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1
Don't worry, it gets worse: One twentysomething's (mostly failed) attempts at adulthood. New York: Plume, 2013.
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2
Yakovlev, Alexandre. The bear that wouldn't dance: Failed attempts to reform the constitution of the former Soviet Union. [Winnipeg]: Legal Research Institute, University of Manitoba, 1992.
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3
I͡Akovlev, Aleksandr Maksimovich. The bear that wouldn't dance: Failed attempts to reform the constitution of the former Soviet Union. [Winnipeg, Man.]: Legal Research Institute of the University of Manitoba, 1992.
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4
Dattel, Eugene R. The sun that never rose: The inside story of Japan's failed attempt at global financialdominance. Chicago: Probus, 1994.
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5
McGeough, Paul. Kill Khalid: Mossad's failed hit ... and the rise of Hamas. Crows Nest, N.S.W: Allen & Unwin, 2009.
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6
McGeough, Paul. Kill Khalid: Mossad's failed hit ... and the rise of Hamas. Crows Nest, N.S.W: Allen & Unwin, 2009.
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7
McGeough, Paul. Kill Khalid: Mossad's failed hit ... and the rise of Hamas. Crows Nest, N.S.W: Allen & Unwin, 2009.
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8
McGeough, Paul. Kill Khalid: Mossad's failed hit ... and the rise of Hamas. Crows Nest, N.S.W: Allen & Unwin, 2009.
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9
Dattel, Eugene R. The sun that never rose: The inside story of Japan's failed attempt at global financial dominance. Chicago, Ill: Probus Publishing, 1994.
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10
Kill khalid: The failed Mossad assassination of Khalid Mishal and the rise of Hamas. New York: New Press, 2009.
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11
Perras, Galen Roger. Hurry up and wait: Robert Menzies, Mackenzie King, and the failed attempt to form an Imperial War Cabinet in 1941. Salford: University of Salford, European Studies Research Institute, 2004.
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12
Hartley, Roger C. How Failed Attempts to Amend the Constitution Mobilize Political Change. Vanderbilt University Press, 2017.
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Hartley, Roger C. How Failed Attempts to Amend the Constitution Mobilize Political Change. Vanderbilt University Press, 2017.
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14
Rowett, Catherine. On the Failure of the Remaining Two Attempts to Analyse Episteme. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199693658.003.0012.
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The chapter suggests that Theaetetus’s second and third definitions of episteme fail because doxa, true or false, with or without an account, is always parasitic upon conceptual content. The latter is required for knowing ‘what it is’ in respect of types or concepts, which is the subject of the quest. Because Theaetetus does not understand that recognizing tokens differs from grasping types, he is unable to solve the problem that ensues from his attempts to reduce the episteme of types to some subset of the doxa of tokens. The jury example, popularly seen as an effective refutation of the second definition, is shoddy and underspecified. Plato uses it in the drama to highlight how Theaetetus (being very immature and too young for dialectic) has failed to understand the previous refutation, because he can only follow trial-and-error reasoning.
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Poast, Paul. Arguing about Alliances. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501740244.001.0001.
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Why do some attempts to conclude alliance treaties end in failure? From the inability of European powers to form an alliance that would stop Hitler in the 1930s, to the present inability of Ukraine to join NATO, states frequently attempt but fail to form alliance treaties. This book sheds new light on the purpose of alliance treaties by recognizing that such treaties come from negotiations, and that negotiations can end in failure. It identifies two conditions that result in non-agreement: major incompatibilities in the internal war plans of the participants, and attractive alternatives to a negotiated agreement for various parties to the negotiations. As a result, the book focuses on a group of states largely ignored by scholars: states that have attempted to form alliance treaties but failed. It suggests that to explain the outcomes of negotiations, specifically how they can end without agreement, we must pay particular attention to the wartime planning and coordinating functions of alliance treaties. Through exploration of the outcomes of negotiations from European alliance negotiations between 1815 and 1945, the book offers a typology of alliance treaty negotiations and establishes what conditions are most likely to stymie the attempt to formalize recognition of common national interests.
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Lopez, John-David. Coleridge's Publisher and Patron: Cottle and Poole. Edited by Frederick Burwick. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199644179.013.0004.
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This article examines Samuel Taylor Coleridge's relationship with his publisher Charles Cottle and his friend and patron Thomas Poole. It discusses Coleridge's struggles to apply Pantisocratic notions to his patron/publisher relationship with Cottle and the damaging effects of this failed relationship. The article describes Poole's influence on Coleridge's search for an economic model and on his attempts at building a community of sympathetic subscribers.
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Togman, Richard. Nationalizing Sex. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190871840.001.0001.
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Over the past three hundred years there have been countless attempts by governments of all types to control fertility and reproduction. Currently, more than 170 countries representing over 85 percent of humanity are actively trying to engineer how many children a person will have. Democratic, authoritarian, religious, secular, Western, Eastern, and African states have all tried with little success to control individual fertility decisions. This presents a series of interesting puzzles. Why do governments want to control childbearing decisions? What are they trying to achieve? Moreover, almost all attempts to control fertility have failed. Policies rarely, if ever, achieve government objectives. Accordingly, why do policies so routinely fail? Why do governments of all shapes and sizes continue to create policies that have a robust record of failure? What accounts for such unusual cross-national trends in government attempts to instill a sexual duty to the state? This book fills the gap by analyzing the origins, growth, and development of fertility as a national and international political issue; the rise and fall of the discourses used to ascribe meaning to natality; and the global proliferation of isomorphic policies adopted by widely dissimilar states. It proposes an explanation for the widespread failure of hundreds of years of policy.
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Shagan, Ethan. The Ecclesiastical Polity. Edited by Lorna Hutson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660889.013.21.
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The ecclesiastical polity, and the laws that governed it, were at the heart of post-Reformation England’s constitution. Yet there was no consensus about where the ecclesiastical polity was located, who made its laws, or how those laws should be enforced; the same theological compromises that helped preserve the peace of the Church rendered religious law incoherent. Famously, Richard Hooker attempted to resolve this incoherence in his Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie, but he failed to do so, as did all subsequent early modern attempts. The result was that, well into the nineteenth century, the fundamental ambiguity of the ecclesiastical polity—was it an object of human discretion, or was it an unfolding of God’s revealed plan?—challenged and undermined the precocious rationality of the first modern state.
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O'Hara, Alexander. Between Metz and Überlingen. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190857967.003.0012.
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After Columbanus was expelled from Luxeuil, he journeyed to Paris and Metz. Theudebert, ruler of Austrasia, proposed that Columbanus found a monastery on the eastern edges of his kingdom. Columbanus consented and led his monks to the Lake Constance area, where they engaged in a failed missionary attempt. They angered the local populace with their forceful proselytization and were soon driven out of the region. Columbanus resumed his initial plan to relocate to Italy, but one of his monks, Gallus, was left behind and later set up a small hermitage near the Steinach stream. Jonas of Bobbio described the entire episode in terms of mission, but Columbanus was not literally a missionary. His Alamannian activities are best understood when compared to his other attempts at monastic foundation. This chapter explores the political undertones of the Alamannian mission, the reasons for its ultimate failure, and the later achievements of Gallus.
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Sharp, Alan. The New Diplomacy and the New Europe, 1916–1922. Edited by Nicholas Doumanis. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199695669.013.8.
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In 1916 President Woodrow Wilson of the United States demanded ‘a new and more wholesome diplomacy’ to replace the international architecture that had failed to prevent the war that was currently engulfing the world. This chapter investigates some of the origins of this ‘New Diplomacy’ and the attempts made at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference to implement its principles, most notably the creation of the League of Nations, attempts to encourage world disarmament, and the application of national self-determination, which advocates hoped would create a stable and peaceful ‘New Europe’. The clash between aspirations and reality was highlighted by the problems inherent in applying national self-determination to hopelessly ethnographically mixed regions and in seeking a fair and reasonable solution to reparations and inter-Allied debts. The chapter concludes with a survey of the post-war settlement, its practicalities and its reputation.
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Varol, Ozan O. The Romance of Democratic Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626013.003.0002.
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This chapter more broadly analyzes the universe of democratic transitions. It explains why we tend to romanticize democratic transitions like most romantic comedies glamorize love: The people gather in a central square, start protesting, topple the dictatorship, hold elections, and live happily ever after. It further discusses why the on-the-ground facts often fail to live up to this simple ideal, why history is littered with failed attempts to democratize, and why even successful democratic transitions are often painfully long and violent. Ideally, of course, it would be enlightened civilians—not military leaders—who would depose an authoritarian government and promote, in concert with civil society, the conditions necessary for democratic development. But in many cases, civilian institutions are unable or unwilling to enable democracy, leaving the military to take charge.
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Taylor, Elanor. How to Make the Case for Brute Facts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758600.003.0003.
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Ontologically brute facts are facts with no explanation. Although such facts appear to be mysterious, some philosophers have argued that we should embrace ontologically brute facts. This raises a methodological question: what is an adequate ground for belief in ontological bruteness? This chapter explores this question. It begins by considering three failed attempts to make the case for bruteness and draws cautionary lessons from these failures. It then offers a positive proposal according to which if a naturalistic, general metaphysical theory with strong abductive support posits ontologically brute facts, then this is an adequate (but defeasible) case for ontological bruteness.
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Höfele, Andreas. The Tragedies in Germany. Edited by Michael Neill and David Schalkwyk. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198724193.013.43.
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From around 1750, Shakespeare became a crucial force in German literary and intellectual history. His tragedies were the model invoked in the battle against French Classicism, the model emulated by Germany’s own young Sturm und Drang dramatists of the 1770s, and the model that most nineteenth-century attempts at a national drama strove to reproduce, but failed to match. This was the model that was discussed in aesthetic and dramatic theory from Hegel onwards. ‘The Tragedies in Germany’ focuses on the role and importance of Shakespeare’s tragedies in the intellectual and political history of a country of which a poem once famously said: ‘Deutschland ist Hamlet!’
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Brink, David O. The Path to Completion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805601.003.0010.
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Attempted wrongdoing is wrong and deserves censure and sanction, provided the agent was responsible for her attempt. One conception of attempts, incorporated in the criminal law, treats them as bivalent. The important question is at what point in an agent’s planning, preparation, and execution of an offense the attempt is completed. However, bivalence fails to recognize partially complete attempts and is unable to give a satisfying account of the criminal law defense of abandonment. This essay explores an alternative conception of attempts as historical and scalar. On this view, attempts involve the implementation of temporally extended decision trees that pass through many nodes and terminate in a last act. This view rejects bivalence, because at many points within the decision tree there is only a partially complete attempt, and it provides a more satisfying account of abandonment, precisely because it can recognize attempts that are partially complete.
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Pemberton, Hugh. The Civil Service. Edited by David Brown, Gordon Pentland, and Robert Crowcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198714897.013.7.
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Despite current concerns with good governance and policy delivery, little serious attention has been paid to the institution vital to both: the Civil Service. This chapter places present problems in historical context. Starting with the seminal 1854 Northcote–Trevelyan Report, it covers the ‘lost opportunity’ of the 1940s when the Civil Service failed to adapt to rapidly rising demands on the state, as advocated by Beveridge and Keynes. It then examines the belated attempts at modernization in the 1960s, the Service’s vilification in the 1970s, the final destruction of the ‘old order’ during the Thatcher administration, and the subsequent restructuring of the Service and the (highly flawed) embracing of the ‘new public management’ ethos.
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Wheeler, Nicholas J. USA–Iran, 2009–2010. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199696475.003.0009.
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This chapter examines the attempts by the first Obama Administration to reach out to Iran in an effort to build trust. It traces the failure of Obama’s diplomatic efforts to secure any reciprocation from Iranian leaders. The lack of reciprocation shows the problem of accurate signal interpretation when there is no trust. It focuses on the negotiations in 2009–10 over limiting Iran’s supply of nuclear fuel in return for refuelling the Tehran Research Reactor. The chapter argues these negotiations failed because of the lack of trust. What makes this case so important is that there was no face-to-face interaction, which this book argues is critical to the development of interpersonal trust and accurate signal interpretation.
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Domhoff, G. William. The Failed Freudian Revival. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190673420.003.0008.
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Chapter 7 presents a detailed, empirically based refutation of both the classical Freudian theory and the attempt to recast it as neuropsychoanalysis based on neurological case studies. It presents the evidence that dreams do not have the adaptive function of preserving sleep, as Freudians claim. It further shows that no systematic psychological studies of Freudian claims about the cognitive mechanism that create dreams or about the nature of dream content have been supported. Nor is there any evidence that the Freudian method of free association has any value in understanding the meaning of dreams.
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Russo, Sebastian G., and Michael Quintel. Standard intubation in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0080.
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Due to secretions, blood, or oedema in the patients’ airways, compromised pulmonary and haemodynamic, as well as limited access to the patients’ head the standard intubation in the ICU is an overall challenging procedure. Planning, preparation, and straight forwarded strategies are therefore mandatory. As a basic measure, sufficient pre-oxygenation should always be performed. Repetitive intubation attempts significantly worsen patients’ outcomes and need to be avoided. As adequate anaesthesia, including full neuromuscular blockade, can facilitate orotracheal intubation, this should be part of the routine. Apnoeic oxygenation during laryngoscopy by oxygen application via a nasal probe seems to be beneficial to prolong time to desaturation. Despite the fact that nowadays orotracheal intubation in the ICU is probably performed using mainly direct laryngoscopy, video laryngoscopes will possibly have increasing value on the ICU. Extraglottic airway devices represent useful tools to ventilate and oxygenate the patients’ lungs in case of an unexpected failed intubation attempt also on the ICU. In order to confirm adequate ventilation, capnography represents the standard of care and has to be a matter of course whenever a patient needs ventilator support on the ICU.
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Barton, Gregory A. To the Empire and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199642533.003.0007.
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This chapter traces the expansion of industrial agricultural methods after the Second World War. Western governments and the Food and Agriculture Organization pushed for increased use of chemical fertilizers to aid development and resist Soviet encroachment. Meanwhile small groups of organic farmers and gardeners adopted Howard’s methods in the Anglo-sphere and elsewhere in the world. European movements paralleled these efforts and absorbed the basic principles of the Indore Method. British parliament debated the merits of organic farming, but Howard failed to persuade the government to adopt his policies. Southern Rhodesia, however, did implement his ideas in law. Desiccation theory aided his attempts in South Africa and elsewhere, and Louise Howard, after Albert’s death, kept alive a wide network of activists with her publications.
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Lee, Francis L. F., and Joseph M. Chan. Counter-Movement Discourses and Governmental Responses. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190856779.003.0006.
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This chapter examines the government’s responses to the Umbrella Movement. After the initial attempts of quickly ending the occupation failed, the government turned to the strategy of attrition. The government and the pro-establishment forces utilized three major frames—intrusion of foreign powers, the rule of law, and public nuisance—to challenge the legitimacy of the movement. Two of the frames were coupled with governmental actions and/or counter-mobilization efforts to undermine the occupation. This chapter also examines the government and pro-establishment forces’ presence in digital and social media, as well as how public opinion toward the Umbrella Movement was constructed in the mainstream media. It contributes to an understanding of the dynamics leading to the end of the occupation.
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Marinari, Maddalena. “In the name of God … and in the interest of our country”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040955.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses how Cold War geopolitical exigencies provided long-time immigration reform advocates like Italian Americans with a narrow window of opportunity to challenge the draconian immigration system in place in the United States since the Immigration Act of 1924 and mobilize for reform. After two decades of failed attempts, Italian Americans, thanks to the help and support they received from the American Catholic Church, finally created a successful immigration reform advocacy organization, the American Committee on Italian Migration (ACIM), which subsequently emerged as one of the leading actors for the immigration reform overhaul of 1965. The Church provided the group with the ideology, the resources, and the connections to be successful, while simultaneously shielding it from accusations of disloyalty.
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Bruce, Steve. The Secular Beats the Spiritual. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805687.003.0007.
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If religion is changing rather than declining, the number involved in new expressions of religious and spiritual interest should come close to matching those lost to the churches, but the new religious movements of the late 1960s were numerically trivial and attempts to measure serious interest in spirituality have failed to show it is at all popular. While eastern religious themes have proved somewhat attractive, they have been changed in ways that look like capitulation to the West’s secular culture. The evaluative conclusion is that New Age ‘authenticity’ is socio-psychologically damaging, that New Age relativism threatens the knowledge base of modern societies, and that contemporary spirituality is unusually vulnerable to sexual exploitation. On the positive side, the individualism, toleration, and relativism of contemporary spirituality have helped make the modern world more civil.
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Llano, Samuel. A Public Nuisance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199392469.003.0007.
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This chapter documents the early presence of organilleros in the streets of Spanish cities from the 1860s on and analyzes their impact on Madrid’s society during the ensuing decades. Considered an exotic amusement during the 1860s, organilleros came to be seen as sources of “noise” and social disorder soon after. Although the information available on organilleros makes it hard to describe their social background accurately, it is likely that some of them were rural immigrants who took up organ grinding intermittently when other sources of income failed. Their impact on the public sphere raised awareness about the effects of sound and prompted legal measures that could be considered as the first attempts to spread an “aural” hygiene in Madrid. For this reason, organilleros played a key role in the modernization of this city.
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Ramirez-Valles, Jesus. Gender Deviants. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036446.003.0003.
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This chapter explores compañeros' experiences of stigmatization related to their nonconforming gender behavior. Collectively, the life stories show that childhood is the period in which most stigmatization is experienced—and perhaps causes the most lasting consequences. At this time in life, family and school are the most salient sources of stigma, as they are the main socializing agents. Some of these compañeros internalized such stigma, but most of them have been able to overcome the internalization in the course of their lives. Yet, they speak of depression, failed suicide attempts, and dislocation as consequences of the stigma they endured. The experienced stigma and its consequences are particularly severe for those activists who identify as drag queens, transexual, or transgender. Since they were children, their actions were perceived by others as flagrant transgressions of gender norms.
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Kemeny, P. C. The Failed Campaign Against Prostitution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190844394.003.0006.
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Protestants criticized prostitution because it threatened the family and ultimately civil society, and the Watch and Ward Society devised a campaign to shut down Boston’s red-light districts. These Protestant elites espoused traditional gender roles and Victorian sexual mores and endorsed the “cult of domesticity.” In the late nineteenth century, a number of reform organizations turned their attention to the “social evil,” as it was popularly called. The Watch and Ward Society’s quest to reduce prostitution placed it squarely within the larger international anti-prostitution movement. Moral reformers resisted all forms of policy that officially sanctioned or tacitly tolerated prostitution, instead arguing for its abolition. Their attempt to suppress commercialized sex eventually collapsed because of the lack of public support.
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Zehmisch, Philipp. The Politics of Voice and Silence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199469864.003.0010.
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Chapter 8 aims to offer alternative ways to understand the Ranchis’ disenfranchisement by bringing hegemonic modes of explanation in dialogue with silenced subaltern perspectives. The first section examines how prevailing conditions of speech deepened the Ranchis’ exclusion from the lines of social mobility. It demonstrates that the attempts of community leaders, bureaucrats, politicians, NGO workers, and the Catholic Church to include Ranchis into welfare and development programmes largely failed because no appropriate form of communication between subalterns and these hegemonic actors was found. The second part of the chapter shows that the Ranchis’ marginalization must also be regarded as a result of their own forms of silent resistance against state interference. Referring to theories of anarchist anthropology, the author puts forward the argument that the Ranchis’ preference for self-rule has triggered their conscious evasion from interaction with the state.
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French, Derek, Stephen W. Mayson, and Christopher L. Ryan. 5. Corporate personality. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198778301.003.0005.
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This chapter deals with the legal personality of a company which is separate from its members, capable of owning property, entering into contracts, and being a party to legal proceedings. It considers the case Salomon v A Salomon and Co Ltd [1897] AC 22, in which the courts affirmed separate corporate personality by rejecting attempts, on behalf of creditors, to impose liability for a failed company’s debts on its controlling shareholder. The consequences of separate corporate personality are also discussed, particularly with respect to a company’s human rights (or personal rights). In addition, the chapter examines the process known as ‘piercing the corporate veil’ in relation to the evasion principle; how an artificial entity can have legal personality; and a number of particularly significant court cases. Finally, it looks at corporate law theory and the issue of company linguistics.
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Williams, Paul D. Genesis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724544.003.0002.
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This chapter analyses AMISOM’s genesis with reference to four important developments in Somalia and the Horn of Africa in the aftermath of al-Qa’ida’s attack on the United States on 11 September 2001. First, was the establishment of a Transitional Federal Government (TFG) for Somalia in 2004, after more than a dozen failed attempts. Second, the African Union and Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) responded to the subsequent call by the new TFG president for a peacebuilding mission to help his regime establish itself inside Somalia. The third development came in June 2006 with the decisive victory of the Union of Islamic Courts over the various warlords that had previously run Mogadishu and much of south-central Somalia. Finally, AMISOM emerged as an exit strategy for Ethiopia’s troops after Prime Minister Meles Zenawi decided to intervene militarily to install the TFG in Mogadishu in December 2006.
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Williams, Paul D. Stalemate. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724544.003.0004.
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This chapter analyses AMISOM’s challenges in Mogadishu after Ethiopia’s withdrawal. The first section summarizes conflict dynamics in Mogadishu while the second examines the state of AMISOM’s main partner: the second iteration of the Transitional Government under President Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed. It focuses on the government’s (failed) attempts to build an effective set of security forces and some of the challenges this posed for AMISOM. The third section analyses the UN Security Council’s decision to establish a Support Office for AMISOM (UNSOA) in 2009, in order to provide AMISOM with better logistical support. The final section discusses how during the second half of 2010 the political and military balance began to tilt in AMISOM’s favour as a result of two major blunders made by al-Shabaab, namely, the decision to bomb civilian targets in Kampala, Uganda, and the failure of its 2010 Ramadan offensive in Mogadishu.
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French, Derek. 5. Corporate personality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198815105.003.0005.
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This chapter deals with the legal personality of a company which is separate from its members, capable of owning property, entering into contracts and being a party to legal proceedings. It considers the case Salomon v A Salomon and Co Ltd [1897] AC 22, in which the House of Lords affirmed separate corporate personality by rejecting attempts, on behalf of creditors, to impose liability for a failed company’s debts on its controlling shareholder. The consequences of separate corporate personality are also discussed, particularly with respect to a company’s human rights (or personal rights). In addition, the chapter examines the process known as ‘piercing the corporate veil’ in relation to the evasion principle; how an artificial entity can have legal personality; and a number of particularly significant court cases. Finally, it looks at corporate law theory and considers whether companies are grammatically singular or plural.
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Whitlock, T. Forms of Crime. Edited by Paul Knepper and Anja Johansen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352333.013.7.
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In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries servants ordering goods falsely in the names of their masters and criminals posing as wealthy customers defrauded tradespeople alongside outright shoplifters and thieves. . The institution of harsh shoplifting laws in the 1600s and trade protection societies’ attempts at self-policing in the 1700s failed to stem the tide. Developments in marketing like open displays, bazaars, and the department store multiplied the opportunities for crime and led to an atmosphere of fraud that encouraged crime by both retailer and consumer. The Victorian medicalization of crime created the “kleptomaniac,” whose cases dominated the debate over shoplifting from the late nineteenth to the twentieth centuries. Newer scholarship on retail crime promises to balance studies of the gendered nature of shoplifting and the historical emphasis on the middle classes by reintroducing the importance of the less visible working-class retail criminal and expanding beyond the department store–centered focus.
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Morrison, Rolfe Sean, and Bridget Tracy. Marketing Palliative Care. Edited by Stuart J. Youngner and Robert M. Arnold. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199974412.013.27.
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This article examines why palliative care remains inaccessible to most persons with serious illness, citing the lack of a successful social marketing platform directed to consumers as a primary reason. It argues that the growth of palliative care has been hindered by the failure of palliative care professionals to consider the basic principles of social marketing in early language and messaging. The article first provides a historical background on the development of modern hospice care and of palliative care before turning to a discussion of how palliative care has failed to generate widespread public support and engagement. It then considers how early messaging by palliative care professionals hindered referrals to palliative care by other health-care professionals and concludes by explaining how recent attempts to use principles of audience research and targeted social marketing have led to the rapid spread and uptake of palliative care services in the United States.
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Graber, Jennifer. 1872 to 1875. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190279615.003.0005.
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Tensions on the plains increased as Americans, including Quaker reservation officials, put more pressures and restrictions on Kiowas and other Native peoples. Indians experienced hunger when rations failed to arrive. Diseases circulated with frequency. Attempts at farming withered in the sun. Quakers and other Protestants involved in the Peace Policy continued to celebrate the humanitarian impulse behind their work. Kiowas and their allies, on the other hand, devised plans for pushing Americans out of their homelands. Some invoked dreams and visions that inspired attacks on Americans. By 1874, the region was at war as Kiowas, Comanches, Cheyenne, and Arapahos orchestrated a pan-Indian revolt. The Americans, however, crushed their effort. The Red River War, as well as other Indian-American conflicts, left Quakers and other Peace Policy supporters searching for reasons to justify the nation’s policy of putting religious representatives at the forefront of Indian affairs.
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Zysk, Katarzyna. Russia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0005.
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The Russian armed forces and military thought have been undergoing a historic transition. Following several failed attempts at military reforms since the 1990s, it became increasingly clear that the organizational structure, operational doctrines, and weaponry of Soviet provenience were poorly adapted to the radically changed security environment, as well as to Russia’s economic, material, and human capabilities. Since Vladimir Putin’s second presidential term, the political will to prioritize the defence sector has systematically increased and eventually led to a comprehensive military transformation. A new command and force structure, massive introduction of new materiel, and sharply increased quality and quantity of training have been accompanied by doctrinal revisions to accommodate changing forms of warfare. Nevertheless, the modernization efforts have been unevenly distributed and in some cases incoherent, undermined by inadequate industrial, technological, socio-economic, and demographic resources. The end objective of the military transformation remains a subject of an ongoing discussion.
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Uttley, Matthew. Arms Procurement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0040.
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Since 1990, the European states have confronted tensions in balancing security of supply imperatives and equipment affordability constraints in procuring advanced weapons systems. Security of supply is equated with the retention of a national defence technological and industrial base (DTIB). Correspondingly, intergenerational cost increases in weapons production have progressively eroded the affordability of maintaining autonomous DTIBs, leading to the internationalization of what were formerly considered ‘national’ defence firms. This chapter challenges the argument of some analysts that these structural factors will lead inevitably to loss of control by national governments over weapons production and the inexorable rise of a globalized defence industry. It demonstrates instead that the European states do exercise significant agency in national defence procurement and industrial policy such that national DTIB protection still prevails, which explains why EU attempts to integrate and foster a strategically autonomous European defence technological and industrial base (EDTIB) have hitherto failed.
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Grizzly West: A Failed Attempt to Reintroduce Grizzly Bears in the Mountain West. University of Nebraska Press, 2015.
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An Oregon Tale: The Memoirs of One Man's Failed Attempt to Escape Childhood. 1st Books Library, 1999.
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Krause, Peter. Rebel Power. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501708558.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Many of the world's states—from Algeria to Ireland to the United States—are the result of robust national movements that achieved independence. Many other national movements have failed in their attempts to achieve statehood, including the Basques, the Kurds, and the Palestinians. This book offers a powerful new theory to explain this variation, focusing on the internal balance of power among nationalist groups, who cooperate with each other to establish a new state while simultaneously competing to lead it. The most powerful groups push to achieve states while they are in position to rule them, whereas weaker groups unlikely to gain the spoils of office are likely to become spoilers, employing risky, escalatory violence to forestall victory while they improve their position in the movement hierarchy. Hegemonic movements with one dominant group are therefore more likely to achieve statehood than internally competitive, fragmented movements due to their greater pursuit of victory and lesser use of counterproductive violence.
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McCabe, Joshua T. The United States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190841300.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 looks at how the National Commission on Children brought attention to the problem of child poverty in the US, leading to the expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit in 1993 and the introduction of the nonrefundable Child Tax Credit in 1997. In contrast to the cases of Canada and the UK, the growth of these tax credits, tracing their legacy to the dependent exemption in the tax system, was premised on the logic of tax relief rather than the logic of income supplementation. Originally, the National Commission on Children released recommendations for a fully refundable Child Tax Credit as the best way to tackle child poverty. This served as a successful springboard in Canada and the UK. This was not the case in the US, where the logic of tax relief remained dominant. Initial attempts to introduce a fully refundable Child Tax Credit quickly failed. Policymakers and the public deemed poor children undeserving of tax credits because their parents were not technically taxpayers.
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Griggs, Steven, David Howarth, and Eleanor Mackillop. The Meta-Governance of Austerity, Localism, and Practicesof Depoliticization. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748977.003.0009.
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This chapter contributes to ‘second-generation’ accounts of depoliticization through the critical assessment of the meta-governance of English local authorities under conditions of austerity. It draws on the grammar of post-structuralism to examine the case of a county council and how in the context of the 2010 public spending cuts, its corporate centre sought, but ultimately failed, to implement a system of ‘integrated commissioning’. The chapter focuses on the discursive and rhetorical strategies to de-contest this project of organizational change, foregrounding how the rhetoric of austerity was deployed to depoliticize proposals for change. Such strategies of depoliticization, as counter-attempts to decouple austerity from integrated commissioning demonstrates, are always open to contestation, such that the complex interactions of politicization and depoliticization strategies cannot be divorced from accounts of local agency and the politics of hegemony. This chapter thus concludes against hasty characterizations of the depoliticizing practices of neo-liberal meta-governance.