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Li, Dan, Zhongliang Zhou, Chi Shen, Jian Zhang, Wei Yang, and Rashed Nawaz. "Health Disparity between the Older Rural-to-Urban Migrant Workers and Their Rural Counterparts in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (February 4, 2020): 955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030955.
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Background: China’s older rural-to-urban migrant workers (age 50 and above) are growing old, but comparative health research on older rural-to-urban migrants in China is still in its infancy. The aim is to explore the health status of older rural-to-urban migrant workers in China; as well as to identify health disparity between older rural-to-urban migrant workers and older rural dwellers. Methods: This study employed self-assessed health status (SAH) and chronic disease condition to explore the health status. Coarsened exact matching (CEM) was employed to improve estimation of causal effects. Fairlie’s decomposition analysis was conducted to find the health disparity. Results: Older rural-to-urban migrant workers were more prone to suffer from chronic diseases, but they had higher SAH when comparing older rural dwellers. Fairlie’s decomposition analysis indicated 10.44% of SAH disparities between two older groups can be traced to bath facility; 31.34% of chronic diseases disparities can be traced to educational attainment, sleeping time and medical scheme. Conclusions: This is the first comparative study examining health disparity focusing on older rural-to-urban migrant workers. Our study highlighted substantial health disparities between older rural-to-urban migrant workers and their older rural dwellers. Based on the contributing factors, government should take the drivers of health disparities into consideration in policy setting.
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Shin, Su Hyun, and Sherman D. Hanna. "Decomposition Analyses of Racial/Ethnic Differences in High Return Investment Ownership After the Great Recession." Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning 26, no. 1 (March 2015): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1052-3073.26.1.43.
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We investigated racial/ethnic differences in high return investment ownership using the 2010 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF). Logistic regression analysis shows that even after controlling for income, risk tolerance, education, and other factors, Black and Hispanic households are less likely to hold high return investments than White households, but Asian/Other households are not different from White households. Based on results from decomposition methods, if the households with Black and with Hispanic respondents have the same characteristics and risk tolerance as White households, the racial/ethnic gap in high return investment ownership would be narrowed, but still exists. The Fairlie decomposition method might be more reasonable to use for decomposition analyses than the Blinder-Oaxaca method.
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Sowe, Alieu, and Klara Johansson. "Disentangling the rural-urban immunization coverage disparity in The Gambia: A Fairlie decomposition." Vaccine 37, no. 23 (May 2019): 3088–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.062.
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Özşuca, Ekin Ayşe. "Gender gap in financial inclusion: Evidence from MENA." Economics and Business Letters 8, no. 4 (December 18, 2019): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/ebl.8.4.2019.199-208.
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This study aims to analyze the gender dimension of financial inclusion in MENA countries. Using the World Bank’s 2017 Global Findex Database, it explores the underlying factors of gender differences in formal financial services usage via Fairlie decomposition method. The findings of the study indicate that a significant portion of the disparity in financial inclusion is attributable to employment, while age and tertiary education are also found as contributing factors to the financial inclusion gap. Another notable finding is that upper income quintiles contribute positively to the gender gap, indeed to a greater extent compared to lower income groups.
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Mukong, Alfred, Nikanor Shiwayu, and Teresia Kaulihowa. "A decomposition of the gender gap in financial inclusion : evidence from Namibia." African Journal of Business and Economic Research 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/1750-4562/2020/v15n4a7.
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This paper investigated the determinants of the gender gap in financial inclusion in Namibia, a country where women are more financially included than men. We employed the probit model to identify the determinants of financial inclusion and the Fairlie decomposition to examine the contribution of these factors to the gender gap in financial inclusion. The results suggest that the observed gender gap in financially included is insignificant. We found that individual characteristics such as financial literacy, educational attainment and proximity to financial institutions, contribute positively and significantly to the observed gender gap. Thus, any policy action geared towards improving the level of financial inclusion of disadvantaged women should focus on enhancing their level of education, financial knowledge and access (proximity) to financial institutions. However, the contribution of other individual and household characteristics cannot be completely ignored.
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Ellguth, Peter, and Susanne Kohaut. "A Note on the Decline of Collective Bargaining Coverage: The Role of Structural Change." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 239, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 39–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2017-0163.
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AbstractIn the last 20 years there is a sharp decline in collective bargaining coverage in Germany. Research on the determinants of collective bargaining shows: subscribing to a sectoral bargaining system depends on several structural factors, like firm size, branch affiliation, owner-ship, firm age and work force composition. Parameter that – at least partly - were subject to considerable changes in the last two decades. With data of the IAB establishment panel we want to determine which part of the decline in collective bargaining coverage is due to structural change. We use a decomposition technique (Fairlie 2005) to break down the differences in coverage between 1998 and 2016. Further-more we take a look at distinct subgroups of establishments (along firm size). Our findings show that there is some influence of structural factors on the decline of collective bargaining coverage in the long run. And there are considerable differences between small and large firms with the decisions of the latter being more dependent on structural change.
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Singh, Sudershan, Rahul Ranjan, and Oliver Nelson Gonsalves. "Decomposing the Gaps in Access to LPG across Socio-Religious Groups in Rural India." Journal of Social Inclusion Studies 6, no. 1 (June 2020): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2394481120944780.
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This article investigates the patterns of household cooking fuel choice and its determining factors for various socio-religious groups in rural India using NSS 68th Consumption Expenditure round. The article also studies how the inter-household gaps result in many levels of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) access for households belonging to various socio-religious groups. In this regard, the application of a logistic model for the considered socio-religious groups highlights the importance of income and the education level of different members of the households. Further, the differences in the probability of access to LPG among various socio-religious groups, with respect to upper caste Hindus, are decomposed using Fairlie decomposition method. The gap in income determines a major proportion of the gap, followed by the education level of the members. We also find that the Scheduled Tribes (STs) face the problem of availability of LPG, while other socio-religious groups, when compared to upper caste Hindus, either face affordability issues or possess a taste for traditional fuel.
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Hu, Yu, Ying Wang, Yaping Chen, and Hui Liang. "Analyzing the Urban-Rural Vaccination Coverage Disparity through a Fair Decomposition in Zhejiang Province, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 19, 2019): 4575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224575.
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Objectives: Exploring determinants underlying disparities in full vaccination coverage (FVC) can contribute to improved immunization interventions. FVC and its risk factors in Zhejiang province have been studied, yet the determinants explaining the rural–urban disparity in FVC have not been studied. This study aimed to disentangle the factors explaining rural–urban disparities in FVC of vaccine doses scheduled during the first year of life in Zhejiang province. Methods: We used data from a vaccination coverage survey among children aged 24–35 months conducted in 2016. The outcome measure was full vaccination status, and the grouping variable was the area of residence. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the FVC and rural–urban residence across the exposure variables. The Fairlie decomposition technique was used to decompose factors contributing to explaining the FVC disparity. Results: There were 847 children included in this study, of which 49.6% lived in a rural area. FVC was 94% in rural areas and 85% in urban areas. A disparity of 9% to the advantage of the rural areas and the exposure variables explained 81.1% of the disparity. Maternal factors explained 49.7% of the explained disparity with education, occupation, and ethnicity being the significant contributors to the explained disparity. Children’s birth order and immigration status contributed somewhat to the explained inequality. Conclusion: There was a significant disparity in FVC in Zhejiang province, a disadvantage to the urban areas. Policy recommendations or health interventions to reduce the inequality should be focused on eliminating poverty and women’s illiteracy, targeted at migrant children or children from minority ethnicities.
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Carmichael, Fiona, and Marco G. Ercolani. "Overlooked and undervalued: the caring contribution of older people." International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 5 (May 6, 2014): 397–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-02-2012-0046.
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Purpose – Older people are often perceived to be a drain on health care resources. This ignores their caring contribution to the health care sector. The purpose of this paper is to address this imbalance and highlight the role of older people as carers. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses a unique data set supplied by a charity. It covers 1,985 caregivers, their characteristics, type and amount of care provided and the characteristics and needs of those cared-for. Binary and ordered logistic regression is used to examine determinates of the supply of care. Fairlie-Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions are used to disentangle the extent to which differences in the supply of care by age are due to observable endowment effects or coefficient effects. Nationally representative British Household Panel Survey data provide contextualization. Findings – Older caregivers are more intensive carers, caring for longer hours, providing more co-residential and personal care. They are therefore more likely to be in greater need of assistance. The decompositions show that their more intensive caring contribution is partly explained by the largely exogenous characteristics and needs of the people they care for. Research limitations/implications – The data are regional and constrained by the supplier's design. Social implications – Older carers make a significant contribution to health care provision. Their allocation of time to caregiving is not a free choice, it is constrained by the needs of those cared-for. Originality/value – If the burden of care and caring contribution are measured by hours supplied and provision of intimate personal care, then a case is made that older carers experience the greatest burden and contribute the most to the community.
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Dilmaghani, Maryam, and Jason Dean. "Religiosity and female labour market attainment in Canada: the Protestant exception." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 3 (March 7, 2016): 244–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-07-2014-0134.
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Purpose – The relationship between religiosity and female labour market attainment has been widely investigated for the USA; however, no comparable study has been undertaken for the Canadian context. The purpose of this paper is to redress this critical oversight of the literature by examining the impact of religiosity on Canadian female labour supply, both at extensive and intensive margins. Design/methodology/approach – Using data from the Canadian Ethnic Diversity Survey, the authors consider all the measurable dimensions of religiosity, for the pooled sample, as well as by religious group. A wide array of control variables is included in the regressions to insure the reliability of the estimates. Findings – The authors find that overall religiosity inversely relates to female labour supply in Canada. When the impact of religiosity is assessed on a by religion basis, it is revealed that Protestant females are penalized, by far the most. Practical implications – The result is comparable with the pattern uncovered in the USA for Conservative Protestant females. Unlike what can be expected, no statistically significant difference is detected between religious-nones and Catholics, suggesting a convergence of gender ideologies. Originality/value – The investigation reveals interesting patterns that not only contribute to the current state of literature, but also motivate future research. Fairlie and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition techniques are also used to further explore attainment gaps among the religious groups.
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Jaiswal, Mayank. "Gender differences and new venture performance." New England Journal of Entrepreneurship 23, no. 1 (June 4, 2020): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/neje-08-2019-0038.
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PurposeThis study compares the performance of female majority-owned new ventures (FNV) vs. male majority-owned new ventures (MNV). It analyzes the differences in levels of variables such as education, the same industry work experience of owners, and other venture level attributes between FNVs and MNVs. More importantly, this study employs decomposition techniques to determine the individual contribution from the intergender difference of each attribute on the performance of the new venture. For example, the study finds that, on average, the owners of an MNV possessed 3.4 years more of the same industry work experience than their FNV counterparts. This difference in work experience accounted for 47% of the “explained” gap [1] in Net Profits between the FNVs and MNVs.Design/methodology/approachThis paper utilizes the Kauffman Firm Survey, a longitudinal dataset of 4,928 new ventures started in the USA in 2004. It employs Blinder-Oaxaca and Fairlie decomposition techniques in conjunction with OLS and Logit regressions. Both methods provide point estimates of contributions to the performance gap due to the heterogeneity in each attribute across the groups (FNV and MNV). This approach has a significant advantage over OLS or mediation analysis, which can only provide a directional analysis of the contributions of differences in attributes to performance.FindingsThe paper finds no performance gap between MNVs and FNVs. It further investigates whether the heterogeneous characteristics of MNVs vs FNVs are related to different effects on survival and performance. It finds that characteristics such as owners’ work experience in the same industry, average hours worked by owners in the new venture, the technology level of the venture, and its incorporation status are related with a differential impact on new venture survival and performance.Research limitations/implicationsAll firms in the dataset belonged to a single cohort (2004) of new ventures started in the US. Future studies are encouraged to develop a dataset from multiple geographies and founding over several years so that the results may be more generalizable.Practical implicationsThe paper provides crucial practical guidance to policymakers, investors, and entrepreneurs. In general, policies that enhance the work experience of women entrepreneurs and provide access to infrastructure such as daycares, which may allow them to work more hours, would probably improve the performance of FNVs.Originality/valueThe paper furthers the literature on women entrepreneurship by analyzing point estimates of differential contribution of disparate variables to performance. From a methodological perspective, the study reconciles the results between regression and decomposition analyses.
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Wang, Zicheng, Yun Lou, and Yi Zhou. "Bargaining Power or Specialization? Determinants of Household Decision Making in Chinese Rural Migrant Families." SAGE Open 10, no. 4 (October 2020): 215824402098044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020980446.
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Family migration is a common integration process for rural migrants in contemporary China. However, discussions on intra-household decision making in dual-earner migrant families are limited. This study aims to address this gap. The data set from the Rural Urban Migration in China (RUMiC2008–2010) is employed to explore the determinants of household decision making. In addition, logit regression is performed to estimate the probability of wives acting as head of the household under different specifications, and the Blinder–Oaxaca–Fairlie decomposition is utilized to discuss gender differentials in decision-making responsibilities. Income and migration duration differentials between a wife and husband have important influences on the probability of being responsible for household decision making. The squared terms of wives’ and husbands’ income have inverted effects. The gender gap between household decision makers can be largely attributed to structural factors rather than observable characteristics, though bargaining power acts as the main contributor in explained parts. Bargaining theory can account for the probability of wives becoming the household decision maker, and the claim of the specialization approach is also confirmed. Gender inequality among household decision makers is largely attributed to structural factors, such as cultural/social norms, obstacles, or gender discrimination. The establishment of long-term effective mechanisms to improve employment quality for female migrants, the supply of basic public services, and protection of women’s legal rights in the household should be strengthened in the future to elevate the status of female migrants.
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Li, Dan, Liang Zhu, Jian Zhang, and Jinjuan Yang. "Decomposing Differences of Health Service Utilization among Chinese Rural Migrant Workers with New Cooperative Medical Scheme: A Comparative Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 9291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179291.
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The New Rural Cooperative Medical Insurance (NCMS) in China has provided benefits for rural migrant workers’ health service utilization, but the financial coordination and mutual aid of NCMS is mainly based on the county or district as a unit, leading NCMS with the characteristics of regional segmentation. Our study aims to explore their health service utilization, as well as to decompose differences of the health service utilization into contributors. Data from the China Labor-Force Dynamic Survey in 2016 and Urban Statistical Yearbook in 2016 were used. We used coarsened exact matching to control the confounding factors in order to enhance the comparison of two groups. The Fairlie decomposition method was used to analyze the differences and the sources of health service utilization. Influencing factors of health service utilization for rural migrant workers with NCMS were diversified, especially contextual characteristic and individual characteristics. The proportion of ethnic minorities, the number of medical institutions for 10,000 people in the community, the number of beds for 10,000 people in the city, and the urban service quality index were the major contributors of the differences. The proportion of difference in the health service utilization of rural migrant workers with NCMS caused by health service need were −54.73% and 6.92%, respectively. The inequities of the probability of two weeks outpatient, and the probability of inpatients, were −0.006 and −0.007, respectively. There were substantial differences in the health service utilization between rural migrant workers with NCMS in the county/district and rural migrant workers with NCMS across the county/district. Our results illustrated the inequity from the differences on basis of characteristic effect and the discrimination effect. Our studies clarified that health service needs of should be fully considered, contributing to a more reliable understanding of the health service utilization of rural migrant workers.
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Mishra, Prem Shankar, Karthick Veerapandian, and Prashant Kumar Choudhary. "Impact of socio-economic inequity in access to maternal health benefits in India: Evidence from Janani Suraksha Yojana using NFHS data." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): e0247935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247935.
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Background Caste plays a significant role in Indian society and it influences women to health care access in the community. The implementation of the maternal health benefits scheme in India is biased due to caste identity. In this context, the paper investigates access to Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) among social groups to establish that caste still plays a pivotal role in Indian society. Also, this paper aims to quantify the discrimination against Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes (SCs/STs) in accessing JSY. Methods This paper uses a national-level data set of both NFHS-3 (2005–06) and NFHS-4 (2015–16). Both descriptive statistics and the Fairlie decomposition econometric model have been used to measure the explained and unexplained differences in access to JSY between SCs/STs and non-SCs/STs groups. Results Overall, the total coverage of JSY in India is still, 36.4%. Further, it is found that 72% of access to JSY is explained by endowment variables. The remaining unexplained percentage (28%) indicates that there is caste discrimination (inequity associated social-discrimination) against SCs/STs in access to JSY. The highest difference (54%) between SCs/STs and non-SCs/STs in access to JSY comes from the wealth quintile, with the positive sign indicating that the gap between the two social groups is widening. Discussion and conclusion It is necessary for the government to implement a better way to counter the caste-based discrimination in access to maternal health benefits scheme. In this regard, ASHA and Anganwadi workers must be trained to reduce the influence of dominant caste groups as well as they must be recruited from the same community to identify the right beneficiaries of JSY and in order to reduce inequity associated with social-discrimination.
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Zhang, Jian, Dan Li, and Jianmin Gao. "Health Disparities between the Rural and Urban Elderly in China: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (July 29, 2021): 8056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158056.
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Background: China is becoming an aging society, and the proportion of the population aged 60 years and above is increasing. There is a dualistic urban–rural economic structure between urban and rural areas in China, but there are few comparative health studies on the self-assessed health (SAH) status of the elderly between urban and rural areas. The aim of this study is to explore the SAH status of the elderly in China, and to identify the health disparity between the urban and rural elderly. Methods: The data from the fourth wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2018 were adopted. A total of 9630 participants aged 60 and above were included in this study. SAH was used as the indicator, measuring the health status. Fairlie decomposition analysis was conducted to find the SAH disparity. Results: The proportion of good SAH of the rural elderly (24.01%) was significantly higher than the urban elderly (19.99%). The association of SAH was widely different between the rural and urban elderly. There was a stronger association between SAH and sleeping time in the urban elderly (Odds ratios (OR) = 3.347 of 4–8 h; OR = 3.337 of above 8 h) than the rural elderly (OR = 1.630 of 4–8 h; OR = 2.293 of above 8 h). Smoking and social activity were significant only in the urban elderly, while region and assets were significant only in the rural elderly. Drinking (11.45%), region (−33.92%), and assets (73.50%) were the main factors contributing to the urban–rural health disparities. Conclusions: This is the first comparative study examining SAH disparity, focusing on the elderly aged 60 and above in China. From the perspective of drinking, region, and assets, our study highlighted substantial urban–rural health disparities, and provided evidence for policy making on narrowing the health gap between urban and rural areas in China.
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Srivastava, Shobhit, Tarique Anwar, Ratna Patel, and Shekhar Chauhan. "Dynamics of chronic diseases in metro and non-metro regions of India: evidence from India Human Development Survey I and II." International Journal of Scientific Reports 6, no. 8 (July 21, 2020): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20203116.
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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The growth of metropolitan cities had significantly contributed to the process of urbanization in India. About two-fifth of the urban population, out of total India’s urban population, live in 35 metropolitan cities. It is important to look into the disease dynamics in the population of metro and non-metro regions of India. The study aims to find the differences in the distribution of chronic diseases in metro and non-metro regions of India and depicts the contributions of background factors causing a change in the prevalence of chronic diseases in metro and non-metro regions of India.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Data from India Human Development Survey (IHDS) I and II conducted in 2004 and 2012 respectively have been used. Bivariate analysis has been performed to find the association between independent variables and chronic diseases, and logistic regression has been used to find the effect of predictor variables on chronic diseases by metro and non-metro regions. Fairlie decomposition technique has been used to find the contribution of each predictor variable accounting for differences in chronic diseases between metro and non-metro regions. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Age, sex, socio-economic status (education and wealth), alcohol consumption, tobacco consumption, and body mass index status are significantly associated with chronic conditions in metro regions of India. Age, wealth, and developed regions contributed most to the differences in chronic diseases between metro and non-metro areas.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Metro regions in India suffers from a massive burden of chronic conditions. Metro regions should be given a special focus to tackle the menace of chronic diseases.</p><p class="abstract"> </p>
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Yang, Wei, Dan Li, Jianmin Gao, Xiaojuan Zhou, and Fuzhen Li. "Decomposing differences in depressive symptoms between older rural-to-urban migrant workers and their counterparts in mainland China." BMC Public Health 20, no. 1 (September 23, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09374-1.
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Abstract Background There has been an increase in older rural-to-urban migrant workers (aged 50 and above) in mainland China, little known about their depressive symptoms. The aim of this study was to identify depressive symptoms among older rural-to-urban migrant workers, as well as explored the factors leading to differences in depressive symptoms between older rural-to-urban migrant workers and their rural counterparts (older rural dwellers) and urban counterparts (older urban residents) in mainland China. The results provided a comprehensive understanding of the depressive symptoms of older rural-to-urban migrant workers, and had great significance for improving the depressive symptoms for this vulnerable group. Methods Data were derived from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) conducted in 2015, and coarsened exact matching (CEM) method was employed to control confounding factors. This study employed a Chinese version 10-item short form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D 10) to measure depressive symptoms, and used the Social-Ecological Model as a framework to explore influential factors related to depressive symptoms. Specifically, the approach of Fairlie’s decomposition was used to parse out differences into observed and unobserved components. Results After matching, our findings indicated that the prevalence of depressive symptoms in older rural-to-urban migrant workers was lower than older rural dwellers; and the prevalence of depressive symptoms in older rural-to-urban migrant workers was higher than older urban residents. Fairlie’s decomposition analysis indicated that type of in-house shower, sleeping time at night and ill in the last month were proved to be major contributors to the differences in depressive symptoms between older rural-to-urban migrant workers and older rural dwellers; self-reported health and sleeping time at night were proved to be major contributors to the differences in depressive symptoms between older rural-to-urban migrant workers and older urban residents. Conclusions Differences in depressive symptoms between older rural-to-urban migrant workers and their rural and urban counterparts did exist. Our findings contributed to a more reliable understanding in depressive symptoms among older rural-to-urban migrant workers. Our findings would be of referential significance for improving older rural-to-urban migrant workers’ depressive symptoms.
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Banerjee, Shreya. "Determinants of rural-urban differential in healthcare utilization among the elderly population in India." BMC Public Health 21, no. 1 (May 17, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10773-1.
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Abstract Background Population aging poses a demographic burden on a country such as India with inadequate social security systems and very low public investment in health sector. This challenge of accelerated demographic transition is coupled by the rural-urban disparity in access to healthcare services among the elderly people in India. An important objective of India’s National Health Policy (2017) is to “progressively achieve universal health coverage” which is posited upon mitigating the sub-national disparity that necessitates identifying the drivers of the disparity for targeted policy intervention. This study, therefore, makes an attempt towards the exploration of the prominent contributory factors behind the rural-urban gap in utilisation of healthcare among the older population in India. Methods The analysis has been done by using the unit level data of Social Consumption: Health (Schedule number 25.0) of the 75th round of the National sample Survey conducted during July 2017–June 2018. Two binary logistic models have been proposed to capture the crude and the adjusted association between health seeking behaviour and place of residence (rural/ urban). To compute the group differences (between rural and urban) in the rate of healthcare utilization among the elderly population in India and to decompose these differences into the major contributing factors, Fairlie’s decomposition method has been employed. Results The logistic regression models established a strong association between place of residence and likelihood of healthcare utilisation among the Indian elderly people. The results of the Fairlie’s decomposition analysis revealed considerable rural-urban inequality disfavouring the rural residents and health care utilisation was found to be 7 percentage points higher among the older population residing in urban India than their rural counterparts. Level of education and economic status, both of which are indicators of a person’s Socio-Economic Status, were the two major determinants of the existing rural-urban differential in healthcare utilisation, together explaining 41% of the existing rural-urban differential. Conclusion Public health care provisions need to be strengthened both in terms of quality and outreach by way of greater public investments in the health sector and by building advanced health infrastructure in the rural areas. Implementation of poverty alleviation programmes and ensuring social-security of the elderly are also indispensable in bringing about equity in healthcare utilisation.
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Fitzenberger, Bernd, and Katrin Sommerfeld. "A Sequential Decomposition of the Drop in Collective Bargaining Coverage." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 236, no. 1 (January 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2015-1002.
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AbstractUnion representation has been in strong decline in most OECD countries with potentially important consequences for wages. What drives this decline? We try to answer this question by developing and implementing a detailed Fairlie decomposition approach. Using linked employer-employee data from the German Structure of Earnings Survey for 2001 and 2006, we document a sharp drop in collective bargaining coverage that amounts to 17 percentage points for males and 20 percentage points for females in West, and 8 and 14 percentage points, respectively, in East Germany. We find that neither changes in the characteristics nor changes in the coefficients associated with the characteristics as a whole provide an explanation for the drop in collective bargaining coverage. The drop in coverage is the result of an unexplained time trend.
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Fu, Xian-zhi, Qi-wei Sun, Chang-qing Sun, Fei Xu, and Jun-jian He. "Urban-rural differences in catastrophic health expenditure among households with chronic non-communicable disease patients: evidence from China family panel studies." BMC Public Health 21, no. 1 (May 6, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10887-6.
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Abstract Background The prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) challenges the Chinese health system reform. Little is known for the differences in catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) between urban and rural households with NCD patients. This study aims to measure the differences above and quantify the contribution of each variable in explaining the urban-rural differences. Methods Unbalanced panel data were obtained from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) conducted between 2012 and 2018. The techniques of Fairlie nonlinear decomposition and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition were employed to measure the contribution of each independent variable to the urban-rural differences. Results The CHE incidence and intensity of households with NCD patients were significantly higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The urban-rural differences in CHE incidence increased from 8.07% in 2012 to 8.18% in 2018, while the urban-rural differences in CHE intensity decreased from 2.15% in 2012 to 2.05% in 2018. From 2012 to 2018, the disparity explained by household income and self-assessed health status of household head increased to some extent. During the same period, the contribution of education attainment to the urban-rural differences in CHE incidence decreased, while the contribution of education attainment to the urban-rural differences in CHE intensity increased slightly. Conclusions Compared with urban households with NCD patients, rural households with NCD patients had higher risk of incurring CHE and heavier economic burden of diseases. There was no substantial change in urban-rural inequality in the incidence and intensity of CHE in 2018 compared to 2012. Policy interventions should give priority to improving the household income, education attainment and health awareness of rural patients with NCDs.
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Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis, Olukemi Grace Adebola, Natisha Dukhi, Omon Stellamaris Fagbamigbe, and Olalekan A. Uthman. "Exploring the socio-economic determinants of educational inequalities in diarrhoea among under-five children in low- and middle-income countries: a Fairlie decomposition analysis." Archives of Public Health 79, no. 1 (June 24, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13690-021-00639-8.
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Abstract Background What explains the underlying causes of educational inequalities in diarrhoea among under-five children in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) is poorly exploited, operationalized, studied and understood. This paper aims to assess the magnitude of educational-related inequalities in the development of diarrhoea and decompose risk factors that contribute to these inequalities among under-five children (U5C) in LMIC. Methods Secondary data of 796,150 U5C from 63,378 neighbourhoods in 57 LMIC was pooled from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted between 2010 and 2019. The main determinate variable in this decomposition study was mothers’ literacy levels. Descriptive and inferential statistics comprising of bivariable analysis and binary logistic multivariable Fairlie decomposition techniques were employed at p = 0.05. Results Of the 57 countries, we found a statistically significant pro-illiterate odds ratio in 6 countries, 14 showed pro-literate inequality while the remaining 37 countries had no statistically significant educational-related inequality. The countries with pro-illiterate inequalities are Burundi (OR = 1.11; 95% CI: 1.01–1.21), Cameroon (OR = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.66–2.05), Egypt (OR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.12–1.43), Ghana (OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.06–1.47), Nigeria (OR = 1.80; 95% CI: 1.68–1.93), and Togo (OR = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.06–1.38). Although there are variations in factors that contribute to pro-illiterate inequality across the 6 countries, the overall largest contributors to the inequality are household wealth status, maternal age, neighbourhood SES, birth order, toilet type, birth interval and place of residence. The widest pro-illiterate risk difference (RD) was in Cameroon (118.44/1000) while the pro-literate risk difference was widest in Albania (− 61.90/1000). Conclusions The study identified educational inequalities in the prevalence of diarrhoea in children with wide variations in magnitude and contributions of the risk factors to pro-illiterate inequalities. This suggests that diarrhoea prevention strategies is a must in the pro-illiterate inequality countries and should be extended to educated mothers as well, especially in the pro-educated countries. There is a need for further studies to examine the contributions of structural and compositional factors associated with pro-educated inequalities in the prevalence of diarrhoea among U5C in LMIC.
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Fagbamigbe, A. F., F. F. Oyinlola, O. M. Morakinyo, A. S. Adebowale, O. S. Fagbamigbe, and A. O. Uthman. "Mind the gap: what explains the rural-nonrural inequality in diarrhoea among under-five children in low and medium-income countries? A decomposition analysis." BMC Public Health 21, no. 1 (March 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10615-0.
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Abstract Background Diarrhoea poses serious health problems among under-five children (U5C) in Low-and Medium-Income Countries (LMIC) with a higher prevalence in rural areas. A gap exists in knowledge on factors driving rural-non-rural inequalities in diarrhoea development among U5C in LMIC. This study investigates the magnitude of rural-non-rural inequalities in diarrhoea and the roles of individual-level and neighbourhood-level factors in explaining these inequalities. Methods Data of 796,150 U5C, from 63,378 neighbourhoods across 57 LMIC from the most recent Demographic and Health Survey (2010–2018) was analysed. The outcome variable was the recent experience of diarrhoea while independent variables consist of the individual- and neighbourhood-level factors. Data were analysed using multivariable Fairlie decomposition at p < 0.05 in Stata Version 16 while visualization was implemented in R Statistical Package. Results Two-thirds (68.0%) of the children are from rural areas. The overall prevalence of diarrhoea was 14.2, 14.6% vs 13.4% among rural and non-rural children respectively (p < 0.001). From the analysis, the following 20 countries showed a statistically significant pro-rural inequalities with higher odds of diarrhoea in rural areas than in nonrural areas at 5% alpha level: Albania (OR = 1.769; p = 0.001), Benin (OR = 1.209; p = 0.002), Burundi (OR = 1.399; p < 0.001), Cambodia (OR = 1.201; p < 0.031), Cameroon (OR = 1.377; p < 0.001), Comoros (OR = 1.266; p = 0.029), Egypt (OR = 1.331; p < 0.001), Honduras (OR = 1.127; p = 0.027), India (OR = 1.059; p < 0.001), Indonesia (OR = 1.219; p < 0.001), Liberia (OR = 1.158; p = 0.017), Mali (OR = 1.240; p = 0.001), Myanmar (OR = 1.422; p = 0.004), Namibia (OR = 1.451; p < 0.001), Nigeria (OR = 1.492; p < 0.001), Rwanda (OR = 1.261; p = 0.010), South Africa (OR = 1.420; p = 0.002), Togo (OR = 1.729; p < 0.001), Uganda (OR = 1.214; p < 0.001), and Yemen (OR = 1.249; p < 0.001); and pro-non-rural inequalities in 9 countries. Variations exist in factors associated with pro-rural inequalities across the 20 countries. Overall main contributors to pro-rural inequality were neighbourhood socioeconomic status, household wealth status, media access, toilet types, maternal age and education. Conclusions The gaps in the odds of diarrhoea among rural children than nonrural children were explained by individual-level and neighbourhood-level factors. Sustainable intervention measures that are tailored to country-specific needs could offer a better approach to closing rural-non-rural gaps in having diarrhoea among U5C in LMIC.
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Kumar, Pradeep, Shobhit Srivastava, Chanda Maurya, and Preeti Dhillon. "An assessment of the role of socio-economic, maternal and service utilization factors in increasing self-reported maternal complications in India." BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 21, no. 1 (July 21, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03997-x.
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Abstract Background Self-reported maternal complications are associated with maternal morbidity, deliveries by C-section, postpartum depression, and maternal death. Thus, it is necessary to examine the contribution of socio-demographic and maternal characteristics, as well as service utilization in the rising self-reporting of maternal complications (difficulty with daylight vision, convulsions, swelling of the legs, body or face, heavy vaginal bleeding or high fever) in India. The study aimed at examining the factors that have influenced the increasing prevalence of maternal complications between 2005–06 and 2015–16 in India. Methods Data from the two most recent rounds of the National Family Health Survey, which covered a sample of 36,850 and 190,898 women respectively who delivered in the last five years preceding the survey has been used. Logistic regression analysis was performed to carve out the factors which significantly contributed to maternal complications among women aged 15 – 49 years in India. With the help of the Fairlie decomposition technique, the study quantified the contribution of factors which influenced the changes in maternal complications in the period from 2005–06 to 2015–16. Results A significant increase was seen in the prevalence of maternal complications — from 43.6% to 53.7% between the years 2005–06 and 2015–16. About 21% of the increase could be explained by certain maternal, households level factors, service utilization and birth outcomes. For example, service utilization, in which 13% was attributed to the place of delivery and 6% to postnatal care, was the major contributor to the increase in maternal complications from 2005–06 to 2015–16). This was followed by individual-level factors like education (2%), body mass index (4%) and tobacco use,. It was also found that household-level factors like standard of living (-3.7%) and region (-1.4%), and birth weight contributed to the reduction of complications during the period. Conclusion The increase in the prevalence of maternal complications in India could be attributed mainly attributed to increase in reporting behavior, an outcome of increased utilization of maternal healthcare services, and increase in BMI. However, reduced prevalence of maternal complications can be attributed to the decrease in the prevalence of low-birth-weight babies and tobacco use among women in India.