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Journal articles on the topic 'Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Shul'man, Z. P., L. V. Markova, and A. A. Makhanek. "Rheological factor and Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect." Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 68, no. 3 (1996): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00859048.

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Goldsmith, H. L., G. R. Cokelet, and P. Gaehtgens. "Robin Fahraeus: evolution of his concepts in cardiovascular physiology." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 257, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): H1005—H1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1989.257.3.h1005.

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We give an account of the work of Robin Fahraeus over the years 1917–1938, his contribution to our understanding of blood rheology, and its relevance to circulatory physiology. Fahraeus published few original papers on this subject, yet he clearly understood the phenomena occurring in the tube flow of mammalian blood. 1) The concentration of cells in a tube less than 0.3 mm in diameter differs from that in the larger feed tube or reservoir, the Fahraeus effect. This is due to a difference in the mean velocity of cells and plasma in the smaller vessel associated with a nonuniform distribution of the cells. 2) In tubes less than 0.3 mm in diameter, the resistance to blood flow decreases with decreasing tube diameter, the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect. We define and generalize the two effects and describe how red cell aggregation at low shear rates affects cell vessel concentration and resistance to flow. The fluid mechanical principles underlying blood cell lateral migration in tube flow and its application to Fahraeus' work are discussed. Experimental data on the Fahraeus and Fahraeus-Lindqvist effects are given for red cells, white cells, and platelets. Finally, the extension of the classical Fahraeus effect to microcirculatory beds, the Fahraeus Network effect, is described. One of the explanations for the observed, very low average capillary hematocrits is that the low values are due to a combination of the repeated phase separation of red cells and plasma at capillary bifurcations (network effect) and the single-vessel Fahraeus effect.

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McKay, C. B., and H. J. Meiselman. "Osmolality-mediated Fahraeus and Fahraeus-Lindqvist effects for human RBC suspensions." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 254, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): H238—H249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1988.254.2.h238.

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The effects of suspending medium osmolality (166 to 836 mosm/kg) on flow in narrow bore tubes (33- to 146-microns diameter) were studied for 40% hematocrit suspensions of human red blood cells (RBC) in buffer; concurrent measurements of viscosity (eta r) and tube hematocrit (HT) allowed evaluation of the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect (FLE) and Fahraeus effect (FE). The FLE and FE were present for all suspensions regardless of osmolality. Viscosity increased markedly for the hypertonic media, and the FLE was more pronounced for the hypertonic region; changes in eta r from 146 to 33 microns were -22% (220 mosm/kg), -34% (290 mosm/kg), and -45% (460 mosm/kg). In contrast, HT and hence the FE were relatively insensitive to osmolality (14% change over entire range of osmolality and diameter). Suspension viscosities in 33- and 146-microns tubes could not, in general, be accurately calculated using experimental HT values combined with eta r -HT data from 340-microns tubes; however, a semiempirical model indicated that 1) RBC number concentration in the tube and tube diameter per RBC volume are primary determinants of eta r, and 2) eta r can be predicted over a wide range of osmolalities and tube diameters. RBC transport efficiency was a function of both tube diameter and osmolality (maximum for 33 micron at approximately equal to 400 mosm/kg). Our results appear applicable to blood flow in nonisotonic regions of the circulation and to estimation of blood viscosity in microcirculatory vessels.

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Fonseca de Brito, Patricia, Lucas Diego Mota Meneses, Rodrigo Weber dos Santos, and Rafael Alves Bonfim de Queiroz. "Automatic construction of 3D models of arterial tree incorporating the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect." C.Q.D. – Revista Eletrônica Paulista de Matemática 10 (December 2017): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21167/cqdvol10ermac201723169664pfbldmmrwsrabq3849.

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Majhi, S. N., and L. Usha. "Modelling the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect through fluids of differential type." International Journal of Engineering Science 26, no. 5 (January 1988): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7225(88)90008-0.

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Huo, Yunlong, and Ghassan S. Kassab. "Effect of compliance and hematocrit on wall shear stress in a model of the entire coronary arterial tree." Journal of Applied Physiology 107, no. 2 (August 2009): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91013.2008.

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A hemodynamic analysis is implemented in the entire coronary arterial tree of diastolically arrested, vasodilated pig heart that takes into account vessel compliance and blood viscosity in each vessel of a large-scale simulation involving millions of vessels. The feed hematocrit (Hct) is varied at the inlet of the coronary arterial tree, and the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect and phase separation are considered throughout the vasculature. The major findings are as follows: 1) vessel compliance is the major determinant of nonlinearity of the pressure-flow relation, and 2) changes in Hct influence wall shear stress (WSS) in epicardial coronary arteries more significantly than in transmural and perfusion arterioles because of the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect. The present study predicts the flow rate as a second-order polynomial function of inlet pressure due to vessel compliance. WSS in epicardial coronary arteries increases >15% with an increase of feed Hct from 45% to 60% and decreases >15% with a decrease of feed Hct from 45% to 30%, whereas WSS in small arterioles is not affected as feed Hct changes in this range. These findings have important implications for acute Hct changes under vasodilated conditions.

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Stergiou, Yorgos G., Aggelos T. Keramydas, Antonios D. Anastasiou, Aikaterini A. Mouza, and Spiros V. Paras. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Blood Flow in μ-vessels: Influence of the Fahraeus–Lindqvist Effect." Fluids 4, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids4030143.

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The study of hemodynamics is particularly important in medicine and biomedical engineering as it is crucial for the design of new implantable devices and for understanding the mechanism of various diseases related to blood flow. In this study, we experimentally identify the cell free layer (CFL) width, which is the result of the Fahraeus–Lindqvist effect, as well as the axial velocity distribution of blood flow in microvessels. The CFL extent was determined using microscopic photography, while the blood velocity was measured by micro-particle image velocimetry (μ-PIV). Based on the experimental results, we formulated a correlation for the prediction of the CFL width in small caliber (D < 300 μm) vessels as a function of a modified Reynolds number (Re∞) and the hematocrit (Hct). This correlation along with the lateral distribution of blood viscosity were used as input to a “two-regions” computational model. The reliability of the code was checked by comparing the experimentally obtained axial velocity profiles with those calculated by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. We propose a methodology for calculating the friction loses during blood flow in μ-vessels, where the Fahraeus–Lindqvist effect plays a prominent role, and show that the pressure drop may be overestimated by 80% to 150% if the CFL is neglected.

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Reinke, W., P. Gaehtgens, and P. C. Johnson. "Blood viscosity in small tubes: effect of shear rate, aggregation, and sedimentation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 253, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): H540—H547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1987.253.3.h540.

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Apparent viscosity was determined in vertical glass tubes (ID 30.2-132.3 microns) with suspensions of human red cells in A) serum, B) saline containing 0.5 g/100 ml albumin, C) plasma, and D) plasma containing Dextran 250 at a feed hematocrit of 0.45. Pressure-flow relationships were obtained in a range of pseudo-shear rates (mu) between 0.15 and 250 s-1. Relative viscosities in the nonaggregating suspensions (A and B) were found to increase monotonically with decreasing mu. The Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect was present in the entire range of mu. In the two aggregating suspensions (C and D), viscosities increased initially in larger but not small tubes with declining mu and fell in all tubes at some characteristic mu (usually below 10 s-1). Viscosity reduction was greater in the larger tubes and in suspensions with greater aggregation tendency. With suspension D, the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect was eliminated in the lowermost shear-rate range. The cell-free marginal zone increased in width (to a maximum of approximately 40% of tube radius) as viscosity declined. Measurements of viscosity and cell-free marginal zone were also performed with suspension C in tubes mounted in horizontal position. In contrast to vertical tubes, a monotonic increase in viscosity was found with decreasing mu, associated with cell sedimentation and development of a cell-free layer only in the upper portion of the tubes.

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MAJHI, S., and L. USHA. "A mathematical note on the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect in power law fluid." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 47, no. 6 (1985): 765–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8240(85)90040-0.

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GHOFRANI MAAB, M., and S. M. MOUSAVIAN. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF RBCs MIGRATION TOWARD THE CENTER AREA OF THE ARTERIOLE, FAHRAEUS–LINDQVIST EFFECT." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 12, no. 04 (September 2012): 1250082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519412500820.

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In this paper, in order to investigate movement of Red Blood Cells (RBCs) toward the centre area of blood vessels CFD modeling is done. Subjects of this study are a sample of arteriole vessel with 8 mm inside diameter without any branch (1st model) and another vessel which has 8 mm inside diameter, with a side branch by 2 mm inside diameter (2nd model). In 1st model, four different inlet velocities are applied to see the effect of boundary condition on wall shear stress and volume fraction. The multiphase model is extended to include the blood rheological properties at low shear rates that present the non-Newtonian CFD model. In addition, Eulerian multiphase CFD approach is adopted for describing the hemodynamic of blood flows. The migration and segregation of red blood cells in disturbed flow regions are evaluated. This behavior of blood was attributed to flow-dependent interactions of RBCs in blood flow. Moreover, the effect of inlet velocity on RBCs aggregation and WSS is clearly recognizable from results. This two-phase hemodynamic analysis may have application to study those kinds of vascular diseases which are dealing with RBCs change in size and shape with in vivo complex flow conditions.

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XENOS, MICHALIS, and ANASTASIOS RAPTIS. "MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC EFFECTS ON THE GRANULAR TEMPERATURE OF RED BLOOD CELLS IN MICROVASCULATURE." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 17, no. 01 (February 2017): 1750003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519417500038.

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The migration of Red Blood Cells (RBCs) from the wall towards the center of a narrow vessel is the result of the Fahraeus–Lindqvist effect which contemplates the dependence of viscosity and diameter. The kinetic theory explains the formation of the near-wall cell-depleted layer introducing the granular temperature that is defined as the mean square of RBCs fluctuations. The proposed mathematical model elucidates the effect of an externally applied magnetic field on the velocity and granular temperature of RBCs in a microvasculature. The effect of the volume fraction of RBCs on the velocity and granular temperature profiles is also presented and discussed. Based on the insight of the kinetic theory, the application of a stronger static magnetic field probably leads to a restriction of the migration process of RBCs towards the center of the microvessel.

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Khajohnsaksumeth, N., B. Wiwatanapataphee, and Y. H. Wu. "The Effect of Boundary Slip on the Transient Pulsatile Flow of a Modified Second-Grade Fluid." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/858597.

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We investigate the effect of boundary slip on the transient pulsatile fluid flow through a vessel with body acceleration. The Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect, expressing the fluid behavior near the wall by the Newtonian fluid while in the core by a non-Newtonian fluid, is also taken into account. To describe the non-Newtonian behavior, we use the modified second-grade fluid model in which the viscosity and the normal stresses are represented in terms of the shear rate. The complete set of equations are then established and formulated in a dimensionless form. For a special case of the material parameter, we derive an analytical solution for the problem, while for the general case, we solve the problem numerically. Our subsequent analytical and numerical results show that the slip parameter has a very significant influence on the velocity profile and also on the convergence rate of the numerical solutions.

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Possenti, Luca, Simone di Gregorio, Fannie Maria Gerosa, Giorgio Raimondi, Giustina Casagrande, Maria Laura Costantino, and Paolo Zunino. "A computational model for microcirculation including Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect, plasma skimming and fluid exchange with the tissue interstitium." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering 35, no. 3 (November 20, 2018): e3165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnm.3165.

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Zilow, Eugen P., and Otwin Linderkamp. "Viscosity Reduction of Red Blood Cells from Preterm and Full-Term Neonates and Adults in Narrow Tubes (Fahraeus-Lindqvist Effect)." Pediatric Research 25, no. 6 (June 1989): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198906000-00009.

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SWAMINATHAN, T. N., K. MUKUNDAKRISHNAN, P. S. AYYASWAMY, and D. M. ECKMANN. "Effect of a soluble surfactant on a finite-sized bubble motion in a blood vessel." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 642 (December 23, 2009): 509–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009992692.

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We present detailed results for the motion of a finite-sized gas bubble in a blood vessel. The bubble (dispersed phase) size is taken to be such as to nearly occlude the vessel. The bulk medium is treated as a shear thinning Casson fluid and contains a soluble surfactant that adsorbs and desorbs from the interface. Three different vessel sizes, corresponding to a small artery, a large arteriole, and a small arteriole, in normal humans, are considered. The haematocrit (volume fraction of RBCs) has been taken to be 0.45. For arteriolar flow, where relevant, the Fahraeus–Lindqvist effect is taken into account. Bubble motion causes temporal and spatial gradients of shear stress at the cell surface lining the vessel wall as the bubble approaches the cell, moves over it and passes it by. Rapid reversals occur in the sign of the shear stress imparted to the cell surface during this motion. Shear stress gradients together with sign reversals are associated with a recirculation vortex at the rear of the moving bubble. The presence of the surfactant reduces the level of the shear stress gradients imparted to the cell surface as compared to an equivalent surfactant-free system. Our numerical results for bubble shapes and wall shear stresses may help explain phenomena observed in experimental studies related to gas embolism, a significant problem in cardiac surgery and decompression sickness.

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Pries, A. R., D. Neuhaus, and P. Gaehtgens. "Blood viscosity in tube flow: dependence on diameter and hematocrit." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 263, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): H1770—H1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1992.263.6.h1770.

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Since the original publications by Martini et al. (Dtsch. Arch. Klin. Med. 169: 212–222, 1930) and Fahraeus and Lindqvist (Am. J. Physiol. 96: 562–568, 1931), it has been known that the relative apparent viscosity of blood in tube flow depends on tube diameter. Quantitative descriptions of this effect and of the dependence of blood viscosity on hematocrit in the different diameter tubes are required for the development of hydrodynamic models of blood flow through the microcirculation. The present study provides a comprehensive data base for the description of relative apparent blood viscosity as a function of tube diameter and hematocrit. Data available from the literature are compiled, and new experimental data obtained in a capillary viscometer are presented. The combined data base comprises measurements at high shear rates (u > or = 50 s-1) in tubes with diameters ranging from 3.3 to 1,978 microns at hematocrits of up to 0.9. If corrected for differences in suspending medium viscosity and temperature, the data show remarkable agreement. Empirical fitting equations predicting relative apparent blood viscosity from tube diameter and hematocrit are presented. A pronounced change in the hematocrit dependence of relative viscosity is observed in a range of tube diameters in which viscosity is minimal. While a linear hematocrit-viscosity relationship is found in tubes of < or = 6 microns, an overproportional increase of viscosity with hematocrit prevails in tubes of > or = 9 microns. This is interpreted to reflect the hematocrit-dependent transition from single- to multifile arrangement of cells in flow.

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Mukundakrishnan, K., P. S. Ayyaswamy, and D. M. Eckmann. "Bubble Motion in a Blood Vessel: Shear Stress Induced Endothelial Cell Injury." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 131, no. 7 (July 1, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3153310.

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Mechanisms governing endothelial cell (EC) injury during arterial gas embolism have been investigated. Such mechanisms involve multiple scales. We have numerically investigated the macroscale flow dynamics due to the motion of a nearly occluding finite-sized air bubble in blood vessels of various sizes. Non-Newtonian behavior due to both the shear-thinning rheology of the blood and the Fahraeus–Lindqvist effect has been considered. The occluding bubble dynamics lends itself for an axisymmetric treatment. The numerical solutions have revealed several hydrodynamic features in the vicinity of the bubble. Large temporal and spatial shear stress gradients occur on the EC surface. The stress variations manifest in the form of a traveling wave. The gradients are accompanied by rapid sign changes. These features are ascribable to the development of a region of recirculation (vortex ring) in the proximity of the bubble. The shear stress gradients together with sign reversals may partially act as potential causes in the disruption of endothelial cell membrane integrity and functionality.

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