Academic literature on the topic 'Failed areas'
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Journal articles on the topic "Failed areas"
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Mustata, Dana. "‘Failed Interviews’." Many Lives of Europe’s Audiovisual Heritage 7, no. 13 (2018): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/2213-0969.2018.jethc146.
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This article zooms into the practice and historiographical implications of doing television history with women. Drawing primarily upon interviews with women having worked at Romanian television during communism, the article develops a conceptual understanding of ‘feminine voices’ as primary sources into television history. It situates these gendered historical sources within historiographical practices of accessing neglected, marginalized or silenced areas in television history, in other words, the ‘blind spots’ in the medium’s history.
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Pakhomova, Elizaveta. "«Failed State» and «Gray Areas» of World Politics: the Present Generation or Past." Vestnik of the Omsk Law Academy 14, no. 1 (2017): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.19073/2306-1340-2017-14-1-10-14.
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Hess, Paul M., and Robert Lewis. "Property Rights, Redevelopment Areas, and Toronto Ratepayer Associations in the 1950s." Journal of Urban History 45, no. 2 (2017): 279–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144217696987.
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In the 1950s, Toronto ratepayer associations inserted themselves into debates about property relations and the appropriate use of the City’s new redevelopment authority as then being tested by elected officials and developers. Two case studies are presented: a designated redevelopment area where the City failed to close a deal with development firms, and a request, ultimately denied, by a developer group to to have the City establish another area to acquire the properties they had failed to. In both cases, ratepayer associations did not question City expropriation of private property if done for a sufficiently public purpose but argued vehemently against City expropriation of land from one set of private owners to benefit another. Although it is not possible to fully know the effect ratepayer associations had on these failed attempts of using redevelopment authority, they should be seen as urban social movements organized to protect local property rights from developers and a new interventionist local state.
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Howitt, Richard. "Sustainable indigenous futures in remote Indigenous areas: relationships, processes and failed state approaches." GeoJournal 77, no. 6 (2010): 817–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10708-010-9377-3.
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Praamstra, P., and F. M. Plat. "Failed Suppression of Direct Visuomotor Activation in Parkinson's Disease." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, no. 1 (2001): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892901564153.
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The response times in choice-reaction tasks are faster when the relative spatial positions of stimulus and response match than when they do not match, even when the spatial relation is irrelevant to response choice. This spatial stimulus—response (S-R) compatibility effect (i.e., the Simon effect) is attributed in part to the automatic activation of spatially corresponding responses, which need to be suppressed when the spatial location of stimulus and correct response do not correspond. The present study tested patients with Parkinson's disease and healthy control subjects in a spatial S-R compatibility task in order to investigate whether basal ganglia dysfunction in Parkinson's disease leads to disinhibition of direct visuomotor activation. High-density event-related brain potential recordings were used to chart the cortical activity accompanying attentional orientation and response selection. Response time measures demonstrated a failure to inhibit automatic response activation in Parkinson patients, which was revealed by taking into account a sequence-dependent modulation of the Simon effect. Event-related potential (ERP) recordings demonstrated that visuospatial orientation to target stimuli was accompanied by signal-locked activity above motor areas of the cortex, with similar latencies but an enhanced amplitude in patients compared to control subjects. The results suggest that inhibitory modulation of automatic, stimulus-driven, visuomotor activation occurs after the initial sensory activation of motor cortical areas. The failed inhibition in Parkinson's disease appears therefore related to a disturbance in processes that prevent early attention-related visuomotor activation, within motor areas, from actually evoking a response.
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Burahee, Abdus S., Andrew D. Sanders, and Dominic M. Power. "The management of failed cubital tunnel decompression." EFORT Open Reviews 6, no. 9 (2021): 735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.6.200135.
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Cubital tunnel decompression is a commonly performed operation with a much higher failure rate than carpal tunnel release. Failed cubital tunnel release generally occurs due to an inadequate decompression in the primary procedure, new symptoms due to an iatrogenic cause, or development of new areas of nerve irritation. Our preferred technique for failed release is revision circumferential neurolysis with medial epicondylectomy, as this eliminates strain, removes the risk of subluxation, and avoids the creation of secondary compression points. Adjuvant techniques including supercharging end-to-side nerve transfer and nerve wrapping show promise in improving the results of revision surgery. Limited quality research exists in this subject, compounded by the lack of consensus on diagnostic criteria, classification, and outcome assessment. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:735-742. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200135
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Edelman, Betty, Dominique Valentin, and Hervé Abdi. "Sex Classification of Face Areas." Journal of Biological Systems 06, no. 03 (1998): 241–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339098000170.
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Human subjects and an artificial neural network, composed of an autoassociative memory and a perceptron, gender classified the same 160 frontal face images (80 male and 80 female). All 160 face images were presented under three conditions (1) full face image with the hair cropped (2) top portion only of the Condition 1 image (3) bottom portion only of the Condition 1 image. Predictions from simulations using Condition 1 stimuli for training and testing novel stimuli in Conditions 1, 2, and 3, were compared to human subject performance. Although the network showed a fair ability to generalize learning to new stimuli under the three conditions, performing from 66 to 78% correctly on novel faces, and predicted main effects, a more detailed comparison with the human data was not as promising. As expected, human accuracy declined with decreased image area, but showed a surprising interaction between the sex of the face and the partial image conditions. The network failed to predict this interaction, or the likelihood of correct human classification for a particular face. This analysis on an item level raises concern about the psychological relevance of the model.
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Miles, Austin, José Manuel Perea Muñoz, and Just Tomàs Bayle-Sempere. "Low satisfaction and failed relational coordination among relevant stakeholders in Spanish Mediterranean marine protected areas." Journal of Environmental Management 272 (October 2020): 111003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111003.
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Gardner, WK, MC Fulton, and RG Flood. "Reclamation of a failed subsurface drainage system on an unstable clay soil." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 1 (1991): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910093.
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The soil structure of a dispersive clay soil on which a subsurface drainage system had failed was modified by applying gypsum (5 t/ha) and growing a crop of sunflowers. The sunflower crop and gypsum application increased macroporosity from 8 to 15% and stabilised the clay microstructure. Sunflowers without gypsum produced a similar increase in soil macroporosity but with a potentially more dispersive clay microstructure. Gypsum alone produced a stable clay microstructure and intermediate values (about 11%) of macroporosity. The yield of wheat was similar on both drained and undrained areas (4 t/ha) following the sunflower crop with and without gypsum application, whereas on untreated areas, yields were 2.1 t/ha in the absence of drainage and 3.3 t/ha when drained.
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Song, Liying, Tom Cherrett, Wei Guan, and Wenyi Zhang. "Alternative Solution for Addressing Failed Home Deliveries." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2269, no. 1 (2012): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2269-10.
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Freight planners are becoming increasingly more concerned about the impact of failed home deliveries on additional carrier journeys (repeat deliveries) and customer trips (to retrieve goods from carrier depots). A local collection-and-delivery point (CDP) concept, which allows customers to collect their failed deliveries, has emerged as a solution for home delivery failures. Data from a 2007 customer survey across two areas along with historical delivery data provided by a major carrier company in the United Kingdom were used in a study of the problem. Nine carrier companies were interviewed to gain an understanding of current operating characteristics of carriers and the key problems encountered during delivery operations. The study quantified the transport costs for the carrier and customer trips of the conventional home delivery method, in which the carrier makes repeat deliveries in the case of first-time failure and appraises the benefits of using CDP networks for handling those failures. The results suggest that a network of CDPs would function most effectively when (a) the proportion of first-time home delivery failures is significant, (b) a significant number of people walk to their local CDP, (c) the carrier's depot is located far from the collection area and is not in a convenient location that allows the trip to be combined with another trip; and (d) there is a dense network of CDPs around the residential area.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Failed areas"
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Carbone, Oliviero. "Essay on biostimulants for the management of failed areas in vineyards." Master's thesis, ISA-UL, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13343.
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Mestrado Vinifera Euromaster - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL / Universitá degli Studi di Torino<br>Vines can encounter death due to several biotic and abiotic diseases and vine plantlets placed to replace them are often not able to compete with adjacent older plants (hypogeal and epigeous competitions).
Replanting is a very expensive technique (cost of the vine, fertilizers, planting itself, …) and when vines are replanted in a vineyard they take longer than planting at the implant to get full productivity.
Thus the usage of compound such as biostimulants that can accelerate the entrance in full production should be advisable. In this study several compounds have been tested and compared in term of vegetative growth. The effects of FNT 63 (abbr. FNT) stimulating Arbuscolar mycorrhizae, CO-ACTYL NP (abbr. COA), ILSARODDER + ILSACTIGREEN STAR (abbr. ILSA) and BIOHUMIN (abbr. BIO) are shown. The results for these biostimulants were generally not significant compared to untreated vines. Some results were obtained with FNT<br>N/A
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Licório, Grasiela de Oliveira. "A presença chinesa nos estados falidos africanos: um olhar sobre o investimento em areas de conflito." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/17423.
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Grasiela de Oliveira Licorio.pdf: 639157 bytes, checksum: e6860cbcdb07b97b6e4afbb3757688f2 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2011-12-21<br>The Chinese presence in Africa over the past five years has ceased to be based on solidarity and took strategic international positioning characteristics. China has achieved an average 70 billion dollars per year (Huang, 2008) in trade negotiations with the African continent, including countries facing situations of civil unrest, such as Sudan and Nigeria. This interaction does not impose conditionalities, which allows China to always maintain advantageous relationships financially and politically, regardless of what is the current regime. The aim of this study is to analyze this new Chinese position on the African continent, seeking to understand the consequences of this approach for both sides and their connection with the deepening of the conflict<br>A presença chinesa na África nos últimos cinco anos deixou de ser pautada na solidariedade e tomou características de posicionamento estratégico internacional. A China alcança em média 70 bilhões de dólares ao ano (Huang, 2008) em negociações comerciais com o continente Africano, incluindo países que enfrentam situação de instabilidade civil, como Sudão e Nigéria. Essa interação não impõe condicionalidades políticas, o que permite à China manter sempre relações vantajosas financeira e politicamente, independente de qual seja o regime vigente. O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar esse novo posicionamento chinês no continente Africano, buscando entender as conseqüências dessa aproximação para ambos os lados e sua relação com o aprofundamento das situações de conflito
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Kuhn, Louise. "Why growth monitoring fails : an exploratory study of child malnutrition intervention in a rural African area." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13538.
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Bibliography: leaves 199-209.<br>This study is an exploratory one of growth monitoring in a rural African village, Thornhill. Growth monitoring is a primary health care approach to prevent child malnutrition in under-developed areas promoted by a variety of development agencies, particularly UNICEF, as a part of the "child survival revolution." It involves weighing children regularly and plotting their weights on a growth chart retained by the child's mother. Growth charts provide a visual display of a child's growth to allow health workers and mothers to identify early signs of growth faltering in order to facilitate ameliorative action (usually food supplementation or nutrition education) to prevent malnutrition. It also aims to facilitate the active participation of mothers in ensuring their child's continual good growth. The history of growth monitoring and its use in the South African context is discussed. The underlying rationale and component processes needed to implement it effectively are identified in a review of process evaluation studies of growth monitoring. Thornhill is an impoverished African rural area in the Ciskei in which malnutrition is a serious health problem and growth monitoring has been systematically implemented. However, although the health service had a demonstrated capacity for successful health interventions it had been unable to improve nutritional status. Background information and previous research in the area is presented. The study aimed to explore why growth monitoring had failed to improve nutritional status in Thornhill by investigating the way in which the component objectives of growth monitoring in terms of making growth visible, facilitating nutrition intervention and facilitating mothers' participation in their children's care were perceived by mothers and health workers.
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May-Carle, Thierry. "Les effets des contextes territoriaux ruraux sur les trajectoires scolaires des garçons et des filles : l'exemple du rural isolé et du rural sous faible influence urbaine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3087.
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Cette thèse se situe dans le prolongement direct des travaux de recherche de l'« Observatoire de l'école rurale », dont l'auteur est membre depuis 2002, qui a étudié la scolarité de près de 2400 élèves du rural français depuis l'année 1999/2000 correspondant à la classe de CM2 pour tous jusqu'à l'année 2006/ 2007 correspondant à la classe de terminale pour ceux qui n'ont jamais pris de retard. Elle aborde une thématique jusque là peu traitée par les membres de l'OER : une approche croisant genre et typologie des territoires au niveau des trajectoires scolaires des jeunes ruraux. L'objectif est de déterminer s'il existe des « effets de territoire » qui impactent de façon distincte la scolarité des filles et celle des garçons et de mesurer leur incidence sur celle-ci. Pour y parvenir, deux types de milieux ruraux ont été étudiés : le « rural isolé » et le « rural sous faible influence urbaine ». L'étude s'est appuyée sur six variables de la scolarité des élèves ruraux : les résultats scolaires ; le goût pour les études ; les ambitions scolaires ; l'opinion des élèves sur leur propre niveau scolaire ; les pratiques culturelles ; le potentiel de mobilité. Cette recherche a l'ambition d'ouvrir de nouvelles pistes de recherches prenant en compte l'évolution d'un milieu en perpétuelle mutation et l'espoir de contribuer à nourrir les débats éducatifs autour de « l'école rurale » au sens générique du terme<br>This thesis is situated in the direct continuation of the research works of the Monitoring Observatory of the rural school the author of which is member and which studied the schooling of about 2400 pupils of the French countryman for the year 1999/2000 corresponding to the 5th year of primary school for all until year 2006/2007 corresponding to the final year of high school for those who have never taken delay. It approaches a theme to there little treated by the members of the OER: an approach by kind(genre) and typology of the school trajectories of the young countrymen. The objective to determine if there are « effects of territory «which impact in a different way on the schooling of the girls and on that of the boys and to measure their incidence on this one. To reach there, two types of rural circles were studied: the isolated countryman and the countryman under low urban influence and the study leaned on six variables of the schooling of the rural pupils: The school results; the motivation for the studies; the school ambitions; the opinion of the pupils on their own school level; the cultural practices; the potential of mobility. This research has also the ambition to open new avenues of research in connection with the evolution of an environment in perpetual transformation and the hope to contribute to feed the educational debates around «the rural school" in the generic sense of the term
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Baltolu, Anthony. "Etude et conception analogique d’architectures d’acquisition acoustique très faible consommation pour applications mobiles." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0339/document.
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Les récentes avancées technologiques des microphones de type microsystème électromécanique (MEMS) leurs permettent une utilisation sur une large gamme d’amplitudes sonores. Leur niveau de bruit ayant baissé, il devient possible de capter des sons provenant d’une distance plus lointaine, tandis que l’augmentation de leur pression acoustique maximale leur permet de ne pas saturer dans un environnement très bruyant de type concert ou évènement sportif. Ainsi le système électronique de conversion analogique-numérique connecté au microphone devient l’élément limitant les performances du système d’acquisition acoustique. Un besoin de nouvelles architectures de conversion analogique-numérique ayant une plage dynamique augmentée se fait donc ressentir. Par ailleurs, ces microphones étant de plus en plus utilisés dans des systèmes fonctionnant sur batterie, la contrainte de limitation de la consommation devient importante.Dans la bande de fréquences audio, les convertisseurs analogiques-numériques de type sigma-delta sont les plus aptes à obtenir une grande résolution combinée à une faible consommation. Ils sont divisés en deux grandes familles: ceux à temps discret utilisant principalement des circuits à capacités commutées, et ceux à temps continu utilisant des circuits classiques. Cette thèse se concentre sur l’étude et la conception de chacun des deux types de convertisseurs sigma delta, en insistant sur la faible consommation, le faible coût de production (surface occupée) et la robustesse du circuit, cela en vue d’une production de masse pour équipements portables.La conception d’un convertisseur analogique numérique de type sigma-delta à temps discret a été réalisé, ce dernier atteignant un rapport signal sur bruit de 100 décibels sur une bande de 24kHz, pour une puissance consommée de seulement 480μW. Pour limiter la consommation, de nouveaux amplificateurs à base d’inverseurs sont utilisés, et dont la robustesse contre les variations du procédé de fabrication ou de la température a été améliorée. Les spécifications ont été définies grâce au développement d’un modèle de haut-niveau précis, ce qui permet d’éviter le surdimensionnement tout en atteignant les performances voulues. Enfin, un grand ratio de suréchantillonnage a été choisi afin de réduire l’espace utilisé par les capacités commutées, minimisant le coût de fabrication.Après une étude théorique de l’équivalence entre les modulateurs sigma-delta à temps discret et à temps continu, ainsi que des spécificités propres aux modulateurs à temps continu, une réalisation de ces derniers a été effectuée. Celui-ci atteint un rapport signal sur bruit de 95 décibels sur une bande de fréquence de 24kHz, tout en consommant 142μW. Pour réduire la consommation ainsi que l’espace utilisé, un filtre de boucle du second-ordre a été réalisé avec un seul amplificateur, et le quantificateur fait aussi office d’intégrateur grâce à l’utilisation d’une structure d’oscillateurs contrôlés en tension. Ce quantificateur à base d’oscillateurs est réalisé par des cellules numériques, réduisant la consommation et l’espace utilisé, mais est hautement non-linéaire. Cette non-linéarité a été prise en compte par des choix architecturaux afin de ne pas réduire les performances finales du modulateur<br>The recent technological advances in microelectromechanical system (MEMS) microphones allow them to be used on a large sound amplitude range. Due to their lower noise level, it becomes possible to capture sound from a faraway distance, while their increased acoustic overload point gives them the ability to capture sound without saturation in a loud environment like a concert or a sport event. Thus, the electronic analog / digital conversion system connected to the microphone becomes the limiting element of the acoustic acquisition system performance. There is then a need for a new analog / digital conversion architecture which has an increased dynamic range. Furthermore, since more and more of these microphones are used in battery-powered devices, the power consumption limitation constraint becomes of high importance.In the audio frequency band, the sigma-delta analog / digital converters are the ones most able to provide a high dynamic range combined to a limited power consumption. They are split in two families: the discrete-time ones using switched-capacitors circuits and the continuous-time ones using more classical structures. This thesis concentrates on the study and the design of both of these two types of sigma-delta converters, with an emphasis on the low-power consumption, the low production cost (area occupied) and the circuit robustness, in sight of a mass production for portable devices.A discrete-time sigma-delta modulator design has been made, the latter reaching a signal to noise ratio of 100dB on a 24kHz frequency bandwidth, for a power consumption of only 480μW. To limit the power consumption, new inverter-based amplifiers are used, with an improved robustness against the variations of the fabrication process or the temperature. Amplifier specifications are obtained thanks to an accurate high-level model developed, which allows to avoid over-design while ensuring that the wanted performances are reached. Finally, a large oversampling ratio has been used to reduce the switched-capacitors area, lowering the modulator cost.After a theoretical study of the equivalence between discrete-time and continuous-time modulators, and of continuous-time modulators specificities, a design of the latter has been made too. It reaches a signal to noise ratio of 95dB on a 24kHz bandwidth, while consuming 142μW. To reduce the power consumption and the occupied area, a second-order loop filter is implemented using a single amplifier, and the quantizer uses a VCO-based structure that provides inherently an integrating stage. The VCO-based quantizer is made using digital cells, lowering the consumption and area, but is highly non-linear. This non-linearity has been handled by architectural choices to not influence the final modulator performances
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De, Souza Marcelo. "Conception d'amplificateur faible bruit reconfigurable en technologie CMOS pour applications de type radio adaptative." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0295/document.
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Les systèmes de communication mobiles permettent l’utilisation de l’information en environnements complexes grâce à des dispositifs portables qui ont comme principale restriction la durée de leurs batteries. Des nombreux efforts se sont focalisés sur la réduction de la consommation d’énergie des circuits électroniques de ces systèmes, une fois que le développent des technologies des batteries ne avance pas au rythme nécessaire. En outre, les systèmes RF sont généralement conçus pour fonctionner de manière fixe, spécifiés pour le pire cas du lien de communication. Toutefois, ce scénario peut se produire dans une petite partie du temps, entraînant ainsi en perte d’énergie dans le reste du temps. La recherche des circuits RF adaptatifs, pour adapter le niveau du signal d'entrée pour réduire la consommation d'énergie est donc d'un grand intérêt et de l'importance. Dans la chaîne de réception radiofréquence, l'amplificateur à faible bruit (LNA) se montre un composant essentiel, autant pour les performances de la chaîne que pour la consommation d'énergie. Au cours des dernières décennies, des techniques pour la conception de LNAs reconfigurables ont été proposées et mises en oeuvre. Cependant, la plupart d'entre elles s’applique seulement au contrôle du gain, sans exploiter Le réglage de la linéarité et du bruit envisageant l'économie d'énergie. De plus,ces circuits occupent une grande surface de silicium, ce qui entraîne un coût élevé, ou NE correspondent pas aux nouvelles technologies CMOS à faible coût. L'objectif de cette étude est de démontrer la faisabilité et les avantages de l'utilisation d'un LNA reconfigurable numériquement dans une chaîne de réception radiofréquence, du point de vue de la consommation d'énergie et de coût de fabrication<br>Mobile communication systems allow exploring information in complex environments by means of portable devices, whose main restriction is battery life. Once battery development does not follow market expectations, several efforts have been made in order to reduce energy consumption of those systems. Furthermore, radio-frequency systems are generally designed to operate as fixed circuits, specified for RF link worst-case scenario. However, this scenario may occur in a small amount of time, leading to energy waste in the remaining periods. The research of adaptive radio-frequency circuits and systems, which can configure themselves in response to input signal level in order to reduce power consumption, is of interest and importance. In a RF receiver chain, Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) stand as critical elements, both on the chain performance or power consumption. In the past some techniques for reconfigurable LNA design were proposed and applied. Nevertheless, the majority of them are applied to gain control, ignoring the possibility of linearity and noise figure adjustment, in order to save power. In addition, those circuits consume great area, resulting in high production costs, or they do not scale well with CMOS. The goal of this work is demonstrate the feasibility and advantages in using a digitally controlled LNA in a receiver chain in order to save area and power<br>Os sistemas de comunicação móveis permitem a exploração da informação em ambientes complexos através dos dispositivos portáteis que possuem como principal restrição a duração de suas baterias. Como o desenvolvimento da tecnologia de baterias não ocorre na velocidade esperada pelo mercado, muitos esforços se voltam à redução do consumo de energia dos circuitos eletrônicos destes sistemas. Além disso, os sistemas de radiofrequência são em geral projetados para funcionarem de forma fixa, especificados para o cenário de pior caso do link de comunicação. No entanto, este cenário pode ocorrer em uma pequena porção de tempo, resultando assim no restante do tempo em desperdício de energia. A investigação de sistemas e circuitos de radiofrequência adaptativos, que se ajustem ao nível de sinal de entrada a fim de reduzir o consumo de energia é assim de grande interesse e importância. Dentro de cadeia de recepção de radiofrequência, os Amplificadores de Baixo Ruído (LNA) se destacam como elementos críticos, tanto para o desempenho da cadeia como para o consumo de potência. No passado algumas técnicas para o projeto de LNA reconfiguráveis foram propostas e aplicadas. Contudo, a maioria delas só se aplica ao controle do ganho, deixando de explorar o ajuste da linearidade e da figura de ruído com fins de economia de energia. Além disso, estes circuitos ocupam grande área de silício, resultando em alto custo, ou então não se adaptam as novas tecnologias CMOS de baixo custo. O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar a viabilidade e as vantagens do uso de um LNA digitalmente configurável em uma cadeia de recepção de radiofrequência do ponto de vista de custo e consumo de potência
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Steiner, Bruno. "Espace public et pensée-paysage : faire place au public par le paysage." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAG059.
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Cette thèse s’intéresse à la fabrique d’espaces publics urbains par le paysage en articulant deux questions : - A travers une approche épistémologique de la démarche de projet paysager, elle tente d’identifier les fondements conceptuels qui définissent une pensée-paysage de la ville, en soulignant certains paradigmes qui la singularisent : la marche, la carte, le jardin.- En repérant les risques et enjeux engagés par la « crise de visibilité » qui affecte aujourd’hui l’espace public sous la double forme d’un délitement des modes de coprésence et d’une spectacularisation des territoires urbains, elle s’interroge sur les nouvelles perspectives ouvertes par cette nouvelle culture de projet pour relier à nouveau espace public politique et espaces publics. A la croisée entre esthétique et politique, la fabrique d’espace public peut être l’art d’inventer de nouveaux processus de subjectivation. La thèse envisage les parcours et les récits, comme les matières premières d’aménagements spatiaux instaurateurs d’un public émancipé ; elle explore quelques tactiques d’écritures paysagères<br>This thesis deals with the making of urban public areas through the landscape focusing on two issues:- Through an epistemic approach of the landscaping project process, it intends to identify the conceptual founding principles characterizing a landscape-way of thinking the city, highlightening some paradigms that single it out: walk, map, garden.- Spotting out the risks and stakes involved in the “visibility crisis” that affects the public area nowadays in the double form of the co-presence modes that break down and of the dramatization of urban territories, it questions the new prospects opened by this new project culture to connect again political area and public areas. At the cross-road between aesthetics and politics, the making of public space can be the art to invent new processes of subjectification. The thesis considers the journeys and the tales, as raw materials to layout the areas establishing an emancipated audience; it explores some tactics of landscape writings
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Schindler, Hamiti Adélaïde. "Offre de soins dans le Massif central : Territorialisation, gouvernance et initiatives pour faire face aux nouveaux enjeux." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF20011/document.
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Le Massif central est un ensemble de territoires aux dynamiques variées. Il réunit toutefois des caractéristiques qui, ajoutées aux enjeux nationaux, induisent des difficultés dans la présence, l’organisation et l’accès aux soins, en particulier pour les territoires éloignés des zones urbaines et des structures hospitalières, peu peuplés, peu attractifs et dont la population vieillit. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de rendre compte des questionnements qui s’expriment dans ces territoires, des acteurs qui s’y investissent et des actions qui s’y déroulent, selon un angle d’approche territoriale et en particulier à travers les discours et les actions des institutions sanitaires, des collectivités territoriales et des professionnels de santé locaux. Prendre en compte ce qui fait les spécificités des territoires ruraux du Massif doit mieux aider à concevoir des solutions. La proximité des relations entre les professionnels de santé et la population, le faible nombre de professionnels, la place des élus locaux et les configurations des collectivités rurales, sont autant d’éléments à considérer. A partir des préoccupations et des postures de chacun et des exemples de projets innovants tels que les réseaux de santé de proximité, ce travail permet de mieux comprendre qu’au-delà des faibles dessertes de l’offre de soins et des situations d’éloignement aux services, c’est la capacité des acteurs à travailler ensemble et leurs modalités d’organisation et de collaboration qui contribuent au maintien, à l’accès et à la qualité de l’offre de soins<br>The Massif Central is made up of several areas with specific dynamics. However, a number of common characteristics (rural and mountain areas, low population density) added to the national issues related to the health system make the organization of health care and its access difficult. Following a territorial approach and based on speeches and actions made by health care services, local authorities and health professionals, our research effort was focused on collecting and analyzing raised issues, actors involved in the field and actions that were taken. Evaluating the distinctive features of the rural areas in the Massif could allow new solutions to be developed. The close relationship between the populations and health actors, the low number of professionals, the role of the elected members and of the rural local authorities are key elements to take into account in Massif Central. We analyzed the interests and positions of each actor and explore new ongoing projects such as the healthcare centres with primary care teams or the local health care network developed in rural areas. This work contributes to the understanding of the pivotal role of the dialogue and cooperation among the main local actors (health professionals, political representatives and health institutions) on the success of the present and future projects to maintain and develop the supply of health care
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Tollis, Claire. "Bien gérer les "espaces de nature", une éthique du faire avec : propositions pour une géographie des Associations hétérogènes." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00814246.
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La " crise environnementale " médiatisée sous la forme d'une série de dommages et de menaces qui pèsent sur la survie de notre espèce (Larrère, 1997) oblige nos sociétés à prendre en compte des entités et des phénomènes qui ne sont pas humains et que nous avions exclus de notre sphère morale. Plus largement, ces enjeux questionnent la façon dont nous nous organisons pour agir dans les espaces que nous partageons de facto avec une pluralité d'entités. Cette recherche doctorale s'intéresse plus particulièrement aux pratiques de gestion des " espaces de nature ". Les gestionnaires de ces espaces sont amenés à répondre à une multiplicité de demandes et d'injonctions, autrement dit à " écologiser " leurs façons de faire. Nous observons et décrivons la mise en place de quatre initiatives se disant " éthiques " ou " responsables " sur des terrains variés, du plus urbain (espaces verts de Grenoble) au plus " sauvage " (Mt Jefferson Wilderness, en Oregon). Il apparaît que la responsabilité du devenir de ces espaces n'est pas uniquement celle des gestionnaires : elle est distribuée le long d'une chaîne d'humains et de non-humains. Les acteurs comptent sur une pluralité de personnes, d'êtres et de choses pour maintenir ces espaces. Leurs pratiques relèvent d'expérimentations tout à la fois scientifiques, politiques et morales (Latour, 1995, Hache, 2011). Ils construisent des compromis situés et précaires, selon une éthique du faire-avec. Dans ce mouvement, les parcs et jardins - comme figures de la séparation et de la domestication - cessent d'être l'échelle pertinente de réflexion et d'action : d'autres formes socio-spatiales émergent. Une géographie des associations hétérogènes (Murdoch, 1997) nous apparaît alors la plus à même de rendre compte des liens, des emboîtements d'échelles et des évènements éthiques fragmentaires qui se jouent dans le travail continu que ces collectifs s'adonnant à construire un monde commun constamment renégocié.
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Kenitzer, Zachary Edward. "How Plan Implementation Fails: Examining the role of Experience, Expectations, and Externalities." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1465815464.
Full textBooks on the topic "Failed areas"
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Governance without a state?: Policies and politics in areas of limited statehood. Columbia University Press, 2011.
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France) Vivre et travailler dans les espaces à faible densité (Conference) (2012 Clermont-Ferrand. Vivre et travailler dans les espaces à faible densité: Quelles stratégies de développement? : actes du colloque Vivre et travailler dans les espaces à faible densité, 29 et 30 novembre 2012, IADT, Clermont-Ferrand. L'Harmattan, 2015.
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Governance Without a State?: Policies and Politics in Areas of Limited Statehood. Columbia University Press, 2013.
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Dowding, Keith. It's the Government, Stupid! Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529206388.001.0001.
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Governments increasingly blame citizens for their own failed policies. Individuals can only be held responsible for the choices they reasonably make from the opportunities they have available to them. Government is the major agent in society that creates those opportunities for citizens. We know a good deal about how regulations and institutions affect social outcomes in various policy areas. This book examines five policy areas across the USA, UK and Australia: gun ownership, food manufacture, housing, gambling and recreational drugs. It demonstrates how different regulations affect gun crime, and how modern food manufacturers design their products to tap into basic human biological desires, creating the obesity crisis. Government policy over the last fifty years has produced a severe housing crisis. Gambling is an area where government has relaxed regulation to the benefit of many, but the detriment of the few, and needs to grapple with problems it has created, while recreational drugs is an area where government has remained paternalistic, performing the nanny role it refuses in other areas, despite the obvious failures of its regulatory stance. The book shows how government blames its citizens for the problems which arise from the government’s own policies. It’s the government’s responsibility, stupid.
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Theodoulou, Stella Z., and Ravi K. Roy. 6. The new administrative age. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198724230.003.0006.
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Many New Public Management approaches failed to address deeper systemic issues underlying the actual causes of poor performance. As a result, a variety of alternative methods and approaches have been gaining popularity in public administration in recent years. ‘The new administrative age’ introduces reflective practice, which has been gaining a strong foothold in the areas of organizational management, and the characteristics of learning and effective organizations. It goes on to consider another emergent approach—the New Public Service—which emphasizes civic-oriented virtues over business principles. Creating ‘public value’ involves encouraging citizens to get more directly involved in establishing collective goals and then working with them to develop strategies for achieving them.
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Butt, Simon, and Tim Lindsey. Land Law and Forestry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199677740.003.0008.
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As this chapter shows, Indonesia’s land law is complex. Before 1960, land owned by Westerners was subject to Dutch law, and land owned by Indonesians was governed by adat, or traditional customary law. This changed when the Agrarian Law was enacted in 1960, establishing a new range of statutory rights that applied to all Indonesians, and the beginnings of a registration system. However, the uptake of these statutory rights has been limited, with adat norms continuing to prevail in many, particularly rural, areas. Forestry entitlements are also highly vexed, as is the need to reduce deforestation in Indonesia because of its significant contribution to global warming and biodiversity loss. REDD+ uses payments or development programs to encourage those entitled to deforest not to do, but it is now widely considered to have failed in Indonesia.
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Seymour, Mark. Emotional Arenas. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743590.001.0001.
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Based on the records of a murder trial that transfixed the nation, this book is a social history of 1870s Italy that develops a new paradigm for the history of emotions - the ‘emotional arena’. The decade following Italian unification formed a context of notable cultural variety and fluidity, and the experience and expression of emotions could be as variable as the regions making up the new nation. Through a close examination of a range of specific spaces in which lives, loves, and deaths unfolded – such as marital homes, places of socializing and entertainment, funerals, and a Roman courtroom – the book argues that social ‘arenas’ are crucial to the historical development of emotional cultural rules and styles. The narrative is driven by the failed marriage of a decorated but allegedly impotent Risorgimento soldier, his wife’s affair with a circus artiste (who had a string of previous lovers), and the illicit new couple’s murder of the husband. Hundreds of witnesses – from local professionals to servants and even circus clowns – interviewed across the length and breadth of the peninsula, left their personal views on marriage, love, sexuality, and infidelity. These provide a series of peepholes into little-known corners of the new nation’s social fabric. A careful yet imaginative reading of the prosecution records and contemporary newspaper coverage allows exploration of the highly emotional experiences generated by this story. The result is a classic Italian micro-history with surprising relevance for today’s emotionally volatile times.
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Mesthrie, Rajend. World Englishes, Second Language Acquisition, and Language Contact. Edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.013.
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Although areas of potential overlap between the fields of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) and World Englishes (WE) may seem obvious, they developed historically in isolation from each other. SLA had a psycholinguistic emphasis, studying the ways in which individuals progressed towards acquisition of a target language. WE studies initially developed a sociolinguistic focus, describing varieties that arose as second languages in former British colonies. This chapter explores the way in which each field could benefit from the other. The SLA emphasis on routes of development, overgeneralization, universals of SLA, and transfer in the interlanguage has relevance to characterizing sub-varieties of WEs. Conversely, the socio-political dimension of early WE studies and the notion of macro- or group acquisition fills a gap in SLA studies which sometimes failed to acknowledge that the goal of second language learners was to become bilingual in ways that were socially meaningful within their societies.
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Simon, Gleeson. Part I The Elements of Bank Financial Supervision, 2 Why Are Banks Supervised? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0002.
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This chapter begins by setting out the Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision produced by the Basel Committee in September 1997, reissued in a revised version in October 2006, and further revised in the light of the crisis in 2012. The 2012 revision of these principles focused on four major areas: corporate governance within banks; an obligation on supervisors to ensure that banks are appropriately prepared for resolution; an obligation for supervisors to assess bank risks in the context of the macroeconomic environment; and the idea that supervisors should have higher expectations of banks which are globally systemically significant than for other banks. The discussions then turn to capital regulation, constraints on bank capital regulation, quantum of bank capital requirements, whether the banking crisis proves that risk capital-based regulation failed, market crisis and regulation, and protecting the public from the consequences of bank failure.
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Bebbington, Anthony, Abdul-Gafaru Abdulai, Denise Humphreys Bebbington, et al. Competitive Clientelism and the Political Economy of Mining in Ghana. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820932.003.0005.
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This chapter highlights the centrality of clientelist political pressures in explaining why over 100 years of mineral resource extraction has failed to translate into broad-based development in Ghana. Contrary to studies that highlight the role of inclusive political settlements for the effective management of mineral rents, we find that broad-based elite inclusion also risks undermining the effective management of rents for long-term development in contexts where rents are deployed with the aim of ‘buying-off’ elites who can potentially undermine the stability of ruling coalitions. All ruling coalitions have allocated significant shares of mineral rents to chiefs not necessarily for the socio-economic development of mineral-rich communities, but mainly because political elites want to avoid provoking resistance from a group that brokers land and votes in rural areas. Under such circumstances, inclusive political settlements may at best result in unproductive peace, as substantial mineral resources are shared for consumption rather than development.
Book chapters on the topic "Failed areas"
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Preciado Coronado, Jaime A., and Angel L. Florido Alejo. "The Militarization of Mexico-US Relations: Ungovernable Areas and a Failed State?" In US National Security Concerns in Latin America and the Caribbean. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137379528_4.
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Lafleur, Jean-Michel, and Daniela Vintila. "Do EU Member States Care About their Diasporas’ Access to Social Protection? A Comparison of Consular and Diaspora Policies across EU27." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51245-3_1.
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Abstract Despite the growing literature on sending states’ engagement with their populations abroad, little is known so far about their role in helping the diaspora deal with social risks. As argued in this chapter, this is mainly because past studies on sending states’ policies and institutions for the diaspora have failed to systematically focus on social protection, while also ignoring that regional integration dynamics often constrain domestic responses to the welfare needs of nationals residing abroad. This volume aims to fill this research gap by comparatively examining the type of diaspora infrastructure through which EU Member States address the vulnerabilities faced by populations abroad in five core areas of social protection: health care, pensions, family, unemployment, and economic hardship. Drawing on data from two original surveys with national experts, we operationalize the concepts of descriptive infrastructure for non-residents (i.e. the presence of diaspora-related institutions) and substantive infrastructure (i.e. policies that provide and facilitate access to welfare for nationals abroad) in order to propose a new typology of states’ engagement with their diaspora in the area of social protection.
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Lovell, Chris. "2. Understanding why wells and boreholes fail." In Productive Water Points in Dryland Areas. Practical Action Publishing, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780441306.002.
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Kanagachidambaresan, G. R., R. Maheswar, R. Jayaparvathy, Sabu M. Thampi, and V. Mahima. "Fail Safe Routing Algorithm for Green Wireless Nano Body Sensor Network (GWNBSN)." In Body Area Network Challenges and Solutions. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00865-9_7.
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Harrington, Kevin J. "Is there a Role for Adjuvant Targeted and Immunotherapies in Patients with Locoregionally-Advanced Head and Neck Cancer?" In Critical Issues in Head and Neck Oncology. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63234-2_14.
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AbstractDespite significant technical improvements in the management of patients with locoregionally-advanced head and neck cancers, too many patients fail to achieve durable remissions that ultimately translate into cures. Loco-regional recurrence and/or metastatic relapse after intensive local therapies remain the scourge of those who suffer from this disease, and the surgeons and physicians who treat them. Regrettably, until now, we have failed to develop effective adjuvant therapies that can be delivered after the completion of definitive loco-regional treatment in order to reduce the risk of disease relapse. In this chapter, approaches based on cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted therapies directed against c-erbB/HER receptors and immune checkpoint inhibition will be discussed. Neither cytotoxic chemotherapy nor anti-HER-family targeted therapies have proven to be successful as adjuvant therapies for locoregionally-advanced head and neck cancers, but there is significant hope that anti-PD1/anti-PD-L1-targeted antibody therapies may deliver progress in this area for the first time.
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Deneen, Patrick J. "Introduction: The End of Liberalism." In Why Liberalism Failed. Yale University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300223446.003.0001.
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This book argues that almost all of the promises that were made by the proponents of liberalism have not come to fruition. These promises range from limited but effective government to rule of law, an independent judiciary, responsive public officials, and free and fair elections. After being conceived as a political philosophy some 500 years ago, and put into effect at the birth of the United States nearly 250 years later, liberalism appears to have failed—not because it fell short, but because it was true to itself. In practice, liberalism promotes gross inequality, enforces uniformity and homogeneity, fosters material and spiritual degradation, and undermines freedom. Its vision of human liberty seems increasingly to be a taunt rather than a promise. The book highlights the failings of liberalism in four distinct but connected areas of our common life: politics and government, economics, education, and science and technology.
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Risse, Thomas. "Building Governance Capacity in Areas of Limited Statehood." In Macroeconomic Policy in Fragile States. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853091.003.0004.
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Areas of limited statehood where central government authorities lack the capacity of implementing and enforcing decisions and/or lack the monopoly over the means of violence, are ubiquitous. However, these areas are neither ungovernable nor ungoverned. Enormous variation exists, that includes badly governed places but also “good governance” in areas of limited statehood, sometimes separated only by a few blocks. Effective governance (public service provision, rule-making) depends on three factors: legitimacy; social trust relations within communities; and adequate design of institutions, including financial resources. International Financial Institutions (IFIs) should thus focus on building governance capacity rather than further engaging in state-building, which has failed despite substantial investments. If the central state is autocratic and/or predatory, building state capacity will only make a bad situation worse. Yet, if the central government is constrained by the rule of law and by democratic institutions, but lacks the capacity to implement and enforce decisions, then capacity-building might help improve governance.
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Potok, Thomas E., Xiaohui Cui, and Yu Jiao. "Evolutionary Computing." In Intelligent Data Analysis. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-982-3.ch008.
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The rate at which information overwhelms humans is significantly more than the rate at which humans have learned to process, analyze, and leverage this information. To overcome this challenge, new methods of computing must be formulated, and scientist and engineers have looked to nature for inspiration in developing these new methods. Consequently, evolutionary computing has emerged as new paradigm for computing, and has rapidly demonstrated its ability to solve real-world problems where traditional techniques have failed. This field of work has now become quite broad and encompasses areas ranging from artificial life to neural networks. This chapter specifically focuses on two sub-areas of nature-inspired computing: Evolutionary Algorithms and Swarm Intelligence.
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Tsobanoglou, George O., and Eirini Ioanna Vlachopoulou. "Participation and in the Aegean Polynesia." In Handbook of Research on Policies and Practices for Sustainable Economic Growth and Regional Development. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2458-8.ch023.
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The EU recognises that islands suffer from disadvantaging external natural and economic circumstances. As the need for public participation in decision-making increases, in order to address economic and social cohesion issues, both national and supranational authorities should take action to reinforce community involvement in policy. This research, using information from case studies from Greek islands, investigates the obstacles in promoting public participation in insular areas from a European perspective. The study was based on qualitative research methods and an extensive literature review. In areas with low cohesion, attempts for participation failed. In other areas, where social cohesion was maintained, there was mistrust towards local authorities but the members of the community were eager to collaborate with the researcher to promote participation. It was evident that there is urgency for adoption of national and European policies focused on the needs of the insular communities, with respect to their unique circumstances.
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Daxecker, Ursula, and Brandon Prins. "Theoretical Framework." In Pirate Lands. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190097394.003.0003.
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This chapter presents the theoretical argument. It argues that national capacity is important in establishing the equilibrium level of piracy acceptable to the state. In weak or failed states, national governments are either unable or unwilling to counter piracy effectively, while more capable states have sufficient capacity to counter pirates on land and in coastal waters. Yet despite the importance of overall capacity in creating permissive conditions for piracy, it is argued that local governance determines the incidence and organization of piracy. In particular, organized piracy needs access to infrastructure and markets, suggesting that areas with some economic governance will be most attractive to pirates. Furthermore, pirates look for weakly governed areas where opportunities for collusion are plentiful. These expectations should hold most strongly for more organized forms of maritime piracy, since spontaneous, short-term opportunistic attacks could still occur in weak or strong areas.
Conference papers on the topic "Failed areas"
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Zimmermann, Gunnar, and Stefan Mueller. "90nm Technology SRAM Soft Fail Analysis Using Nanoprobing and Junction Stain TEM." In ISTFA 2006. ASM International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2006p0512.
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Abstract This article describes a 90nm technology SRAM soft fail analysis. The bitmaps of affected wafers show a large number of wafer edge dies failing with single cell cluster fails at supply voltages below 1.0V. The fails appear in characteristic areas within a 256k dualport SRAM memory block. Nanoprobing was used for electrical localization at the cell level by means of a Multiprobe atomic force probe (AFP) system. Fail areas exhibit very weak PFET drain currents several orders of magnitude below the target values, while the drain currents of NFET cell transistors are in the expected range. For fail visualization a junction stain was applied to TEM samples to delineate areas with different doping levels. Due to differences in etch behavior between failed and reference areas, missing LDD extensions and a partially blocked source/drain (S/D) implantation were identified as the root cause of the fails.
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Hamdan, Lubna K., John C. Walton, and Arturo Woocay. "Effect of the Residual Heat Release of the Nuclear Waste Stored in an Unsaturated Zone on Radionuclide Release." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40196.
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Over time, nuclear waste packages disposed in geological repositories are expected to fail gradually due to localized and general corrosion. As a result, water will have access to the nuclear waste and radionuclides will be transported to the accessible environment by ground water. In this paper we consider a serious failure case in which penetrations at the top and bottom of the waste package will allow water to flow through it (flow-through model). We introduce a new conceptual model that examines the effect of the residual heat release of the nuclear waste stored in an unsaturated environment on radionuclide release. This model predicts that the evaporation of water at the hotter sheltered areas (from condensate and seepage) inside the failed waste package will create a capillary pressure gradient that drives water to wick with its dissolved and suspended contents toward these relict areas, effectively preventing radionuclides release. We drive a dimensionless group to estimate the minimum length of the sheltered areas required to sequester radionuclides and prevent their release. The implications of this model on the performance of the proposed repository at Yucca Mountain or unsaturated zone geological repositories in general are explored.
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Steele, J., T. Remmel, S. Wilson, et al. "MIM Capacitor Reliability Fault Identification Using IR Microthermography and Automated De-processing: A Case Study." In ISTFA 2003. ASM International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2003p0437.
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Abstract Advanced RF IC’s incorporate numerous components along with the CMOS circuitry. One component is a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor. Test capacitors have been stressed using accelerated voltage and temperature conditions to assess the long-term reliability. This paper describes a methodology for evaluating the MIM capacitors that have failed during reliability testing. IR microthermography was developed to detect leakage locations in areas that are not visible to optical inspection or standard emission microscopes. These areas were deprocessed to correlate the IR emission and physical defect locations. This information is utilized to understand the failures and improve the reliability.
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Vijayakumaran, P. M., C. P. Nagaraj, C. Paramasivan Pillai, R. Ramakrishnan, and M. Sivaramakrishna. "Nuclear Instrumentation Systems in Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49354.
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The nuclear instrumentation systems of the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) primarily comprise of global Neutron Flux Monitoring, Failed Fuel Detection & Location, Radiation Monitoring and Post-Accident Monitoring. High temperature fission chambers are provided at in-vessel locations for monitoring neutron flux. Failed fuel detection and location is by monitoring the cover gas for fission gases and primary sodium for delayed neutrons. Signals of the core monitoring detectors are used to initiate SCRAM to protect the reactor from various postulated initiating events. Radiation levels in all potentially radioactive areas are monitored to act as an early warning system to keep the release of radioactivity to the environment and exposure to personnel well below the permissible limits. Fission Chambers and Gamma Ionisation Chambers are located in the reactor vault concrete for monitoring the neutron flux and gamma radiation levels during and after an accident.
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Chiu, Chong, and Lance B. Gockel. "Iatan Desuperheater Pipe Failure Caused by FAC: September 28, 2007." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-26066.
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At approximately 11:40 AM on May 9, 2007, Iatan Unit 1 experienced a catastrophic rupture of a 4 inch superheater (SH) attemperator spray line after nearly 27 years of commercial operations. At the time of the rupture, several plant personnel were in the immediate vicinity performing maintenance on a plugged coal feeder. Plant operators immediately initiated a plant shutdown. This incident resulted in two fatalities and one serious injury. Subsequent examination of the ruptured line indicated significant pipe wall thinning had occurred, leading to the sudden failure of the pipe pressure boundary and the pipe rupture event. The preliminary evaluation of the failed pipe determined that flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) was the likely failure mechanism. To prevent this and similar events, the PII team recommends the following actions be taken to identify other potential areas which may have similar characteristics to the failed pipe: 1. Employ the EPRI method CHECKWORKS (as has been implemented) to identify the susceptible areas. 2. Supplement the EPRI model with connected flow modeling techniques to identify additional inspection areas. 3. If the measured wall thickness is less than 30% of the minimum allowable wall thickness, replace or repair the pipe immediately. 4. If the measured wall thickness is less than the minimum allowable wall thickness (as specified by the B31.1 code), but no less than 30% of the minimum allowable, perform a safety risk assessment. If the risk is determined acceptable, replace or repair the pipe at the next planned plant outage with temporary compensatory actions (such as caution tags, leak flow blockage facilities, etc.). 5. Identify and replace all throttled gate valves and replace them as soon as practical. Until these valves are replaced, utilize NDE techniques to monitor the pipe wall thinning downstream of the valves and replace pipe based on the above criteria in 3 and 4.
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Thomas, Daniel S., Michael T. Coakley, Michael C. Catapano, and Eric B. Svensson. "Nuclear Plant Feedwater Heater Life Cycle Optimization Through Comprehensive Condition Assessment Program." In ASME 2007 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2007-22134.
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Many papers published over the last 25 years have strongly emphasized the need for an ongoing program of condition assessment through inspection and testing with subsequent failure cause analysis of feedwater heaters. Plants must be run more competitively; therefore, Utilities must try to decrease operation and maintenance costs, while optimizing overall plant efficiency. One recognized area that needs to be addressed in accomplishing this goal is the heat cycle. This paper specifically deals with the feedwater heating system. Utility engineers must monitor feedwater heater performance in order to recognize degradation, identify and mitigate failure mechanisms, and prevent in-service failures while optimizing availability. Periodic tube plugging without complete analysis of the degraded/failed areas resolves the immediate need for return to service; however, heater life will not be optimized. This paper is a direct follow-up to a previously published ASME paper that detailed the establishment of a comprehensive life cycle management program for feedwater heaters implemented at Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station (PBAPS). This particular paper reports the eventual results and benefits achieved through the continuance and perseverance of this program. This successful condition assessment case history included the following inspection, testing, and maintenance activities to ascertain reliable data in support of root cause analysis: • Removal of previously installed plugs. • Videoprobe inspection of failed areas. • Videoprobe inspections of the steam space. • Extraction of tube samples for further analysis. • Eddy current testing of selected tubes. • Evaluation of the condition of “insurance” plugged tubes for return to service. • Hydrostatic testing of selected tubes. • Repair plans based on the results of the above program. • Reviewing operating data to assess case history. • Monitor and continue the program over future planned unit outages. This paper concludes that no single method of inspection or testing should solely be relied upon in assessing actual conditions. It is a combination of evaluating all gathered data that affords the best chance in arresting problems and optimizing feedwater heater life. Problem heaters should be continuously monitored over time until the facts ultimately help to justify replacement.
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Ca´rcel, A. C., and M. E. Rodilla. "Effects of Asperity Shape on the Tribological Behaviour During Stamping of Zinc Coated Steel Sheets for Car Bodies." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-64129.
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This work was initially focused to analyze the onset of systematic fractures of car body parts (Ford Focus model) during stamping. Fractures were attributed to unexpected high values of friction between the tools and the steel sheets. All the sheets that failed fulfilled the required standard mechanical properties and topographical surface requirements (Ra between 1.0 and 1.7 μm and peak count Pc >50 peaks/cm, according to the German SEP 1940 standard), and were processed with the same lubricant. A detailed study of the surface features showed that, having similar and correct values of the conventionally used parameters for surface texture requirements, such as Ra and peak count Pc, those sheets that failed had some different asperity features, related to the asperity peak shape. Experimental work (measurement of real values of surface contact Sc and friction behavior under boundary lubrication conditions) confirmed that these differences in the asperity shape have an important effect on the friction behavior, controlling the rate of surface roughness flattening and therefore determining the real values of surface contact area and the remaining valley areas able to carry lubricant. The differences in asperity shape were reproduced in single roughness models and the flattening process of the asperities was simulated by finite element analysis. The agreement between simulation and experimental observation was excellent. The influence of asperity shape was found to be very important, justifying the real differences found in the values of real surface in contact and hence in the friction behavior during stamping real car body parts.
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Madalina, Hongu. "The impact of Covid-19 on the small schoolchildren and the rural family." In Condiții pedagogice de optimizare a învățării în post criză pandemică prin prisma dezvoltării gândirii științifice. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46728/c.18-06-2021.p278-280.
Full textAbstract:
In the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic that also affected Romania, the population faced a series of economic and social problems caused by the reduction of the activity of economic agents and public institutions, the reorganization of the activity of health services, social assistance and of education. Rural life for children in Romania has worsened considerably during the pandemic, according to research conducted by World Vision Romania between May 10 and June 27, 2020. Most rural parents did not work during this period, and almost half of them, failed to provide at all or partially provided access to education, food, medicine and hygiene products. The closure of schools caused by COVID-19 not only affected learning, but also other social issues such as mental health, violence or pronounced social inequalities. One category affected by the COVID-19 pandemic is children in rural areas, where access to the Internet and, in particular, access to broadband is more limited than in urban areas.
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Lonsdale, Cameron, and John Oliver. "Further Research Into Wheel Rim Axial Residual Stress and Vertical Split Rim Failures." In 2012 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2012-74010.
Full textAbstract:
Recent work using x-ray diffraction techniques has shown that the axial residual stress pattern within the railroad wheel rim is significantly different for as-manufactured AAR Class C wheels vs. AAR Class C wheels that have failed due to a vertical split rim (VSR), and non-failed AAR Class C wheels that have been operating in service. VSRs almost always begin at areas of tread damage, resulting from shelling or spalling, and cracking propagates into the rim section under load. At the locations tested, the as-manufactured wheels have a relatively “flat” axial residual stress profile, compressive but near neutral, caused by the rim quenching operation, while wheels that have been in service have a layer of high axial compressive stress at the tread surface, and a balancing zone of axial tensile stress underneath. The magnitude and direction of this tensile stress is consistent with the crack propagation of a VSR failure. When cracks from the tread surface propagate into this sub-surface axial tensile zone, a VSR can occur under sufficient additional service loading, such as loads caused by in-service wheel/rail impacts from tread damage. Further, softer Class U wheels, removed from service and tested, were found to have a balancing axial tensile stress layer that is deeper below the tread surface than that found in used Class C wheels. This paper describes further efforts to characterize the axial residual stress present in failed VSR and used Class C wheels. Axial residual stress results are obtained near the initiation point of several VSR wheels using x-ray diffraction. Sub-surface axial residual stress patterns are also determined at points of high out-of-roundness for a group of wheels that were tested for TIR (total indicated runout) on the tread surface. Residual stress data and a photo are presented for a wheel rim slice containing a second VSR crack. Additionally, wheel rim ultrasonic testing data, collected by the wheel manufacturer when the wheels were new, are discussed for wheels that have failed due to VSRs and these data are compared to ultrasonic data for non-VSR wheels. Chemistry data are also compared. These data show that the driving force for VSRs is axial residual tensile stress, not a material cleanliness issue.
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Kang, Dong Gu, and Jong Chull Jo. "Prediction of the Local Areas of CANDU Feeder Pipes Highly Susceptible to Wall Thinning Due to Flow-Accelerated Corrosion." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26507.
Full textAbstract:
Flow fields inside feeder pipes have been simulated numerically using a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) code to calculate the shear stress distribution which is the most important factor to be considered in predicting the local regions of feeder pipes highly susceptible to FAC (flow-accelerated corrosion)-induced wall thinning. The CFD approach with schemes used in this study to simulate the flow situations inside the CANDU feeder pipes has been verified by showing a good agreement between the investigation results for the failed feedwater pipe at Surry Unit 2 plant in U.S. and the CFD calculation. Sensitivity studies of the three geometrical parameters such as angle of the 1st and 2nd bends, length of the 1st span between the grayloc hub and the 1st bend, and length of the 2nd span between the 1st and the 2nd bends have been performed. As the results of CFD analysis, it is seen that the local regions of feeder pipes of Wolsung Unit 1 in Korea, on which the wall thickness measurements have been performed so far, are not coincident with the worst regions predicted by the present CFD analysis where is the connection region of straight & bend pipe near the inlet part of the bend intrados. Finally, based on the results of the present CFD analysis a guide to the selection of the weakest local positions where the measurement of wall thickness should be performed with higher priority has been provided.
Reports on the topic "Failed areas"
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Phillips, Jake. Understanding the impact of inspection on probation. Sheffield Hallam University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7190/shu.hkcij.05.2021.
Full textAbstract:
This research sought to understand the impact of probation inspection on probation policy, practice and practitioners. This important but neglected area of study has significant ramifications because the Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Probation has considerable power to influence policy through its inspection regime and research activities. The study utilised a mixed methodological approach comprising observations of inspections and interviews with people who work in probation, the Inspectorate and external stakeholders. In total, 77 people were interviewed or took part in focus groups. Probation practitioners, managers and leaders were interviewed in the weeks after an inspection to find out how they experienced the process of inspection. Staff at HMI Probation were interviewed to understand what inspection is for and how it works. External stakeholders representing people from the voluntary sector, politics and other non-departmental bodies were interviewed to find out how they used the work of inspection in their own roles. Finally, leaders within the National Probation Service and Her Majesty’s Prisons and Probation Service were interviewed to see how inspection impacts on policy more broadly. The data were analysed thematically with five key themes being identified. Overall, participants were positive about the way inspection is carried out in the field of probation. The main findings are: 1. Inspection places a burden on practitioners and organisations. Practitioners talked about the anxiety that a looming inspection created and how management teams created additional pressures which were hard to cope with on top of already high workloads. Staff responsible for managing the inspection and with leadership positions talked about the amount of time the process of inspection took up. Importantly, inspection was seen to take people away from their day jobs and meant other priorities were side-lined, even if temporarily. However, the case interviews that practitioners take part in were seen as incredibly valuable exercises which gave staff the opportunity to reflect on their practice and receive positive feedback and validation for their work. 2. Providers said that the findings and conclusions from inspections were often accurate and, to some extent, unsurprising. However, they sometimes find it difficult to implement recommendations due to reports failing to take context into account. Negative reports have a serious impact on staff morale, especially for CRCs and there was concern about the impact of negative findings on a provider’s reputation. 3. External stakeholders value the work of the Inspectorate. The Inspectorate is seen to generate highly valid and meaningful data which stakeholders can use in their own roles. This can include pushing for policy reform or holding government to account from different perspectives. In particular, thematic inspections were seen to be useful here. 4. The regulatory landscape in probation is complex with an array of actors working to hold providers to account. When compared to other forms of regulation such as audit or contract management the Inspectorate was perceived positively due to its methodological approach as well as the way it reflects the values of probation itself. 5. Overall, the inspectorate appears to garner considerable legitimacy from those it inspects. This should, in theory, support the way it can impact on policy and practice. There are some areas for development here though such as more engagement with service users. While recognising that the Inspectorate has made a concerted effort to do this in the last two years participants all felt that more needs to be done to increase that trust between the inspectorate and service users. Overall, the Inspectorate was seen to be independent and 3 impartial although this belief was less prevalent amongst people in CRCs who argued that the Inspectorate has been biased towards supporting its own arguments around reversing the now failed policy of Transforming Rehabilitation. There was some debate amongst participants about how the Inspectorate could, or should, enforce compliance with its recommendations although most people were happy with the primarily relational way of encouraging compliance with sanctions for non-compliance being considered relatively unnecessary. To conclude, the work of the Inspectorate has a significant impact on probation policy, practice and practitioners. The majority of participants were positive about the process of inspection and the Inspectorate more broadly, notwithstanding some of the issues raised in the findings. There are some developments which the Inspectorate could consider to reduce the burden inspection places on providers and practitioners and enhance its impact such as amending the frequency of inspection, improving the feedback given to practitioners and providing more localised feedback, and working to reduce or limit perceptions of bias amongst people in CRCs. The Inspectorate could also do more to capture the impact it has on providers and practitioners – both positive and negative - through existing procedures that are in place such as post-case interview surveys and tracking the implementation of recommendations.
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Bao, Jieyi, Xiaoqiang Hu, Cheng Peng, Yi Jiang, Shuo Li, and Tommy Nantung. Truck Traffic and Load Spectra of Indiana Roadways for the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317227.
Full textAbstract:
The Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) has been employed for pavement design by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) since 2009 and has generated efficient pavement designs with a lower cost. It has been demonstrated that the success of MEPDG implementation depends largely on a high level of accuracy associated with the information supplied as design inputs. Vehicular traffic loading is one of the key factors that may cause not only pavement structural failures, such as fatigue cracking and rutting, but also functional surface distresses, including friction and smoothness. In particular, truck load spectra play a critical role in all aspects of the pavement structure design. Inaccurate traffic information will yield an incorrect estimate of pavement thickness, which can either make the pavement fail prematurely in the case of under-designed thickness or increase construction cost in the case of over-designed thickness. The primary objective of this study was to update the traffic design input module, and thus to improve the current INDOT pavement design procedures. Efforts were made to reclassify truck traffic categories to accurately account for the specific axle load spectra on two-lane roads with low truck traffic and interstate routes with very high truck traffic. The traffic input module was updated with the most recent data to better reflect the axle load spectra for pavement design. Vehicle platoons were analyzed to better understand the truck traffic characteristics. The unclassified vehicles by traffic recording devices were examined and analyzed to identify possible causes of the inaccurate data collection. Bus traffic in the Indiana urban areas was investigated to provide additional information for highway engineers with respect to city streets as well as highway sections passing through urban areas. New equivalent single axle load (ESAL) values were determined based on the updated traffic data. In addition, a truck traffic data repository and visualization model and a TABLEAU interactive visualization dashboard model were developed for easy access, view, storage, and analysis of MEPDG related traffic data.
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Gordon, Eleanor, and Briony Jones. Building Success in Development and Peacebuilding by Caring for Carers: A Guide to Research, Policy and Practice to Ensure Effective, Inclusive and Responsive Interventions. University of Warwick Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-1-911675-00-6.
Full textAbstract:
The experiences and marginalisation of international organisation employees with caring responsibilities has a direct negative impact on the type of security and justice being built in conflict-affected environments. This is in large part because international organisations fail to respond to the needs of those with caring responsibilities, which leads to their early departure from the field, and negatively affects their work while in post. In this toolkit we describe this problem, the exacerbating factors, and challenges to overcoming it. We offer a theory of change demonstrating how caring for carers can both improve the working conditions of employees of international organisations as well as the effectiveness, inclusivity and responsiveness of peace and justice interventions. This is important because it raises awareness among employers in the sector of the severity of the problem and its consequences. We also offer a guide for employers for how to take the caring responsibilities of their employees into account when developing human resource policies and practices, designing working conditions and planning interventions. Finally, we underscore the importance of conducting research on the gendered impacts of the marginalisation of employees with caring responsibilities, not least because of the breadth and depth of resultant individual, organisational and sectoral harms. In this regard, we also draw attention to the way in which gender stereotypes and gender biases not only inform and undermine peacebuilding efforts, but also permeate research in this field. Our toolkit is aimed at international organisation employees, employers and human resources personnel, as well as students and scholars of peacebuilding and international development. We see these communities of knowledge and action as overlapping, with insights to be brought to bear as well as challenges to be overcome in this area. The content of the toolkit is equally relevant across these knowledge communities as well as between different specialisms and disciplines. Peacebuilding and development draw in experts from economics, politics, anthropology, sociology and law, to name but a few. The authors of this toolkit have come together from gender studies, political science, and development studies to develop a theory of change informed by interdisciplinary insights. We hope, therefore, that this toolkit will be useful to an inclusive and interdisciplinary set of knowledge communities. Our core argument - that caring for carers benefits the individual, the sectors, and the intended beneficiaries of interventions - is relevant for students, researchers, policy makers and practitioners alike.