Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Failles (Géologie)'
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Coromina, Guilhem. "Interactions fluide-roche dans les zones de failles anciennes et relations avec le fonctionnement sismique-asismique des discontinuités de la croûte continentale." Besançon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BESA2078.
Full textThe aim of this study is to understand the functioning of three ancient fault zones and the role played by fluids in these structures. The first studied fault is a detachment fault located in the Jura, near the city of Dôle. It first acted in ductile conditions and then in brittle conditions during the collapse of the Variscan chain. A limited quantity of fluid circulated during the first stages of deformation. On the other hand, a significant amount of fluids flowed during the brittle deformation stage. Silica-rich fluids were allowed trapped along the upper fault plane. Then, fluid overpressures fractured the rock and allowed slip along this low-angle fault. The two other studied faults are strike-slip faults located in the western Chugoku region (Japan). They both acted as conduits for fluid fractures were sealed with laumonite. The three fault zones show different fluid-rock interaction characterization of these kinds of structures helps understanding data obtained from indirect observation or from cores drilled across active fault zones
Coussement, Christophe. "Structures transverses et extension intracontinentale : le rôle des zones de failles d'Assoua et Tanganyika-Rukwa-Malawi dans la cinématique néogène du système de Rift Est-africain." Brest, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BRES2008.
Full textEtchebes, Marie. "Paléosismologie spatiale : segmentation et scénarios de ruptures sismiques : applications à deux failles actives décrochantes asiatiques : la faille de Fuyun et la faille du kunlun, Chine." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077039.
Full textTo understand how earthquake slip repeats along fault segments, it is necessary to document each earthquake in details. Up to now, there are barely more than 20 historical strike-slip earthquakes for which accurate surface rupture maps are available. Displacement patterns for successive earthquakes on the same fault are even more rare. Hence, it remains difficult to assess which, if any, proposed earthquake recurrence models might work better in general, or on any given fault in particular. Using high-resolution optical satellite images along with field observations, we analysed the 08/11/1931 Fuyun strike-slip rupture (Ms 7. 9), China. Thanks to the arid climate conditions that prevail in the Fuyun area, the analysis of these images allowed us to constrain the length and the geometry of the rupture zone. On these images, we have also measured offsets due to great earthquakes on the Kunlun fault and the Fuyun fault (China). Along the latter rupture, 290 measurements define a 1931 coseismic slip distribution with an average slip of 6. 3 m, and suggest 5 homothetic slip fonctions for more ancient earthquakes, supporting a characteristic- earthquake model. Along the Kunlun fault, which ruptured in 2001 (Mw 7. 8), co-located larger offsets are similar to the 2001 coseismic offsets, supporting a characteristic-slip model. Although it is difficult to differentiate between the slip or the earthquake characteristic models, we propose that the behaviour of these two faults is organized and that they follow a characteristic pattern, when rupturing. The addition of some time new constrains help us to make progress in the understanding of the long term behaviour of these two faults
Konate, Moussa. "Etude microtectonique des accidents de Mouthier et de Pontarlier (Jura)." Nancy 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NAN10202.
Full textPeltzer, Gilles. "Contribution à l'étude de la collision Inde-Asie : 1 Approche expérimentale, équilibre entre épaississement crustal et extrusion latérale : 2 Estimation des déplacements quaternaires sur le bord nord du Tibet." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077259.
Full textZellagui, Riadh. "Mécanismes d'argilisation des gouges argileuses associées aux failles dans les bassins silicoclastiques : étude du faisceau de failles du Mas d'Alary-Saint-Jean (bassin de Lodève) et de la faille de Caire Brun (bassin d'Annot)." Poitiers, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001POIT2260.
Full textBlusson, Annick. "Étude structurale du faisceau de failles des Cévennes (France) à l'aide de données multiples : télédétection, terrain, géophysique." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112093.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to test and evaluate the contribution of different methods and diverse data types to a structural geology regional study. The test zone is the Cevennes fracture zone, an important structure of the South of France, which has already been studied tectonically. In order to apprehend the subject at different scales, diverses data types are used: field microtectonics measurements, aerial photographies, radar images (JPL), SpaceLab photographies, Landsat images (MSS, RBV, TM) and geophysical data. The contribution of each data type and of various data processes to fracturation recognition is evaluated. The superimposition of the images is realized. This allows us to compare directly data of various origins and geometries. The results show that each scale of work is important and that their contributions complementary. Some data processes, such as contour analysis and fracturation rose diagrams drawing, are developed, tested then applied to other data types (ex: Spacelab). Recent data (Spacelab, TM…) have a very good quality and their contribution could be improved in further studies. Geophysics only allows a large scale study in this region because the available data are imprecise and heterogeneous. The development of an automatic method of statistical study of fracturation gives us hope, in the near future, of the development of a semi-automatic work station allowing a quick realization o fracturation studies from various image types
Granier, Thérèse. "Initiation, évolution et amortissement des failles en domaine fragile." Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20069.
Full textMuron, Pierre. "Méthodes numériques 3-D de restauration des structures géologiques faillées." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2005_MURON_P.pdf.
Full textStructural restoration aims at removing iteratively deformation to characterize geometry of subsurface models at time of deposition, it provides a systematic way to test and validate structural models against a set of geological hypothesis and concepts. This technique is widely used in exploration and production of hydrocarbons as it brings valuable insights for the interpretation and understanding of geological structures. This thesis is focused on the development of numerical methods for the restoration of volumetric models ; three different topics are successively covered : 1) The development of a volumetric representation tailored for volumetric restoration : a data structure, referred as Solid Model, based on a conforming tetrahedral mesh is generated from a structural model and provides key metainformation to handle logical and geological relationship within the mesh. 2) The sequential restoration of continuous deformation : a parameterized objective function subject to specific boundary conditions guides the behaviour of the volumetric model through time. Several approaches are developed : (1) the kinematical approach defines the objective function based on geometrical assumptions derived from deformation styles (2) the mechanical approach relies on the conservation of momentum. The Solid Model ensures a consistent transition from geological requirements to computational requirements. 3) The restoration of discontinuous deformation : a set of kinematical contact constraints is automatically derived from the meta-model provided by the Solid Model and ensures the geological consistency of the fault network in the restored state. The numerical technique enforcing the contact constraints relies on classical contact mechanics algorithm
Boutareaud, Sébastien. "Slip-weakening mechanisms at high slip-velocities : insights from analogue and numerical modellings." Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA2030.
Full textThis thesis aims at studying the thermo-poro-mechanical properties of fault rock materials by means of field analysis of an exhumed fault and laboratory experiments, in order to determine the processes responsible of the efficiency of two thermally-activated slip-weakening mechanisms: the thermal pressurization and the moisture-drained weakening mechanism. The field study was conducted on well-exposed outcrops of a potentially active strike-slip fault that belongs to the Western Chugoku fault system (Japan): the Usukidani fault. The experimental work was conducted in the rock deformation laboratory at Kyoto University. The primary results of this research are exposed below
Siavelis, Maximilien. "Modélisation numérique X-FEM de grands glissements avec frottement le long d'un réseau de discontinuités." Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ECDN0022.
Full textThe topic of this thesis is the modeling of geological faults. The main motivation is to release the difficulty of meshing that should normally comply to different kind of discontinuities (faults and layers) of the model. We present the development carried out to take advantage of the X-FEM approach in simplifying the meshing of geostructures. After a bibliography of the X-FEM, we present some improvements for fault network modeling with opening kinematical modes. An X-FEM approach for junction modeling is extended in order to represent complex 3D geometries with junctions between faults. Solutions are proposed and discussed to solve some matrix conditioning problems with X-FEM. A bibliographic presentation of contact-friction with X-FEM is exposed and we describe the work done on that matter for fault modeling. The main difficulty is to solve problems related to contact within the classical finite element method framework as well as specific problems related to X-FEM, in particular the satisfaction of the LBB condition. We present extensions and improvements of contact modeling with X-FEM in order to model contact-friction with large sliding in 3D fault networks. The contact at the junction is also discussed. To verify the robustness of the method, implemented algorithms are tested on tectonic sedimentary basin models or reservoirs. An inverse problem which reduces the uncertainty of the initial model thanks to existing observations illustrates the advantage of X-FEM as well as the advantage of locating faults with level sets. At the end of the document, some perspectives are proposed. It would be interesting to take into account microstructures development in the geologic reservoirs, like diffuse fractures, by means of specific behavior laws and also to study fault propagation as well as layer discontinuities
Replumaz, Anne. "Reconstruction de la zone de collision Inde-Asie : étude centrée sur l'Indochine." Paris 7, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA077215.
Full textNemer, Tony. "Seismotectonics and seismic behaviour of the Lebanese restraining bend : roles and effects of the fault branches on the seismic hazard of Lebanon." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR1GE15.
Full textThe Dead Sea Transform Fault (DSTF) extends for about 1000 km between the Gulf of Aqaba and southeast Turkey. It bends rightward and forms the Lebanese restraining bend (LRB). Within this bend, the main fault splays into 5 fault branches, of which only the Yammouneh fault is through-going and represents the main continuation of the DSTF across the bend. In this work, we study the 4 auxiliary fault branches from the structural, active tectonic and palaeoseismic view points, in order to understand their tectonic behaviours and assess their seismic hazard. The Roum fault is associated with fresh fault scarps and pressure ridges which attest for recent coseismic ruptures. A palaeoseismic excavation shows a complex fault zone with several rupture strands, and a minimum of 4 large seismic events with surface ruptures during the last ~10000 years. The last seismic event along it was most probably to the 1 January 1837 (Ms ~ 7. 1) earthquake. The Rachaya and Serghaya faults are associated with the presence of different geomorphic expressions that are direct manifestations of young surface-rupture displacements. Palaeoseismic investigations along both faults show their current faulting activity and indicate the earthquake recurrence along them. They constitute a single fault system that is tectonically active and found associated with the 30 October – 25 November 1759 (Ms ~ 6. 6 and 7. 4) earthquake sequence. Little and intermittent faulting is found along the Hasbaya fault that does not show signs of tectonic activity that affects Late Pleistocene deposits. The LRB constitutes a positive flower structure along the DSTF, whereby a structural interconnection of the different faults and folds takes place together with block movements. A deterministic seismic hazard evaluation of the study area indicates that future earthquakes will have drastic ground-motion effects
Niño, Fernando. "Modélisation numérique de la déformation localisée et de l'activité tectonique des failles." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20019.
Full textAubiès-Trouilh, Alexandre. "Exploitation et mise à disposition de nouvelles techniques de modélisation géologique 3D afin d'apprécier la géométrie des plis-failles." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26660/26660.pdf.
Full textThe San Corneli anticline located within the Spanish central Pyrenees, is a foreland fault-related fold. This compressive structure developed within the Boixòls thrust sheet during the emplacement of the fold and thrust belt above the Iberian plate during the Meso-Cenozoic. Geometrically, the San Corneli anticline corresponds to a fault propagation fold (8 km by 10 km). Pre-compression extensive structures have been recognized within the anticline. These syntectonic normal faults and fractures were formed during deposition of sediments in the mesozoic rifted basin. The aim of our research is to determine the influence of these normal faults on the development of the San Corneli anticline and their effect on the particular geometry of this fault propagation fold. We used 3D geometrical modeling to gain a better understanding of the relationship between the pre-existing structures and the geometry and kinematics of the fault propagation fold. Furthermore, in this area the vegetative cover is minimal and the San Corneli anticline is very well exposed giving access to numerous field data and facilitating surface modeling of the present geometry of the fold. Our methodology consists, as a first step, in reverse 3D modeling. The geological model volume is restored using the 3D Restoration plugin proposed by gOcad based on cross section balancing. This technique allows to obtain a 3D paleogeographic model, and thus to deduce the location and geometry of preexisting normal faults with depositing sediments in the basin. In order to test different assumptions about the mode of development of this fault propagation fold, we have conducted a series of 3D geometrical models directly from the paleogeographic model. The aim of 3D forward modeling is to revert to the current state of deformation of the model. We were able to better appreciate the chronology of events that have affected the fold and evaluate to what extent the early faults have influenced the kinematics of the San Corneli fold. In this sense, we were able to show that the orientation of pre-existing faults with respect to the regional compressive stress influences the way in which these faults will be reactivated, either in a vertical (reverse) or horizontal sense (strike-slip).
Marchal, Denis. "Approche spatio-temporelle des mécanismes de la propagation des failles normales : des modélisations analogiques à la sismique 3D." Nancy 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NAN10270.
Full textIn petroleum geology, normal faulting is a major process in the formation of oil traps in extensional domains. Evaluating the quantities of hydrocarbons trapped, especially at the edges of structures, requires thorough knowledge of the 3D geometry of fault tips and their propagation mechanisms. To study the propagation mecanisms of normal faults, two types of analog modeling are conducted here: (1) propagation tests of pre-existing fauHs in translucid analog materials with video monitoring and (2) extensional deformation of two-Iayer sand/silicone scale models with X-ray tomograph imaging (medical scanner). This type of approach makes it possible to analyze fault propagation mechanisms in three dùnensions over the course oftime. The results are used to develop a conceptual model of the propagation of neoformed normal faults within a spatio-temporal (4D) framework. Whichever type of analogue model is used, secondary faults arranged in en échelon patterns arise at the tips of the main fault. Normal fault propagation mechanisms results mainly from connection processes between the secondary faults, between secondary faults and the main fault, and from the junction of two main faults. These connection processes are the source of the different types of undulation observed on fault planes. To validate the theoretical model, detailed morphology of natural neoformed normal faults is analysed by means of 3D seismic blocks (Niger Delta, Gulf of Gabes) and field examples (Oklo, Gabon). The natural extensional structures are interpreted using 4D sequences developed by analog modeling. The influence of the structural heritage (reactivation of a deep fault) on the geometry and propagation of neoformed normal faults is also considered
Karakaş, Çağil. "Propagation et évolution structurale de la faille Nord Anatolienne dans la région de Marmara." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GLOB0003.
Full textGiampietro, Tiziano. "Architecture et lois d'échelle de l'endommagement tectonique associé aux failles : apports de données sur des systèmes de failles dans l'ouest américain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COAZ4131.
Full textSeismogenic faults rupture intermittently, generating earthquakes of various magnitudes. These successive ruptures contribute to make the "master" fault grow, that is, accumulate displacements and gain in length over repeated seismic cycles. As a fault accumulates displacement, the embedding rocks are “damaged”, i.e., fractured at multiple locations around the master fault; a phenomenon referred to as “tectonic damage”. This tectonic damage predominantly consists of networks of fractures and secondary faults of different scales. This damage fracturing modifies the mechanical properties of the fault embedding rocks, and it has been shown that these rheological modifications influence the earthquake rupture dynamics, with, among others, acceleration of the rupture, amplification of the coseismic slips, etc. Characterizing the tectonic damage associated to faults is therefore important to understand and model its impact on earthquake rupture. My work contributes to address this topic. I have analyzed the architecture and other properties of tectonic damage in a large number of natural fault cases, spanning a broad range of lengths, cumulative displacements, slip modes, and degrees of structural maturity. Most of the analyzed fault systems are located in the western USA, and expose at the ground surface the traces of the secondary faults and fractures that form their damage zones. I analyzed these fault zones using a combination of optical remote images and topographic data, including Pléiades satellite images, drone and ground-based photogrammetric data, Lidar data, and field measurements. I mapped these fault zones at the highest possible resolutions to identify the macroscopic structures within the damage zones. I then used these high-resolution maps to measure a number of key parameters describing the damage structures and zones, such as their length, cumulative displacement, distance from and orientation relative to the master fault, among others. Measuring displacements was challenging, which led me to develop an innovative Matlab code, Auto_Throw, to automate the rigorous measure of vertical displacements on normal (i.e., extensive) faults in topographic data, along with their uncertainties. My application of Auto_Throw to multiple faults of various lengths confirmed certain generic properties of fault displacement distributions, revealed new generic properties (such as the systematic lateral variations in fault dips), and allowed me to develop a novel approach to measure the width of the innermost damage zone off a fault. In a second step, using the entire dataset of high-resolution fault maps, I developed a novel approach to identify, define and discriminate “inner” and “outer” damage zones. This led me to measure again a number of key parameters describing the damage structures and zones. Collectively, these measures reveal a number of scaling laws that describe the distribution, architecture and slip budget of the damage zones with respect to major properties of the parent fault (length, cumulative displacement, lateral segmentation, segment length, etc.). My work eventually shows that inner and outer damage zones significantly differ in distribution, width, composition (density, size and orientation of structures) and amount of accommodated displacements. The scaling laws I could suggest are key to better estimate the mechanical properties of the damaged rocks around faults, and to better represent fault zones in earthquake models
Detourbet, Christine. "Analyse des relations entre la Grande Faille de Sumatra (Indonésie) et les structures compressives de l'arrière-arc." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112302.
Full textVetel, William. "Dynamique de l'extension intra-continentale en contexte de rift magmatique : le Rift Turkana (Nord Kenya) de l'Eocène à l'Actuel." Brest, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009294.
Full textThe geometry of the Turkana Cenozoic rift (45 Ma. , North Kenya) is dominated by a set of syn-rift oligo-pliocene basins and a subdued topography. This manuscript, based on satellite imagery (Landsat ETM+), topographical data (SRTM) combined with seismic reflexion, proposes a model for the Turkana rift evolution for the last 45 Ma. That demonstrates the influence of two transverse basement faulted corridors and of magmatic domains on the extensional structures development. The study of recent/active tectonic inversions leads us to propose a three-stages kinematic model for the last 5 Ma. The geometrical and statistical study of the recent (<3 Ma. ) Kino Sogo fault bel reveals : 1) this network accommodates a weak extension implying low extensional and strain rates, 2) fault lengths fit with exponential law, and 3) fault throw are 5100 m leading to a weak throw/length ratio. This mature, but under-displaced character of faults, is attributed to a fault growth model dominated by the rejuvenation of pre-existing structures. Finally, the Turkana river network analyses leads us to discuss three drainage anomalies: 1) the virgation of the Turkwell river along a transverse basement faulted corridor, 2) the lock of a dense river pattern by the recent reactivation of an oligo-miocene fault plane, and 3) the formation of a circular-type drainage anomaly in response to the recent tectonic inversions of the basins (3. 7 Ma. ). More generally, this work supplies some new insights on the development of magmatic rifts controlled by a strong structural inheritance
Maillart, Jérôme. "Différenciation entre tectonique synsédimentaire et compaction différentielle." Paris, ENMP, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ENMP0219.
Full textFeng, Xiaojun. "Modélisation numérique des failles décrochantes et des effets de compression à grande échelle : cas d'étude en Afrique de l'Ouest et Nouvelle Zélande." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30311.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to explore the role shear zones play in localization of deformation and exhumation of the lower crust by using a series of 2D and 3D thermo-mechanical numerical models using the West African Craton (WAC) and the Alpine Fault zones as study areas. With respect to the localization of deformation in the upper crust, different orientations of a system of branched strike-slip faults were studied. Under compression boundary conditions, the results show that the internal fault zones as well as the host rocks in between the faults behave as relatively weaker domains than the external regions. Under simple shear boundary conditions, we explored the process of self-organization of the Australian-Pacific plate boundary fault in southern New Zealand. The models show that deformation is focused along narrow high-strain shear zones in the centre of the model when the softening coefficients are high, whereas the strain is more diffuse with many shear zones spread over the model and possibly some high-strain shear zones focused near one border at lower softening coefficients. Regarding the role pre-existing faults and basins play in exhumation of the partially molten lower crust, 2D and 3D models with different boundary conditions were tested (including extension, transtension and compression). * Under extension, in the Eastern and Western parts of the high grade rock corridors in NW Ghana, partially molten rocks exhumed from the lower into middle-upper crustal levels are interpreted to have been dominantly facilitated by the km-scale high-strain corridors. In the central part of the Bole-Bulenga domain, the high grade rocks are interpreted to have been exhumed as a result of a coupling between two mechanisms: (1) the concentration of partially molten rocks between the Jirapa and Bole-Nangodi faults increases due to the reduction in space from north to south; (2) the concentration of lower partially molten rocks in the central part, as a result of inherited orthogonal (E-W) faults. * Under transtension, in the Sefwi terrane of SW Ghana, the Kukuom-Juaboso domain (KJD) composed of up to amphibolite-migmatite facies could result from the concentration of upwelling partially molten rocks in the relay zone between the Ketesso and Kenyase shear zones during transtension. The two shear zones probably underwent two main stages for growth and maturation from the D1 to D2 deformation phases. The regional exhumation of the high grade rocks in the Sefwi terrane probably occurred within a duration of less than 5 Ma. * Under compression, the role of volcano-sedimentary basin on spatial-temporal evolution of the lower crust exhumation was tested. The models suggest that a series of sheet-like granitoids possibly derived from either subducted mélanges, lower crust and/or mantle melting accumulated at depths of the subcontinental mantle would channel along diapirs before feeding the upper crust. When the granitoids arrive at the solidified lids of the diapirs, they would favour migrating horizontally and intruding into the upper crust through weakening zones between the diapirs. This model also suggests an asymmetry of structures between the upper and middle-lower crust, with the dome-like granitoids overlying high-grade sedimentary synforms and high-grade diapirs underlying low-grade greenstone belts
Joussineau, Ghislain de. "Contribution à l'étude du comportement sous contrainte des failles et des fractures de mode I : terrain et modélisations analogiques et numériques." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20056.
Full textRouby, Delphine. "Restauration numérique des domaines failles en extension : Méthode et applications." Rennes 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REN10132.
Full textSchmittbuhl, Jean. "Failles et séismes : quelques approches statistiques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00819860.
Full textLaborde, Olivier. "Formes quadratiques, géométrie affine et méthodes géométriques en géologie." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20015.
Full textTayebi, Mohamed. "Le segment hercynien du Haut-Atlas occidental dans les Ait Chaib, Maroc : stratigraphie, tectonique et rôle de la zone faillée ouest atlasique." Aix-Marseille 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX30077.
Full textPinet, Nicolas. "Un exemple de grand décrochement actif en contexte de subduction oblique : la faille philippine dans sa partie septentrionale. Étude régionale (NW Luzon) : thématique et modélisation analogique." Nice, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NICE4404.
Full textKeresztes, Barna. "Segmentation de zones d'intérêt par processus objets : application à la détection des réseaux de failles sismiques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13911/document.
Full textThis thesis presents a new approach for seismic fault detection. Its goal is to increase the detection accuracy by computing some classical attributes on a support founded on an a priori knowledge about the faults. Several forms of support are proposed: a linear filtering method using fixed length segments of variable direction, respectively using a stochastic algorithm: the marked point processes. To simulate this process we propose two object models, using a network of connected linear segments and a more complex curved support which aims to describe each fault using one object. One interest of this approach is the possibility of using a common support for different fault detection operators. Then a whole detection framework can be proposed which acts like a decision fusion process
Cruz, Atienza Victor Manuel. "Rupture dynamique des failles non-planaires en différences finies." Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE4020.
Full textThis work is separated into two parts: the first part is devoted to wave propagation, and the second part treats the dynamic rupture of earthquakes. In the first part I propose a general review of the basic concepts concerning finite difference (FD) methods. Based on a partly staggered grid, the FD technique used in the second part of the work to study the rupture of earthquakes is analyzed in detail. The free surface and the planar crack boundary conditions are treated in separated sections. Several approaches, previously introduced by different authors, are discussed for each problem. The formulation and implementation of the Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) absorbing boundary conditions in three dimensions (3D) are described. Different tests to illustrate the performance of these boundary conditions are presented in homogeneous and heterogeneous media. In the second part I firstly provide an overview of rupture mechanics. After formulating the main problem of this study, I tackle the numerical modeling of nonplanar faults in two dimensions (2D). A new approach allowing these kinds of complex simulations is then introduced. A scaling law, relating the grid size to the amount of grid points discretizing the source, allows an increase in the precision of solutions by reducing the numerical oscillations. The extension of the rupture model to 3D is performed. Both numerical precision and convergence are analyzed in terms of the cohesive zone resolution. The model is validated for the spontaneous rupture along planar and nonplanar (i. E. Curvilinear) faults by comparing solutions with those yielded by two independent numerical approaches. Finally, the method is applied to the case of nonplanar faults loaded in a biaxial tectonic stress regime. The fault geometry becomes an extremely important factor for rupture propagation under these conditions. A dynamic rupture analysis of the 1992 Landers earthquake confirms the importance of the fault geometry, since fundamentally different results are obtained when considering the real rupture surface with respect to those reported by previous authors where the fault was assumed to be planar
Lecomte, Emmanuel. "Détachements et failles normales à faible pendage : cinématique et localisation de la déformation. Approche de terrain et modélisation numérique. Exemple des Cyclades." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066470.
Full textSaillard, Marc. "Evolution tectono-sédimentaire du fossé de Sault et du Bassin de Montbrun-les-Bains, durant l'oligocène (Vaucluse-Drôme)." Aix-Marseille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX11390.
Full textJulio, Charline. "Conditionnement de la modélisation stochastique 3D des réseaux de failles." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0254/document.
Full textFaults are discontinuities in rock volumes that affect mechanical properties and flow paths of hydrocarbon reservoirs. However, subsurface modeling remains limited by the incompleteness and resolution of available data, so that uncertainties remain on the geometry and the connectivity of fault networks. To assess fault network uncertainties, several stochastic approaches have been introduced in the literature. These methods generate a set of possible fault models conditioned by reservoir data. In this thesis, we investigate two main conditioning strategies of stochastic fault modeling methods. The first one takes into account the observations of the fault absence, for instance, as indicated by seismic reflector continuity. To do this, the reservoir volume is divided into two sub-volumes delimited by a 3D envelope surface: (1) a volume where no faults occur, and (2) a potentially-faulted volume. Then, faults are simulated and optimized in such a way as to be entirely confined to the potentially-faulted volume. The second presented strategy deals with the uncertainties related to the seismic interpretation of fault segmentation. It generates a set of fine-scale segmented faults from a larger-scale and continuous interpretation of the fault. The method uses the orientation variations of the continuous fault to subdivide it into several possible fault segments. The effects of the different segmentation configurations on flow simulations are studied
Pramumijoyo, Subagyo. "Néotectonique et sismotectonique de la terminaison méridionale de la Grande Faille de Sumatra et du détroit de la Sonde (Indonésie)." Paris 11, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA112148.
Full textSassi, William. "Analyse numérique de la déformation cassante : introduction de paramètres physiques dans l'analyse de failles striées : simulation numérique par la méthode aux éléments distincts." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112227.
Full textTwo independent approaches about problems of brittle deformation analysis in structural geology are investigated. Deformation process considered here is frictional sliding on preexisting sets of faults. Numerical analysis of striated fault planes is discussed in the first part. A property of the mechanical E. Carey and B. Brunier's model, sometimes available on data set, can be used as a first graphical determination of principal stress directions and shape factor. Heterogeneous data sets can be studied by the introduction of weight factors in the iterative regression. The model's applicability limits are analyzed by considering the mechanical aspect of sliding failure on preexisting faults. Empirical laws such as Mohr-Coulomb linear law, improve the physical reliability of a result obtained by E. Carey's numerical method. Nevertheless, paleo-stress quantification still remains a difficult problem. Thus, use of those compatibility criteria should be integrated to analyze both striated fault planes and focal mechanisms. Stress/strain relationships in discontinuous media are illustrated in the second part through a numerical simulating model: Universal Distinct-Element-Code. The modelling concerns two dimensional block structures. This program is applied to several examples (stress patterns in discontinuous elastic rockmass and volcano structure deformation). It can be used in various tectonic settings in order to quantify deformational analysis
Raillard, Stéphane. "Les marges de l'Afrique de l'Est et les zones de fractures associées : chaîne Davie et ride du Mozambique." Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066661.
Full textBobineau, Jean-Pierre. "Simulations numériques de phénomènes tectoniques : calculs de déformations tectoniques par la méthode des éléments finis : recherche de la localisation des grandes déformations créant les failles." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ECAP0209.
Full textTraore, Nafissatou. "Modélisation numérique de la propagation des failles décrochantes dans la lithosphère." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066203.
Full textNumerical modelling of strike-slip faults propagation is essential to understand the long-term mechanical behavior of the lithosphere. Firstly, we aim to reproduce the interseismic deformation of a preexisting fault. The modelling of this interseismic regime enables us to determine what rheology and loading, both mechanically and geologically justifiable, are required to obtain a surface deformation that matches the geodetic measurements. When the lateral displacement is due to the long-term plates motion, a structural heterogeneity has to be imposed by the mean of a weak viscous zone beneath the locked fault. Secondly, we study fault propagation by using damage mechanics. This approach allows the prediction of damage evolution, without previously knowing the propagation path, and makes the link with the Griffith's theory. We improve this approach with the introduction of a residual tangential stress on the fault that is similar to fault planes friction, and we use mixed resolution methods, which represents a novelty in damage mechanics. These developments make possible the description of fault evolution for simple cases, and open the way towards the use of new growth and propagation fault models
Lecour, Magali. "Modélisation des incertitudes concernant la géometrie des failles : impact sur les études volumétriques des réservoirs pétroliers." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPL048N.
Full textTaboada, Alfredo. "Modélisation numérique en tectonique : applications dans les domaines ductile et cassant." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20022.
Full textBoiselet, Aurélien. "Cycle sismique et aléa sismique d'un réseau de failles actives : le cas du rift de Corinthe (Grèce)." Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2014. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01456400.
Full textAubert, Irène. "Fault zone structural and diagenetic evolution in carbonates : impact on reservoir properties (urgonian case study, SE France)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0175.
Full textFault zones strongly impact carbonates reservoir properties as they can act as drains or barriers depending of their structural and diagenetic properties. Hence, it is important to have an integrativecomprehension of these properties that affect the fault zones hydraulic properties. To this end, the multidisciplinary approach of this thesis combining structural, diagenetic and geochemical approaches aims to (1) constrain the structural and diagenetic evolution of fault zones in carbonates (2) draw rules and geometrical concepts allowing building of coherent geological models, and (3) allow a better understanding of the hydraulic dynamic response of fault zones in carbonates through their evolutions. We studied 3 fault zones (Castellas, D19) affecting lower Barremian platform carbonates (Urgonian facies) located in La Fare and Nerthe anticlines (Provence – SE France). This work allowed the restoration of fault zones diagenetic sequences with cement analyses under catholuminescence and 13C and 18O isotopes. The structural analysis completed the diagenetic evolution by determining the architectural characteristics related to each fault activity and discriminating the effect of pre-existing structures on subsequent fault development. Finally, this study improved our understanding of fault zones hydraulic behaviour in carbonates through times
Elias, Panagiotis. "Ground deformation observed in the western Corinth rift (Greece) by means of SAR interferometry." Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2013. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00839348.
Full textBois, Thomas. "Étude du rôle des hétérogénéités structurales et de l'altération sur la déstabilisation des massifs rocheux par une approche couplée de modélisation physique et numérique." Nice, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00544052.
Full textGravitational slope failures are common phenomena involving all rock slopes, at various scales. It is widely accepted that different factors exert an influence on those gravitational process. Among these, structural heterogeneities (inherited from the geological story of the massif) and alteration/weathering process are of first order. However, the relative influence of those parameters is still poorly constraint. To tackle this question, a coupled physical and numerical modelling approach has been developed, considering both two and three dimensional models based on two natural examples : The La Clapière landslide (Alpes Maritimes, France) and the 1991 Randa rockslides (Valais, Suitzerland). The first goal of this PhD Thesis was to improve the existing physical modelling technique. On the one hand in order to introduce a wide/realistic number of discontinuities in physical models, and on the other hand to performed 3-D physical models based on realistic topographies (using DTM data). Then a numerical experimental process has been carried out in order to study the influence of large scale alteration on gravitational slope failure. Results have shown that faults and joints, affecting rock structures, have a strong influence on gravitational failure kinematics and especially through their geometry, persistence and density. It has also been shown that 3-D topography (of first and second order), and large scale mechanical properties (including alteration process) have a great influence on mobilized volume during slope destabilisation
Punongbayan, Jane. "Contributions à l'étude de la faille Philippine et de l'aléa sismique de l'archipel Philippin." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13115.
Full textKargl, Sabine. "Le bassin du Marulk pendant le mésozoi͏̈que : le Viking Graben nord et la zone faillée du Møre-Trøndelag (mer du nord)." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA112384.
Full textThis study integrates sequence stratigraphy, biostratigraphic, seismic, structural, seismic facies and attribute analysis. The data consist of 2D and 3D reflection seismic and wells furnished by Exxon-Mobil Norway and SAGA Petroleum. The investigated Marulk Basin is located at the intersection between northernmost part of the North Viking Graben and the More-Trondelag Fault Zone (MTFZ) on the northeast Atlantic margin. The Marulk Basin at the northern termination of the northern North Sea evolved as a rift basin during the middle/late Jurassic, but has also a poly-phase extensional history during the Cretaceous. This particularity with respect to other North Viking Graben sub-basins is due to its location at the boundary between the northern North Sea and the Atlantic margin. This interplay between two different styles of extensional tectonics gives the overall direction for the major aim for the study of the Marulk Basin: the overprint of the North Sea and North Atlantic structural developments, the tectono-stratigraphic basin evolution from middle Jurassic to lower Tertiary and the modalities concerning the pre-, syn- and post-rift sedimentation in the Marulk Basin. The second aim was to build depositional models of Jurassic, Cretaceous and lower Tertiary key sequences associated with erosional surfaces in the Marulk Basin through seismic facies and attribute analyses. The selected surfaces are the Kimmeridgian Unconformity, Base Cretaceous Unconformity, Latest Albian and Mid Cenomanian Unconformity, Cretaceous/Tertiary Unconformity and the Ypresian Unconformity. Seismic facies and attribute analyses of these sequences are integrated in the sequence stratigraphic and structural framework. These analyses support the recognition, identification and delineation of seismic facies in order to characterize stratigraphic and geological features for these intervals. Depositional models improve the delineation of areas that could be of interest for hydrocarbon exploration
Brantut, Nicolas. "Couplages thermo-hydro-mécaniques et chimiques lors de la rupture et du glissement sismiques." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077245.
Full textDeformation tests on gypsum at 25 and 70°C show that strain is localized in shear bands, formed by a mixture of brittle and plastic processes. Shear banding is slow at room temperature whereas it is dynamic at 70CC. This acceleration of the deformation with increasing temperature could be explained by a thermal activation of plasticity. In heating tests up to I50°C, above the dehydration temperature of gypsum , the samples undergo a strong compaction, which is associated with a large acoustic activity. During the reaction, the Poisson's ratio of the rock decreases, due to microcracks accumulation and phase change. A theoretical analysis of thermo-hydro-mechanical and chemical couplings during nucleation and seismic slip demonstrates that the enclothennic character of dehydration reactions is responsible for a strong thermal buffering of the plane, even if the slip rate is high. This prediction is confirmed by experimental high-velocity friction tests on gypsum. In addition, the stability analysis of a theoretical fault model shows that dehydration reactions can clestabilize a normally (i. E. When no reaction occurs) stable fault, which can potentially lead to an earthquake. The work summarized in this thesis shows a great complexity of the mechanical behaviour of thermally unstable rocks; it emphasizes the importance of a good knowledge of fault rocks lithology and mineral composition, which is often overlooked by seismologists. This complexity is probably responsible for the great variety of earthquakes observed in nature (e. G. Slow or silent slips, low frequency events. Non-volcanic tremors. . . )
Carretier, Sébastien. "Cycle sismique et surrection de la chaîne de Gurvan Bogd (Mongolie) : approche de la géomorphologie quantitative." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20204.
Full textGodefroy, Gabriel. "Modélisation cinématique et stochastique des failles à partir de données éparses pour l’analyse des incertitudes structurales." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0052/document.
Full textThe sparsity and the incompleteness of geological data sets lead geologists to use their prior knowledge while modeling the Earth. Uncertainties in the interpretation are an inherent part of geology. In this thesis, I focus on assessing uncertainties related to the modeling of faulted structures from sparse data. Structural uncertainties arise partly from the association of fault evidence explaining the same structure. This occurs especially while interpreting sparse data such as 2D seismic lines or limited outcrop observations. I propose a mathematical formalism to cast the problem of associating fault evidence into graph theory. Each possible scenario is represented by a graph. A combinatorial analysis shows that the number of scenarios is related to the Bell number and increases in a non-polynomial way. I formulate prior geological knowledge as numerical rules to reduce the number of scenarios and to make structural interpretation more objective. I present a stochastic numerical method to generate several interpretation scenarios. A sensitivity analysis, using synthetic data extracted from a reference model, shows that the choice of the interpretation rules strongly impacts the simulated associations. In a second contribution, I integrate a quantitative description of fault-related displacement while interpreting and building 3D subsurface models. I present a parametric fault operator that displaces structures closely surrounding a fault in accordance with a theoretical isolated normal fault model. The displacement field is described using the maximum displacement (Dmax), two profiles on the fault surface (TX and TZ), and a third profile representing the displacement attenuation in the normal direction to the fault surface. These parameters are determined by numerical optimization from the available structural observations. This kinematic fault operator ensures the kinematic consistency of structural models built from sparse data and/or in polyphasic deformation contexts. These two modeling methodologies are tested and discussed on two data sets. The first one contains nine seismic lines imaging a faulted and fractured basement in the Ifni Margin, offshore Morocco. The interpretation of these lines is guided by orientation measurements coming from a nearby onshore field analog. However, uncertainties remain on the association of observations and on the structure chronology. The second data set is located in the Santos Basin, offshore Brazil. A seismic cube exhibits normal faults within a layered sedimentary sequence. I build a reference structural model from this high quality seismic data. The kinematic and stochastic methodologies can be tested and discussed on synthetic sparse data extracted from this known reference model
Ben, Jemiaa Mohamed. "Évolution tectonique de la zone de failles Trozza-Labeied (Tunisie centrale)." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112342.
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