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Journal articles on the topic 'Failed proposals'
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Dušan, Ristić. "Why Does the European Commission Withdraw Proposals? The Incomplete Information Assumption." KSIO: Humanities journal for postgraduates and early career researchers 3, no. 2020 (2021): 98–119. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4926127.
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While I was analyzing the source materials, I came across theoretical conceptualizations of the European Commission as an ‘honest broker’ in the center of many EU networks with access to complete information in regards to the preferences of other parties in the legislative process. Based on that, we would expect all the Commission's proposals to find approval, but this is not the case. Using the argument that when the Commission is faced with a lack of information, due to the uncertainty over the positions of the key legislative parties, they withdraw their proposals, I set out to test what could lead to the legislative proposal’s failure and compel the Commission to use its right to withdraw proposals. I focus on two predictive variables: the rising uncertainty over the key parties’ positions due to the elections and possible transition of power in the Member States, and substantial procedural changes that could likewise lead to increased uncertainty. Additionally, I test the explanatory power of the time-lapse variable. When analyzed, the gathered data shows that the rising uncertainty due to the elections in the Member States has very little predictive power. Results for the substantial procedural changes are inconclusive but offer useful insight. In the end, I found the time-lapse variable to have a strong explanatory power when it comes to failed proposals.
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Dilsaver, Lary M. "Not of National Significance: Failed National Park Proposals in California." California History 85, no. 2 (2008): 4–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25139146.
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Fishkin, James, Thad Kousser, Robert C. Luskin, and Alice Siu. "Deliberative Agenda Setting: Piloting Reform of Direct Democracy in California." Perspectives on Politics 13, no. 4 (2015): 1030–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592715002297.
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Can the people deliberate to set the agenda for direct democracy in large scale states? How might such an institution work? The 2011 California Deliberative Poll piloted a solution to this problem helping to produce proposals that went to the ballot and also to the legislature. The paper reports on how this pilot worked and what it suggests about a possible institution to solve the deliberative agenda setting problem. The legislative proposal passed the legislature but the ballot proposition (Prop 31) failed. However, we show that the proposals actually deliberated on by the people might well have passed if not encumbered by additional elements not deliberated on by the public that drew opposition. The paper ends with an outline of how the process of deliberative agenda setting for the initiative might work, vetting proposals once every two years that could get on the ballot for a greatly reduced cost in signature collections. Adding deliberation to the agenda setting process would allow for a thoughtful and informed public will formation to determine the agenda for direct democracy.
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Korsmo, Fae, and Michael Sfraga. "From Interwar to Cold War: Selling Field Science in the United States, 1920s Through 1950s." Earth Sciences History 22, no. 1 (2003): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.22.1.du8819810600gq16.
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A comparison of why proposed science programs succeed or fail to attract public financial support in the American political arena, this article examines three cases ranging from the 1920s to the 1950s: a unique, multi-disciplinary proposal emerging from the U.S. Navy's 1924 conference on oceanography, U.S. participation in the Second International Polar Year of 1932-1933, and U.S. participation in the International Geophysical Year of 1957-1958. Each proposal emphasized societal benefits and applications of the earth, ocean, or atmospheric sciences. Each began from the bottom up, i.e., people trained and working in the scientific disciplines originated the idea and expressed their support through reports, letters, and participation in committees or conferences. However the proposals experienced different fates. While the promoters of the International Geophysical Year succeeded in gaining relatively substantial federal support, and the backers of the Second International Polar Year gained a modest amount, the U.S. Navy failed to persuade the Coolidge White House to request congressional appropriations for an oceanographic program. The concepts and tools from policy analysis can help to explain why the proposals experienced different outcomes.
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Kelley, Amy Probsdorfer, and John C. Morris. "Keeping the Vision Alive: The Role of Networks in National Memorial Building A Case Study of the Vietnam Women’s Memorial and the Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial." Public Voices 11, no. 1 (2016): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/pv.104.
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The process to win approval to build a national memorial on the National Mall inWashington, DC is both long and complex. Many memorials are proposed, but few are chosen to inhabit the increasingly scarce space available on the Mall. Through the use of network analysis we compare and contrast two memorial proposals, with an eye toward understanding why one proposal was successful while the other seems to have failed. We conclude that the success of a specific memorial has less to do with the perceived popularity of the person or event to be memorialized, and more to do with how the sponsors use the network of people and resources available to advocate for a given proposal.
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Huiskes, Rik. "Failed innovation in total hip replacement: Diagnosis and proposals for a cure." Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 64, no. 6 (1993): 699–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17453679308994602.
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Tønnessen, Alf Tomas. "Goldwater, Bush, Ryan and the Failed Attempts by Conservative Republicans to Reform Federal Entitlement Programs." American Studies in Scandinavia 47, no. 2 (2015): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v47i2.5349.
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Social Security and Medicare are federal entitlement programs that represent the current of modern liberalism in the United States. The countercurrent of conservatism has been represented by some Republican politicians who have tried to reform these programs. 1964 presidential candidate Barry Goldwater suggested making Social Security voluntary. In 2005 President George W. Bush made partial privatization of Social Security a key component of his second-term domestic agenda. From 2010 to 2012 Congressman Paul Ryan advocated a reform of Medicare in which the federal government would give seniors vouchers to buy private insurance. Each of these proposals backfired. When conservative Republicans propose detailed alterations to the pillars of some of the Democratic Party’s main legislative accomplishments in the 20th century, they disaffect moderates and independent voters, and they fuel the liberal base of the Democratic Party. The proposals are a liability for Republicans in national elections because Americans fear that entitlement reform will jeopardize the benefits they receive.
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Henna, Shagufta, and Muhammad Awais Sarwar. "An Adaptive Backoff Mechanism for IEEE 802.15.4 Beacon-Enabled Wireless Body Area Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (June 26, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9782605.
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Carrier sense multiple access mechanism with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) in IEEE 802.15.4-based wireless body area networks (WBANs) may impair the transmission reliability of emergency traffic under high traffic loads, which may result in loss of high valued medical information. Majority of the recent proposals recommend an early retransmission of failed frame while ignoring the history of past failed transmissions. More importantly, these proposals do not consider the number of failed transmissions experienced by each sensor node, thereby affecting the reliability of retransmissions. In this paper, we propose a dynamic retransmission adaptive intelligent MAC (RAI-MAC) scheme. In our proposed scheme retransmission class of each sensor node is decided by the coordinator according to the number of failed transmissions of each node as observed by the coordinator during the last superframe. Based on the retransmission class received from the coordinator, each node adjusts its next backoff value. The proposed scheme increases the probability of successful frame retransmissions without incurring extra overhead. The simulation results prove that the proposed scheme based on its adaptive retransmission mechanism achieves higher average throughput and average end-to-end delay, while not compromising on energy efficiency as compared to the IEEE 802.15.4 and Block Acknowledgment (Block Ack). Moreover, our scheme appears more stable in terms of average throughput, end-to-end delay, and energy efficiency under different values of beacon order (BO) and superframe order (SO).
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Gross, James A., and Daniel V. Yager. "Has Labor Law Failed? An Examination of Congressional Oversight and Legislative Proposals (1968-1990)." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 45, no. 2 (1992): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2524846.
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Durand, G., J. Girodon, and F. Debiais. "Medical management of failed back surgery syndrome in Europe: Evaluation modalities and treatment proposals." Neurochirurgie 61 (March 2015): S57—S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuchi.2015.01.001.
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McDiarmid, Andrew. "‘Bring us wealth, or keep it among us’: The Financial Literature of the Edinburgh Pamphlet War of 1705, and the Capitalisation of the Scottish Economy." Scottish Historical Review 101, no. 2 (2022): 179–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2022.0560.
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The opening years of the 1700s were financially difficult for Scotland. The poor harvests of 1696 and 1697 had pushed up food prices and led to widespread starvation in the country, while coin flowed out to buy much needed imports. The loss of trade and taxation associated with the Nine Years’ War (1688–97) exacerbated issues, before the relinquishing of the Scottish colony at Darien compounded the nation’s economic problems in the new century. In 1704, a funding deficit then forced the Bank of Scotland to stop cash payments, lending, and discounting. In response to the economic crisis, a body of financial literature emerged from Scotland in 1705 which attempted to improve the situation. This included proposals to address the shortage of coin by debasing existing stocks with copper, schemes to establish land banks and issue a new paper currency on this security, and a proposal for credit secured on the money tied up in the failed Darien scheme. The works emerged from various men, with various models, but all were focused on capitalising the Scottish economy. This article will provide an overview of these works, and will make the case that by the middle of 1705 many of the Scottish parliamentarians tasked with considering these proposals were already predisposed to the idea that a union with England was the solution to Scotland’s economic problems. Therefore, despite the revolutionary nature of some of the financial proposals, all were rejected by the administration, as the focus of the Scottish parliament shifted to paving the way for Union.
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Kershaw, David. "Does it matter how the law thinks about corporate opportunities?" Legal Studies 25, no. 4 (2005): 533–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2005.tb00683.x.
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English opportunities regulation is confused about its relationship to the concepts of ownership and property. Recent reform proposals from the Company Law Review Steering Group would have changed English law's dominant regulatory lens: the way in which it thinks about the opportunities problem, from an approach focused on conflicts of interest to one focused on the ‘ownership’ of opportunities. This ownership approach is commonly referred to as the corporate opportunities doctrine. This article argues that the proposal failed as it did not consider the interpretative possibilities generated by changing the regulatory lens. However, the proposal inadvertently makes a contribution to the debate as it directs our attention to the function and meaning of ownership concepts in the opportunities context. Property in the opportunities setting is simply a label for qualified ownership as between the director and the company. However, the article argues that by understanding references to property in terms of traditional notions of property English law and commentary has obstructed the consideration and development of a long-standing English corporate opportunities doctrine.
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Julian, Ungar-Sargon. "Capitalism and Health Care: A Critique." Japan Journal of Medical Science 05, no. 01 (2024): 11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13777672.
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In our ongoing attempt to create a new model and healing space for the future of healthcare, we need to revisit the prior systems that failed the poor and the responsibility of the state to care for its citizens with affordable care. In this essay I review the literature including proposals that revisit Marxist theory in an effort to suggest an alternative model for affordable healthcare.
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Moore, G. "The handling of the proposal to conserve the name Acacia at the 17th International Botanical Congress—an attempt at minority rule." Bothalia 37, no. 1 (2007): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v37i1.308.
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The handling of controversial Proposal 1584 to conserve the name Acacia with a conserved type for the Australian acacias during the Nomenclature Section meeting at the 17th International Botanical Congress (Vienna) in 2005 is reviewed. Through a simple majority vote, this Section adopted rules requiring a 60% majority of votes to approve any proposal to modify the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and a simple majority to approve all other motions; motions not receiving the required majority were to be rejected. However, for the motion addressing Proposal 1584, 45.1% voted to conserve the type of the name Acacia for Australian acacias, and 54.9% voted to retain the current African type for the name Acacia. Even though this motion failed to get a 60% majority either way as required by the Section’s own rules, Section officials have concluded that the name Acacia is to be conserved for Australian acacias. Treating a motion as approved, even though it received only minority support, also violates the fundamental principle of standard parliamentary procedure—the right of the majority to approve proposals. For Acacia to be formally conserved, the Nomenclature Section needed to approve a motion addressing Proposal 1584 with a majority vote, and this never happened in Vienna. Recommendations are made on how this process might be improved.
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Fevrat, Noemi, and Thad Kousser. "Term Limits in France and the United States: A Comparative History of Policy Debate and Adoption." Journal of Policy History 37, no. 1 (2025): 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0898030624000101.
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AbstractThis article seeks to compare the policy histories of the legislative term limits in France and the United States. Both nations debated, initially adopted, and then ultimately rejected imposing term limits during the foundational moments of their democracies. Reemerging in the 1990s in America, proposals to refresh government through such limits have been successful in the states and have failed at the national level. The idea regained prominence in France when Emmanuel Macron supported it during his 2017 presidential election. Although Macron eventually abandoned the proposal, the revival of this debate is an opportunity to draw broad parallels but identify critical differences between the two nations in the philosophical debates over term limits and the ways that leaders have embraced or abandoned them to fulfill their political goals. We show how the idea circulated between the two nations, without a parallel exchange of evidence about its effects.
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Ward, Sarah M., Roger D. Cousens, Muthukumar V. Bagavathiannan, et al. "Agricultural Weed Research: A Critique and Two Proposals." Weed Science 62, no. 4 (2014): 672–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-13-00161.1.
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Two broad aims drive weed science research: improved management and improved understanding of weed biology and ecology. In recent years, agricultural weed research addressing these two aims has effectively split into separate subdisciplines despite repeated calls for greater integration. Although some excellent work is being done, agricultural weed research has developed a very high level of repetitiveness, a preponderance of purely descriptive studies, and has failed to clearly articulate novel hypotheses linked to established bodies of ecological and evolutionary theory. In contrast, invasive plant research attracts a diverse cadre of nonweed scientists using invasions to explore broader and more integrated biological questions grounded in theory. We propose that although studies focused on weed management remain vitally important, agricultural weed research would benefit from deeper theoretical justification, a broader vision, and increased collaboration across diverse disciplines. To initiate change in this direction, we call for more emphasis on interdisciplinary training for weed scientists, and for focused workshops and working groups to develop specific areas of research and promote interactions among weed scientists and with the wider scientific community.
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Díaz Bustos, Yamil Omar, and José Luis Martínez Marca. "Minsky: Economic Cycle, Financial Instability, and Economic Policy." RDP Revista Digital de Posgrado, no. 5 (April 29, 2022): 8–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fesa.rdp.2022.5.02.
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Until the end of 2019, a little before the effects of COVID-19 would be felt globally, the world’s most developed capitalist economies did not show signs of recovery, on the contrary, it seemed that their destiny was a new recession. As is well known, after the 2007 crisis that began in the United States, the institutional and economic policy proposals of Hyman Minsky have been reexamined in a different context. In this paper, we make a description and an interpretation of the main Minskian proposals, which have been reexamined in order to explain the economic cycle, as well as the economic crises and economic policies. Minsky considered that financial instability is inherent to the capitalist system itself, because for him the very stability of the system is in itself destabilizing. It is important to understand the proposals of the Minskian approach, as it is an interesting and valuable contribution to the prevailing conventional theory that failed to foresee the recessionary problems or the economic crisis of the first decade of this century.
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Tornesello, Natalia L. "(Failed) Reform of the Arabic-Persian Alphabet and Literary Considerations in Tâlebof’s Ketâb-e Ahmad and Masâleko’l-mohsenin." Annali Sezione Orientale 82, no. 1-2 (2022): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685631-12340129.
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Abstract Since the second half of the 19th century, proposals for modification of the Arabic-Persian alphabet have been the focus of debates among intellectuals and writers. Discussions have also extended to the more literary sphere, where the subject was addressed in works such as Tâlebof’s Ketâb-e Ahmad and Masâlekoʾl-mohsenin. The present article illustrates the first attempts to reform the script, by Âkhundzâde and Malkom Khân, then examines and translates passages on the subject from two significant works by Tâlebof.
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Pogodzinski, Ben, Sarah Winchell Lenhoff, and Michael Addonizio. "The Relationship Between Open Enrollment and School Bond Voting." Educational Administration Quarterly 55, no. 3 (2018): 510–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013161x18809343.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify an association between student mobility through open enrollment and voter support for school bond proposals. Specifically, we hypothesized that higher percentages of nonresident enrollment in a school district and resident exit from a district would be associated with lower levels of voter support for bond proposals. Data Collection and Analysis: We utilized publicly available data on bond proposals placed on ballots between 2009 and 2015, publicly available data from the State of Michigan for information on percentages of nonresident enrollment and resident exit, and publicly available data from the U.S. Census Bureau for data on district resident characteristics. Regression analysis was used to identify associations between nonresident enrollment and resident exit with the percentage of “yes” votes on school bond proposals controlling for community and resident characteristics. Findings: We failed to reject the null hypotheses, finding no statistically significant association between nonresident enrollment and resident exit and average voter support for school bond proposals, ceteris paribus. Implications for Research/Practice: We laid some groundwork for reconceptualizing the relationship between open enrollment policies and communities’ willingness to support local public schools. This has potential implications for both local- and state-level policies regarding enrollment issues and issues of school finance. As local boards continue to struggle with budget shortfalls and mounting capital needs, they may need to further weigh their own communities’ interest in supporting local public schools in the wake of increased student mobility in and out of districts.
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Bomans, Arnold J., and Peter Roessingh. "Decision Change: The First Step to System Change." Sustainability 16, no. 6 (2024): 2372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16062372.
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Global crises, such as climate change and ecological collapse, require changes in systemic factors that cause the crises. These factors include the economy, population growth, and decision-making in global affairs. Current decision-making processes have failed to accomplish the required system change, necessitating a change to these processes (‘decision change’) for meaningful progress. The key question is how a procedure for deciding on the required system change should be designed in this setting. In this essay, we propose a three-step approach. First, independent experts in collective decision-making should design this procedure under monitoring by auxiliary bodies that safeguard the design process; second, proposals for system change should be collected; third, based on these proposals, system change should be designed and decided upon using the new decision-making procedure. We argue that authority can be given to the new decision-making body that decides on system change. A global team must convene the decision-making experts and auxiliary bodies, collect system-change proposals, and guarantee that the decision-making process is facilitated. We call on individuals and independent organisations to form such a team or support its formation.
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Bryan, Karin, and David Lowe. "How the Marsden Fund has failed to achieve its full potential in the ESA panel: evidence of limitations in scope, biased outcomes, and futile applications." New Zealand Science Review 71, no. 1 (2023): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/nzsr.v71.8684.
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We have analysed the scope of proposals funded by the ‘Earth Sciences and Astronomy’ (ESA) panel of the Marsden Fund for the period 2004 to 2013. The scope of proposals funded is very limited and does not reflect the full remit of the panel: the successful projects fail to encompass the quality and quantity of research being undertaken within the Earth sciences community in New Zealand, and a number of sub-disciplines that seek to address fundamental and important problems within the Earth sciences are largely excluded. Moreover, nearly 50% of the funded proposals for the past decade have been made to just two institutions. To address these limitations, we suggest that: (1) a review is undertaken to examine and widen the scope of the panel to encompass sub-disciplines that demonstrably are never or rarely funded; (2) the composition of panel members be examined and modified to reflect a much wider scope of sub-disciplines within the Earth sciences; and (3) a review of the wide discrepancies in funding distributions on an institutional basis be undertaken. We want to ensure that a more representative range of sub-disciplines, in keeping with modern and realistic definitions of the Earth sciences, is funded through this panel, and so we also recommend the formation of a new panel for ‘Environmental and Earth-system Sciences’ that could encompass the research involving modern-day processes so that applications in these sub-disciplines are not pointless. In addition, it is clear that a very substantial increase in funding to the Marsden Fund must be sought.
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Brooks, Stephen. "The failure of constitutionalism in Canada." Res Publica 35, no. 2 (1993): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v35i2.18805.
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An obsession with constitutional reform characterized Canadian politics between 1987 and 1992. This reflected the failure of traditional mechanisms for bridging linguistic and regional differences in Canada, and the spirit of contentiousness and rightsconsciousness that has been encouraged since the passage of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982. These efforts to reform the constitution failed. In the 1992 referendum a majority of both French- and English-speaking Canadians, and majorities in 6 of the 10 provinces, rejected proposals supported by the country's political and economic elites. Support for the reform proposals was greatest among the more affluent parts of Canadian society. Despite the fact that both French and English Canada rejected the proposed reforms, their reasons for doing so were quite different. In the wake of this failure, the terms of a reconciliation between the aspirations of French and English Canada are elusive as ever.
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King, Carolyn M. "Failed proposals to import the mongoose, pine marten, Patagonian fox and other exotic predators into New Zealand." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 49, no. 1 (2017): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2017.1389755.
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Захаровский, Л. В., and М. М. Микушина. "Labour resources in the late 1940s: the history of failed reform." Vocational education and labour market 12, no. 1(56) (2024): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52944/port.2024.56.1.009.
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Проблема «текучести» индустриальных кадров в конце 1940-х гг. имеет существенное значение для изучения выбора пути развития послевоенного советского общества, поэтому ее отдельные аспекты неоднократно привлекали внимание исследователей. Цель настоящей статьи – исследовать два варианта предложений по решению проблемы текучести кадров, исходивших от Министерства трудовых резервов СССР и Госплана. С использованием сравнительно-исторического и системного методов определены различия в подходах к ее решению, показано, что судьба проектов в значительной степени определялась тенденциями ситуативной борьбы в советском руководстве. Результаты исследования могут быть полезны в процессе изучения истории (в том числе истории профессионального образования) второй половины 1940-х гг The problem of “turnover» of industrial personnel in the late 1940s is essential for studying the choice of the path of development of postwar Soviet society, so its individual aspects have repeatedly attracted the attention of researchers. The purpose of this article is to investigate two variants of proposals to solve the problem of personnel turnover (originating from the USSR Ministry of Labour Reserves and Gosplan). Using comparative-historical and systemic methods, the differences in some approaches to its solution are identified, and it is shown that the fate of the projects was largely determined by the tendencies of situational struggle in the Soviet leadership. The results of the study may be useful in the process of studying history (including the history of vocational education) of the second half of the 1940s.
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Kataw, Hanan. "The Search for the Mosque of Florence: A Space of Negotiated Identities." International Journal of Islamic Architecture 11, no. 1 (2022): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00065_1.
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This article presents a spatial and cultural analysis of the negotiated identities of the city of Florence and its Muslim population in relation to the conflict surrounding the opening of a new mosque in the city. Different attempts have been made to find a new mosque to replace Masjid Al-Taqwa, an old workshop that functions today as the main mosque in Florence. On several occasions, members of the Muslim community and officials in the government have declared that Masjid Al-Taqwa is in its current state unsuitable for representing and hosting the growing Muslim community of Florence. However, the various proposals for a new mosque have all been accompanied by a conflict over the identity of the city and the place of the mosque within it, and, almost fifteen years since the search for the new mosque was initiated, none of these proposals has been realized. Through the analysis of several of these failed proposals and the political discourse surrounding them in Florence within the context of Italy and, more broadly, Europe, this article argues that the conflicting imagined identities of the city and the political instrumentalization of the concepts of openness and multiculturalism play a central role in exacerbating the conflict over the mosques in Florence.
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Cheatham, David L. "Kids Say the Darnedest Things: A Call for Adoption of a Statutory Parent-Child Confidential Communications Privilege in Response to Tougher Juvenile Sentencing Guidelines." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 8, no. 2 (2002): 393–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v8.i2.4.
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This Comment addresses the need for a narrowly tailored, statutorily created privilege protecting confidential communications made to a parent by a child who is seeking advice or guidance and how crucial that privilege has become for today's juveniles, who face tougher guidelines for juvenile sentencing and adult certification. Part II provides an overview of the historical background of the parent-child privilege and its current legal status, both at the state and federal levels. Part III explains how the "get-tough" legislation that has made juvenile courts parallel to adult courts, along with the movement to completely abolish juvenile courts, necessitates legislative approval of a parent-child privilege. Part IV discusses past proposals for parentchild privileges that have failed and proposes that the reason for their failure is that the proposals were overly broad. Finally, Part V proposes a narrowly tailored statute designed to protect only those confidential communications from the child to the parent when the child is seeking parental guidance or advice.
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Jackson, Galen. "The Johnson Administration and Arab-Israeli Peacemaking after June 1967." Middle East Journal 74, no. 2 (2020): 202–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/74.2.12.
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Following the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, the United States took a relatively passive approach to Middle East peacemaking. The passivity shown by the administration of President Lyndon Johnson stemmed primarily from its belief that the Arab states had failed to make reasonable proposals for an agreement and from the White House's awareness that pressuring Israel would likely have significant domestic political consequences. Thus, even though it felt the need to press Israel to withdraw to prewar boundaries as part of a settlement, the administration made little effort to achieve an agreement on that basis.
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Braaten, Daniel, Maui Orozco, and Jonathan R. Strand. "Voting for Green? U.S. Support for Environmental Projects in the Multilateral Development Banks." Journal of Environment & Development 28, no. 1 (2018): 28–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496518815216.
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This article examines the drivers of American support for environmental projects in the multilateral development banks (MDBs). We first describe how U.S. Executive Directors are guided by Congressional directives regarding environmental aspects of MDB projects. The article then turns to statistical analysis of the strategic and normative drivers of U.S. positions on MDB projects. Our analysis finds mixed support for environmental factors driving U.S. votes. The United States is more inclined to vote against “dirty” projects (i.e., mining, coal, and oil) rather than specifically support “green” projects (i.e., projects related toward climate change or biodiversity). The overall environmental performance of a country had a minor influence on whether the United States would support proposals from that country, but the United States was much more likely to disapprove of a project if a project failed to undergo an environmental analysis or failed the analysis in anyway.
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Moore, Peter N. "An Enslaver's Guide to Slavery Reform: William Dunlop's 1690 Proposals to Christianize Slaves in the British Atlantic." Church History 91, no. 2 (2022): 264–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640722001366.
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When it was first brought to light in 2010, an anonymously authored, unpublished document from 1690, Proposals for the propagating of the Christian Religion, and Converting of Slaves whether Negroes or Indians in the English plantations, appeared to support claims for an emerging humanitarian sensibility among Christian antislavery reformers in seventeenth-century England. This article argues that Scottish Covenanter, colonizer, and enslaver William Dunlop was the author of these proposals. Dunlop's authorship casts them in a new light, showing the complex ways Christianity and slavery were entangled in this period and the challenges Reformed Protestants faced in their attempts to disentangle them. Dunlop's Reformed background and experience in the Presbyterian resistance movement during the “killing times” of the early 1680s led him to view slavery as anti-Christian tyranny and liberty as the will of God. But during his time in Carolina he was deeply implicated in enslaving illegally seized Christian Indian captives, African chattel slaves, white indentured servants seeking freedom in Spanish Catholic Florida, and even fellow Covenanters banished to the plantations for their resistance to episcopacy. Dunlop's proposals emerged from these dual contexts. They tried and failed to imagine a form of Christian slavery that gave enough freedom to enslaved people to lead authentic Christian lives, showing instead that Christianity and slavery were incompatible and offering reformers only a stark choice: not Christian slavery, but Christianity or slavery.
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Wittkower, D. E., Evan Selinger, and Lucinda Rush. "Public Philosophy of Technology." Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 17, no. 2 (2013): 179–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/techne201311141.
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Philosophers of technology are not playing the public role that our own theoretical perspectives motivate us to take. A great variety of theories and perspectives within philosophy of technology, including those of Marcuse, Feenberg, Borgmann, Ihde, Michelfelder, Bush, Winner, Latour, and Verbeek, either support or directly call for various sorts of intervention—a call that we have failed to heed adequately. Barriers to such intervention are discussed, and three proposals for reform are advanced: (1) post-publication peer-reviewed reprinting of public philosophy, (2) increased emphasis on true open access publication, and (3) increased efforts to publicize and adapt traditional academic research.
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IRWIN, DOUGLAS A. "The Aftermath of Hamilton's “Report on Manufactures”." Journal of Economic History 64, no. 3 (2004): 800–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050704002979.
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Alexander Hamilton's “Report on Manufactures” (1791) is a classic document of U.S. economic policy, but its fate in Congress is not well known. It is commonly believed that the report was never implemented. Although Hamilton's proposals for bounties (subsidies) failed to receive support, virtually every tariff recommendation was adopted by Congress in early 1792. These tariffs were not highly protectionist because Hamilton feared discouraging imports, which were the critical tax base on which he planned to fund the public debt. As a consequence, protectionist interests shifted their political support from the Federalists to the Jeffersonian Republicans during the 1790s.
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Light, Duncan, and Craig Young. "Urban space, political identity and the unwanted legacies of state socialism: Bucharest's problematic Centru Civic in the post-socialist era." Nationalities Papers 41, no. 4 (2013): 515–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2012.743512.
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This paper explores the relationship between the urban cultural landscape of Bucharest and the making of post-socialist Romanian national identity. As the capital of socialist Romania, central Bucharest was extensively remodelled by Nicolae Ceauşescu into the Centru Civic in order to materialize Romania's socialist identity. After the Romanian “Revolution” of 1989, the national and local state had to deal with a significant “leftover” socialist urban landscape which was highly discordant with the orientation of post-socialist Romania and its search for a new identity. Ceauşescu's vast socialist showpiece left a difficult legacy which challenges the material and representational reshaping of Bucharest and constructions of post-socialist Romanian national identity more broadly. The paper analyzes four attempts to deal with the Centru Civic: developments in the immediate post-1989 period; the international architectural competition Bucureşti 2000; proposals for building a Cathedral of National Salvation; and the Esplanada project. Despite over 20 years of proposals central Bucharest remains largely unchanged. The paper thus deals with a failed attempt to re-shape the built environment in support of national goals.
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Chinea, Jorge Luis. "Francophobia and Interimperial Politics in late Bourbon Puerto Rico: The Duke of Crillón y Mahón’s Failed Negotiations with the Spanish Crown, 1776-1796." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 81, no. 1-2 (2007): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-90002475.
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Reconstructs how Louis Balbes des Berton, or Duke of Crillón y Mahón, a Frenchman naturalized as Spaniard, attempted to persuade the Spanish Crown to grant him liberal commercial and colonizing concessions in Puerto Rico in the later 18th c. Author describes how Crillón at first wanted to settle and colonize parts of Santo Domingo near French St Domingue, but the Crown refused this, as part of increased measures against (further) foreign encroachments in Spanish territories, and granted him land in Puerto Rico in 1776 instead, for growing sugar, coffee, and other crops. He places this within the context of the Bourbon reforms, aimed at preventing foreign intrusions in more peripheral Spanish colonies like Puerto Rico then, by aligning these with Spanish imperial objectives. Author further relates how Crillón sought to elaborate the land grant through planning, proposals, and several appeals to the Spanish Crown, up to 1796, for concessions to facilitate his introduction and trading in African slaves, and exempting him from certain extant legal taxes and requirements regarding colonists and land sale, aiming to achieve a sort of feudal power. These proposals and appeals, or calls for financial support, were mainly dismissed by the Crown, seemingly for several legal reasons or transgressions. The author argues, however, that while Crillón was avaricious, the Crown's dismissal related as much to Crillón being a foreigner, whose loyalty to Spain seemed doubtful to some Hispanophiles in the Crown's inner circle.
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Chinea, Jorge Luis. "Francophobia and Interimperial Politics in late Bourbon Puerto Rico: The Duke of Crillón y Mahón’s Failed Negotiations with the Spanish Crown, 1776-1796." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 81, no. 1-2 (2008): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002475.
Full textAbstract:
Reconstructs how Louis Balbes des Berton, or Duke of Crillón y Mahón, a Frenchman naturalized as Spaniard, attempted to persuade the Spanish Crown to grant him liberal commercial and colonizing concessions in Puerto Rico in the later 18th c. Author describes how Crillón at first wanted to settle and colonize parts of Santo Domingo near French St Domingue, but the Crown refused this, as part of increased measures against (further) foreign encroachments in Spanish territories, and granted him land in Puerto Rico in 1776 instead, for growing sugar, coffee, and other crops. He places this within the context of the Bourbon reforms, aimed at preventing foreign intrusions in more peripheral Spanish colonies like Puerto Rico then, by aligning these with Spanish imperial objectives. Author further relates how Crillón sought to elaborate the land grant through planning, proposals, and several appeals to the Spanish Crown, up to 1796, for concessions to facilitate his introduction and trading in African slaves, and exempting him from certain extant legal taxes and requirements regarding colonists and land sale, aiming to achieve a sort of feudal power. These proposals and appeals, or calls for financial support, were mainly dismissed by the Crown, seemingly for several legal reasons or transgressions. The author argues, however, that while Crillón was avaricious, the Crown's dismissal related as much to Crillón being a foreigner, whose loyalty to Spain seemed doubtful to some Hispanophiles in the Crown's inner circle.
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He, Liuyang, and Hui Li. "Failed It or Nailed It: A Historical-Comparative Analysis of Legislating Bushmeat Ban in China." Chinese Journal of Comparative Law 9, no. 2 (2021): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjcl/cxab012.
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Abstract One of the prominent policy responses to COVID-19 by the Chinese government is a recent complete ban on trade and the consumption of wild animals for food use purposes. Despite some discussions and debates in media coverage, the policy has not obtained much scholarly discussion from a public policy perspective. This article aims to fill the research gap by examining the policy formation process of the complete ban. The study conducts a historical-comparative analysis of the three legislative attempts on the bushmeat ban in 2004, 2016, and 2020, applying the multiple streams framework (MSF). We identify six key explanatory factors contributing to the successful formulation of the strictest-ever bushmeat ban. Five corroborate with the problem, policy, and political streams respectively: (i) the existence of an exogenous zoonosis-related crisis as background (problem stream); (ii) the attention and support from the top-level political leaders (political stream); (iii) the national mood (political stream); (iv) proposals from both internal and external policy advisors and experts (policy stream); and (v) feasibility of the proposed solutions (policy stream). The sixth—the role of policy entrepreneurs—serves as a fundamental driving force in shaping and coupling the three streams.
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Anderson, David. "Some Aspects of the Regime of Islands in the Law of the Sea." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 32, no. 2 (2017): 316–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12320036.
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This paper examines the international law of the sea as it applies to islands and low-tide elevations, with particular reference to the many disputed islands, atolls, rocks and shoals in the South China Sea. After distinguishing the law on the acquisition of sovereignty from the law of the sea, the paper analyses the relevant terms of the un Convention on the Law of the Sea, as well as their negotiating history and some failed proposals concerning historic waters. The rules relating to islands, rocks, artificial islands, seamounts in the open sea and maritime boundaries are then reviewed in turn, together with the relevant case law.
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Taylor, Lawrence D. "The monorail ‘revolution’ of the 1950s and 1960s and its legacy." Journal of Transport History 37, no. 2 (2016): 236–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022526616667955.
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The paper uses a variety of primary and secondary sources to analyse why monorail proposals initiated by Goodell, Alweg, Lockheed and other manufacturers during the 1950s and 1960s failed to gain preference among transport planning authorities over alternative modes of transport such as conventional rail, subways, buses and eventually light rail. The article examines the ways in which improved versions of the monorail models developed during these two decades. In time, these changes led to a more dynamic market in which monorails continued to be built not only for use in amusement parks and exhibitions but also as ‘intermediate-capacity’ transit, airport commuting and other special-purpose applications.
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PECH, Laurent, and Kim Lane SCHEPPELE. "Illiberalism Within: Rule of Law Backsliding in the EU." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 19 (October 26, 2017): 3–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cel.2017.9.
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AbstractHow should the European Union cope with Member States that no longer respect the basic values of the Union? This article reviews the responses of the major European Union institutions to Poland and Hungary as their governments removed checks on their power, eliminated the independence of judiciaries and failed to honour their European commitments. As the article demonstrates, the responses of EU institutions have so far been ineffective in bringing these Member States back into line with European values. We examine the various proposals that have been made to do better, concluding that there is promise in some legal strategies that are available now, but have yet to be tried.
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Kobetsky, Michael. "The Transfer-Pricing Profit-Split Method After BEPS: Back to the Future." Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 67, no. 4 (2019): 1077–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2019.67.4.sym.kobetsky.
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In 2018, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development/Group of Twenty (OECD/G20) Inclusive Framework on base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS): action 10 issued revised guidance on the transactional profit-split method. Regrettably, the revised guidance failed to provide the opportunity for the profit-split method to be more often the most appropriate transfer-pricing method. The revised guidance expressly states that the lack of comparable uncontrolled transactions, by itself, is not a basis for the use of the profit-split method. Under the former guidance, the profit-split method was used infrequently. In the revised guidance, the threshold requirements for the use of the profit-split method are still restrictive. Consequently, it is likely that the profit-split method will rarely be the most appropriate transfer-pricing method. Nevertheless, the residual profit-split method is being considered for BEPS action 1, on the taxation of the digital economy. Two of the proposals under pillar 1 of the Inclusive Framework's 2019 short policy note involve the use of the residual profit-split method to allocate profits. These proposals involve new profit allocation rules that go beyond the arm's-length principle.
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Marshall, C. W., and Stephanie van Willigenburg. "Judging Athenian Dramatic Competitions." Journal of Hellenic Studies 124 (November 2004): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3246152.
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AbstractThis paper presents a new model for how the voting worked at the Athenian dramatic competitions, and demonstrates its viability mathematically. Previous proposals have either failed to take full account of the ancient sources or have not considered all the possible permutations of judging results. As is generally recognized, ten votes were cast, but in most circumstances not all were counted. Sections I–IV consider the tragic competition at the Dionysia, in which three competitors vied for the prize. For the questions we consider, two likely cases are examined (when the votes are divided 4–3–3 and 5–3–2), then a random distribution covering all possible cases, and finally the situation when two competitors are favoured against a third (when the votes are divided 5–5–0, 5–4–1 and 4–4–2). Section I presents the proposal and situates it within the Athenian cultural context. Section II asks how many lots are typically drawn before a victory is obtained. Section III considers how other places are determined. Section IV introduces the question of ‘fairness’: does the person who receives the most votes actually win? Section V considers adjudication for comedies and at the Lenaia. Section VI considers dithyrambic competitions.
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Russo, Arturo. "Europe's Path To Mars: The European Space Agency's Mars Express Mission." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 41, no. 2 (2011): 123–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2011.41.2.123.
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Mars Express is the first planetary mission accomplished by the European Space Agency (ESA). Launched in early June 2003, the spacecraft entered Mars's orbit on Christmas day of that year, demonstrating the new European commitment to planetary exploration. Following a failed attempt in the mid-1980s, two valid proposals for a European mission to Mars were submitted to ESA's decision-making bodies in the early 1990s, in step with renewed international interest in Mars exploration. Both were rejected, however, in the competitive selection process for the agency's Science Programme. Eventually, the Mars Express proposal emerged during a severe budgetary crisis in the mid-1990s as an exemplar of a “flexible mission” that could reduce project costs and development time. Its successful maneuvering through financial difficulties and conflicting scientific interests was due to the new management approach as well as to the public appeal of Mars exploration. In addition to providing a case study in the functioning of the ESA's Science Programme, the story of Mars Express discussed in this paper provides a case study in the functioning of the European Space Agency's Science Programme and suggests some general considerations on the peculiar position of space research in the general field of the history of science and technology.
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Gomina Mama, Fousseni, Zhong Zhen Yang, Boukon’la Ayedun Akimbi Akpado, and John Kawie Zogar. "Urban Transport Issues in Cotonou: Analysis and Perspectives." Advanced Materials Research 850-851 (December 2013): 1118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.850-851.1118.
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This paper analyzed the urban mobility and mode of transportation within Cotonou, by diagnosing the current problems of transport through the role of each transports actors, demographic. Based on the survey which highlights the characteristics '' household-mobility in Cotonou, this research revealed, on one hand, the large gap between the transport infrastructures and the transport demand, and in the other hand, the exceptional case of mobility in this metropolitan area, where the motorcycles largely dominate the other mode of transport in the city, including public buses which implementation has failed. In the end, some recommendations have been made and proposals formulated in aim to respond efficiently to the urban transport problem in Cotonou.
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Langreo Navarro, Alicia, and Tomas Garcia Azcarate. "¿Qué actividad en la España Vacía?" Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 19, no. 1 (2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2019.01.01.
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<div data-canvas-width="529.0725266666668"><div data-canvas-width="529.0725266666668">This note is a reflection on the empty Spain and some of the differential features of its economic activity. The analysis starts from the observation that the economic engines that assured more or less their stability in the past have failed. It focusses on the different productive systems observed in the rural areas and their capacity to carry over the rural economy as a whole, which constitutes the essential core of this contribution. The gender perspective and the emigration are incorporated into the debate. It ends with 9 proposals for possible future lines of work.</div></div>
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Dyevre, Arthur. "The French Parliament and European." European Public Law 18, Issue 3 (2012): 527–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2012030.
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Through successive constitutional reforms over the past two decades, French parliamentarians have gained new rights and instruments to monitor policy-making at EU level and to exert tighter scrutiny over the executive branch. Yet the more structural and long-standing obstacles to the reparliamentarization of EU issues have not been removed, which explains why the reforms have failed to deliver the hoped-for Europeanization of parliamentary debates. While some progress has undoubtedly been made - notably with respect to MPs' access to information and expertise on EU legislative proposals - Parliament's overall influence in EU matters remains low and the innovations introduced by the Lisbon Treaty are unlikely to bring about any significant change to this state of affairs.
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Bendel, Petra. "But it does move, doesn´t it? The debate on the allocation of refugees in Europe from a German point of view." BORDER CROSSING 5, no. 1-2 (2015): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/bc.v5i1-2.512.
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This article examines the current debate on the allocation of refugees, based on the principle of “shared responsibility and solidarity among the EU Member States”. Arguing that the Dublin system has failed, I discuss alternative proposals, adopting both the perspective of the Member States and the view of the applicants themselves. Whereas most research has centred on the opportunities and risks of these instruments, on their efficiency or cost-benefit-relation, I ask for the political enforceability of the possible alternatives in the light of changed power relations in the European Parliament, the Commission and the Council. I shall argue that particularly the current perception of the German government might represent a window of opportunity for a policy change.
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Frame, Mariko Lin. "Integrating Degrowth and World-Systems Theory: Toward a Research Agenda." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 21, no. 5-6 (2023): 426–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341641.
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Abstract This short conceptual article seeks to integrate world-systems theory and degrowth. It suggests that an ecological rendering of world-systems theory can clarify some of the most important quandaries of the degrowth movement in regards to global justice, decolonialism, the excessive material throughput of the Global North, and globalization. The article reframes these concerns from a world-systems framework that recognizes global hierarchies, imperialism, and dependencies, issues that the degrowth movement as a whole has failed to sufficiently address. It argues that while degrowth has made some progress in conceptualizing the kinds of changes that would be necessary for a more sustainable and just global economy, further proposals and research into deeper, world-systemic changes are necessary.
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Samtani, Sanya. "Human rights, harmonious interpretation and the hegemonic international trade regime: The case of the COVID-19 TRIPS waiver proposals." South African Intellectual Property Law Journal 10, no. 1 (2022): 66–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/saipl/v10/a4.
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Although the COVID-19 pandemic has receded from daily news coverage, it still continues. Despite states committing to a human rights approach to ending the pandemic, and bearing human rights obligations to that effect, they have under-realised these obligations during this crisis. This article identifies the institutional design of the international trade regime as one of the key reasons for this failure. The article analyses the COVID-19 TRIPS waiver proposals and the Geneva package outcome emerging from the World Trade Organisation (WTO). It focuses on one aspect of both waiver proposals that is absent from the Geneva package outcome: states’ commitment to refrain from approaching the WTO Dispute Settlement System (DSS). The article argues that state parties to international human rights treaties and the WTO-covered agreements bear concurrent trade, intellectual property and human rights obligations. While international law requires states to harmoniously interpret these obligations to give effect to all of them, states have failed to do so. Instead, states’ trade and intellectual property obligations have become hegemonic, leading to the prioritisation of the market at the cost of human lives during one of the biggest humanitarian crises in recent memory, and necessitating the waiver proposals. The article concludes that, in the short term, waivers of intellectual property obligations as well as commitments not to bring actions at the WTO DSS are crucial to ensure that states can fulfil their human rights obligations during pandemics. In the longer term, this state of affairs highlights the need for rethinking existing international legal structures and the values that they promote.
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Svanberg, Ingvar, and Sabira Ståhlberg. "Peasant Food Provision Strategies and Scientific Proposals for Famine Foods in Eighteenth-Century Sweden." Gastronomy 2, no. 1 (2024): 18–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gastronomy2010002.
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The peasant diet during the Little Ice Age in Sweden was mainly grain-based (bread, gruel, and porridge), and the country was heavily dependent on grain imports to meet the population’s needs for food. During the eighteenth century in particular, when famines were frequent following failed harvests, Swedish peasants utilized a range of locally available resources to survive. Bark bread made of cambium (phloem) from Pinus sylvestris was, for example, commonly used as famine food. Scientists of the Enlightenment period and the state authorities tried to alleviate hunger and poverty through the introduction of new food resources and cooking techniques, including wild or agricultural plants such as lichens or potato, and the use of protein sources different from the traditional ones, such as horse meat. However, many of these proposals encountered strong resistance from the peasantry, and only at the end of the 1800s famines ceased to cause suffering in Sweden. Scientific studies have so far focused mainly on mortality, malnutrition, demography, and official responses to famines; yet the question of what the starving peasants gathered, prepared, and consumed is important for the understanding of the historical situation. Also, the difference between the scientific proposals and peasants’ decisions and choices must be clearly distinguished. This historical study using an ethnobiological approach discusses peasant subsistence strategies in Sweden in the eighteenth century using contemporary sources, which provide an opportunity to study how the population obtained foodstuffs, adapted their diet to available ingredients, and the interaction and conflicting views of peasants and scientists about new, science-based nutrition proposals.
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Gross, James A. "Book Review: Labor and Employment Law: Has Labor Law Failed? An Examination of Congressional Oversight and Legislative Proposals (1968–1990)." ILR Review 45, no. 2 (1992): 384–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399204500217.
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Corgatelli, Michele. "307Legal Transplants of Shareholder Voting Rights in the European Union – Evidence from the Past, Consequences for the Future." European Company and Financial Law Review 21, no. 3-4 (2024): 307–44. https://doi.org/10.1515/ecfr-2024-0011.
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Abstract This article examines how shareholder voting rights can be transplanted from one jurisdiction to another within the European Union. In particular, it traces the spread of the right to vote on defence measures during takeovers, on directors’ remuneration, and on related party transactions, to assess whether the transplantation succeeded or failed. In doing so, this analysis highlights a dichotomy between a process of autonomous convergence undertaken by continental Member States, carried out through adaptive and circumscribed transplants, and a process of harmonisation promoted by the European Commission, that transplanted the rights in its proposals attempting to mandate them at the supra-national level. Eventually, this article sheds light on how corporate law-making can take place in the EU: in a multi-polar context where distinct corporate law systems coexist ‘horizontally’, Member States can borrow legal provisions spontaneously, while the European Commission can endorse country-specific provisions that considers to be the best corporate governance arrangements, disruptively seeking to extend them to all jurisdictions. As a consequence, the imitated Member State carries virtually no interest in exporting its rules, but is in turn interested in resisting any deviation from the Commission’s proposal to limit the changes that it will undergo in the implementation of the instrument. The other Member States, on the other hand, may actively engage within the Council of the EU to resist and water down the proposal, to avoid reforming their corporate law system and tilt their domestic allocation of corporate power towards a particular constituency.