low bending strength (99 N/mm2), medium compression strength (47 N/mm2) and is moderately durable regarding termite attack. To evaluate its behavior in composite products, 30 oak wood pieces with three thicknesses were produced and glued on spruce wood (Picea abies H. Karsten). The results showed that hardness of the composites was not very affected for the tested oak wood dimensions.------------------------------Apesar de a madeira de carvalho português (Quercus faginea L.) ter sido aplicada no passado na construção naval, hoje pouco se utiliza e pouco se conhece, o que requer a sua caracterização e o estudo do seu potencial para uso nobre. Neste trabalho determinaram-se propriedades físico-mecânicas da madeira de carvalho português e avaliou-se a sua resistência ao ataque de térmitas subterrâneas, utilizando metodologias normalizadas. Foram utilizadas dez árvores provenientes de duas regiões de Trás-os-Montes. Os resultados mostraram que a madeira é pesada (870 kg/m3), tem dureza muito alta no cerne (101 N/mm2) e apresenta resistência fraca quanto à tensão de ruptura à flexão estática (99 N/mm2) e média quanto à compressão (47 N/mm2). Face ao ataque de térmitas subterrâneas, esta madeira é classificada como moderadamente durável. Para avaliar o comportamento em produtos compósitos, produziram-se 30 peças com três espessuras de madeira de carvalho português, coladas a madeira de espruce (Picea abies H. Karsten). Os resultados demonstram que a qualidade dos produtos compósitos quanto à sua dureza não é fortemente afectada para as dimensões estudadas.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Biodiversidade, apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.
Os macrofungos desempenham um papel fundamental nos ecossistemas florestais; contudo, durante muito tempo o estudo da sua diversidade em habitats mediterrânicos não acompanhou o desenvolvimento evidenciado no norte da Europa. Nos últimos anos esta diferença tem diminuído consideravelmente e o conhecimento da elevada riqueza e diversidade associada a estes ecossistemas tem vindo a progredir. O presente trabalho pretendeu contribuir para o conhecimento da micoflora de bosques nativos muito pouco explorados. Concretamente, propusemo-nos estudar as comunidades de macrofungos associadas a dois habitats mediterrânicos nativos no maciço calcário de Sicó Alvaiázere e protegidos pela directiva Habitats: os cercais de Quercus faginea subsp. broteroi ou carvalho-português (Habitat 9240) e os azinhais de Quercus rotundifolia ou azinheira (Habitat 9340). A dissertação está organizada da seguinte forma: Na Introdução geral (Cap 1), através de revisão bibliográfica, salienta-se a importância e as dificuldades do estudo da diversidade de macrofungos, bem como a conservação de macrofungos em ecossistemas florestais, e apresenta-se um resumo da investigação realizada em Portugal. A área de estudo (incluída na rede Natura 2000) e os bosques nativos de Quercus faginea subsp. broteroi e de Quercus rotundifolia são alvo de caracterização detalhada. No cap. 2 descrevem-se os materiais e os métodos de amostragem de identificação e de análise dos dados dos macrofungos, bem como dos inventários florísticos e análises dos solos. Os resultados do estudo comparativo de dois métodos de amostragem - método oportunista e o método das parcelas permanentes - são apresentados e discutidos no capítulo 3. Os resultados obtidos são explorados em função da (i) riqueza e diversidade de espécies, (ii) da distribuição de espécies por grupo trófico e substrato de frutificação, (iii) raridade e conspicuidade das espécies, e (iv) composição das comunidades de macrofungos. No cap. 4 descreve-se a estrutura e a composição das comunidades de macrofungos amostradas nos dois tipos de bosque; a riqueza e a diversidade de espécies de cada comunidade. As relações entre as comunidades de plantas e de macrofungos são exploradas e analisadas bem como a influência de variáveis ambientais, espaciais e meteorológicas na presença, abundância e frequência da frutificação dos macrofungos. No cap. 5 apresentam-se as conclusões do trabalho realizado
Macrofungi play a critical role in forest ecosystems but for a long time the study of their diversity in Mediterranean habitats did not follow the development evidenced in northern Europe. In recent years this difference has diminished considerably and the high diversity associated to these ecosystems is starting to become better known. This work was intended as a further contribution to overcome this gap. In this sense, the present work was set out to study the macrofungi communities associated with two native Mediterranean habitats of the massive limestone Sico-Alvaiázere protected by the Habitats Directive: the forests of Quercus faginea subsp. broteroi or Portuguese oak (Habitat 9240) and the forests of Quercus rotundifolia or holm oak (Habitat 9349). This thesis contains 4 substantive chapters followed by conclusions: The general Introduction (Chapter 1) presents a literature review focussing on the importance and difficulties associated to the study of macrofungi diversity as well as its conservation in forest ecosystems. It presents a summary of the macrofungi research conducted in Portugal. The study area (included in the Natura 2000 network) and the native forests of Quercus faginea subsp. broteroi and Quercus rotundifolia are also subject of detailed characterization. Chapter 2 describes materials, sampling and identification methods used throughout this work as well as data analysis, floristic inventories and soil analysis methods. Chapter 3 tests the two sampling methods used in this work: plot-based and opportunistic. We aimed to compare the results in terms of (i) richness and diversity of species, (ii) distribution of species among trophic group and substrate, (iii) rarity and conspicuity and (iv) community composition. The cap. 4 explores the structure and composition of Macrofungi communities associated with the two types of woods as well as the richness and diversity of species in each community. The relationships between plants and macrofungi communities were investigated and analyzed as well as the influence of environmental, spatial and meteorological variables in the presence, abundance and frequency of macrofungi fruiting. Finally, chapter 5 presents the conclusions of this work.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente
Os produtos farmacêuticos são um dos pilares fundamentais na estratégia terapêutica de numerosas doenças, com efeitos positivos em termos de longevidade, qualidade de vida e melhoria do estado de saúde das pessoas. Contudo, o reconhecimento dos potenciais benefícios dos produtos farmacêuticos tem contribuído para uma utilização abusiva e irracional dos mesmos pelas sociedades modernas, sendo anualmente consumidos a nível mundial, em particular nos países mais desenvolvidos, uma grande quantidade de compostos farmacêuticos de diferentes classes terapêuticas. Como consequência da imensa quantidade produzida e libertada por toda a sociedade têm levado a que o meio ambiente esteja exposto continuamente à sua presença. Com efeito, nas últimas décadas vários estudos realizados detetaram a presença de numerosos fármacos no ambiente, em concentrações que variam entre g L-1 e ng L-1, nomeadamente nos sistemas aquáticos e nos solos, o que levanta grandes preocupações devido ao impacto destes no ambiente e na saúde humana. Neste trabalho, o principal objetivo foi desenvolver uma metodologia capaz de reduzir a descarga destes poluentes para o meio hídrico. O processo apresentado é a bioadsorção utilizando cascas de Carvalho-Português, um subproduto natural, barato e abundante, resultante da indústria de processamento da madeira. A caracterização deste adsorvente a nível químico revelou a presença de grupos funcionais (grupos carbonilo e hidroxilo) à superfície que conferem a este material afinidade química relativamente aos contaminantes em estudo. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a taxa de remoção varia significativamente em função do fármaco estudado e do tamanho da partícula do adsorvente. A capacidade de adsorção das cascas foi avaliada para a remoção de três fármacos, Carbamazepina, Cafeína e Paracetamol, a partir de soluções aquosas. Avaliou-se a capacidade de adsorção para soluções individuais e para misturas binárias e ternárias dos fármacos em estudo. No caso da Cafeína a percentagem de remoção máxima alcançada foi de 88% para o bioadsorvente grão fino e de cerca de 75% para o bioadsorvente grão grosso. Para o paracetamol as taxas de remoção alcançadas foram de 70% e 41%, para os bioadsorventes de grão fino e grão grosso, respetivamente. A carbamazepina, apresentou as percentagens de remoção mais elevadas, 98% para grão fino e 92% para grão grosso. No caso das misturas binárias e ternárias os resultados obtidos mostraram que as eficiências de remoção dos fármacos não são afetadas pela presença dos outros fármacos, alcançando-se percentagens de remoção semelhantes às obtidas para as soluções individuais, exceto para o paracetamol. No caso da mistura ternária, a presença dos outros fármacos afeta a adsorção do paracetamol baixando para metade a respetiva percentagem de remoção. Dos dois modelos matemáticos aplicados, as isotérmicas de adsorção de Langmuir e de Freundlich, verificou-se que foi o modelo de Freundlich o que melhor descreve os sistemas estudados. Os parâmetros obtidos a partir deste modelo corroboraram os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de adsorção, confirmando que as constantes de adsorção dos fármacos seguem a seguinte ordem: Carbamazepina> Cafeína> Paracetamol. Considerando as percentagens de remoção obtidas nos ensaios efetuados, pode-se considerar que a casca de carvalho por ser um bioadsorvente promissor para o tratamento de águas contaminadas com Carbamazepina, Cafeína e Paracetamol.
Pharmaceutical products are one of the fundamental pillars in therapeutic strategy of numerous illnesses, with positive effects in terms of longevity, life quality and improving the state of health in people. However, the recognition of the potential benefits of pharmaceutical products has contributed to a misuse of same, by irrational and modern societies, being consumed annually at world level, in particular in the more developed countries, a large quantity of pharmaceutical compounds of different therapeutic classes. As a consequence, of the immense quantity produced and released by the whole of society, have led to the environment is continuously exposed to its presence. As a consequence of the immense quantity produced and released by the society have led to the environment is continuously exposed to its presence. In fact, in the last decades several studies performed detect the presence of many drugs in the environment, in concentrations that vary between g L-1e ng L-1, in particular in aquatic systems and in the soil, which raises major concerns due to the impact of these on the environment and human health. Different sources of dissemination of this type of contaminants are identified in the environment. The objective of this work was to develop a methodology capable of reducing the discharge of these pollutants to the water. The process submitted is the bioadsorption using Portuguese oak bark, a natural byproduct, cheap and abundant, resulting from the wood-processing industry. The chemical characterization of the adsorbent revealed the presence of functional groups (carbonyl and hydroxyl groups) to the surface that give to this material chemical affinity to the contaminants in study. The results obtained showed that the rate of removing varies significantly depending on the drug studied and the size of the particles of the adsorbent. The adsorption capacity of Portuguese oak bark was evaluated for the removal of three drugs, Carbamazepine, Caffeine and Paracetamol, from aqueous solutions. It was evaluated the adsorption capacity for individual solutions and for binary and ternary mixtures of the drugs under study. In the case of caffeine the percentage of maximum removal was 88% for the bioadsorvente with particles of smaller size and around 75% for the bioadsorvente with larger particles. For paracetamol, removal rates reached were 70% and 41%, for the bioadsorventes with particles of smaller and larger, respectively. Carbamazepine, presented the percentages of higher removal, 98% for the particles of smaller size and 92% for the particles of larger size. In the case of binary and ternary mixtures the results obtained showed that the efficiencies of removal of drugs are not affected by the presence of other drugs, reaching percentages of removing similar to those obtained for individual solutions, except for paracetamol. In the case of ternary mixture, the presence of other drugs affects the adsorption of paracetamol by downloading for half the respective percentage of removal. Of the two mathematical models applied, the adsorption isotherms Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm, it was found that was the Freundlich model which best describes the systems studied. The parameters obtained from this model corroborate the results obtained in the tests of adsorption, confirming that the constants of adsorption of the drugs follow the following order: Carbamazepine > Caffeine > Paracetamol. Whereas the percentages of removing obtained in tests performed, one may consider that the oak bark per be a promising bioadsorvente for the treatment of contaminated water with Carbamazepine, Caffeine and Paracetamol.

Dissertação de mestrado em Ecologia, apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.
As florestas são ecossistemas muito importantes, responsáveis por muitos serviços vitais para os seres humanos, e estão diretamente dependentes da biodiversidade. Porém, as ações humanas têm contribuído para a alteração rápida da composição, estrutura e função da maior parte dos ecossistemas, incluindo das florestas, levando a alterações nos serviços essenciais para a sobrevivência humana. A destruição, alteração e homogeneização das florestas podem ser responsáveis pela perda de espécies e deterioração do funcionamento dos ecossistemas. A coexistência das diferentes espécies vai depender principalmente da disponibilidade de recursos tróficos. As florestas portuguesas dominadas originalmente por Quercus sp. têm vindo a sofrer alterações devido à implementação de agricultura intensiva, e mais recentemente ao abandono agrícola, e à introdução de espécies exóticas, como o Eucalyptus globulus e a Acacia dealbata. Além disso, as florestas passaram a ser geridas pelo Homem o que contribuiu para o aumento de plantações de monoculturas. Espera-se que estas mudanças afetem não só as comunidades vegetais, mas também podem ser altamente negativas para a diversidade e abundancia de artrópodes e assim afetando os restantes níveis tróficos das cadeias alimentares. Neste estudo pretendemos comparar a abundância, diversidade e disponibilidade de recursos primários (i.e. vegetais) e de artrópodes ao longo de um ano em bosques exóticos (plantações de eucaliptos Eucalyptus globulus e bosques de acácias Acacia dealbata) e bosques nativos e naturalizados (bosques dominados por Quercus faginea e plantações de pinheiro-bravo Pinus pinaster, respetivamente). Três tipos de recursos primários: flores, folhas e frutos, foram contabilizados entre janeiro e dezembro de 2014. Além disso, os artrópodes foram amostrados no verão de 2013 e no inverno e primavera de 2014. Verificámos que nos bosques nativos, os recursos primários foram mais diversos, mais abundantes e mais homogeneamente distribuídos no tempo do que nas plantações e nos bosques de acácia. Relativamente aos artrópodes, apenas se registaram-se diferenças significativas na abundância, diversidade e biomassa de artrópodes entre as estações do ano. A biomassa média de artrópodes durante o verão foi bastante mais elevada na floresta nativa, mas a grande variabilidade dos dados impediu que as diferenças fossem significativas. Possivelmente um maior número de estações de amostragem seria importante em estudos futuros, nomeadamente devido à elevada fragmentação dos habitats na área de estudo. Os bosques de acácia e as plantações de eucaliptos produzem um grande número de folhas e flores, altamente concentrados nos meses de inverno. No entanto, tal pico na produção de recursos não foi acompanhado por um aumento na biomassa e riqueza específica de artrópodes. Tal poderá ser explicado pelas condições climatéricas desfavoráveis nesta altura do ano, o que indica que no centro de Portugal o valor em termos de recursos primários que estes bosques e plantações de espécies exóticas podem proporcionar para níveis tróficos superiores é relativamente reduzido.
Forests are very important ecosystems, responsible for many vital services to humans and are directly dependent on biodiversity. However, human actions have contributed to the rapid change in the composition, structure and function of most ecosystems, causing changes in essential services for human survival. The destruction, alteration and homogenization are responsible for the loss of species, and deterioration of forest ecosystem. The coexistence of different species will depend chiefly on the availability of trophic resources. The Portuguese forests originally dominated by Quercus sp. have been suffering changes due to the implementation of intensive agriculture and the introduction of exotic species, such as Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia dealbata. Furthermore, forests started to be managed by Human that contributed to the increase of monoculture tree plantations. These changes can be particularly negative not only for vegetation, but also to the diversity and abundance of arthropods and thus also to other trophic levels of food webs. In this study we will compare the abundance and diversity of primary resources available and arthropods over an entire year in exotic woods (eucalyptus plantations Eucalyptus globulus and acacia woods Acacia dealbata) and native and naturalized woods (woods dominated by Quercus faginea and Pinus pinaster plantations respectively). Three types of primary resources: flowers, leaves and fruits were recorded between January and December (2014) in the three habitats. Arthropods were sampled during summer (2013) and winter and spring (2014). We found that in native woods, primary resources were more diverse, more abundant and more widely spaced in time than in plantations and acacia woodlands. While only season was identified to significantly affect the abundance, diversity and biomass of arthropods. The mean arthropods biomass, during the summer was much higher in native woods, but the large data variability prevented the identification of significant differences. It is possible that a great number of sampling stations would be important in future studies, particularly due to the high fragmentation of the habitats in the study area. We also found that acacia and eucalyptus stands provide a large number of flowers and leaves, largely concentrated on few winter months. However such strong increase in resources was not matched by an increase in the biomass and richness of arthropods, because environmental conditions are much less favorable to arthropods at this time of the year. This suggests that although stands with exotic plant species provide many resources at specific periods of the year in the center of Portugal, these should be little used by higher trophic levels.