Journal articles: 'Failed market'

1

Noel, Theodore A. "The Market Has Not Failed!" Anesthesia & Analgesia 77, no. 6 (1993): 1309???1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199312000-00052.

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Martinec, Cindy L., and Robert E. Johnstone. "The Market Has Not Failed!" Anesthesia & Analgesia 77, no. 6 (1993): 1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199312000-00053.

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Booth, Philip. "MARKET FAILURE: A FAILED PARADIGM1." Economic Affairs 28, no. 4 (2008): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.2008.00865.x.

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Aguilera, Alfonso Valenzuela. "Failed Markets." Latin American Perspectives 44, no. 2 (2016): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x16682782.

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A confluence between the state, the housing market, and the rationale of financial capital has led to excessive growth of social housing in Mexico in the past two decades. This growth has been one way of channeling excess capital into global financial markets rather than the result of a public policy to address the housing needs of the low-income population. Durante las últimas dos décadas la confluencia entre el estado, el mercado de la vivienda y la lógica del capital financiero ha llevado a un crecimiento excesivo de la vivienda social en México. Este crecimiento ha sido una manera de canalizar el excedente de capital hacia los mercados financieros internacionales en vez del resultado de una política pública para resolver las necesidades de vivienda de la población de bajos ingresos.

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Kazis, Noah. "The Failed Federalism of Affordable Housing: Why States Don't Use Housing Vouchers." Michigan Law Review, no. 121.2 (2022): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.121.2.failed.

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This Article uncovers a critical disjuncture in our system of providing affordable rental housing. At the federal level, the oldest, fiercest debate in low-income housing policy is between project-based and tenant-based subsidies: should the government help build new affordable housing projects or help renters afford homes on the private market? But at the state and local levels, it is as if this debate never took place. The federal government (following most experts) employs both strategies, embracing tenant-based assistance as more cost-effective and offering tenants greater choice and mobility. But this Article shows that state and local housing voucher programs are rare, small, and limited to special populations. States and cities almost exclusively provide project-based rental assistance. They move in lockstep despite disparate market conditions and political demands: project-based spending overwhelmingly predominates in both high- and lowrent markets and in both liberal and conservative states. States have done so across decades of increased spending. This uniform subnational approach suggests an unhealthy federalism—neither efficient nor experimental. This Article further diagnoses why states have made this unusual choice, identifying four primary culprits: (1) fiscally-constrained states use project-based models to minimize painful cuts during recessions; (2) incomplete federal housing subsidies inadvertently incentivize project-based spending; (3) the interest groups involved in financing and constructing affordable housing are relatively more powerful subnationally; and (4) rental assistance’s unusual, lottery-like nature elevates the value of visible spending over cost-effectiveness. Finally, this Article points the way toward reform, offering two paths forward. Taking a federalist perspective allows for a new understanding of federal housing statutes. Better cooperative models—expanding either the federal or state role in providing affordable housing—could accept states’ limitations in providing rental assistance and exploit their strengths.

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Ener, Hakan. "Explaining Failed versus Accomplished Product Market Entry." Academy of Management Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (2017): 10290. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2017.172.

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Edris, Sarah, Thorsten Wahle, Stijn Horck, and Ajai Singh Gaur. "Emerging market firm’s persistence with failed innovations." Academy of Management Proceedings 2021, no. 1 (2021): 15803. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2021.15803abstract.

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Abbott, P. C. "Tariff-rate quotas: failed market access instruments?" European Review of Agriculture Economics 29, no. 1 (2002): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/29.1.109.

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Duan, Yingjie, and Junwu Tian. "‘Failed Feminism’." Critical Survey 34, no. 3 (2022): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cs.2022.340305.

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In Vinegar Girl, a 2016 fictional adaptation of The Taming of the Shrew, Anne Tyler exhibits an ambivalent treatment of the female predicaments left by William Shakespeare: while she invests her modern version of Katherina with linguistic and intellectual independence emblematic of female resistance to patriarchal disciplines, she somehow acquiesces in the fixed familial place and the stereotypical images of women in the monolithic patriarchal system. When the novel was introduced into the Chinese mainland in 2017, the Chinese publisher, out of commercial concerns, advertised it as a highly feminist text through the delicate manipulation of the translation of its title and a series of paratextual manoeuvres, to the detriment of the novel’s ambiguous complexities of gender issues. The marketing strategies nevertheless backfired on one of China’s social media platforms and rendered the novel a relatively ‘failed’ feminist text against China’s unique market and media background in the last decade.

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Ariff, M., P. K. Chan, and L. W. Johnson. "A Case Study of a Failed Call Options Market." Managerial Finance 21, no. 10 (1995): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb018538.

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III, Wallace N. Davidson, Dipa Dutia, and Louis Cheng. "A Re-Examination of the Market Reaction to Failed Mergers." Journal of Finance 44, no. 4 (1989): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2328626.

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Parker, Christine, and Andrew Goldsmith. "'Failed Sociologists' in the Market Place: Law Schools in Australia." Journal of Law and Society 25, no. 1 (1998): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6478.00078.

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DAVIDSON, WALLACE N., DIPA DUTIA, and LOUIS CHENG. "A Re-Examination of the Market Reaction to Failed Mergers." Journal of Finance 44, no. 4 (1989): 1077–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1989.tb02640.x.

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Chesshire, John. "Why nuclear power failed the market test in the UK." Energy Policy 20, no. 8 (1992): 744–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(92)90035-z.

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15

Alexeev, Michael. "Russia's Capitalist Revolution: Why Market Reform Succeeded and Democracy Failed." Comparative Economic Studies 51, no. 1 (2009): 146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ces.2008.15.

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Wodak, Alex. "From failed global drug prohibition to regulating the drug market." Addiction 113, no. 7 (2018): 1225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14111.

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Sorum, Niklas. "Ethical consumption applications as failed market innovations: exploring consumer (non) acceptance of ‘quasi’ market devices." Journal of Cultural Economy 13, no. 1 (2019): 91–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2019.1629990.

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18

Naqellari, Alqi, and Sokol Paҫukaj. "Albania's Central Bank's Monetary Policy Has Failed." Journal of International Cooperation and Development 2, no. 2 (2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jicd-2019-0014.

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The subject of this paper will be the Central Bank's monetary policy in terms of the Albanian monetary market. Its purpose will be to determine the effects of monetary policy, its consequences on some of the key macroeconomic indicators. From the analysis of data, it was found that the Central Bank's policy, which has its main objective, "achieving and preserving the level of prices", is applied in the conditions of an unequal monetary market, because the money market is almost divided equal to 50/50 between currency and local currency (All). These main internal factors, and other external factors, have made the monetary policy applied by the Central Bank to have no impact or have negative consequences on key macroeconomic indicators. Central Bank monetary policy is currently smothered. Some of the negative consequences are: the decline of the impact on the inflation indicator, the transition of the Albanian economy to the "liquid trap", the change in the structure of deposit usage in favor of debt instruments, decrease of deposits in total and deposits in lek, the decline in purchasing power of deposits, the reduction of credit and the change of their structure, consequently the reduction of productive investments, euro depreciation, trade deficit growth, etc. Under these conditions, only fiscal policies have an impact. In order for the Central Bank's policies to become effective, with concrete implications on the economic indicators, fundamental changes need to be made. First, change its main objective by having the main objective "currency stability and economic growth" secondly, to establish a fully state-owned commercial bank in order to support the monetary policies and key sectors of the economy. The methods used in this paper are the method of description, comparison, analysis and synthesis, statistical methods etc.

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Dickson, Peter R. "The Static and Dynamic Mechanics of Competition: A Comment on Hunt and Morgan's Comparative Advantage Theory." Journal of Marketing 60, no. 4 (1996): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224299606000409.

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The author provides constructive criticism of Hunt and Morgan's (1995) promotion of the dynamic disequilibrium paradigm and explains why their comparative advantage and market orientation theory is not dynamic enough. He discusses what creates market diversity and comparative advantage, why competitive markets are more efficient, how competitive markets fail, and how management of failed markets can fail. The author's goal is to demonstrate the explanatory power of the dynamic paradigm and encourage the use of it to focus on how firms can learn to improve their competitive processes.

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20

Adelman, M. A. "World Oil Prices Flat to Declining." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 12, no. 2-3 (1994): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879401200206.

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The OPEC cartel failed to keep prices above the competitive level because, among other reasons their market sharing mechanism failed. Their best future seems to indicate a trade-off-by relinquishing some market share for a higher price. Slow demand growth and expansion of the natural gas market should restrict OPEC sales. Non-OPEC is likely to expand but the price will be under downward pressures.

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Wolski, Rafal, and Magdalena Załęczna. "Closed-End Real Estate Funds in Comparison with other Investment Opportunities in Poland." Real Estate Management and Valuation 25, no. 1 (2017): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/remav-2017-0002.

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Abstract The first closed-end real estate investment funds in Poland began to appear in 2004, along with the development of the capital market and the real estate market. The funds invested both in the housing market and in the commercial market. In general, they encouraged potential investors to purchase investment fund units by pointing to positive results obtained by similar funds in other countries, as well as the dynamic growth of prices in domestic real estate markets. However, the analysis of the performance of closed-end real estate funds in Poland shows that they have failed to earn satisfactory rates of return. The aim of the study was to compare their performance with the profitability of other investment instruments in the 2004 to 2014 period. In addition, the authors aimed to establish why closed-end real estate funds had failed to succeed in Poland, by analyzing, among other things, their institutional context. The study was based on a comparison of the characteristics and performance of particular funds, and also analyzed the profitability of selected alternative investments.

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22

Zhang, Guang Hui, Yang Gao, and Guo Yong Huang. "Research on Information Applied Technology with Analysis of Auction Data Fluctuations of Flowers Based on Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity." Advanced Materials Research 886 (January 2014): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.886.541.

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In order to research on information applied technology with analysis the fluctuations of supply quantity, volume of trade, failed auction rate and price series in auction market, analysis the data from Kunming flowers auction market. The series have autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) effect. Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model with normal distribution fits yield series, and EGARCH with General Error Distribution (GED) fits supply quantity and volume of trade change rate. EGARCH (1.1) with normal distribution fits change rate of failed auction rate. These results provide basis for forecasting change rate of supply quantity, volume of trade, failed auction rate and price in market.

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23

Nordvall, Anders. "Organizing Periodic Events: A Case Study of a Failed Christmas Market." Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 16, no. 4 (2015): 442–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2015.1113142.

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24

Baibirer, Sheldon D., G. Donald Jud, and Frederick W. Lindahl. "Regulation, competition, and abnormal returns in the market for failed thrifts." Journal of Financial Economics 31, no. 1 (1992): 107–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-405x(92)90014-o.

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25

Lei, Jie, and Alan Walker. "The Big Society in China: A Failed Experiment." Social Policy and Society 12, no. 1 (2012): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474641200036x.

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From 1988 the Chinese Government pursued a policy of ‘small government, big society’. The policy was determined at the highest level and, after a pilot study in Hainan Province, was implemented vigorously in a series of political reforms. It was the chief political dimension of the economic restructuring which led from state ownership of enterprises to the so-called socialist market. Like its economic counterpart, it reflected China's adoption of neo-liberal ideology. The aims were to encourage both civil society and the private market to provide social welfare and, thereby, to restrict demands on public expenditure. However, it failed to realise these goals and was recently replaced by a more state oriented approach. The article discusses the Chinese big society project and, specifically, examines why it was introduced, what it consisted of, its impact on social welfare, the criticisms it attracted and its recent changes in nature. The article concludes by considering some possible lessons for the UK Coalition Governments’ big society project and any similar initiatives attempted in other countries.

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Maheshwari, Supriya, and Raj S. Dhankar. "Market State and Investment Strategies: Evidence from the Indian Stock Market." IIM Kozhikode Society & Management Review 7, no. 2 (2018): 154–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277975218769501.

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This study contributes to the growing literature on momentum and overreaction effect by investigating the same within the framework of the Indian stock market. Based on the most adopted methodology that employs monthly data, the empirical results derived confirm the existence of momentum and long-term overreaction effect in the Indian stock market. The overall results from the study are consistent with DeBondt and Thaler (1985) and Jegadeesh and Titman (1993) findings for the US stock market. In addition, we tested the profitability of momentum and contrarian strategies under different market states. The results indicated a strong relationship between the state of the market and momentum profitability, wherein strong momentum profits were observed following an ‘up’ market. On the contrary, long-term contrarian strategies were found to be stronger following a ‘down’ market in the Indian stock market. The market-dependent asset pricing model failed to explain excess momentum profits in the Indian stock market. The evidence from the study provides partial support to various behavioural models to explain these effects in the Indian stock market. However, there exists a need to develop a single behavioural model that could explain these anomalies completely in the emerging markets like India.

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Flek, Vladislav, and Martina Mysíková. "Youth Labour Flows and Unemployment in Great Recession: Comparing Spain and the Czech Republic." Review of Economic Perspectives 15, no. 2 (2015): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revecp-2015-0016.

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Abstract Using Spain and the Czech Republic as examples of two EU countries with different labour market performance, we apply a gross flow analysis based on EU-SILC longitudinal data. We find that while in Spain the increases in youth unemployment are driven mostly by young people who lose their jobs, in the Czech Republic, this is mainly due to new labour market entrants who failed to find a job. The analysis of flow transition rates suggests that youth labour markets with enormously high unemployment rates have not failed in all relevant respects. Their development seems to be hindered predominantly by high risk of job losses and diminishing employment prospects of the unemployed, rather than by impeded transitions from inactivity to employment. In countries with lower youth unemployment rates, unemployment policy agenda appears to be challenged by quite the opposite tendency

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Boettke, Peter J., Rosolino Candela, and Kaitlyn Woltz. "Is the Market Wage the Just Wage?" Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics 11, no. 2 (2018): 124–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23941/ejpe.v11i2.337.

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Do markets generate a “just” wage? The answer to this question will depend upon the particular theory of the market that the political economist employs. When comparing actual labor markets with the neoclassical theory of competitive equilibrium as its normative benchmark, Joseph Heath (2018) argues that factor pricing is orthogonal to normative issues such as distributive justice. We argue that Heath’s conclusion, though not invalid, follows from a similar normative benchmark of equilibrium, one that evaluates factor pricing without taking into account the institutional conditions within which factor prices emerge. Though indeed classical political economists and early neoclassical economists failed to deliver an explicit theory of distributive justice, what Heath overlooks is that implicit to their understanding of the market process was an institutional theory of distributive justice.

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Zhang, Qian Forrest, Ma Qingguo, and Xu Xu. "Development of Land Rental Markets in Rural Zhejiang: Growth of Off-farm Jobs and Institution Building." China Quarterly 180 (December 2004): 1031–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004000748.

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We employ survey data collected in 2001 in Zhejiang province to investigate patterns and determinants of land market development. Previous studies have noted the correlation between growth of off-farm jobs and rental-market development at the aggregate level, but failed empirically to demonstrate mechanisms at the disaggregate level. Our analyses find concrete evidence at the household level connecting developments in labour and land markets. Growth in off-farm jobs allow rural households to transfer labour out of farming and prompt them to relinquish land rights, generating a supply of land that drives rental activities. We also go beyond interactions between factor markets and examine how local institution building promotes rental-market development. Institutions that either lower transaction costs or secure property rights are found to be crucial in explaining cross-regional variations in rental-market development. Finally, the rise of land rental markets also highlights the role of collective ownership in shaping rural development trajectory.

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Cho, June-Suh. "Is the Strategic FinTech Policy “ZeroPay” Failed?" European Journal of Business and Management Research 7, no. 5 (2022): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2022.7.5.1676.

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ZeroPay was implemented to improve the card fee problem of small businesses, help them manage them, and consequently contribute to a positive economic cycle. However, ZeroPay, which started in 2018, was introduced to reduce fees for small business owners but is now being ignored by small business owners. Also, ZeroPay did not show successful results in bringing new changes to the financial market and citizen participation. In this paper, we discussed how ZeroPay proceeded after 4 years, how the initial issues were resolved, what the critical issues were, and how to resolve them. We also discussed why the “ZeroPay” service has been neglected by small business owners.

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31

McFadden, Eric J. "The Collapse of Tin: Restructuring a Failed Commodity Agreement." American Journal of International Law 80, no. 4 (1986): 811–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202064.

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The International Tin Agreement (ITA), one of the world’s oldest commodity pacts, ran out of money and discontinued its market support operations on October 24, 1985. Subsequent disclosures revealed that the organization not only had exhausted its cash reserves but also had borrowed over £900 million in an unsuccessful effort to support the price of tin. Member governments of the ITA failed to approve additional contributions to repay these loans, leaving banks and commodity brokers to absorb massive losses. The market price of tin plummeted to half its previous level. The collapse came as an unexpected shock, for the ITA had been widely viewed as the world’s most successful commodity pact. International agreements operating almost continuously during the past 50 years, including the ITA and its precursors, have been credited with successfully reducing fluctuations in the naturally volatile price of tin. The collapse now makes the whole future of tin regulation uncertain. In addition, the failure of tin sounds a warning for other commodity pacts, which are equally susceptible to the underlying weaknesses to which tin fell prey.

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Ioannidis, Konstantinos, Theo Offerman, and Randolph Sloof. "On the effect of anchoring on valuations when the anchor is transparently uninformative." Journal of the Economic Science Association 6, no. 1 (2020): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40881-020-00094-1.

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Abstract We test whether anchoring affects people’s elicited valuations for a bottle of wine in individual decision-making and in markets. We anchor subjects by asking them if they are willing to sell a bottle of wine for a transparently uninformative random price. We elicit subjects’ Willingness-To-Accept for the bottle before and after the market. Subjects participate in a double auction market either in a small or a large trading group. The variance in subjects’ Willingness-To-Accept shrinks within trading groups. Our evidence supports the idea that markets have the potential to diminish anchoring effects. However, the market is not needed: our anchoring manipulation failed in a large sample. In a concise meta-analysis, we identify the circumstances under which anchoring effects of preferences can be expected.

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Morgan, Roger. "The throw that failed: Britain's 1961 application to join the Common Market." International Affairs 72, no. 4 (1996): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2624186.

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Sutela, Pekka. "Russia's Capitalist Revolution: Why Market Reform Succeeded and Democracy Failed. Anders Åslund." Eurasian Geography and Economics 49, no. 5 (2008): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/1539-7216.49.5.623.

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Alsaghir, Loubna. "Fallen into the Chasm: Exploring Mobile Payment Failed Initiative in Lebanon." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 10, no. 2 (2022): 214–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v10n2.586.

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Several years after introducing the mobile payment service to the Lebanese market, it is clear that the new payment method has failed to take off, which brings up questions about the reasons behind these unmet expectations. The current paper uses the Technology-Organization-Environment framework to explore the factors with respect to its three pillars that could have prevented the diffusion of mobile payment into the market. Using a qualitative approach of multiple case studies, the findings suggest that the reasons for the low diffusion of mobile banking lies as much in the incompatible nor open technology as in the highly competitive organizational structure of the banking industry and, finally, the merchants’ and consumers’ unwillingness to adopt it.

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Hochfelder, David. "Constructing an Industrial Divide: Western Union, AT&T, and the Federal Government, 1876–1971." Business History Review 76, no. 4 (2002): 705–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4127707.

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An 1879 contract between Western Union and Bell partitioned the electrical communications industry between the telegraph and telephone markets. Historians typically view this contract as the start of both Western Union's decline and Bell's rise, and they have treated these as largely separate processes. This article argues instead that these processes were linked by a porous and shifting boundary between the two industries. Legal, technical, and regulatory factors interacted to shape this boundary over the next century. The 1879 contract failed to keep Bell out of long-distance communications, as Bell used its market power, geographic reach, and technological superiority to penetrate this boundary. Throughout much of the twentieth century, federal regulators and Western Union executives attempted to strengthen this divide through regulatory means. The attempt failed because AT&T controlled key telegraph technologies and had considerable market power. While regulators propped up Western Union as the only competitor to AT&T, by the 1960s it was offering only token competition.

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Read, Rupert. "Economist-kings? A Critical Notice on Caplan, The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies." European Review 19, no. 1 (2011): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798710000426.

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Caplan’s The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies1 has been received by rave reviews. These reviews appear to have failed to note that Caplan’s book celebrates the market and denigrates democracy at the very time when markets worldwide have failed and democracies have ridden to the rescue. It thus appears to have been undermined fatally by events that occurred as it was published (and which Caplan artfully omits to mention in the more recent paperback edition). Caplan’s book in fact stands in the long tradition of anti-democratic writings that argue that an elite must rule. An elite of free-market economists. An elite no longer in good odour, since the financial crisis (and the climate crisis) occurred and became starkly evident to all. This Critical Notice also points out that numerous of Caplan’s key claims, such as that individual voters have zero effect on election results, are empirically false.

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Ahmed, Ehsan, and J. Barkley Rosser Jr. "Non-linear Speculative Bubbles in the Pakistani Stock Market." Pakistan Development Review 34, no. 1 (1995): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v34i1pp.25-41.

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Since 1987 many stock markeIs of the world have experienced volatility. This bas been true of many emerging stock markeIs. Our study of daily stock lIllI1'ket data from Pakistan between June 1987 and May 1993 finds the results to be consistent with the impression of great volatility and unpredictability thought to be common in such emerging markets. We used the VAR technique to estimaIe a "presumed" fundamental on stock indices using lagged first differences of natural logs of daily exchange rates and stock indices. We used the Hamilton switching model and associated Walk test to see if such speculative trends were present. We were significantly unable to rule them out. We then tested for ARCH effects, whose presence we failed to Ieject. We then used ARCHgenerated residuals to apply the BDS test of general non-linear structure. We failed to reject the lack of such non-linear structure quite significantly. Thus, the Pakistani stock market during the period of study seems to have exhibited quite complex dynamics, along with apparendy strong trends that may indicate the presence of speculative bubbles. This bas many important implications for Pakistani as well as other emerging markets.

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Elegeti, Vinaykumar. "Rebalancing of exchange traded funds in stock market using option trading strategies." Ekonomia i Prawo 20, no. 3 (2021): 513–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eip.2021.031.

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Motivation: The finance and academic industries are highly discussed in the stock market trading domain. The increase in economic globalization shows the connection among stock markets in different countries, which produces the effect of risk conduction in the market. Forecasting the direction of every day’s stock market return is important and challenging. The growing complexity and dynamic features in stock markets are difficult in the financial industry. The inflexible trading method developed by financial practitioners utilized a larger amount of stock market features and is failed to achieve a satisfactory result in every condition of the market. Further, the existing data mining approaches are incomplete and inefficient. Aim: To overcome the issues in stock and problem of existing methods, proposed option trading strategies for rebalancing Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) in the stock market. Rebalancing-ETF measure the volatility of the stock to track the error of model and rebalance the threshold quality to improve the trade. The proposed method increases the order of threshold quantity to rebalance the trade. Results: The result showed that the minimum orders increases in rebalancing trade, which reduces the impact of price formations in market. The tracking error occurs when the larger quantity of threshold value reduces the quantity. Then, the markets are changed significantly when the Net Asset Values (NAV) of rebalancing ETF increases.

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Ellis, Gavin. "Different strokes for different folk: Regulatory distinctions in New Zealand media." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 11, no. 2 (2005): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v11i2.1053.

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For much of the past century there was broad acceptance of the stark contrast between the state’s involvement in the regulation of the content of broadcasting and its laissez-faire relationship with the columns of the press. The ‘failed market’ argument that substantiated regulation of the airwaves was difficult to counter. Fundamental changes in technology and media markets have, however, rendered the rationale open to challenge. Some aspects of the ‘failed market’, such as frequency scarcity, simply do not apply in the digital age. This article examines the nature of media regulation in New Zealand, noting its similarity to the dichotomous approach in Britain, Canada and Australia but also its divergence toward a more neoliberal market model that largely limits statutory oversight to matters that fall broadly into the categories of morals and ethics. It argues that, given the New Zealand government’s decision more than 15 years ago to forego regulation of ownership or the mechanisms that would serve the public good aspirations of a Reithian model, the continuing role of the state in regulation of broadcasting is questionable. A replacement model could be based on an effective regulatory body already present in the New Zealand media industry—the Advertising Standards Authority

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Bono, Heather Richardson, Charles G. Leathers, and J. Patrick Raines. "The new deflation and housing market bubbles in the USA and UK: a monetary policy dilemma." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 6 (2017): 760–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-10-2015-0260.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop an analysis of the improbable events of housing market bubbles occurring in a period when US and UK central bankers were responding to perceived risks of a new deflation. Design/methodology/approach The methodology focuses on how the anti-deflation policies implemented by the Federal Reserve and the Bank of England contributed to the housing market bubbles. The central bankers perceived the deflation as a Keynesian short-run deficiency in aggregate demand, triggered by a financial crisis. Indications are that the deflation is in the nature of long-run aggregate-supply-driven trend as explained in Veblen’s theory of “chronic” deflation driven by cost-reducing advances in technology and globalization. Findings The Keynesian anti-deflation policies of the Federal Reserve and Bank of England failed to counter the deflation risks while contributing to housing market bubbles. Moreover, the policies failed to address the structural problems of unemployment and income inequality associated with long-run aggregate supply deflation. Originality/value Effective policies must be based on a correct theoretical understanding of the problems. The chronic nature of the new deflation points to the need for new approaches to deal with the negative income and employment effects that exclude an increasing number from the housing markets.

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Malewska, Alicja. "Failed Attempt to Break Up the Oligopoly in Sovereign Credit Rating Market after Financial Crises." Contemporary Economics 15, no. 2 (2021): 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.441.

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For decades, the credit rating market has been dominated by three major agencies (Moody's, S&P and Fitch Ratings). Their oligopolistic dominance is especially strong in sovereign credit ratings industry, where they hold a collective global share of more than 99%. Global financial crisis and the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis exposed serious flaws in rating process and forced public authorities to act. This study investigates effectiveness of new regulations adopted in the United States and in the European Union after financial crises in terms of reducing oligopolistic dominance of the “Big Three” in sovereign credit ratings market. The study applies descriptive statistical analysis of economic indicators describing concentration rate in a market, as well as content analysis of legal acts and case study methodology. Analysis shows that the Dodd-Frank reform and new European rules on supervision of credit rating agencies were not effective enough and did not lead to the increased competition in the market. The evidence from this study is explained using two alternative perspectives – economic theory of natural oligopoly and hegemonic stability theory coming from international relations field.

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Ortiz, Edgar, Alejandra Cabello, and Raúl de Jesús. "Long-Run Inflation and Exchange Rates Hedge of Stocks in Brazil and Mexico." Global Economy Journal 6, no. 3 (2006): 1850093. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1188.

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A substantial body of evidence documents the relationship between macroeconomic variables and stock returns and risk from developed countries. The evidence for emerging markets is limited, particularly identifying risk premia compensations for inflation and exchange rates. This paper attempts to quantify the short and long term relationship between inflation and exchange rates with over all stock market performance for the case of the two largest Latin American capital markets, Mexico and Brazil. Extending the Fisher model, the aim is to determine whether or not these markets have failed to keep pace with movements in those two variables (the most unstable and economic growth hampering variables in these economies during the last three decades), and therefore to what extent the stock market succeeds or fails to test as inflation hedges. The empirical evidence is presented assuming positioning of a local investor in their own market, and from the point of view of a U.S. investor in each of these markets. Two unit root tests are also presented to stress long term relationships between stock returns, inflation, and foreign exchange.

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Omosehin, Olanrewaju, Babatunde Ekundayo, Oluyede Aturamu, and Adewale Olutumise. "Price variation and transmission in beans consuming market of Southwest, Nigeria." Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah 8, no. 6 (2021): 609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v8i6.10870.

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Nigeria's bean market is still characterized by inefficient and weak integration due to inadequate price information and market infrastructure. Therefore, the study investigates the price variation and transmission of beans markets in Nigeria's Southwest region. The study employed an average monthly price of white and brown beans in rural and urban markets spanning March 2014 to July 2019. Coefficient of variation (CV), Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Johansen co-integration test and Granger-Causality tests were the analytical tools used for the analysis. The results of CV indicated a spike variation of beans prices over the periods. Urban brown beans experienced the lowest variability of 1.56% in 2015, while rural brown beans experienced the highest variability of 30.03% in 2014. The co-integration test established a long-run dynamic between bean products of different varieties in the same market. However, it failed in the same products in different markets using a bivariate co-integration test. The multivariate co-integration test’s results affirmed that bean markets are strongly linked together in the long-run. The results of Granger-causality showed uni-directional and bi-directional causalities in the beans markets. Rural white beans assumed the lead position and formed the major price transmission in the beans’ markets in the area. Therefore, for more efficiency in the beans’ rural and urban markets, the government should design appropriate market strategies such as accessible market information and infrastructures.

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Uzum, Paul, Ailemen Ochei Ikpefan, Alexander Ehimare Omankhanlen, Jeremiah Ogaga Ejemeyovwi, and Benjamin Ighodalo Ehikioya. "Enabling stock market development in Africa: A review of the macroeconomic drivers." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 18, no. 1 (2021): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.18(1).2021.29.

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Africa has underdeveloped stock markets that have failed to meet the continent’s capital needs, such as rapid economic growth. This research analyzes the key drivers of stock market development in Africa from a macroeconomic perspective. The study examines several macroeconomic variables, including credit to the private sector, foreign direct investment, external reserves, money supply, external trade, per capita GDP, inflation, and lending rate to explain stock market development in Africa. The study builds a panel data consisting of eight African countries from 1994 to 2018 and applies the pooled mean group estimation technique. The analysis shows that in the long run, credit to the private sector, external reserves, and inflation are the most important factors that influence stock market development, while in the short run, income and trade openness are significant in explaining stock market development in Africa. The study recommends that policies to develop African stock markets should center on developing the private sector through access to credit, increased per capita income, and effective foreign reserve management to boost local and foreign investors’ confidence.

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Berea, Anamaria, Charles Twardy, and Daniel Maxwell. "Forecasting the Failed States Index with an Automated Trader in a Combinatorial Market." Journal of Strategic Security 6, no. 3Suppl (2013): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.6.3s.4.

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Gillborn, David. "Young, black and failed by school: the market, education reform and black students." International Journal of Inclusive Education 1, no. 1 (1997): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1360311970010106.

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GRANVILLE, BRIGITTE. "Russia's Capitalist Revolution: Why Market Reform Succeeded and Democracy Failed. By ANDERS ÅSLUND." Economica 76, no. 301 (2009): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.2009.00757.x.

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Cole, A. "BMA meeting: Market reforms have failed to deliver better health care, say doctors." BMJ 337, jul08 2 (2008): a725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a725.

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Lahiff, Edward. "‘Willing buyer, willing seller’: South Africa's failed experiment in market-led agrarian reform." Third World Quarterly 28, no. 8 (2007): 1577–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436590701637417.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Failed market'

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