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Academic literature on the topic 'Failles (géologie) – Simulation, Méthodes de'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Failles (géologie) – Simulation, Méthodes de"
Rouby, Delphine. "Restauration numérique des domaines failles en extension : Méthode et applications." Rennes 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REN10132.
Full textSassi, William. "Analyse numérique de la déformation cassante : introduction de paramètres physiques dans l'analyse de failles striées : simulation numérique par la méthode aux éléments distincts." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112227.
Full textTwo independent approaches about problems of brittle deformation analysis in structural geology are investigated. Deformation process considered here is frictional sliding on preexisting sets of faults. Numerical analysis of striated fault planes is discussed in the first part. A property of the mechanical E. Carey and B. Brunier's model, sometimes available on data set, can be used as a first graphical determination of principal stress directions and shape factor. Heterogeneous data sets can be studied by the introduction of weight factors in the iterative regression. The model's applicability limits are analyzed by considering the mechanical aspect of sliding failure on preexisting faults. Empirical laws such as Mohr-Coulomb linear law, improve the physical reliability of a result obtained by E. Carey's numerical method. Nevertheless, paleo-stress quantification still remains a difficult problem. Thus, use of those compatibility criteria should be integrated to analyze both striated fault planes and focal mechanisms. Stress/strain relationships in discontinuous media are illustrated in the second part through a numerical simulating model: Universal Distinct-Element-Code. The modelling concerns two dimensional block structures. This program is applied to several examples (stress patterns in discontinuous elastic rockmass and volcano structure deformation). It can be used in various tectonic settings in order to quantify deformational analysis
Julio, Charline. "Conditionnement de la modélisation stochastique 3D des réseaux de failles." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0254/document.
Full textFaults are discontinuities in rock volumes that affect mechanical properties and flow paths of hydrocarbon reservoirs. However, subsurface modeling remains limited by the incompleteness and resolution of available data, so that uncertainties remain on the geometry and the connectivity of fault networks. To assess fault network uncertainties, several stochastic approaches have been introduced in the literature. These methods generate a set of possible fault models conditioned by reservoir data. In this thesis, we investigate two main conditioning strategies of stochastic fault modeling methods. The first one takes into account the observations of the fault absence, for instance, as indicated by seismic reflector continuity. To do this, the reservoir volume is divided into two sub-volumes delimited by a 3D envelope surface: (1) a volume where no faults occur, and (2) a potentially-faulted volume. Then, faults are simulated and optimized in such a way as to be entirely confined to the potentially-faulted volume. The second presented strategy deals with the uncertainties related to the seismic interpretation of fault segmentation. It generates a set of fine-scale segmented faults from a larger-scale and continuous interpretation of the fault. The method uses the orientation variations of the continuous fault to subdivide it into several possible fault segments. The effects of the different segmentation configurations on flow simulations are studied
Ader, Thomas. "Les tremblements de terre de l'Himalaya : vers un modèle physique du cycle sismique." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077282.
Full textHome to hundreds of millions of souls and land of excessiveness, the Himalaya is also the locus of a unique seismicity whose scope and peculiarities still remain to this day somewhat mysterious. Having claimed the lives of kings, or turned ancient timeworn cities into heaps of rubbles and tains, earthquakes eerily inhabit Nepalese folk tales with the fatalistic message that nothing lasts forever. From a scientific point of view as much as from a human perspective, solving the mysteries of Himalayan seismicity thus represents a challenge of prime importance. Documenting geodetic strain across the Nepal Himalaya with varions GPS and leveling data, we show that unlike other subduction zones that exhibit a heterogeneous and patchy coupling pattern along strike, the last hundred kilometers of the Main Himalayan Thrust fault, or MHT, appear to be uniformly locked, devoid of any of the "creeping barriers" that traditionally ward off the propagation of large events. The approximately 20 mm/yr of reckoned convergence across the Himalaya matching previously established estimates of the secular deformation at the front of the arc, die slip accumulated at depth has to somehow elastically propagate all the way to the surface at some point. And yet, neither large events from die past nor currently recorded microseismicity nearly compensate for the massive moment deficit that quietly builds up under die giant mountains. Along with this large unbalanced moment deficit, die uncommonly homogeneous coupling pattern on die MHT raises the question of whether or not the locked portion of die MHT can rupture all at once in a giant earthquake. Univocally answering this question appears contingent on die still elusive estimate of the magnitude of the largest possible earthquake in the Himalaya, and requires tight constraints on local fault properties. What makes the Himalaya enigmatic also makes it the potential source of an incredible wealth of information, and we exploit some of the oddities of Himalayan seismicity in an effort to improve the understanding of earthquake physics and cipher out the properties of die MHT. Thanks to the Himalaya, the Indo-Gangetic plain is deluged each year under a tremendous amount of water during the annual summer monsoon that collects and bears down on the Indian plate enough to pull it away from the Eurasian plate slightly, temporarily relieving a small portion of die stress mounting on the MHT. As the rainwater evaporates in the dry winter season, die plate rebounds and tension is increased back on the fault. Interestingly, the mild waggle of stress induced by the monsoon nains is about die same size as that from solid-Earth tides which gently tug at the planets solid layers, but whereas changes in earthquake frequency correspond with the annually occurring monsoon, there is no such correlation with Earth tides, which oscillate back-and-forth twice a day. We therefore investigate die general response of the creeping and seismogenic parts of MHT to periodic stresses in order to link there observations to physical parameters. First, the response of die creeping part of the MHT is analyzed with a simple spring-and-slider system bearing rate-strengthening rheology, and we show that at the transition with die locked zone, where the friction becomes Wear velocity neutral, the response of the slip rate may be amplified at some periods, which values are analytically related to the physical parameters of die problem. Such predictions therefore hold the potential of constraining fault properties on the MHT, but still await observational counterparts to be applied, as nothing indicates that the variations of seismicity rate on die locked part of the MHT are the direct expressions of variations of the slip rate on its creeping part, and no variations of die slip rate have been singled out from die GPS measurements to this day. When shifting to die locked seismogenic part of the MHT, spring-and-slider models with rate-weakening rheology are insufficient to explain die contrasted responses of die seismicity to the periodic loads that tides and monsoon both place on the MHT. Lnstead, we resort to numerical simulations using the Boundary Integral CYCLes of Earthquakes algorithm and examine die response of a 2D finite fault embedded with a rate-weakening patch to harmonie stress perturbations of varions periods. We show that such simulations are able to reproduce results consistent with a graduai amplification of sensitivity as die perturbing period get larger, up to a critical period corresponding to the characteristic Lime of evolution of the seismicity in response to a step-like perturbation of stress. This increase of sensitivity was not reproduced by simple 1D-spring-slider systems, probably because of the complexity of the nucleation process, reproduced only by 2D-fault models. When the nucleation zone is close to its critical unstable size, its growth becomes highly sensitive to any externat perturbations and the timings of produced events may therefore fmd themselves highly affected. A fully analytical framework has yet to be developed and further work is needed to fully describe the behavior of die fault in ternis of physical parameters, which will likely provide die keys to deduce constitutive properties of the MHT fion seismological observations
Chauvin, Benjamin. "Applicability of the mechanics-based restoration : boundary conditions, fault network and comparison with a geometrical method." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0160/document.
Full textStructural restoration aims to recover rock paleo-geometries and to validate structural interpretations. The classical methods are based on geometric/kinematic assumptions and impose a style of deformation. Geomechanical methods, by integrating rock elastic behavior and fundamental mechanical conservation laws, aim to solve issues of classical methods. However several studies show that the geomechanical restoration lacks physical consistency in particular because of the boundary conditions. There are uncertainties on the choice of the elastic properties, and the meshing constraints limit this method to be used as a validation tool of structural interpretations. The choice of a specific restoration method is difficult because there are many geomechanical restoration approaches, in addition to the numerous geometric/kinematic methods. Firstly, this thesis presents a review of the various 3D geomechanical methods to unfold and unfault a 3D geological model. The objective is to present their, theoretical and practical, strengths and limits. Secondly, through the restoration of a structural sandbox model, we worked on the choice of adequate boundary conditions to get a proper restored model. This structural sandbox model was deformed in laboratory and presents several analogies with supra-salt extensional structures. Thanks to the observation of the analog model geometry through time on a cross section, we show that a lateral shortening boundary condition is necessary. We show that this shortening can be estimated by the area-depth method. Moreover we define new fault contact conditions to handle complex fault networks. These novel conditions tie internal fault borders and join parts of offset faults. Thirdly, the test of several elastic parameters shows that Young’s modulus, homogeneous within a geological model, has almost no effect on the restoration displacement field. However, Poisson’s ratio has a significant impact on the volume dilatation. Finally, we compare the mechanics-based restoration method with a geometric-based method relying on a chronostratigraphic model (GeoChron) mapping any point of the subsurface to its image in depositional (Wheeler) space. We show that both methods provide a geometrically similar restored state for the analog model. The geometric method has numerous advantages to quickly and accurately get a restored model, but it lacks flexibility on the choice of the deformation constraints. The geomechanical restoration method force is to define custom boundary conditions and specific mechanical behaviors to handle complex contexts
Muron, Pierre. "Méthodes numériques 3-D de restauration des structures géologiques faillées." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2005_MURON_P.pdf.
Full textStructural restoration aims at removing iteratively deformation to characterize geometry of subsurface models at time of deposition, it provides a systematic way to test and validate structural models against a set of geological hypothesis and concepts. This technique is widely used in exploration and production of hydrocarbons as it brings valuable insights for the interpretation and understanding of geological structures. This thesis is focused on the development of numerical methods for the restoration of volumetric models ; three different topics are successively covered : 1) The development of a volumetric representation tailored for volumetric restoration : a data structure, referred as Solid Model, based on a conforming tetrahedral mesh is generated from a structural model and provides key metainformation to handle logical and geological relationship within the mesh. 2) The sequential restoration of continuous deformation : a parameterized objective function subject to specific boundary conditions guides the behaviour of the volumetric model through time. Several approaches are developed : (1) the kinematical approach defines the objective function based on geometrical assumptions derived from deformation styles (2) the mechanical approach relies on the conservation of momentum. The Solid Model ensures a consistent transition from geological requirements to computational requirements. 3) The restoration of discontinuous deformation : a set of kinematical contact constraints is automatically derived from the meta-model provided by the Solid Model and ensures the geological consistency of the fault network in the restored state. The numerical technique enforcing the contact constraints relies on classical contact mechanics algorithm
Laborde, Olivier. "Formes quadratiques, géométrie affine et méthodes géométriques en géologie." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20015.
Full textBobineau, Jean-Pierre. "Simulations numériques de phénomènes tectoniques : calculs de déformations tectoniques par la méthode des éléments finis : recherche de la localisation des grandes déformations créant les failles." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ECAP0209.
Full textMaurel, Olivier. "L' exhumation de la zone axiale des Pyrénées orientales : une approche thermo-chronologique multi-méthodes du rôle des failles." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20037.
Full textAubiès-Trouilh, Alexandre. "Exploitation et mise à disposition de nouvelles techniques de modélisation géologique 3D afin d'apprécier la géométrie des plis-failles." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26660/26660.pdf.
Full textThe San Corneli anticline located within the Spanish central Pyrenees, is a foreland fault-related fold. This compressive structure developed within the Boixòls thrust sheet during the emplacement of the fold and thrust belt above the Iberian plate during the Meso-Cenozoic. Geometrically, the San Corneli anticline corresponds to a fault propagation fold (8 km by 10 km). Pre-compression extensive structures have been recognized within the anticline. These syntectonic normal faults and fractures were formed during deposition of sediments in the mesozoic rifted basin. The aim of our research is to determine the influence of these normal faults on the development of the San Corneli anticline and their effect on the particular geometry of this fault propagation fold. We used 3D geometrical modeling to gain a better understanding of the relationship between the pre-existing structures and the geometry and kinematics of the fault propagation fold. Furthermore, in this area the vegetative cover is minimal and the San Corneli anticline is very well exposed giving access to numerous field data and facilitating surface modeling of the present geometry of the fold. Our methodology consists, as a first step, in reverse 3D modeling. The geological model volume is restored using the 3D Restoration plugin proposed by gOcad based on cross section balancing. This technique allows to obtain a 3D paleogeographic model, and thus to deduce the location and geometry of preexisting normal faults with depositing sediments in the basin. In order to test different assumptions about the mode of development of this fault propagation fold, we have conducted a series of 3D geometrical models directly from the paleogeographic model. The aim of 3D forward modeling is to revert to the current state of deformation of the model. We were able to better appreciate the chronology of events that have affected the fold and evaluate to what extent the early faults have influenced the kinematics of the San Corneli fold. In this sense, we were able to show that the orientation of pre-existing faults with respect to the regional compressive stress influences the way in which these faults will be reactivated, either in a vertical (reverse) or horizontal sense (strike-slip).